Childhood Emotions In Infants

Childhood Emotions In Infants
1. What are the first emotions to appear in infants? Page is in 132: Pleasure and pain
2. What experiences trigger anger and sadness in infants? Page 133: Anger is healthy response to
frustration, such as when infants are prevented from moving or grabbing. Sadness indicates
withdrawal and is accompanied by an increase in the body's production of cortisol.
3. What do 1 year olds fear? Page 133: Separation anxiety, stranger's wariness, and anything
unexpected.
4. How do emotions differ between the first and second year of life? Page 134: Older babies exhibit
curiosity, laughter, anger, and fear whereas toddlers express many emotions that indicate awareness
of themselves and others.
5. How do family interactions and culture shape toddler's emotions? Page 134: Many north
American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is known and unknown about the impact of brain maturation on emotions? Page 135: Links
between expressed emotions and brain growth are complex and thus difficult to asks and describe.
During infancy emotions are murky and unstable.
7. How are memory and emotion connected? Page is in 136: All emotional reaction connects to self
awareness partly because of memory. In the beginning memory is fragile and gradually improves as
dendrites and axons connect over the first year. That's why toddlers are angrier then younger babies
when they are teased by there siblings. Both Scientists think that you store early emotional
memories, even if you cannot remember what actually happened. These memories may still affect
you as adults.
8. How does stress affect early brain development? Page 137: Excessive stress increases cortisol,
and harms the developing brain as well as the hypothalamus which in particular grows more slowly
if an infant is often frightened.
9. Why are temperamental traits more apparent in some people than others? Page 137: Temperament
is measured by person's typical response to the environment. Inborn temperament is linked to later
personality, although plasticity is also
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Significance And Social Of Infants
The main idea in this study was that people are more likely to create relationships with those that are
similar to them. This study focused on whether this was true for infants. It's said that similarity is an
important aspect of human interaction and influences social cognitive processes. When a person
befriends someone who is similar to them, they tend to find them trustworthy, fair, and intelligent, as
opposed to someone who is dissimilar to them. This study researched the significance and social
consequences in early preferences of similarity. It's suggested that infants' social evaluations are
based on two criteria's: whether the act done by the individual was helpful or harmful, and the
infant's personal feelings towards the target of that act. In the first experiment, there were thirty–six
9–month–olds and sixteen 14–month–olds. In the first phase the infants were to choose their
preference in food, being given a choice between graham crackers and green beans. Then in phase
two, a puppet show was conducted for the infants in whom two rabbit puppets identified their food
preference. The similar puppet always chose the same food preference as the infant and the
dissimilar always chose the other food preference. During phase three, the same two puppets from
phase two were used in addition to two dog puppets. This puppet show would star either the similar
or dissimilar rabbit puppet that would throw a ball and drop it, then the helpful dog puppet would
either bring it

Infant Observations
The reading "Some Remarks on Infant Observation, A. Freud", was very interesting as it was based
on the observation of newborns/infants and mother and infant relationship by students who are
training to be physicians and psychotherapist. The field of human development from a new born
baby throughout childhood development is focused on changing the way we think about children's
mind. The core of Ana Freud's theory is to gain solid understanding of what is normal in the
newborn infant period. Through observations the students were able to understand the mental life of
the baby and the exchanges of thoughts and feelings between infants and their mother.
I never worked with newborn/infants however, has a mother I can relate with the theory. As

Premature Infant Stimulation
It is known that then stimulation of infants during the first few months is important for proper
development to take place. Following, we will review the importance of both a stimulating
environment and the need for physical stimulation provided by caregivers.
A lot of emphasis has been placed on physical, mother–infant, interaction, but studies have shown
that inanimate stimulation is as important as social stimulation. Yarrow, Rubenstein, Pedersen, and
Jankowski (1972) examined the importance of stimulation from caregiver interaction and the natural
environment. The emphasis of their work was to study the impact of "disadvantaged" environments
on infant development. What their work did show was that the environment of the infant was just ...
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When we look at infants in orphanages in Romania, we find children that are deprived of the
complex physical contact normally received by other children that have a dedicated caregiver. These
children show serious intellectual deficits, and although they show improvement later, they never
catch up to their peers who were raised in more traditional environments (Berk, 2014). When we
look at premature infants, who spend a large amount of their time in incubators, we find that they
show slower gains in mass and motor function then their peers. Now, when premature infants are
given 15 minutes of mechanosensory stimulation, three times a day for ten days, they show an
increase in weight along with more time awake and active. They also would show more
improvement than their unstimulated peers based on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
Scale (Ardiel & Rankin, 2010)
The effects of stimulation on infant development cannot be understated. The more research that has
gone into the importance of this the more emphasis is placed on attempting to correct sensory
deprivation. In hospital NICUs we see more interaction with children that are born premature. We
are also seeing a greater emphasis on placing orphaned children into homes where they can benefit
from direct caregiver contact and have a more stimulating environment to explore. Now, more than
in the past, we see the need

Infant Observation
Research with infants and hearing has determined that infants are primed to hear human speech and
will attune to those sounds rather than others. This can be identified as a biological imperative in
order to assure they are cared for by adults. This manner of behavior may not be consistent if there
are other sounds that are louder and above the threshold of human language. This researcher
hypothesizes that if an infant is presented with two sounds, one of a person saying their name at a
low volume and the other a dog barking at a higher volume, the infant will respond and attune to the
louder sound. This attunement is due to safety and possibly a startle reflex to protect themselves
rather than a drive to learn and respond to human speech. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The infant may not be awake at the time of the experiment or it could be during a nap time. Another
variable could be infant discomfort based on needing to eat, change a diaper or other illness induced
difficulties which cannot be controlled for well. These concerns could be controlled with preparing
the caregiver to assure these needs are met prior to the study. Lastly, the parents or caregivers
present are an extraneous variable as if they make sounds or have a response to the sounds
presented; this could and probably will impact the infant's responses. Parents will be encouraged to
assure that they do not respond in any way to what takes place hence the need for no deception in
this

