The Five Major Themes Of The Industrial Revolution

The Five Major Themes Of The Industrial Revolution
The Author's Message In 1780 to 1850, the industrial revolution started in Great Britain; also, the nation created by the formal union of Scotland Wales
and England in 1707. The transformation in industry was unplanned because it was new in the history. It was originated from a unique combination of
possibilities and constraints in late eighteenth–century Britain. Furthermore, author disclosed that in the year 1765 Hargreaves invents spinning jenny
Arkwright creates water frame. Then again, in 1780–1850 industrial revolution and accompanying population boom in Great Britain; and in 1850s
Japan begins to adopt Western technologies industrial gap widens between the West and the rest of the world.
The Five Major Themes
1.Industrial revolution was a term first coined by awed contemporaries in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes
they had witnessed in certain industries. The revolution went hand in hand with an impressive quickening in the annual rate of industrial growth in
Britain. However, the industry had only grown at 0.7 percent between 1700 and 1760 before the industrial revolution. But during the revolution, it
grew on a higher rate of 3 percent between the year of 1801 and 1831.
2.Technological innovations and early factories: the pressure to produce more goods for the growing market and reduce labor costs of manufacturing
was directly rated to the first decisive breakthrough of the industrial revolution. Also, some technological
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Mercantilism Essay
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is the economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends on its supply of gold and silver; that the total volume of trade is unchangeable.
This theory suggests that the government should play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially
through the use of tariffs. Spain and England used the mercantile system to benefit the mother countries. The mercantile system had special regulations,
which usually extracted some sort of reaction from the colonies. If necessary, the policies would be changed to better suit the mother country.
The favorable balance of trade was upheld through certain regulations.
No foreign trade was allowed for the colony unless it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, theoretically, the colonies were designed to be economically complementary to Spain. Manufacturing was forbidden in certain colonies to keep
the market open for imports. The economic health of the colony was always a secondary consideration. And finally, all colonial trade was channeled
through a single port, first Seville until 1720, and then Cadiz. Spain's mercantilist regulation was extreme almost to the point of absurdity. Smuggling
could not be controlled, since it was in the interest of too many Spaniards on both sides of the .Atlantic to participate. Great Britain had four major aims
in it's mercantile policy: to encourage growth of a native merchant marine fleet, to protect English manufacturer's from foreign competition, to protect
English agriculture, especially grain farmers, and to accumulate as much hard money as possible (Americans had to pay for everything with hard
currency, which drained gold from America.
Colonial paper was not legal in England).). The Navigation Acts were efforts to put the theory of mercantilism into actual practice. Under the
provisions of this legislation, trade with the colonies was to be conducted only in English or colonial ships. Certain "enumerated" items (such as sugar,
tobacco and indigo) were to be shipped only within the empire. Trade destined for nations outside the empire

Scottish Devolution Essay examples
Devolution is the transfer of powers from a central body to subordinate regional bodies. In Scotland, Devolution was set up to restore legitimacy to a
system of government that reflected Scottish preferences. The reason behind the demand for Scottish self–government is that Scotland had the historic
status of nationhood before the Union of 1707 and within the Union, has a different set of legal, educational and religious institutions that reinforce a
Scottish identity.
The Scottish National Party (SNP) was founded In 1934 and In 1960 was found oil in the North Sea, what changed the Scottish public opinion about
the Union as the main cause to join it was economical; having oil would suppose economical independence from England.
In 1967 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In October 1974 is was held another elections and the SNP representation in the Parliament raised to 11 seats. The Labour Government became weaker
and started to prepare the legal situation for the incoming Referendum. The Government failed in amend a bill for Scotland and Wales Devolution, but
it was introduced a separate amendment which made necessary the 40% of the eligible Scottish electorate to vote "yes" for the effective devolution of
powers, that was known as the Cunningham Amendment. The 1st of March of 1979 it was held a referendum and "Yes" won but with not enough
representation to reach the 40% needed to start the Scottish devolution.
Scottish devolution was defeated in the referendum and the two biggest parties campaigned for "No". The SNP considered the results as a victory for
devolution but was against the referendum as they were campaigning about the complete independence.
In 1977 a Labour Member of Parliament introduced a important issue, a question that was called "The West Lothian Question" later on and referred to
the ability to vote on matters that only afected people living in England by Members of Parliament from constituencies in Northern Ireland, Scotland
and Wales, as a consequence of the devolution of power from Westminster andScottish parliament, Welsh and Northern Irish Assemblies.
In 1979 it was a motion of no confidence against the Labour Government, that had as a direct consequence the celebration

