underlying the study of entomology

1. ENTOMOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION,
NOMENCLATURE,
IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT
JEMMARIE G. SUETOS, M.S.

2. Entomology
study of insect
the science of insects;
organized study to acquire
information on all phases of
insect life and to understand the
role of insects in nature
scientific study of insects and
related arthropods

3. WHY STUDY INSECTS?
Important form of life
Influence human existence
Existed much longer than human beings
Insects- more than 350MYA = evolved in
many directions:
Adapted to life in almost every habitat
Developed many unusual, even amazing
features
Human beings – about or less than 2MYA

4. Fields in the Study of Entomology
Insect Morphology
•deals with the study of comparative
anatomy and the development of an
insect’s form and structure

5. Fields in the Study of Entomology
Insect Physiology
•deals with the study of the physical and
chemical changes in the insect’s body or the
functions of forms and structures

6. Fields in the Study of Entomology
Insect Ecology
•deals with the interrelationship of insects to
the environment

7. Fields in the Study of Entomology
Insect Taxonomy
•The science of classification and
identification of insects

8. Fields in the Study of Entomology
Insect Toxicology
•deals with the study of how chemical drugs
in agriculture and medical practices affect
the life of insects

9. Fields in the Study of Entomology
Economic Entomology
•The science that deals with the species that
are actually or potentially important in
beneficial or injurious manner

10. History of Philippine Entomology
• Accounted by Dr. Bernardo P. Gabriel (Phil. Ent.4(6):
495-501)
Spanish Period (1521 – 1899: 16th – 19th century)
Early American Occupation (1900 – 1920)
Rise of Filipino Entomologists (1922 – 1940)
War Setback and Rebuilding (1941 – 1960)
Developments and Directions in the 60s & 70s (1961 – 1979)

11. As a group, why are insects
successful?
• Morphological
• Physiological
• Behavioral

12. Success of Insects as a Group
• Hard exoskeleton
• Smallness of size

13. Success of Insects as a Group
Ability to fly
High rate of reproduction
1. Short developmental period
2. High fertility
3. Parthenogenesis (no male)
4. Polyembryony
Varied developmental stages and developmental
type
Great capability for adaptation
1. Air storage under wings
2. Possession of spiracles

14. Success of Insects as a Group
Varied habitats and thus feed on different foods
Varied habits and behavior
1. Wide host range
2. Found on different plant parts
3. Take turns in attacking hosts at different stages of growth
Deposit eggs anywhere
Leaves, animal & plant tissues, underground,
water

15. DEFINITION OF TERMS
CLASSIFICATION- Ordering of an organism into a hierarchy of
categories
NOMENCLATURE- Naming of organism (“Nomen-Name; “calare”-
to call)
IDENTIFICATION- Major application of classification
TAXONOMY- Involves the theoretical basis for classification and the
study of classification schemes

16. Crop Protection 51 – Economic Entomology
• KEYS:
• Standard technique for separating taxa at any level through
“keys” (Taxonomy)
• Series of questions about characters of the insect that
proceed from very general to very specific points, focusing
more and more precisely until one arrives at an
identification
• Good key should be easy and fast to use and should work
in the majority of cases
• Use of illustrations helpful, especially when errors can be
made

17. Classification
Crop Protection 51 – Economic Entomology
• Classification according to Feeding habits:
• Saprophagous – feeding on dead organic matter
• General scavengers – e.g. cockroaches
• Humus feeder – springtails
• Dung feeder – dung beetle
• Restricted to dead plant tissue – termites
• Restricted to dead animal tissue – Larder beetles
• Carrion feeders – flesh flies
• Zoophagous – feeding on living animals
• Parasites – living on other animals
• Living on warm blooded vertebrates – chewing and
sucking louse
• Blood sucker - mosquitos

18. Crop Protection 51 – Economic Entomology
• Classification according to Feeding habits:
• Phytophagous – feeding on living plants
• Leaf feeders – e.g. butterfly larvae, grasshoppers
• Leaf miners – flies
• Stem and root borer – e.g. beetles, butterfly larvae
• Root feeders – e.g. white grubs, cricket
• Juice sucker – e.g. leafhoppers, aphids, thrips
• Gall maker – e.g. gall wasps
• Fruit feeder – e.g. Tephritid flies
• Entomophagous – feeding on other living insects
• Parasites – e.g. wasps, flies
• Predators – dragonflies, spiders, coccinilid beetles,
longhorned grasshopper, Praying mantis, etc.