Infant Trauma
There are many types of trauma that people experience everyday in our world. People can do awful
things to each other, including violence, abuse, and neglect. Accidents happen that leave us feeling
distressed. Some threaten our sense of safety and connection. These are all experiences that take
time to heal and recover from. We must find a way to reconcile the life we had before it happened
and the life as we know it after a tragic event. The pain of the memories alone can be devastating. It
takes time and support to find a sense of self again, to feel safe in the world again. But what if the
trauma happened before life ever really began? Is there any lasting effect on a person that was
merely an infant when the trauma was experienced? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other form of memory is declarative memory (also known as "explicit" or "late" memory). It
stores sequential and contextual events, as well as factual knowledge that can be articulated (Paley
& Alpert, 2003). Procedural memories are also described and indelible and are, therefore, engraved
in your brain and body for life. Other types of memories that are described in more detail and are
classified as non–verbal are categorized as behavioral memory, somatic–somatosensory memory,
and visual memory. Behavioral memories can be seen in play therapy where the child will actually
be able to act out their experiences with dolls. Somatic–somatosensory memory presentation is
particularly relevant to traumatized newborns or very young infants, who may perceive trauma
predominantly as concrete sensory perceptions (Paley & Alpert, 2003). All of this research tells me
that we need to broaden out ways of thinking of memory. It is not simply a process in which, if you
can tell me what happened, then you remember it, if you can't, then you simply have no memory of
the event. As we have discussed in class and in Discussion Board, your body remembers. It makes
sense that we can extend this concept to "pre–memory" infancy or childhood. To consider the
impact these traumatic events can have on a person's life, we must investigate how they can change
development. Paley and Alpert

Infanticide Is The Killing Of An Infant
This paper discusses whether it is ever permissible to commit infanticide or not. Infanticide is the
killing of an infant or the practice of killing newborn infants. It is a difficult subject to discuss since
infanticide seems morally repugnant at first glimpse, though it becomes increasingly complicated as
we reflect on particular nuances in real world cases.
ROADMAP:
I argue that it is impermissible to commit infanticide under any circumstance since committing
murder of a person under any circumstance is wrong. Infanticide in simple words is the murder of a
newborn infant. There is no difference between killing a newborn and a fully grown adult. Both of
them can be defined as persons since they both possess a human essence that makes ... Show more
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Hence, fully grown adults differ from infants due to the fact that they value life and have the
capacity to retain their memories and personal identity. They can engage in rational thought and
appreciate their existence. Infants aren't even capable of grasping their existence, leave alone any
memories. Hence, they shouldn't even be considered to be persons.
However, this objection isn't valid since eventually even infants will develop the capability to think,
retain memories and value life since abilities are developmental in nature. Also, if rationality and
self awareness define personhood and determine the moral significance of persons, then there are
many fully grown adults who can be disqualified as persons, for example an adult under coma.
According to this argument, since comatose patients are unconscious and can't rationally think at the
time, killing them would be permissible too.
ARGUMENT
I argue that infanticide is impermissible under any circumstance. I will support my stance by
arguing against Peter Singer's argument that supports the infanticide of disabled infants. In "Taking
Life: Humans," Singer states that if we can morally kill a disabled fetus that has no self–
consciousness, it follows that we can morally kill a disabled infant that has no self–consciousness.
Take note that Singer argues in favor of committing infanticide of only disabled infants if it serves
the interests of the parents. He does not argue that it is right to

Bottle Feed Infants
Summary of Findings Researchers had hypothesized that bottle fed infants were over fed more
rather than their breast fed counterparts. So a study was conducted to see whether or not the infants
who were bottle fed turned out to be heavier in weight than those who were breast fed. In order to
conduct such a study twenty–one mothers had signed up for the testing of their infants. Within the
study the mothers feed their infants the normal ways they would feed them at home and then the
ways the researchers had wanted them to feed them. With the results that the researchers got back
from the study they were able to calculate that the infant's intake and rate of feeding could account
for the obesity within the infants.
Problems Associated with

Infant Colic
Before taking Child Development, I hadn't heard about Infant Colic. After learning a little bit about
it in class, I decided to do some research of my own on it. An infant can be born healthy and well–
fed, but can "cry for several hours a day, several days a week" due to them having Colic. There are
some theories as to what causes Colic. Some of the causes may be "gas, growing digestive system,
stomach pains caused by hormones and babies becoming overstimulated and oversensitive to light
and noise." Your baby could have an "infection, an irregular heartbeat, stomach problems, or even
increased eye pressure" (WebMD). Babies can develop Colic around the age of just two weeks old.
Babies can be born full–term and have Colic. Colic can develop later if your infant was born
premature. Colic will go away by itself around three to four months old. It doesn't matter what
gender your baby is or whether or not you breast–fed or bottle–fed them. They can still end up
having Colic anyways. Children who had Colic as infants will grow up to be like every other kid
who didn't have Colic. Parents may become confused in knowing whether it is a normal cry because
they need their diaper changed to them having Colic. Infants who have Colic tend to have episodes
of where they scream. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Find a type of bottle that can help reduce gas or create a small hole in the nipple of the bottle. Sitting
up while they eat can help reduce the amount of air into the lungs. In order for the crying to stop try
soothing your baby by rocking them and talk in a soft calming voice. Rocking them helps relax their
muscles. Infants can easily be calmed down by placing them on their back and turning the lights off,
giving them a pacifier, holding them under warm water for a while and even wrapping them in a
fuzzy

Essay On Emotions In Infants
First of all, what are emotions? Emotions includes feelings, physiological correlates (heart rate and
brain wave activity), cognition that conduces physiological changes, and actions that follow the
desire to communicate needs or avoid harmful. I believe that infants have emotions because after
watching the video I can say that infants create a relationship with their parents or caregivers that
help them to identify the emotional stage of the baby with the cues that the infant is giving at a
particular time. That's why is very crucial for parents and caregivers to keep an excellent emotional
education, patient and good humor with infants so they can distinguish what they are feeling. The
primary facial expressions of babies at birth are expressions

High Infant Mortality
A third determinant of high infant mortality rate is whether the mother is educated or not. Plenty of
studies have found that low education levels can lead to poor pregnancy outcomes such as infant
mortality (Loggins & Andrade, 2014). However, although the attainment of education for blacks
increased, the infant mortality rate still declined at a slower rate compared to those whites that had
an education attainment increased (Loggins & Andrade, 2014). This could mean that it is not solely
one determinant that impacts infant mortality. Each determinant combined can have a contributing
factor towards infant mortality.
Access to prenatal care is also known to be a determinant of high infant mortality rates. Just like
almost everything else,