Britain 's Size, Geography, Climate, And Relative Location
Great Britain is very beautiful, and popular country. Great Britain was founded in 1707, when the Acts of Union Ratified the 1706 Treaty of union.
The national anthem is God save The Queen. Great Britain branches into three countries. Britain mainly flat and low lying, meaning it does not have
very many mountains, or hills. Great britain Looks like a palm tree that has been cut in half. Great Britain is about half of the size of California. Great
britain is a really interesting country with lots of history, that you will learn in this essay. Some of the things are the Geography, the climate,
landforms, size, and government. In this page you will learn about Great Britain 's size , geography, climate, and relative location. There are 3... Show
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The Pennines are a hill range in England that raises between 600 meters and 900 meters. The lowest point in all of Great Britain is only negative
four meters which is negative sixteen feet . The highest point in all of Great Britain is 1,343 meters, which is 4,406 feet. The longest River in
England is called the Thames which is 346 km long which is almost 215 miles long This river flows right through the capital of England which is
London. The longest river in Great Britain is the Severn river, and is 220 miles long, Its water source is in the Mountains Of Wales. There is a
huge cliff made of chalk called the Seven Sisters National Park which is located in England, in the city of Brighton. Wales is the Only Country out of
the three that has Many of hills , and mountain ranges, The largest is the Mountain called Snowdon , and it is 3,560 feet tall. Great Britain has a
variety of different climate, and vegetation. Each country in Great Britain has different climate ,and different vegetation. Great Britain overall climate
is Maritime, which means that it is connecting to the sea . The annual precipitation for Great Britain is about 33.7 inches of rain. Great Britain has
very warm summers and cool winter. The two hottest months of the year are August, and the second is July. The Coldest 2 months of the year are
January, and the second is February. Their winter are cool but they are still very

How Did The British Empire Start
3. Timeline:
a. When did the British Empire begin?
c. When and how did the British Empire cease to exist?
The British Empire can be classified into two sections of the historical proclamation of British dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other
territories. The first one being British ownership of its dominions such as Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, the second being British rule over its colonies
such as British India, African nations, and Upper Canada; which I will be going over. During the reign of Henry VII, the first transoceanic expedition
was the Spice Trade of the Orient. The expedition triggered the initial interest in foreign import, which led to further expeditions in the future. The first
official "colony" of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the century, Britain continued to establish colonies in St Lucia (1605), Grenada (1609), St. Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627), and Nevis (1628),
with the objective of finding gold deposits underneath the colonies. In the mid–1600s', the British parliament attempted to further expand its British
dominion by creating the first Commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. Unfortunately, this did not last after the death of Cromwell.
Finally the official creation of the British Empire started with the "Acts of Union of 1707", which united the Kingdom of England with Scotland to form
the "United Kingdom." Throughout the four centuries of British colonization, Britain was able to colonize 52 regions, which now makes up 174
different modern day countries, provinces, or states. The British Empire continued its path of colonization until 1997, when Hong Kong was officially
returned

Andrew Fletcher Research Paper
"Let me write the songs of a nation, and I care not who writes its laws." So wrote the Scottish statesman Andrew Fletcher, in summarizing the idea he
found in the writings of Plato. Fletcher fought vigorously against the Act of Union with England in 1707, believing Scotland should be independent. I
suppose he's turning over in his grave and wishing he had written a few more ballads right about now. After fighting as a legislator, soldier and author,
Fletcher concluded that those who influenced the daily lives of citizens by writing the popular songs and entertainments, had the power to inspire their
audience to action or inaction and, in his mind, to freedom or submission. It's an interesting point; one that recognizes the power of the arts... Show
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Mothers and grandmothers started setting up first–time social media accounts, giving each other tutorials on how to "tweet" and use hash tags in order
to help their new favorite TV show trend, raise awareness and increase viewership across the country. It worked. The #Hearties (self–named fans of
"When Calls the Heart") got what they wanted and are still a force to be reckoned with on social

Essay On Scotland Act 1998
Scotland is considered as the most northerly part of the United Kingdom as it occupied one third of total area of the United Kingdom. Scotland has an
important and strategic location as it is bordered by England from the south, Atlantic Ocean from the north and west and by the North Sea from the
west. However Scotland is considered as one of the poorest countries in Europe, it has contributed to political theories as it also played an important
role in the scientific innovations.
In the early middle ages, Scotland was an independent state until 1707. In 1603, King James VI ruled both England and Scotland, then he showed his
intension to unite the two states and they were united which is called Anglo Scottish Union. Scotland's relations with England, ... Show more content on
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The Scotland act 1998 was modified by two other acts adopted in 2012 and 2016 that make provision about the functions of the Scottish Ministers as it
gives more power to the Scottish parliament as it will be responsible for the annual budget, giving Scottish Ministers powers relating to the
administration of elections to the Scottish Parliament, the authority to introduce new taxes rates, subject to agreement of the UK Government
The SNP main goal was Scotland independence and this issue raised in the 1990s. In 1997 elections, the Conservative Party leader John Major rejected
the possibility of establishing the Scottish Parliament, however Tony Blair the leader of the Labour Party was with the establishment of the Scottish
parliament, which was the reason for winning Blair the majority of