19. Crop Protection 51 – Economic Entomology
CLASSIFICATION
• Common names are vernacular names
• Many animals lack them because they are to small or
seldom encountered in certain areas
• Main categories commonly used in Scientific Nomenclature
arranged in order of rank
• Phyla (Phylum)
• Classes (Class)
• Orders (Order)
• Families (Family)
• Tribes (Tribe)
Genera (Genus)
Species (Species)

20. THE CLASS INSECTA
It divided into orders on the basis of the structure of the wings and
mouthparts, the metamorphosis and on various other characteristics
Subclass Apterygota- primitive wingless insect
Order
1. Protura- proturans
2. Collembola- springtails
3. Diplura- diplurans
4. Thysanura- bristletails, silverfish

21. Thysanura
(Silverfish / Firebrats / Bristle tail)
Greek "thysano-" meaning fringed "ura" meaning tail.
Body relatively flat, tapered
and often covered with scales.
2
1
eyes small or
Compound
absent.
 Antennae long, thread-like,
and multisegmented .
Abdomen with ten complete
segments.

22. Diplura
Double tail
The name Diplura, derived from the Greek words
"diplo-" meaning two and "ura" meaning tails.
•These small, eyeless arthropods.
•They have a pair of long beaded
antennae (moniliform) on the head .
•A pair of segmented sensory
structures (cerci).
•Long and slender, or forceps-like
in appearance .
•Tarsi one-segmented .
2
2

23. Protura
2
3
Telson tail
The name Protura, derived from the Greek words "proto-"
meaning first (or original) and "ura" meaning tail.
Antennae absent.
Compound eyes absent.
Front legs directed forward (probably
sensory in function).
Abdomen with 9-12 complete
segments.
Cerci and abdominal filaments
entirely absent.

24. Collembola
2
4
(Springtails)
The name Collembola, derived from the Greek
"coll" meaning glue and "embol" meaning a wedge.
•Compound and simple eyes
are absent.
•Filliform Antennae present,
•Abdomen 6-segmented .
•Body frequently clothed
with scales .

25. Ephemeroptera
(Mayflies)
Greek "ephemera" meaning short-lived, "ptera"
meaning wings.
 Antennae short and Setaceous.
Four to nine pairs of leaf-like or
fan-like gills along the sides of the
abdomen .
Front wings large, triangular
hind wings smaller, fan-shaped
Three long filaments at rear of
abdomen .
2
5

26. Odonata
26
(Dragonflies and Damselflies)
Greek "odonto-", meaning tooth, refers to the
strong teeth found on the mandibles of most adults.
Antennae short ,Setaceous.
Compound eyes large.
Four membranous wings.
Chewing mouth part.
Legs are used either as a basket
for catching prey or as grapples
for clinging to emergent
vegetation.

27. Plecoptera
27
(Stoneflies)
Greek "pleco" meaning folded and "ptera"meaning
wing, refers to the pleated hind wings.
• Antennae long, filiform.
• Front wings long and narrow.
• Body flattened.

28. Grylloblattodea
28
"blatta"
(Rock Crawlers / Icebugs)
Greek "gryll" meaning cricket and
meaning cockroach.
• Antennae slender, filiform .
• Mouthparts is chewing.
• Body cylindrical
• Tarsi 5-segmented .
• Secondarily wingless .

29. Orthoptera
29
(Grasshoppers / Locusts Crickets / Katydids)
Greek "ortho" meaning straight and "ptera" meaning wing.
 Antennae filiform.
Slender, thickened front
wings fold back over the
abdomen to protect
membranous, hind wings.
Chewing mouthpart.
 Hind leg is jumping leg.