Infant Teething Essay
If you have noticed that your infant is teething, there are some things you can do to help with the
soreness and irritation. Teething is a common issue that occurs anywhere from as early as 4 months
of age to a year. If you notice some swelling under the gum tissue, drooling, and sensitivity in an
area on the gums, these are common signs. Your infant may also get irritable during this time. Here
are some things you can do to help with the infant's discomfort.
Rubbing and Chewing
Rubbing around the gum tissue in the mouth with a clean finger is a way to help provide some pain
relief to the infant. While doing this, the infant may want to gnaw on the finger, helping to put
pressure on the gum tissue, and to get the amount of relief they need. Offer chewing toys that are
available so the infant can chew as needed, but nothing that could break off and go down the infant's
throat. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teething rings that have been stored in the refrigerator, a cold washcloth, or cold foods are all ideal.
Avoid any item that is frozen, since this could cause damage the tissue and be a shock for the infant.
Treat with Over–the–Counter Medication
If the infant is showing extreme discomfort and crankiness, the pain can be treated with over–the–
counter medication. Infant acetaminophen can be used to help with the pain, and ibuprofen can be
used to help with both swelling and discomfort. Be sure to use the dosage that is accurate for the
infant's weight, and to use as directed. Talk with a pediatrician about concerns, and about rotating
the medications.
Utilize Meal Time
If the infant is eating solids, chewing something that is cold and hard can help to ease the pain, or
eating foods that are chilled may feel good on the gums. Utilize the infant's meal time to help
eliminate some of the pain that they have because of the teeth coming through.
Avoid Chapped

Infants And Toddlers Essay
Infants – When babies are less than 2 months old, they spend most of their time sleeping (up to 16
hours a day) or eating. They can turn their heads and focus on people's faces, but have a hard time
with head control. Crying is main way of expression, and they cannot tell the difference between
family and strangers. Infants between 2 and 6 months old have a strong sucking reflect, active
extremity movement, and a strong cry. They will use their hands to examine the world. Infants
between 6 and 12 months old start learning to speak. They can sit, crawl, and begin to walk. There is
a risk of foreign bodies entering through their mouth. They are also not afraid of strangers.
Assessing infants should be done with the parents holding or close to the baby. Toddler – Toddlers
can walk and explore. They are not afraid, so injuries are common. They will begin to speak.
Toddlers may not like to be restrained during assessments. Crying may not indicate injury, and it
may be a good idea to give them their toy during assessments. Preschool – Kids 3 to 6 years old
have a strong sense of fantasy. They are afraid of pain, and know the difference between good and
bad. It's a good idea to give directions to the child during assessments, where ... Show more content
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Children younger than school–age should have their assessments started at the feet, leading to the
head. Children school–age or older should have their assessments done like that of an adult's. Blood
pressure will not be assessable for children under three years old. Perfusion can be accessed via the
skin. Similarly, for children under three, EMTs can evaluate respirations by looking at the rise and
fall of the abdomen. The child's pupils should be looked at, and a pulse oximeter should be used. If
an intervention is need, it is important to calm the child – communication is important with the
parent and guardian as

Infant Care Advice
The National Institutes of Health funded a study surveying new mothers to inquire about the source
of their infant care advice ranging from baby sleep positions to immunizations to breastfeeding.
Sources of advice were classified as health care practitioners such as doctors and nurses, family
members, and the media.
New Mothers Don't Receive Infant Care Advice Says Study
With packed schedules and a completely different set of routines and responsibilities, new mothers
may not be receiving appropriate attention from their physicians when it comes to advice on infant
care according to a study in Pediatrics.
The study was conducted by researchers at Boston Medical Center, Boston University, and Yale
University.
The Study of Attitudes and Factors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The authors believe that the physicians may not offer the advice due to lack of knowledge of the
recommendations or because the physician does not agree with it.
Physicians Should Offer More Time and Do So Equally
Another revelation of the study was that not all new mothers were treated equal. African American,
Hispanic, and first time mothers were more likely to receive guidance from physicians than their
white mother counterparts and mothers who had children already.
According to Marian Willinger, Ph.D.., of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development (NICHD), new mothers are more likely to listen to their
physician's advice.
"This survey shows that physicians have an opportunity to provide new mothers with much–needed
advice on how to improve infant health and even save infant lives," Willinger said. Physicians
should take the extra time for each new mother to explain proper infant care. Learning about infant
care and its updated recommendations can save many newborn lives as well as help new mothers
cope with the stress and joy that is

Emotional Development In Infants
Chapter 4 discussed the emotional development developed in the first two years of infants and how
it deals with the social world. Infants show different emotions according to their ages. Newborn
infants are happy and relaxed when fed and they cry when they are hungry or hurt. About 6 weeks
they start to express happiness through the social smile. The different emotions developed through
different stages. I remember some of my childhood memories. When I was 6 years old, I started to
learn riding motorcycle but one day I felt down and was badly injured. After that, I was scared to
ride a motorcycle. This shows that fear is developed inside me. In addition, in the same age,
whenever I was alone, I always act as doctor and used to make my Barbie

Infant Physical Development
The infants physical development starts with the head and then moves to other parts of the body.
From the very beginning babies are very curious and are ready to start exploring. Infants necks are
unable to support the weight of the head when the baby is sat up straight. They are able to turn their
heads left to right when laying down. Infants are able to close their fist. At three months of age
babies are more flexible and become more stronger. At this age babies start to try to roll over. They
start to grab the edge of the crib and try to pull themselves up so that they can stand with the support
of the crib. The infants start to explore more and they are amused by little toys. An example would
be a toy that lights up when they touch it, when they discover this they realize that when they push
the toy the toy will light up. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is when parents need to be aware of where their child where about are. Infants are known to
start crawling at this age. They also grab things and pull things towards them. Parents need to be
very observant that their infants at this age do not put anything in their mouth that could make them
choke. The age of nine months to a year, the infants can do a lot of things without help. They can sit
up by themselves. Infants can stand up without the assistance of an adult. They can decide which
toys to pick up and they can pick up the objects they would like to entertain themselves with. Infants
can also sit unaided as well, they have built enough support for their neck to support their head
weight

How Infant Attachment Is Affected By Mother Infant...
INTRO
It is no surprise that a parent's mental health and behavior can have an effect on a developing
infant's ability to grow an attachment and a bond with said parent. This holds especially true for the
bond between the mother and the infant, be it that on average the mother–infant dyad spends the
most one–on–one time together comparatively. According to Raval and colleagues (2001), a parent's
state of mind influences their sensitivity in caregiving behavior, which then has an effect on the
child's attachment pattern/strategy. There are a wide variety of other factors that can have an effect
on an infant's developing attachment style, such as parental states of mind, parental attunement and
attentiveness, genetic predisposition, prenatal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Avoidant infants regulate their attachment needs through exploration, and have mothers who are
consistently unresponsive or unavailable. Resistant infants know that they cannot rely on their
parent for their needs to be met, as they have mothers who have been inconsistently responsive.
Disorganized/disoriented infants can be characterized as a severely confused child with a lack of
apparent strategy by their parent to meet their needs. (Raval et al., 2001)
MOTHER'S RESPONSIVENESS
Infant attachment styles are largely impacted by the responsiveness of the mother to the infant's
needs and signals, but also by the behavior of the infant itself. The results of the study showed that
greater maternal responsiveness was a predictive factor for secure infant attachment. For example,
the secure infants had mothers who scored significantly higher scores for total responsiveness to the
child's needs and signals than the mothers of avoidant children. (Raval et al., 2001) Raval and his
colleagues (2001) also discovered that an infant's behavior is less influential than maternal behavior
in shaping attachment patterns, though still influential. Shown in the results of the study, maternal
sensitivity to the child's needs and signals, as well as maternal attachment to the child both make
independent contributions to infant attachment. (Raval et al., 2001)
PRENATAL BONDING
Studies have shown that there is a correlation between the feelings and actions of the mother
towards the