Interglacials Essay
The earliest inhabitants of Britain for whom there is compelling evidence are bands of hunters living in Southern and Western England during the
Hoxnian interglacial (about 380,000 to 400,000 BC). (Some very recent excavations of stone tools on the East Anglian coastline suggest human
presence as early as 700,000 years ago). However, as temperatures again dropped, Britain was abandoned. Although there are signs ofhuman
habitation during later interglacials, it was not until roughly 14,000 years ago that occupation became permanent. Some of the first things that
Mesolithic Britons did, were to wipe out the lion, the elephant, and the hippopotamus, and to domesticate the dog. By about 6000 BC the melting of the
ice sheet had created the English ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around 2500 BC the Beaker people (originally from Spain) began to immigrate to Britain and brought metal–working skills with them. They made
gold, copper and bronze implements and ornaments. It was during the Bronze age (after 2500 BC) that circles of standing stones began to be erected
in Britain. By far the most famous is Stonehenge, but at least 900 stone circles survived long enough to be recorded. Many stone circles were erected
within existing "henges" – (i.e. circular earthworks consisting of a ditch and bank surrounding a central table). The ditch was dug and the earthen bank
built at Stonehenge far earlier – around 3000 BC. The stones were erected (and repeatedly moved) between 2500 BC and 1600 BC. By 55 BC the
Romans had tried to take Britain but unsuccessfully failed, as Julius Caesar retreated. Then one year later Julius Caesar tried again to invade Brtain
and succeeded. The Roman occupation only lasted a few centuries by 400 AD the British freed the British Isles from Roman rule. By 1000 AD the
British Isles were separated into three kingdoms England, Whales, and Scotland. England united Whales and England they also controlled what is
now Ireland but Scotland was still it's own country finally in 1707 the Act of Union was made where the English Parliament united England and
Scotland as a single country creating Great Britain. By 1750 the British were a strong empire with colonies in the Americas, their main treasure was
the Thirteenth Colonies. In 1756 the French and Indian War was declared in America, which made a war of French Folk, and an Indian tribe against
the British Colonies and Britain and some helpful Indians. In 1763 Britain and France signed a treaty called the Treaty Of Paris which ended the war
giving Britain most of France's American lands, but the colonists were not happy and then in 1775 the colonists rebelled their leader was George
Washington, the

His 114 Paper
Alliance System and the New Imperialism Paper
Team C
Hist. 114
October 30, 2010
Paul Eber
Alliance System and the New Imperialism Paper
Great Britain is a country founded by a union, the Act of Union, of 1707, states that England and Scotland should be united into one kingdom which
they named Great Britain! Even though it has been many years since the 19th and 20th century many facts have not changed from that time. Great
Britain till this day is part of the greatest powers of allies of the world. In this paper we are going to talk about the alliance system and about the new
imperialism in Great Britain by answering a few questions. First, what alliances did Great Britain belong to and who were their primarily allies and
what were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many different countries such as France, Germany and the United States, were trying to make improvements to their empires by expanding their
territory. This was a form of expansionism. There was an industrial boom in this period. Many railroads were created, steam power was used and
ways to communicate faster, pushed Britain to expand their empire. Countries like Russia and Germany were traveling through eastern Europe to
see what land was out there. Russia was looking for new territory so they would not have to be dependent on imports. The lack of land and bread
forced Russia to search for new territory. As Germany expanded their arsenal other counties were looking for ways to keep up with the arms race.
New technology such as machine guns and trench warfare made other countries aware of the fulled race for empire expansionisms. After napoleon's
reign through western europe Germany, Russia and the U.S had to come up with the system of alliances in order to protect their land and political
interest. This paticaular movement of communism and the spread of dictatorship domanance forced countries to expand. Like German Britain was
trying to position themselves in a place where they would not be defeated by any of its neighbors. Britain's major imperialist activities in the 19th
century was the domainace it had in africa. Being in Africa was a

Nature Of Conquest : Understanding The East India Company...
Nature of Conquest: Understanding the East India Company 's role in Bengal
A reassessment of the eighteenth century in Indian politics goes hand–in–glove with a discussion of the EIC 's intrusion. Before that, a few words are
in order regarding Bengal during this period. Referred to as Subah Jannat–i–Bilad–Bangla by Aurangzeb, the province of Bengal proved to be one of
the most successful experiments of successor states in eighteenth–century India.1 The efficiency in administration brought about by Murshid Quli
Khan in his capacity first as the Diwan (civil and revenue administrator) and later, as the Nazim (governor) in 1717, on the one hand, met the needs of
the decadent Mughal state for revenues, whilst on the other hand, laid the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thereafter, Siraj 's defeat in Plassey as a result of the coalition of indigenous and British interests, and the sequence of events that followed, are too
well–known to be recapitulated here.4 Studying the EIC 's conquests, P. J. Marshall argues that there were no conscious attempts towards political
dominance of India on the part of Britain until the the passage of the Pitt 's India Act in 1784. Though the connections between trade and politics in
this age can not be ignored, the EIC 's acts should be seen as a response to the political and economic conditions in eighteenth–century India. According
to him, the British were active participants in struggles for power in the regional polities. This involvement in local politics later gave way to empire.
This was the handiwork of the men on the spot. Lack of proper communication, and knowledge about conditions in India made the exercise of
effective control from home impossible, thus leading to a classic instance of what has been referred to as 'sub–imperialism '. The company servants
placed the directives from Britain at their own discretion, exploited the opportunities of territorial and commercial gains that came their way, and
guarded their hard–won victories by the use of force.5 Whilst this emphasis on local interests is useful in understanding the historical context in India
as a prelude to the EIC 's intervention, it altogether denies the