30. Phasmida
30
(Walkingsticks / Stick Insects / Leaf Insects)
Greek "phasm" meaning phantom.
•Antennae short filliform.
•Mouthparts is chewing.
•Body long, cylindrical.
•Meso and meta thorax is
long in Stick insect while
broad in leaf insect.

31. Dermaptera
31
(Earwigs)
Greek "derma" meaning skin and "ptera" meaning wings.
Active at night.
 Chewing mouthpart.
Antennae slender, long filliform .
Forewings short, thick,veinless
and leathery .
Hind wings membranous and
folded under forewings.

32. Embioptera
(Webspinners / Embiids)
• Greek "embio" meaning lively and "ptera" meaning wings.
 Antennae slender, filiform .
 Mouthparts is chewing.
Tarsi 3-segmented,bearing silk
glands .
 Asymmetrical circi.
32

33. Dictyoptera
(Cockroaches / Waterbugs / Mentid)
The name Blattodea is derived from "blatta", the
Greek word for cockroach.
•Antennae slender, filiform .
•Much of the head and thorax is
covered and protected dorsally by a
large plate of exoskeleton (the
pronotum).
•Legs adapted for running.
•Front wings thickened; hind wings
membranous, pleated .
•Stylus present at 9 segment. 15

34. Isoptera
34
(Termites / WhiteAnts)
Greek "iso" meaning equal and "ptera" meaning wings.
•Head large and cylindrical or
small and round.
• Antennae long moniliform.
•Compound eyes present.
•Two pairs of membranous
wings.

35. Zoraptera
35
(Zorapterans / Angel Insects)
Name, derived from the Greek "zor" meaning pure and
"aptera" meaning wingless.
•Moniliform Antennae 9-
segmented.
• Mouthparts is chewing.
•Wings often absent, with
reduced venation when present.
•Long stylus, short
unsegmentes circi.

36. Psocoptera
36
Psocids / Barklice / Booklice
The name Psocoptera is derived from the Greek "psokos" meaning
rubbed and "ptera" meaning wings.
•Head prominent, with Lonf
filiform antennae.
•Narrow "neck" between head and
thorax.
•Two pairs of wings; some species
are wingless.
•Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented

37. Mallophaga
37
Biting Lice / Bird lice / Chicken lice
•Chewing or biting type.
•Head is broad.
•Antennae short filliform; 3-5
segmented.
•Clinging legs.
•Eyes reduced or absent
•Tarsi 1- or 2-segmented, most
species have two small claws.

40. Siphonculata
Sucking Lice / Mammal Lice / Human Lice
40
•Head conical, with suctorial
mouthparts
•Antennae short filliform, 3- to
5-segmented
•Eyes reduced or absent
•Tarsi usually 1-segmented with
a single large claw.

41. Heteroptera/Hemiptera
41
True Bugs, bugs
The name Heteroptera, derived from the Greek "hetero-
" meaning different and "ptera" meaning wings.
•Long filliform Antennae with 4-5
segments.
•Proboscis 3-4 segmented, arising
from front of head .
•Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented.
•Circi absent.

42. Homoptera
Plant hoppers / Tree hoppers / /white fly / Aphid / Jasid
42
Short setaceous antenna.
Piercing sucking mouthpart.
Membranous or hard throughout
of forewings.
Circi absent.

43. Thysanoptera
Thrips
The name Thysanoptera, derived from the Greek
"thysanos" meaning fringe and "ptera" meaning wings.
•Antennae short moniliform, 6-10
segments.
•Body cylindrical or spindle-shaped.
•Front and hind wings slender, rod-
like, with a dense fringe of long
hairs. Many species are secondarily
wingless.
•Rod like stripy wings.
•End of abdominal tube present
called oviposter. 23

44. Neuroptera
Lacewings / Antlions / Dobsonflies / Alderflies / Snakeflies
The name Neuroptera is derived from the Greek word
"neuron" meaning sinew and "ptera" meaning wings.
•Antennae long setaceous.
•Chewing mouthparts.
•Front and hind wing membranous,
similar in size.
•Extensive branching of venation in
all wings.
24