Anagesia And Sedation In Infants
Newer pharmacologic agents for analgesia and sedation in neonates: Intravenous paracetamol has
been successful in post–operative and mild to moderate pain management in neonates and infants.
Harma et al evaluated the effectiveness of intravenous paracetamol for mild to moderate pain
control in preterm infants. Intravenous paracetamol, a COX–2 enzyme inhibitor, was administered
in standardized dosages to 108 infants with the first dose given prior to 72 hours of life. Controls did
not receive paracetamol; however, both study groups received morphine for pain control when
deemed necessary. Infants in the paracetamol group received significantly fewer morphine dosages
than the control group (p = 0.044) without any signs of hepatic ... Show more content on
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Although not labeled for use in patients under the age of 18 years, recently it has been introduced
into the NICU setting for procedural use, as well as short–term sedation. There are no structured
reviews on the efficacy and safety profile of dexmedetomidine; however, animal studies have
documented its potential neuroprotective effects and minimal respiratory side effects. A study out of
Berlin examined the neuroprotective features of dexmedetomidine in reducing the detrimental
effects of oxygen toxicity. Following single doses of dexmedetomidine at various concentrations,
six–day old rats in the treatment group were exposed to 80% fiO2 for 24 hrs. Hyperoxia–exposed
rats receiving dexmedetomidine pretreatment with a 10 mcg/kg dose one time were found to have
significantly reduced hyperoxia–induced neurodegeneration in various brain regions (p<0.001).
Hyperoxia–exposed rates receiving dexmedetomidine pretreatment in single dosages of 5 mcg/kg
and 10 mcg/kg had significantly decreased expression of IL–1beta protein expression than controls
exposed to hyperoxia without pretreatment (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectfully). Although these
neuroprotective findings were found in hyperoxia–exposed rats, it was noted that the normoxia–
exposed control group had significantly increased percentage of cells stained positive for DNA
strand breakage when pretreated with one dose 10 mcg/kg dexmedetomidine (p<0.001), raising
concerns for varying safety profiles in different

Infant Development
Life. Without life there is no existence. Starting from the zygote to the embryo and then the fetus,
this is a critical time for the development of the soon to be infant. Studies have shown that the
prenatal period is the most important period for neurodevelopment in the womb. For many years the
aim to promote a healthy pregnancy stemmed from the pregnant woman maintaining a balanced
nutrition, low to moderate exercise, and staying away from stress. Pregnant women are also
encouraged to protect themselves against harmful toxins and common life stressors to lower the risk
of the child being under developed physically and cognitively. According to the National Institute of
Health, "maternal consumption of essential fatty acids during pregnancy ... Show more content on
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"Cognition represents a complex set of higher mental functions subserved by the brain, and includes
attention, memory, thinking, learning and perception" (as cited in Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster,
Oddy 1). The building blocks of nutrition include enzymes and neurotransmitters that are necessary
for optimal growth and development. Many studies have shown that the lack of micronutrients such
as folic acid, vitamin B12, iron and zinc, just to name of few, are leading causes of malnutrition.
"There is evidence that malnutrition can impair cognitive development, whilst breastfeeding appears
to be beneficial for cognition. (Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster, Oddy

The Poetry Of Infant Sorrow And Infant Joy And Infant Joy
William Blake In the poems "Infant Sorrow and "Infant Joy" by William Blake were written in the
Romanticism era about The joy of birth and how some child birth aren't joyful. In order to
appreciate the poetry of William Blake, one must research his life and analyze who point of view it
is during each poem. William Blake was poet born on November 28, 1757. William blake wrote an
extensive amount of poems throughout his life and not only did he write poetry he drew art before
he started writing and was a printmaker.William was a man God who truly believed in the man at a
very early age. Blake was known as writing Romanticism and a little bit of fantasy. The poems
"Infant Sorrow" and "Infant Joy" were written in different times. Both selections are their
correlations with each other. Both talking about a born infant. Infant sorrow is the perspective of a
just infant being born into a cruel world. The parents are seemed to be sadden or disappointed of the
the unwanted baby and the poem and suggesting that not all child birth is joyful. While Infant Joy is
perspective of the baby and mother the story is how joyful child birth is. The mother asked the 2 day
old infant what name so the baby named it s self "joy" and the mother blisses the child with Joy
throughout its life.
William Blake born in London on November 28, 1757 raised by James Blake and Catherine Wright
Armitage Blake and two of his six siblings died during infancy. At an early age Blake spoke to his
parents about his seeing God "put his head to the window" and at 9 he saw angels around a tree.
These "visions" will impact Blake's life especially in his poetry. His parents notice that he is very
different from his peers and sort of a pariah type of person so they did not force him to go to
conventional school. William was home schooled and learned to read and write. At the age of ten his
parents sent him to to drawing school and then two years later Blake started writing poetry.
In Blake's final year he lived in poverty but were cheered by a friendship of a group of young artist
who called themselves "the ancients". In 1818 by name of John Linnell, a young artist helped him
financially and also inspired Blake create a new interest in his work.