Rise of Parliament
In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament in England, and the Monarchy in France increased greatly. These conditions were
inspired by three major changes: the aftermath ofthe reformation, the need for an increased governmental financing, andthe reorganizing of central
governments. These three points were eachresolved in a different way in both England and in France. The first major point which eventually increased
political power wasthe aftermath of the Protestant reformation. In England, after the establishmentof the separate Anglican church of England there
were manyprotestant groups left in England still in conflict. These groups alltried to push and pull parliament in their favor... Show more content on
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{text:bookmark–start} {text:bookmark–end} [change] Union: the Parliament of Great Britain Following the Treaty of Union in 1707 twin Acts of
Parliament passed in, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved
both parliaments, replacing them with a new Parliament of Great Britain based in the former home of the English parliament. Over the centuries, the
English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War and the trial and
execution of Charles I in 1649. After the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, the supremacy of parliament was a settled principle and all
future English and later British sovereigns were restricted to the role of constitutional monarchs with limited executive authority. The Act of Union
1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was
abolished in 1801, its former members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This makes the current Parliament
of the United Kingdom one of the oldest legislative bodies in the world. Due to the history and influence of the British Empire, the British parliament
has become a model for many other national legislatures. This model is referred to as the Westminster system because the UK Parliament

Pros And Cons Of The Parliament Of Great Britain
Scotland and England have a long–standing history with one another. They have always been in conflict with one another, especially when England
tried to take over Scotland. But eventually, England succeeded in their attempts and, in 1706, their acts of union were passed. They eventually took
effect in May 1, 1707. That day the Parliament of Great Britain was formed. The reason each side agreed on the Union was because both sides had
something to gain from it. The English did not want the Scottish to choose a monarch from the one sitting on the English throne. On the other hand, the
Scottish had a money problem from their attempt to colonize the Isthmus of Panama in the 1690s. But a large stretch of time has elapsed since that
Union. A vote was held inScotland on September 18, 2014 on whether or not Scotland should succeed from the United Kingdom. The Scottish had a
rather large to make. Both independence from and dependence on the United Kingdom have their advantages and disadvantages. If argued in the point
of view of Scotland, there are many pros for the whole kingdom. The first advantage is in the government. The Scottish Parliament is more democratic
than the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason this result came about was because of all the disadvantages there is to succeeding. The prime reason Scotland voted to not succeed was
because unity is strength. Being a part of a strong, rich, influential state such as the United Kingdom gives them a global presence. If independent,
Scotland's voice on the world stage would decrease tremendously. Another large reason is the United Kingdom will cut them off financially. Since
Scotland is a part of the UK, the country gives them money so they can sustain themselves. Without that connection, the UK has no reason to shell out
money to them. This is an economic gamble to Scotland, especially in times of recession and rising

The Uk 's Constitution And The British Constitution
A constitution is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state
or organisation is governed." It has also been described by the writer AV Dicey as "All rules which directly or indirectly affect the distribution and
exercise of the sovereign power in the state." (A V Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, Macmillan, London 1915).
The UK 's constitution is not written in a single document, but derives from a number of sources that are part written and part unwritten. However it is
argued that the common interpretation of what a constitution is can be found in the British Constitution .
The British Monarchy is known as a constitutional monarchy. This means that, while The Sovereign is Head of State, the ability to make and pass
legislation resides with an elected Parliament.
The constitution can be found in different sources.
First it is comprised in Acts of Parliament these are the Magna Carta (1215), Bill of Rights (1689), the Act of Settlement (1701), The Act of Union
(1707), and the Great Reform Act (1832), Crown Proceedings Act (1947), European Communities Act (1972), Criminal Justice and Public Order Act
1994, Human Rights Act 1998
Second is common law these have constitutional significance, in the case of M v Home Office [1994] 1 AC 377 it was held that a government
minister could be guilty of contempt of court if he did not obey the court 's orders. This cases