45. Coleoptera
•Chewing mouthparts (sometimes
located at the tip of a beak) .
•Front wings (elytra) are hard and
serve as covers for the hind wings;
meet in a line down the middle of the
back .
•Hind wings large, membranous,
folded beneath the elytra .
•Tarsi 2- to 5-segmented .
Beetles / Weevils
The name Coleoptera, derived from the Greek words "koleos"
meaning sheath and "ptera" meaning wings.
Coleoptera (beetles and weevils) is the largest order in the class Insecta.
•Most beetles have a hard, dense
exoskeleton .
25

46. Strepsiptera
46
Twisted-wing parasites / Stylopids / Strepsipterans
The name Strepsiptera, derived from the Greek "strepsi" meaning
turned or twisted and "ptera" meaning wings.
•Large fan-shaped hind wings;
small club-like front wings.
•Forewing form haltere.
•V
estigial and chewing
mouthparts.
•Antennae 4- to 7-segmented;
often with lateral branching.
•Flabellate antenna.
•Protruded eyes.

47. Mecoptera
47
Scorpionflies / Hangingflies
The name Mecoptera, derived from the Greek words
"meco" meaning long and "ptera" meaning wings.
•Head elongate with slender chewing
mouthparts.
•Front and hind wings narrow, elongate, and
similar in size; crossveins numerous.
•Tarsi 5-segmented
•Males of some species have enlarged
external genitalia held recurved over the
abdomen like a scorpion's tail.
•Raised abdomen.
•Long narrow similar wings

48. Diptera
48
True Flies / Mosquitoes / Gnats / Midges
The name Diptera, derived from the Greek words "di" meaning
two and "ptera" meaning wings.
Antennae filiform, stylate, or
aristate .
Mouthparts suctorial.
Mesothorax larger than pro- or
metathorax .
One pair of wings (front); hind
wings reduced (halteres) .
Tarsi 5-segmented .

49. Siphonaptera
49
Fleas
The name Siphonaptera is derived from the Greek words "siphon"
meaning a tube or pipe and "aptera" meaning wingless.
•Short setaceous antenna.
•Body bilaterally flattened
•Mouthparts piercing sucking.
•Large bristles (ctenidia) often
present on head or thorax .
•Hind femur enlarged, adapted
for jumping.

50. Lepidoptera
Butterflies / Moths
The name Lepidoptera, derived from the Greek words "lepido"
for scale and "ptera" for wings.
Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) is the
second largest order in the class Insecta.
•Mouthparts form a coiled tube (proboscis)
beneath the head.
•Antennal type:
Butterflies: Clavate
Moths: thread-like, spindle-shaped, or
comb-like
•Front wings large, triangular; hind wings
large, fan-shaped.
•Body and wings covered with small,
overlapping scales. 30

51. Trichoptera
51
Caddisflies
The name Trichoptera, derived from the Greek words "trichos"
meaning hair and "ptera" meaning wings.
Setaceous antennae.
Mouthparts reduced or
vestigal.
Two pairs of wings clothed
with long hairs.
Wings held tent-like over
the abdomen.

52. Hymenoptera
52
Ants / Wasps / Bees / Sawflies / Horntails
The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek words
"hymen" meaning membrane and "ptera" meaning wings.
•Chewing mouthparts - except in bees
where maxillae and labium form a
proboscis for collecting nectar.
•Compound eyes well developed.
•Tarsi usually 5-segmented.
•Triangular stigma in front wings.
•Hind wings smaller than front wings.
•Geniculate antenna.
•Sucking/Licking/Chewing mouthpart.