Infant Observation Essay
Infants move through stages that allow them to make increasing varieties of sounds such as cooing,
babbling, laughing, and advanced babbling. Understanding infants sound production is very
important because use sounds to communicate. Language is taught as conversation. In order to be
developmentally appropriate for infants, the environment for infants, cognitive, language, and
literacy development the caregiver need to have specific ways to talk. The caregiver need to talk a
lot to the infants and use a wide vocabulary. When talking, give the infants choices and ask them
about things. Interaction with infants is the basis for cognitive development. Infants need to interact
with objects and people. Interacting with objects and people will help them explore and add on to
their understanding of the world. To encourage words in older infants give then experiences and
objects to label. When they point to objects they want, say the name of the object. Creating patterns
and labeling the same way each time is the key factors in learning particular contexts. ... Show more
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The caregiver should create a safe and area large enough for movement. Once the infants have a
secure attachment with the caregiver, they willing leave for independent exploring. They need time
and space to move and explore, repeatedly. Also, they need for solitary exploring. Infants should be
able move independently in the classroom. Including developmentally appropriate materials in the
classroom is important when nurturing cognitive development. In the first few months, infants need
materials for visual reaching. Their toys should be able to move, talk, make music, cuddle, and is
highly educational. Stuffed animals are great for infants who use a palmar grasp. Sturdy board
books, stack rings, and push buttons are great for infants who use a pincer grasp. Mobile infants can
play with small dolls, cars, trucks, and push and pull

Infant Observation Paper
When I observed the infant it took place in Child care center in San Jacinto College with age to
3months through one years old. When I interviewed birth stories about the infant was 8 months. I
had the observation on September 26th 2014 which was on Friday at 3:05–4:05 in the afternoon in
infant room. The infant give a birth in Texas Children's Hospital. The mother of the infant irregular
contractions off and on because it was late already. She ate too much in dinner and went to daily
walk and had a contraction so bad had to stop and wait for a pass. She have not learn much
knowledge about childbirth before her first baby was born. Also she read as many book about
childbirth as she could. Knew just a little from friends experience instead. ... Show more content on
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By this time a number of words and smiled connect its meaning, pay attention to the figure come in
a short time taught associated with that name baby picture. Repeat this on the learning and memory
is called the hippocampus helps the brain development of children. Exit discover the similarities and
differences of different objects using Start, olfactory, auditory, tactile, gustatory children. Children
and use this sense to object or even a person, I want also to receive a sensory stimulus for the like
children. You know that change over time, and that this preference is dependent on many different
factors. Children exit from the environment to elicit a positive response to the learning experience
and use all your senses every day to discover things actively. Saw the baby Crawl on all fours
position. The things by hand, use your thumb to be able to pick up things with your thumb and
index finger. You can throw stuff. Being able to throw the thing is that you can use to remove the
wrist, hand, and fingers as an important development. This is a development that is a little more
elaborate cerebellar development indicators. The cerebellum and thalamus as development is
desired and it is possible to undesired inhibit. You can turn your body into a sitting

Infant Toddler Observation
Within this paper 6 scholarly research articles focusing on infant and/or toddler development will be
discussed. These articles will cover physical, cognitive, and social or psychosocial development. A
30 minute observation of a 1month old (Willow) and a 13month old (Emmett) will be conversed,
with particular focus on physical development including body shape and motor skills, cognitive
development, and social development. The information obtained in the observations will be
compared to the information obtained from the scholarly articles. The first article explains how
music plays a big role in social, physical, thinking and language development. Music quite often
provides opportunities to practice patterns, math concepts and thinking ... Show more content on
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A number of individuals feel they obligate a natural sense of child–rearing with "instinctive"
impulses in reaction to child actions. Some feel they knowingly or automatically modified child–
rearing styles and methods from their individual mothers and fathers or other caregivers
Observation: Willow 4 weeks old Willow smiles a lot for a baby of 4 weeks. She lifts her head when
lying on her tummy, reacts to sound and gazes at faces. While her vision is not so well she will track
things temporarily with her eyes voices oohs and coos. Willow will suck her thumb and or fist,
when removed she will whimper and fuss. She will cry to let her Mom know that she is hungry, wet,
dirty or uncomfortable. Willow does not move much, mostly involuntary movement. She has not
started to explore her surrounds at this point in her development. Willow is learning trust through
her parent's consistent and patient response to her cries. She is quietly alert. Willow can display
distress and being content. Willow will respond to her mother's voice. When her mother's voice is
heard she begins to move her eyes around and respond with little kicks and flailing of her tiny arms.
Willow is becoming more sensitive to her surroundings. Her vision and hearing is improving she is
noticing more of what 's going on around her. Willows interaction with people, really has no effect
on her. She can be passed from person to person with no change in temperament. Emmett is a very
active 13

Pre-Babbling In Infants
Masapollo, M., Polka, L., & Ménard, L. (2015). When infants talk, infants listen: Pre–babbling
infants prefer listening to speech with infant vocal properties. Developmental Science, 19(2), 318–
328.
The study "when infants talk" was done to prove that infants speech signals influenced infants more
than adult speech. Infants' tend to be more interested in their own speech. Early vocalization
research shows that 10 month olds produce babbling with specific vowel characteristics. Five
months old were found to modify their vocalization through audio–visual recorded vowels through
an adult on television. These findings suggest that infants are able to produce their own local output.
This study reports the production of vowel sounds in the first ... Show more content on
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Parental role is a key role in infant speech development. The three main vocal sounds of an infant
are crying, cooing and babbling. It is always believed that crying means something the infant wants
to tell us or something is wrong with the infant. Crying is more frequent in the first six weeks and
then turn into fussing. There is a sudden decrease in the 4th month. If infant tends to be crying
excessively in the first six months, the infant will seem to be aggressive, socially withdrawn and
depressed at 30 months. A study was done with 14 infants at ages between three and 18 weeks with
their mothers. The infants began to coo around 12 weeks and fuss around 18 weeks. By three
months, infants were seen to be excessively crying, cooing and fussing in the absence of their
mothers. Babbling is noticed between 7 and 10 months. Babbling encourages infants' acquisition.
Sometimes, infants cry a lot fail to coo or

Pediatric Infant Parenting
The participants consisted of two women admitted to the National Institute of Mental Health and
Neuro Sciences with specifics concerning the mothers lacking the ability to properly care for their
infants. The age of the infants was 6 months and 1 year. During this stage of an infant's life is when
bonds of love and trust with their parents are critical for social and emotional development. This is
the reason the families as well as the mothers of these infants were concerned that the mothers were
experiencing difficulties with expressing emotions, interacting, giving affection, and caring for their
infants. These women lacked the basic parenting skills and their difficulties included talking to the
infant, singing to the infant, or protecting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The participants have no control over the IV. In this particular study the intervention is video
recording the interaction between mother and the infant. The intervention is incorporated to
determine if there is a significant increase in enhancing mother infant interactions. The PIPE was
conducted by two mental health professionals using video recording. The video recordings are then
shown to the mothers and they are asked to identify areas of mother infant interactions that could be
improved. The professionals observed 10 min play interaction between mother and the infant in the
natural setting without interruptions by suggestions or questions that they may be concerning to
them during this process. Since data was collected pre intervention and post intervention adequate
implementation fidelity is expected through replicable precision of the IV that can be applied over
time; which is highly