Devolution : The Law And Policy
1a: Devolution is the statutory delegation of authorised responsibilities from the core state centralised government to a regional/ local subsidy or
acting arm of said government, such a district or local town within the same country, devolved territories have the power and statutory will to apply
uniquely apply legislation to their specific area, allowing the principle of such legislation more relevant and practical to their own local communities.
(Devolution: The law and policy – the law society, no date)
.B. Legislative competence is the capacity, powers and authority to give, enact or make rules that are statutory binding for that particular jurisdiction
and therefore to whomever enters such. An example of legislative competence is the 'Legislative competence order' (LCO) is statutory legislation from
the Order in Council that transferred and delegated legislative power and responsibility from the UK parliament within England to the National
Assembly for Wales. Legislation (2016) Available at: http://www.assembly.wales/en/bus
–home/bus–legislation/Pages/bus–legislation.aspx (Accessed:
11 October 2016).
2a:
Imperial Tobacco argued that the 2010 Act was situated far beyond the competence of theScottish Parliament as it majorly reduced the ability of those
whom sell tobacco to display for sale, also believing that the measures in the Scottish legislation referenced matters under the responsibility of the
Westminster parliament.
They produced two recommendations to which

Scotland Act 1998 Essay
The Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Scottish Parliament are the main sources of law in Scotland. However, the Scotland Act 1998 and the
Human Rights Act 1998 are two pieces of legislation, produced by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which have had a significant impact on the
development of the law in Scotland. They have made important changes to how law is made in Scotland and how the Scottish legal system works. This
essay aims to examine what it is these Acts are intended to do, and discuss the impact they have had on the development of law in Scotland.
Until the Acts of Union 1707, which formed the Parliament of Great Britain (the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801), Scotland had a separate
Parliament which was able ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these matters are; constitutional matters, defence and national security, the fiscal and monetary system, immigration, energy (including
electricity, coal, gas and nuclear energy), common markets, trade and industry (competition and consumer protection), and employment legislation. The
Act does not contain a similar list of devolved matters, but it is interpreted as meaning that the Scottish Parliament may legislate on any matter not
reserved to the UK Parliament, including health, education, the legal system, national heritage, housing, local government, the police and fire services,
environmental affairs, and economic development. The Scotland Act 1998 also provides that the Scottish Government can change the basic rate of
income tax. Previously, before the Scotland Act 1998, all taxation powers were the domain of the UK Parliament. Therefore, the Scottish Parliament
may legislate for any issue which is not a reserved matter, and as long as the legislation doesn't contravene the criteria set out by Section 29(2). This has
had an impact on the development of the law in Scotland as it means that the Scottish Parliament may create legislation, however it also means that the
Scottish Parliament may only make legislation for certain

Should Scotland Be An Independent Country
For decades the political relationship between the sovereign nation of England and the slightly independent country of Scotland has caused much
discourse for some Scot citizens. For almost 300 years the decisions that directly affected Scotland were decided from the Parliament at Westminster
Palace in London. This was not changed until rather recently when Scotland voted on its own Parliament held in the capital of Edinburgh. But for
some political parties and special interest groups this act of recourse is not enough and they called for a national vote to answer the question "should
Scotland be an independent country?" The deciding referendum that was voted upon on September 18 of this year was the climax of the political
buildup between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An analysis of the three most recent Scottish referendums from the years 1979, 1997, and 2014 show that the political atmosphere has become
increasingly more receptive to Scottish independence and shifting ideologies regarding nationalism are shaping global democracies.
Geographically England and Scotland both share land on the small island northeast of continental Europe, but the two countries did not share a
government until 1707 when the legislation titled The Union Treaty unified the nation. The death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 ended the Tudor line
of dynasty for the Kingdom of England resulting in James VI of Scotland (a Stuart) to become King of England. His throne became known as the
Union of the Crowns because never before had both England and Scotland been ruled by the same monarch. For almost a hundred years the two
countries were ruled in this manner until King William's death when the throne was passed to his sister–in–law Queen Anne who called for an
integration of unions. Neil Oliver, historian and author of the BBC's History of Scotland argues that Queen Anne's crown appointees that drafted the
original version of the Union Treaty that was sent before Scottish Parliament was "nothing more or less than a suicide note awaiting a signature."
Essentially it was doing just that, Scottish Parliament

Diversity Judicial System Analysis
In this essay I will define what is judiciary and be discussing the statement that "there is a strong case for more diverse judiciary. Not only should
there be equality of opportunity for those entitled to apply". I will discuss about the judiciary that reflect the diversity and legal profession as whole,
make reference to the role of the judiciary, their selection, and training.
Judiciary is a system that interprets and execute the laws in the state, the role of the judiciary is to supervise the conduct of a trial, sole arbiter of
legal issues, has the power to deal with civil cases and decide the result, interpret and clarify the law, has the right to deal with criminal cases and to
sum up to the jury and to pass sentence on those who plead guilty or have been convicted.
For many centuries the House of Lords was the supreme court of appeal for the entire UK in civil cases and for England, Wales and Northern Ireland
in criminal case. There are three types of legal system in the United Kingdom and these are executive, government and legislature; one each for
England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. There was a time where Scotland, Ireland and later Northern Ireland retained the Acts of Union in 1707
and 1800.
The justice system has state of three systems that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United Kingdom constitution can be recognised in the statutes passed by the parliaments and in the common law, as the law has build–up over the
centuries in the decisions of the courts. Other countries like United states, France and German has a written constitution and that has a higher status
than the standard legislation and constitutional provision that may only enacted and repealed by a special method that vary from the procedure for
making and repealing standard