53. Crop Protection 51 – Economic Entomology
• DIFFERENT ORDERS OF INSECTS:
ORDER COMMON NAME METAMORPHOSIS MOUTHPARTS
1. ORTHOPTERA Grasshopper
Cricket, Walking
Stick, Cockroach
Praying Mantis
incomplete chewing
2. THYSANOPTERA Thrips incomplete rasping sucking
3. ODONATA Dragonflies and
Damselflies
incomplete chewing
4. ISOPTERA Termites incomplete chewing
5. HEMIPTERA Bugs, Aphids,
Mealybug, White
Fly, Cicada, Scale
Insects, Psyllids,
Plant-hoppers
incomplete piercing sucking

54. Crop Protection 51 – Economic Entomology
ORDER COMMON NAME METAMORPHOSIS MOUTHPARTS
6. PHTHIRAPTERA Parasite lice,
louse
incomplete Biting, piercing,
sucking
7. SIPHONAPTERA Fleas incomplete Sucking, piercing
8. NEUROPTERA Lacewings, Ant-
lion, Alderflies
incomplete Biting, chewing
9. LEPIDOPTERA Butterflies
Moth
complete Siphoning
Larvae: chewing
10. DIPTERA Flies
Mosquitoes
complete Sponging,
sucking
11. COLEOPTERA Beetles complete Biting, chewing
12. HYMENOPTERA Bees, wasps,
ants
complete Biting, chewing,
lapping

55. PRODUCT FROM INSECT

58. Shellac
Is a resin secreted by the female lac bug, on trees in the forests. It is
processed and sold as dry flakes (pictured) and dissolved in alcohol to
make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze and
wood finish.

59. COCHINEAL
Is a red dye produced from the dried
and powdered bodies of the cactus
mealy bugs

60. General Structure of an Insect
WHAT IS CHITIN?
Characteristic constituent of the procuticle, giving great tensile
strength
Amino-sugar polysaccharide composed of B (1-4) linked units of N-
acetyl-D-glucosamine
Very resistant substance
Insoluble in water, alcohol, dilute acid and alkalis
Not attacked by enzymes of mammals
Broken down by snails, cockroaches & bacteria

61. CHITIN
Is the exoskeleton of most
arthropods – insects,
spiders, and crustaceans.
Insects do not have an
internal skeleton. Their
exoskeleton, which is rigid
and holds their body
together, is made of chitin.
Added ingredient to the
crunchiness of sky flakes
biscuits

62. THINGS TO REMEMBER

63. Dr. Bernardo P. Gabriel – Author of the
milestone of Philippine Enthomology
Trivia:
About 70% of the Philippines nearly 21, 000
recorded species are found on in the
country. In addition about 1/3 of the 915
butterflies found here are endemic to the
country and over 110 of the more than 130
species of tiger beetles are found also in the
philippines

64. Trivia
-The 1st leaf insect in the Philippines was
recorded on BALACBAC ISLAND in PALAWAN by
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA, during the Ferdinand
chronicles when the spanish troops arrived in
1521.
- A new species of wingless stick insects (Enigma
stick insect) that do not have any resemblance
with other stick insects has been discovered in
Mount Halcon in the Island of Mindoro.This
Insect is collored green-blue head and orange
body and have aptly name Conlephasma
enigmaand discovered by Gottardo on 2012.

65. He was the first to report on
Diptera from the Philippines Island
in 1882.
a.Carl Semper
b.Jorge Semper
c.Jose Sanchez
d.Carl R. Osten-Sacken

66. He was the first to report on Diptera
from the Philippines Island in 1882.
a.Carl Semper
b.Jorge Semper
c.Jose Sanchez
d.Carl R. Osten-Sacken

67. In 1961, he was the first Filipino
Acarologist who spear headed the
research on mites in the Philippines
a. F.F. Sanchez
b. L.C. Rimando
c. C.R. Baltazar
d. V.P. Gapud

68. In 1961, he was the first Filipino
Acarologist who spear headed the
research on mites in the Philippines
a. F.F. Sanchez
b. L.C. Rimando
c. C.R. Baltazar
d. V.P. Gapud

69. Prof. Leo C. Rimando he also described two
species of spider mites(Aponnychus corpuzae)-
1966, and Vannus- 1968
This cell in the insect’s skin generates the wax to
make its bristle flexible
a.tormogen
b.trochogen
c.termogen
d.peritropic

70. This cell in the insect’s skin
generates the wax to make its
bristle flexible
a.tormogen
b.trochogen
c.termogen
d.peritropic

71. tormogen- A specialized
epidermal cell in insects that
forms a socket at the base of
some hairs
Trochogen- An agent
stimulating Hair growth
Thermogen- Heating material
Peritropic- Membrane of the
insects