Infant Development
This study is based on Dr. Heidi Als' Synactive Theory of Infant Development which provides a
framework for understanding the behaviour of premature infants. The infants behavior are grouped
into 5 subsets which are:
A. Motor – where the infants movement, posture, activity, and motor tone are observed. Signs of
stresses are generalized hypotonia, frantic flailing movements, finger splaying, hyperextension of
extremities.
B. Autonomic – which is the basic physiological functioning of the body necessary for survival.
Early indicators are skin color, tremors, heat rate, and respiratory rate. Signs of stresses are color
changes, changes in vital signs, visceral responses, sneezing, and yawning.
C. States – this is a way of categorizing the level of central nervous system arousal. Signs of stresses
are diffused ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If an inappropriate stimulus persists the infant will no longer be able to maintain a stable balance of
subsystems. If properly timed and appropriate in complexity and intensity, stimulation will cause the
infant to search and move toward the stimuli, while maintaining him / herself in a stable balance.
In healthy full term infants these systems generally work smoothly supporting and promoting each
other. In the preterm infant these systems are not fully developed and ready to function. Therefore,
the preterm infant's behaviors are generally characterized by disorganization and signs of stress. The
preterm infant is more dependent, than the full term infant, on its environment to help support and
maintain balanced equilibrium.
In relation to the study, the Recorded Lullaby will be perceived as the appropriate stimuli that will
help a premature infant maintain a stable balance of subsystems. However, in the study we focus on
the Autonomic – Vital Signs and State – Sleep

Infant Development Essay
How do smiles, tears, anger and fear change from birth to age 2? At 6 weeks infants develop a social
smile, at 3 month laughter and curiosity develop, at 4 months full responsive smiles emerge, from
4–8 months they develop anger, from 9014 months they develop a fear of social events, at 12
months the are fearful of unexpected sights and sounds, and at 18 months they are self–aware, feel
pride, shame, and embarrassment. In the first two years, infants develop from reactive pain and
pleasure to complex patterns of social awareness. Emotions in infants are produced from their body
as opposed to their thoughts. Therefore fast and uncensored reactions are common in infants. During
their toddler years, the strength of their emotions will increase. Does a baby 's temperament predict
lifelong personality? Temperamental traits are genetic. They are biologically based difference of an
individual. A baby's temperament does predict their personality later in life. Temperament is
measured on how the individual responds to the environment in which it is stable across time.
Temperament is not the same as personality. temperamental inclinations may lead to personality
differences What are signs of a secure attachment between parent and infant? Infants with secure
attachment feel comfortable and confident separating from their caregiver. In the toddler 's eyes,
their caregiver is a base for exploration that provides assurance and enables experiences of
discovery. Infants with secure

Perceptual Narrowing In Infants
Infants begin to respond to stimulation within their environment between one to two months of age.
First, he or she will respond to auditory stimuli. Then the baby will respond to visual stimuli, most
likely with a smile because they begin to recognize familiarity. Why is this? What is the process in
which an infant undergoes to arrive at such attunement of familiarity? And, why does it happen? An
infant's brain is undergoing so much development in the early phases of life. The reason in which
these responses come in this particular order is because, as the infant gains experiences, they
become more attuned with what they are most frequently exposed to. Babies, in the womb, undergo
various per listening experiences, therefore, it is expected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This idea, in contradiction with previously stated findings, explores the notion that perceptual
narrowing may not necessarily be a function of experience. However, the synapsing of the neurons
in the developing mind of an infant prove to further enforce the idea of perceptual narrowing and
that the brain is making space for the growth to ensue upon development, while getting rid of
information that is unnecessary, and not frequently encountered. Also, it is necessary to address the
possibility that some of this developmental sensitivity, in regards to sound familiarity, is induced
from prenatal listening. In Perceptual Narrowing During Infancy: A Comparison of Language and
Faces, the authors pursued an evaluation to expose infants to sounds and filtered speech similar to
what they would have encountered during pre–listening experiences (Maurer). The researchers,
Daphne Maurer and Janet F. Werker, find that "preference for speech seems to emerge without
specific listening experience to induce it." "Nonetheless, experience does play a role" (Maurer).
Neonatal listening is broad, however the perceptual narrowing effect during development continues
to narrow with

Symptoms And Treatment Of Infants
Some might wonder, well what exactly is skin to skin contact after birth? Skin to skin contact is
basically when the newborn is placed in their mother's arms or belly and left there. Once left there
the newborn usually finds its way to the breast to be breast feed. Research has shown that newborns
tend to be more alert within the first two hours of life. When a healthy naked newborn is placed in
skin to skin contact at birth, it uses its senses to set a course and eventually will find and attach itself
to the breast. All healthy babies should be dried and placed naked on the mother's chest for skin to
skin contact immediately after birth, and held there in a peaceful environment until the infant has
made contact with the breast. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also it allows the baby to be colonized by the same bacteria as the mother, which is thought to be
important in the prevention of allergic diseases. Having skin to skin contact also helps the infant
receive colostrums from its mother leading to a good start of hormone balance, attachment, and
local immune protection and feeding.
Skin to skin contact has a big benefit for breastfeeding. For example, infants who receive contact
with their mothers right after birth show early establishment of effective breastfeeding and longer
duration of breastfeeding. A Cochrane review of eight studies showed that mothers who had skin to
skin contact were twice as likely to still be breastfeeding at one to three months as those who did not
have contact. The amount of contact between the mother and their baby during the first two hours
can influence the duration of breastfeeding. The study also showed that infants were suckling at the
breast at fifty minutes after birth. A newborns skin and hands has the same scent as the mother's
breast, which makes it easier for the infant to find the breast. So it is recommended not to wash the
mother's breast or the infant's hands prior to the first feeding because it can interfere with the
breastfeeding. Another study conducted in a hospital found that mothers who breastfeed their infants
kept their babies with them for an average of a hundred minutes longer each day than mothers who
did not breast feed in the first hour, this lead to

Infant Bonding
I believe that bonding with your infant is very important during the early stages. However, some
mothers find it difficult to bond due to medical issues. In some cases, an underlying medical
problem can be a factor. Some women experience a drop in thyroid hormones about four to eight
months after giving birth. Low thyroid levels can cause you to feel depressed, easily irritated, and
have trouble sleeping or concentrating – not exactly leaving you in the mood to smile and coo with
your baby. This could be postpartum depression or just clinical depression however this could
interfere with your immediate bonding with your infant
There are several ways to bond with your baby during
What are some ways to bond with my baby?
Have plenty of skin–to–skin