How Did The British Influence Great Britain?
Northwest of continental Europe, lies a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean known politically as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland. Per the U.S. Army Doctrine Reference Publication 5–0 (2012), culture is best described as, "shared beliefs, values, norms, customs, behaviors,
and artifacts members of a society use to cope with the world and each other". Great Britain is culturally known for their academic arts, to which
philosophy, literature, architecture, and cuisine are all distinct. The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, which include 123
Nobel Prize laureates out of 889 recipients. (All Nobel Prizes, n.d.) Described as a "cultural superpower", the UK boasts multiple ethnicities. Moreover,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primary education starts at age 5 and continues until age 11, corresponding to elementary school in the US. Secondary education is from ages 11 to
16, and these years are a primer for taking the General Certificate of Secondary Education. Continuing education after the age of 16 is optional.
Following the GCSE's, students have the option to extend their education by registering for 'A–Levels, General National Vocational Qualifications,
Business and Technology Education Council or other such qualifications. Students in the United Kingdom that wish to enter college or university must
complete one of these certifications to complete further education. (Valeria G on Prezi.

Changing Patterns Of Scottish Import
Changing patterns of Scottish import and exporting can be divided into two main distinctions. Firstly the period before the union of 1707, and the
events that occurred directly affecting the trade industry for Scotland. The second is the period after the union of 1707 and how said union affected
trade, for Scotland, now it was a part of the United Kingdom.
Before the union of 1707, trading for Scotland was an extremely difficult task. Between the years of 1670 and 1707, Scotland had seen the rise and
fall of the company of Scotland and Darien colony. The company of Scotland had been given royal consent towards the end of the 17th century, in
1695. The company's purpose was to provide Scotland with trade to Africa and the Indies; however, the

The Doctrine Of Parliamentary Sovereignty Of The United...
The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty of the United Kingdom parliament is often presented as a unique legal arrangement without parallels in
comparative constitutional law. It has been one of the principles, which have stood in the heart of the Constitution and constitutional law in the UK.
After many years of enjoying the power provided to the Westminster Parliament, the major developments in the UK and European constitutional law
have caused many difficulties and challenges to it. For instance the European Communities Act 1972 and the Acts of Parliament 1911 and 1949. New
legislation has challenged the main competitions of the Parliament provided by the Parliamentary sovereignty and consequently have questioned the
adaptabilty of the traditional doctrine. In order to be able to understand, whether the traditional doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty can be still
regarded as an immutable part of the UK constitutional law, it is crucial to determine the criteria by which the immutableness will be judged. In the
constantly developing world, however, it is foreseeable that the traditional understanding of the Parliamentary sovereignty is no longer applicable and
as every legal rule it has to be constantly adjusting and changing in order to be immutable.
The idea of Parliamentary sovereignty has been developing in the United Kingdom since the 16th century, where the Parliament has decided to put
statutes over the church. Later, in 1707, the Earl of Shaftesbury wrote:

Britain And The British Empire
As the British Empire developed into one of the largest in the world, the purpose of the empire was questioned and how the empire would affect Britain
created tension within Britain. Throughout the eighteenth century, the British focused their efforts on a commercial and maritime empire that would
carry their values of liberty, equality and rule of law with it. The accounts detail aspects of the first empire with the mentality and the treatment that the
men have regarding their ideas of Britain and her empire. Ideas that would be challenged by the American Revolution and the Americans claim against
the British, such as repressive and calling the king a tyrant. This forced the British to adapt the image of themselves and how they dealt with their
empire. In order to understand the changing times that the accounts are documenting, first the men need to be placed into the society in which they
lived. This will be accomplished through the development of the empire's ideology and forming of the British identity, and then by looking at the
British state building and forms of nationalism with an emphasis on class and gender within the nation. This will be followed with the British
perspective of the empire and concluded by discussion the mobility caused by the empire that is demonstrated from the travel accounts. First, the
development of the British imperial ideology and the formation of an identity that plays an integral role within the narratives and the development of a
unique