72. INSECT POLLINATION
1.Self-Pollination – transfer of pollen
from anthers to stigma of the same plant
either of the same flower or a different
flower.
2.Cross-Pollination – transfer of pollen
between flowers on different plants
(with different genotype) of the same
species.
3.Entomophily – insects pollination
4.Anemophily – wind pollination

73. •Advantages of Entomophily over Anemophily
1.Increase in pollination efficiency, including
reduction of pollen wastage.
2.Successful pollination under conditions on
suitable of wind pollination.
3.Maximation of the number of plant species in a
given area, since even rare plants can receive
conspecific pollen carried into the area by
insects.

74. Cantharophily – beetle pollination
Mellitophily – bee pollination
Sphecophily- wasp pollination
Myrmecophily- ant pollination
Myophily – fly pollination occurs when flies visit flowers to
obtain nectar and pollen.
Beeswax-A substance secreted by bees which they use to
build up their comb. This can be used in making candles.
Royal Jelly: a highly nutritious glandular secretion of
young adult bees which they use to feed their queen and
the young brood.
Propolis: a resinous medicinal substance produced by
plants and gathered by bees which they also use to seal
small openings in their hives.

75. Phalaenophily- moth pollination associated with light
colored, pendant flowers that have nocturnal or
crepuscular anthesis.
Psychophily- butterfly pollination is associated with red,
yellow or bule upright flowers that have diurnal anthesis.
Phoresy- It is a phenomenon in which an individual of one
species is transported by an individual of another species.
Encapsulation – the usual host reaction to an
incompatible parasitoid, which is surrounding the
invading egg ot larva by an aggregation of haemocytes.
The haemocytes becomes flattened into the surface of
the parasitoid and phagocytosis begins as the
haemocytes build up eventually forming a capsule that
encloses and kills the intruder.

76. Number of parasitoids that can develop
on a host:
Solitary – development of single
parasitoids in one individual host.
Gregarious – development of several
parasitoids in one individual host

77. 1.The female ovipositing several eggs on a single
host
Superparasitism – a host receives many eggs
from either a single individual or several
individuals of the same parasitoid species
Multiparasitism – a host receives eggs of more
than one epecies of parasitoids.
Polyembryony – development of parasites on
another parasites
•Hyperparasitism – development of
parasites on another parasite

78. Conservation- Consist of conserving existing
agents by creating refugia that are protected from
pesticides and provide an alternative food source
to its host.
Augmentation- Mass-reared agents are released to
augment existing population in the field or for
reintroduction into habitats where natural enemies
had been killed.
Inundation- Mass-reared agents released to
inundate the pest population to control pest
population within the first generation of release.

79. Questions
Royal jelly is produced by
___________of worker bee.
a. Mandibular
b. labial
c. hypopharynx
d. wax gland

80. Questions
Royal jelly is produced by
___________of worker bee.
a. Mandibular
b. labial
c. hypopharynx
d.wax gland

81. They could collect pollen because they
have rows of hairs in their hind legs and
store it in the pollen basket known
as_____________
a. Corbicula
b. Curbicela
c. Cubicula
d. Corbecola

82. They could collect pollen because they
have rows of hairs in their hind legs and
store it in the pollen basket known
as_____________
a. Corbicula
b. Curbicela
c. Cubicula
d. Corbecola

83. PEST OUTBREAK- Meaning the sudden
increase in a pest population resulting in
economic damage to the crop.
Cross protection- This refers to the
protection of a plant by a mild strain, against
infection by another strain of that same virus
which is more virulent and causes more
severe symptoms.
Gene pyramiding involves the incorporation
of several resistance genes in one host variety
ao that it would take the pathogen a long
time to be able to overcome the resistance.

84. Did you know?
•Bacteriology: The study of bacteria.
•Mycology: The study of fungi.
•Protozoology: The study of protozoa.
•Phycology (or algology): The study of algae.
•Parasitology: The study of parasites.
•Immunology: The study of the immune
system.
•Virology: The study of the viruses.
•Nematology: The study of the nematodes

85. s