Infant Development
"Cooing" and "Babbling" are stages in infant development when the infant begins its speech
protection. Infants begin cooing by 2–3 months and babbling around 5–6 months. Babies are very
interesting as they show tremendous development in their first year of birth. They tend to produce
all kinds of sounds including squeals, giggling, growling, cry, going sounds, vowel sounds like da,
la, boo, mi etc. babies speak one or two words by their first birthday. Infants also learn a lot through
gestures. They pay close attention to human voices and tend to catch them quickly. They will always
look for care and attention, especial from their mother. Their sounds like ma ma will turn into
mamma once they are in line with their vocal production. This paper ... Show more content on
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To prove that babbling is the first and foremost of speech, deaf infants and hearing infants were
compared and studied under different conditions. Hearing infants were studied at three stages of
age. Two procanonical (5 and 6 months) and one fully canonical (11–14 months). The age for
canonical babbling was 11–14 months for the hearing impaired infants and their ratio of canonical
babbling was to be determined. From the study, one of the hearing impaired infant was most verbal
of all the others. Onset of repetitive production of well–formed syllables canonical syllables in
monosyllabic and in reduplicated sequences like ma ma ma or ba ba ba ba. Canonical syllables were
identified by phonetically trained listeners having the following properties. (1). One fully resonate
nucleus i.e., vowel of identifiable quality, high nasalized vowels being excluded by the resonance
requirement. (2). One no glottal margin (3). Duration of syllable and formant transitions that fit
within the range of mature syllable production. (4). Normal phonation and pitch range. Canonical
babbling can be identified based on a tape recorded sample of spontaneous utterances. In laboratory
environments, a 50–utterance minimum is sought and vegetative or presumed involuntary
utterances. Precanonical and conical utterances are counted. A single utterance is defined as a breath
group and is for about 1 second. For tape

Infant Observation
For this assessment I chose to observe my six– month old daughter, Abigail, interacting with her
mother, Melissa. Abigail is our third child and Melissa is comfortable with her role as mother.
Abigail was born full term and is a healthy baby. All developmental milestones have been reached
up until this point. She is a happy baby.
Abigail and her mom began the morning with Abigail getting dressed. She smiled and cooed at her
mother as soon as she saw her and was taken out of her crib. Melissa said, "good morning" to her in
a pleasant tone and Abigail squealed with delight and began moving her arms and legs in
excitement. They hugged for a bit and then Abigail was placed on the bed to have her diaper
changed and get dressed. She ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Abigail reacted with pre–language skills of babbling while the music played and Melissa responded
back to her sounds. Because Abigail was able to get a response with her actions and sounds, she
repeated them demonstrating that she is beginning to understand cause and effect. Clearfield and
Nelson (2006) pointed out in their research that mothers were more likely to offer toys to their
infants and engage in conventional play which we see Melissa doing during this observation. When
Abigail became fussy, mother picked her up from the floor and began to walk her around the house.
Melissa continued dialogue with Abigail as they walked. Abigail listened as her mother held her and
felt content to be in her arms. She began babbling to Melissa. Melissa engaged her again
demonstrating a strong emphasis on language development as well as strengthening the emotional
bond between them. Melissa is able to understand Abigail's needs and respond appropriately
strengthening her ability to establish trust with her mother.
Melissa placed Abigail in her high chair as she began to get her cereal ready. Abigail was not happy
to be separated from her mother and began crying. Although in the same room, Abigail was no
longer being held. Melissa walked over to the high chair while still talking to her stating, "What's
the fussing? I am right here. You are ok." She handed her a spoon to play with. Abigail immediately
grabbed for the spoon. She

Vocal Development In Infants
Due to lack of research on social interactions and transitions in development of vocalization,
Goldstein et al developed a study to test this relationship. Specifically, their study focused on social
feedback from caregivers and resulting vocal development in infants. They wanted to know if this
study would induce more variety of vocalizations in infants. Goldstein et al took thirty infants
around eight months of age as well as the infant's mothers and split them into an experimental
contingent condition and a yoked–control condition (Goldstein et al, 2003, p. 8030). Participants
came for two – thirty minute play sessions. The first was simply to allow the child and mother to
adapt to the playroom. The second session consisted of three – ten minute ... Show more content on
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According to Goldstein et al, other studies have demonstrated how adults perceive mature
vocalization as a means of communication thus resulting in an increased response from the adult
(Goldstein et al, 2003, 8034). Therefore, as children begin to articulate more maturely, parents in
return respond more in hopes to increase the performance of mature vocalization by the child. These
data also indicate that imitation may not be as strong of a mechanism for the development of infant
vocalization but positive reinforcement may act as a mechanism to increase babbling. The mothers
responded to the infants vocalizations by simply smiling, moving closer and touching them which
acted as a positive reinforcement. Thus, the increase in their babbling was not a means of imitating
the mother (Goldstein et al, 2003, 8034). Instead, they were receiving positive feedback each time
they vocalized which was a positive reinforcement for the child to want to continue producing

Infant Brain Development
Healthy brain development in infants is critical during the first few moths of life. Infant brain
development is a process which depends on endogenous and exogenous stimulation and a
supportive environment (Marshall, 2011). During the third trimester, a critical period of brain and
neurosensory development occurs as well as the first three months of a baby's life. If not provided,
infants may suffer the consequences of permanent deficits in the developing neurosensory systems
as a result of disruption, damage, or deprivation in a social and physical environment. Marshall
(2011) provides reconmendations for caregivers to improve infant's developmenting brain while
providing appropriate developmental stimulation and support. System functions such as vision,
auditory, chemosensory, somatosensory, and limbic are guided by internal and external
environments (Marshall, 2011). If not functioning correctly it may affect the development of
physical and neural structures in infants. Theses five systems perform a role in producing and
responding to cognitive development. Similar to the five system functions, there are four elements
that guide the development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also their vision will be permantley damaged. They will not be able to detect shapes, orientation,
color, or patterns during those critical periods. the early hearing system of infants relies first on
endogenous stimulation, and then requires exogenous stimulation to develop further. At 32 weeks a
fetus has the ability to recongnize ot smothers voice. The sound of the mothers voice is important as
it helps with their babies cognitive development. Marshall (2011) states when a mother does not
speak the newborn may delayed int heir development by 2 months. during the fetal period it is
important thea tmonthers speak beacse during the pregnancy the fetus is