Impact Of The Scottish Independent Movement
Impact of the Scottish Independent Movement The United Kingdom has always been an ardent opponent of constitutional reform. In fact the very fact
that through nearly a millennia they have refused to produce their constitution in a formal written structure reiterates that sentiment. And although the
undercurrent of maintaining certain traditional and cultural norms remains strong, the national government has on frequent occasion had to accept the
often frequent and ill–fated changes within the local government. Throughout history the lion's share of these local changes have revolved around the
relationship between the formerly autonomous countries of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. But a comprehensive analysis of these complicated
relationships requires a much more lengthy background. As a result this paper will attempt to analyze the proposition of transfer of power in greater
part to the local government of Scotland within the context of the last decades of the 20th century into the first decade of the 21st. A modern
approach to the increasing separation of Scotland and England can been seen beginning with the Labour Party during the 1970's. The indecision and
hesitation with respect to reform was epitomized in the bold and determined proposal of the 1974 Labour government decentralization and transfer of
power for Wales and Scotland. The policy was an ill–fated one largely in part to the internal divisions of the Labour party during this epoch.
Fortunately for

Should Scotland Be An Independent Country
When people reach a certain age, they begin to want to be independent from their parents and become self–sustaining. The same can be said of a
country living dependently of one another. Scotland has reached the age when it wants to be its own country, independent from mother England.
Independence can only be achieved when one is fully capable of taking care of themselves on their own. That cannot be said of Scotland or England.
Since the two countries first united they have formed a codependent relationship. Their economies formed off of each other and even use the same
currency. Nevertheless, the Scots who want independence are justified in their pursuit. Patriotism for one's nation instills a sense of pride in the citizens
and makes them... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The governor of the Bank of England said they would not want to keep the currency union with Scotland if they were to become independent. This
shows that England is going to any length to keep their union solid. Scotland leaving should also frighten England because it might cause the other
countries in the United Kingdom to try to gain independence. If Scotland were to become independent, then there would only be England, Whales, and
Northern Ireland. Scotland might cause a chain reaction in the other countries of the UK to also begin wanting to become independent. England has
settled in with Scotland to a great extent. The UK has four Vanguard Class submarines carrying Trident nuclear warheads that are a part of the Trident
Program stationed in Scotland. (De Castella) Alex Salmond has stated that if Scotland were to become independent that they would not want to house
any nuclear weapons. Salmond has said "The UK government has two choices – they either relocate Trident to another part of the rest of the UK, or
alternatively they could use nuclear facilities in America or France." (Nuclear) Most of Scotland's time seems to be spent worrying about itself and
how it could better their country with little time spent thinking about how it would affect the rest of the UK. Ultimately, there appears to be a great
deal of unforeseen consequences of an independent Scotland that would leave a huge impact on

Benjamin FranklinВґs Involvement in the English Empire Essay
With Benjamin Franklin's ambition to see one day the glorious English Empire shifted to North America, specifically in Pennsylvania and to get rid of
the proprietors, he envisages a single community that will embody Englishmen only. For that reason, Franklin is against massive immigration of
Germans and the presence of African slaves which will fade the identity of a perfect English Empire. He becomes more optimistic of his vision when
the Crown appoints him in 1753 as a postmaster at Williamsburg. Despite all the failures that he encounters from not passing solutions such as colonial
union and the Albany Plan, Franklin still maintains his degree of confidence and loyalty to the mother country. Closer to his dream, he has been
selected in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, the Stamp Act has a different and a direct effect on the colonies. The objective of the act is to tax legal documents, almanacs,
newspapers, playing cards, and nearly every form of paper used in the colonies. This seems to be a threat to the American constitutional rights.
Therefore, colonial agents in London and lieutenants Governor oppose to the Stamp Act, including Franklin saying that "It will affect the printers
more that anybody". Franklin, despite his British's loyalties and love, comes up with an alternative plan for raising revenue instead of taxing legal
paper. He proposes a plan that parliament authorize the issuing of paper currency at interest. Franklin knows exactly how his proposed plan will work
and assures his fellows by saying that "it would not be an unpleasing one". This action taken by Franklin to find another option to raise money
demonstrates how he has his country of birth's interest at heart. Unfortunately, his proposal is rejected by Greenville, a chief minister under who's the
Stamp act is planned. But that does not stop him from appealing the plan. However, many colonies such as Pennsylvanian blame Franklin for creating
the Stamp Act. Even his home back in America, his wife and relatives are threatened because of the Act. They blame him for framing the

The Breakup Of The Soviet Union
In 1992, the breakup of the Soviet Union, nationalist struggles in the Balkans, the creation of a European community, the emergence of Japan as an
economic giant from the 1970s into the 1990s, and the presence of American culture on a global scale all focused attention on the construction and
continuity of national identities. Within Great Britain, the loss of empire and receding Protestantism precipitated the re–emergence of Englishness,
Scottishness, and Welshness. Historians of Britain began to ask what it meant to be British, on what foundations did a sense of British national identity
rest, and "when should [British] history begin?" Linda Colley posits answers to these three questions in Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837. Britons
"came to define themselves (sometimes) as a single people, not because of any political or cultural consensus at home, but rather in reaction to the
Other beyond their shores" and Britishness "was superimposed over an array of internal differences in response to contact with the Other, and above all
in response to conflict with the Other." Thus, in Colley's formulation, Britain "was an invention forged above all by war" with Catholic France. War
against the Other was the mechanism for Britishness, but "Protestantism was the foundation that made the invention of Great Britain possible." British
history begins with the nation of Great Britain, which "was invented in 1707 when the Parliament of Westminster passed the Act of Union