Infant-Parent Attachment
2
Running head: EFFECT OF 40% DEXTROSE GEL ON ADMISSION RATE INTO NICU
Effect of 40% Dextrose on admission rate of Infants into the NICU
Problem Statement By admitting infants diagnosed with neonatal hypoglycemia (low blood glucose
levels in infants) into the Kennestone Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), infants are not in close
proximity of their mothers. In addition to interrupting breast feeding, this disturbance in the mother–
infant bonding creates separation anxiety for the infants leading them to being anxious–resistant or
avoidant (insecure attachment patterns where infants are extremely distressed or unaffected by the
separation respectively) in the strange situation, which is "a laboratory paradigm for studying
infant–parent attachment" (Fraley, 2010). Obtaining an insecure attachment pattern, instead of a
secure attachment pattern (infants who seek for parental attention), impacts "multiple domains, such
as emotional processing and executive functions" (Escobar et al., 2013, pg. 1). In addition, insecure
attachments correlate with "reduced attention to angry faces, which can reflect a failure to notice
threatening stimuli" (Escobar et al., 2013). Avoidance of disturbances between the mother–infant
bond aids in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Attachment patterns trigger differential neural signature of emotional processing in adolescents.
PLoS ONE 8(8), 1–10. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070247
Fraley, R. C. (2010). A brief overview of adult attachment theory and research. Retrieved August 17,
2017, from https://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~rcfraley/attachment.htm
Hegarty, Harding, Gamble, Crowther, Edlin, Alsweiler (2016). Prophylactic oral dextrose gel for
newborn babies at risk of neonatal hypoglycemia: A randomized controlled dose–finding trial (the
Pre–hPOD Study). PLoS Med 13(10), 1–10. Retrieved from

Sensation And Perception In Infants
Sensation and perception are tested in infants through the senses sight, sound, taste, smell, touch and
pain. At birth newborns eye muscles and nerves are still developing, so their vision is not great. At
birth infants can see an estimated 20/240, but in six months' time the babies' vision tremendously
increases and they are able to see at 20/40. As infant's vision increases they begin to see color and
eventually recognize shapes. By 8 weeks of age infants are able to see color and around 3 months
they are able recognize that an objects shape stays the same, even if in a different setting. As infants
develop they not only are able to distinguish colors and shapes but also are able to develop the
ability to perceive objects that are occulted are in fact whole.
Sound is another sensation and perception that is tested in infants. Studies have shown that infants
are able to hear two months before they are born, so once they are born they immediately recognize
the voice of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At one time doctors did not believe that babies could experience pain, but recent studies have
proven this to be wrong. Infants can feel touch, this is why when you touch them they turn their
head and look at you. Because they can feel touch they can also feel pain. This was found because
infants cry when being given a shot or having blood taken. They are able to feel pain like we are,
they are just much more resilient in recovering than we are.
While these different sensations and perceptions are different many of them do go together, this is
called intermodal perception. This type of perception is the integration of two or more senses at one
time. An example of this would be infant's reaction to sound. When an infant hears a noise they turn
their head and look in the general direction of the sound. Typically this integration of different
perceptions is seen the most after the first six months of

Development Of Infants And Toddlers
INTRODUCTION
I. I'm sure we can all relate to the moment when you first meet a new–born, infant or even toddler
and all you can say is "Awh how cute he or she is", and how much you just want to pinch those
chubby cheeks or tickle those little toes.
II. Whether you've had a child of our own, have a younger sibling, or even may have never been
around young children before, we all have our own experiences and unique ways of interacting with
them.
III. These little cute bundles of joy, or maybe occasionally not so "joyful" at times have much more
than just cute looks. From birth to five years of age they are actually going through a critical period
of development that is a complex and vital to their growth for years to come.
IV. Ever since I was a young girl I have always had a great interest in learning about the
development of infants and toddlers. Now, as I enter my senior year in the Family and Child
Sciences Department at Florida State University, I have gained great one–on–one personal
experience working with children ranging from zero to ten years old.
As we all might know the obvious physical developmental signs an infant goes through known as
growth. What many may not know is the stages a child moves through known as, child
developmental stages or milestones. This includes how the child becomes able to do more complex
things as they get older. Such as Gross and fine motor skills, Social and Language skills, and lastly
Cognitive Skills.
BODY
To begin, I will first

Musical Infant Development
My reaction to the musical infant and their musical abilities is that in spite of the studies already
made, still there are unresolved questions. One issue in discussion for example is if an infant can
hear in the womb. Indeed, even in the womb there is proof that babies react to a wide range of
sound. Medical studies have concluded that a fetus can hear from the third semester. In a 1980
testing Anthony J. De Casper and William P. Fifer found that some rudimentary cognition starts at
this point and a close connection with the mother as well.
Besides, the inclination that infants have for music have a hereditary component and an additional
environmental factor (Trehub, 2001). There are behaviors present in the baby that demonstrate that
they are not inactive audience members, they deliver their own particular coordinated sounds
moving head and limbs in light of specific sounds. This is particularly genuine when there is
communication with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The similarities, assuming any, between the two are that both are sound–related and musical to some
degree. Both language and music have rules that must be followed in order to make musical and
communicative thoughts understandable to others. Researchers explain that in both music and in
discourse patterns there are two components that work together – rhythm and pitch. There is an
association then in the minds of numerous individuals that there is prosody in speech (a
characteristic ascent and fall of the voice and rhythmic qualities). This is like components in music.
As per Jusczyk and Hohne, "The latter half of the infant's first year is a critical point in acquiring a
language" (p. 1984).The infant needs to perceive the speech of people around them, picking up
patterns and sort out them in a manner that it makes sense and can be retrieved. Finally, infants
should be translators of what they listen, so that when they are capable, they can express and

Perceptual Abilities In Infants
Perceptual abilities were thought to be only developed in the later year of infancy until new
techniques for studying infant perception proved this theory wrong and that infants have the ability
right after birth. Physically newborns can see 7–15 inches away, which is also the distance that the
parents face is when holding the newborn. Infants sight will keep expanding as they continue to
grow and the by age one it is said that their visual perception will be at the point where their vision
is the best it will ever be. Infants show their interest in visual perception by looking at patterns and
objects for long period of times than they do with less vibrant objects and colors Patterns are a lot
more visual for infants than just plain colors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The infant will make attempts to follow the object but only side to side. With this process, there is a
lot of readjusting of the eyes so that the infant can keep the object in their field of vision. Tracking
will keep improving as the child continues to follow objects. The tracking ability varies by cultures.
This may be a difference because of a biological factor. To get a complete picture of an object the
infant is found scanning. Infants will quickly scan the details and get a sense of it as a whole to have
a picture of what it is like. Scanning is a process that will keep growing and advancing as the infant
grows and has more contact with new objects.
Knowing the way an infant's visual perception works will help to recognize if something were to be
wrong with the infant's sight based on how they are responding at different ages and if they are
meeting any or some of these visual concepts. If I were to see an infant not showing any interest in
patterns or objects by certain time periods I would show concern that the infant may have something
wrong with their sight and need to be checked out. It is a harder thing to detect but if there is never
any emotion or response to multiple attempts of visual objects it is best to check that the child's eyes
are

Childhood Emotions In Infants

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