Early Middle Ages: The Battle Of The Viking Age
Early Middle Ages
Lets begin with the fall of the Roman Empire, and when the Celts began to reclaim their homeland. When the province of Britannia had been
abandoned in 410 AD, the wealth of Britannia had been on a decline according to the evidence of archaeological discoveries. This lead the Saxon
invasion in the early 5th and 6th centuries. According to folklore, it is said that the legendary King Arthur fought to stop the invading Saxons at this
time, although the historicity of the king is often debated. Eventually, the Saxons took over and began several kingdoms in England. It more or less
stayed this way until the Viking age in the 800s, when the Norse launched many brutal wars to subjugate many of the kingdoms in Britain. Only the
kingdom of Wessex, under Alfred the Great, managed to survive. However, he was eventually defeated and all of England was subjugated under
Canute the Great of Denmark until Edward the Confessor reclaimed England for the house of Wessex.
Norman Conquest
In 1606, the conquesting began its decline with the Viking age. Duke William, the bastard of Normandy, more commonly called William the conqueror,
conquered all of England ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
England lost a majority of battles, even when they had a numerical advantage. This was until the battle of CrГ©cy, where approximately 10,000
strong English army defeated the 30,000 (some older estimates put higher numbers such as 80,000 and 100,000, but modern historians say 30,000)
strong French army with minimal effort and in less than a day. This, coupled with the later Battle of Poitiers led the king of France, John II, to
surrender in 1360. The terms of the peace were that France cede a large part of France to England while England renounces all claim to the French
throne. The English didn't hold up their end of the bargain as they once again tried to claim the throne in the Caroline

Essay on Scotland and England
While many people in England believe that the Scottish are beneficial to their union. The Scottish people believe that their way of life and culture is
at risk of becoming an English one, and for the reason, many Scots want independence. This is a good thing because it will be the first time in a very
long time that the Scottish people will have a voice of their own, and choose their own fate as a nation.
First off, we will start with how and why Scotland joined with the English to form the United Kingdom, and the Darien Venture and why it put Scotland
in near–collapse and total economic devastation. Second, we will discuss why both sides agreed to the Acts of Union 1706–1707. Third, we will go
over the English and Scottish perspectives of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, Scotland had to fund the project by itself, the Scottish crown accumulated a massive sum of gold, one–fifth of the
entire wealth of Scotland, put it all aboard a ship and sent off a troupe of two–thousand and five–hundred Scotsmen who eventually landed on the
shores of Panama just over one–hundred days. They then named the new Scottish colony 'New Caledonia' and immediately discovered some very
large problems with their plan: First off, on the western side of Panama, the mountains were a lot larger than expected, making overland trade
completely impossible. Even if they built a canal, the technology to do so was still hundreds of years away. Second, the Scottish goods made of wool
brought to trade with the locals was absolutely useless in the perpetual heat and humidity of South America. Third, the Spanish had already planted
their flags on the beaches of Panama and many other parts of South America, and they were not that grateful to see the Scots arrive. And finally,
without necessary supplies, diseases such as Dysentery spread quite quickly. Two full years persisted and with the cost of two–thousand dead
Scotsmen, they eventually abandoned their project. However, this was not the first failed attempt at Scottish empiricism – early Scottish colonies have
been tried and eventually abandoned in Nova Scotia, New Jersey, and Carolina, but the ordeal with

Culloden Turning Point
Introduction The study of the Battle of Culloden as a major turning point in the history of the Scottish Highlands has been limited in its scope, as
historians tend to focus on a romanticized version of the events of the battle, emphasizing the patriotic surge of the Jacobites, their subsequent loss, and
the obvious, immediate consequences, instead of analyzing the extent to which the culture and society of the Highlands had been changing since
Scotland's union with Britain in 1707. Previous researchers have chosen the Battle of Culloden as the single, focused event marking a turning point for
Highland culture and society, but this paper serves to examine whether or not the Battle of Culloden and the events following it was the true turning
point, or if the change was eventual after the union, as the region experienced gradual shifts. In this research, I attempt to explain that the Jacobite
Rebellion of 1745, culminating in the Battle of Culloden, in itself did not mark a major turning point in the culture and society of the Scottish
Highlands, as the changes were inevitable following the increased imposition of British culture after the union of the two countries. II. Methodology...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The primary sources were used to evaluate the Highland culture from different points of view, namely the Highlanders themselves, the Scottish
Lowlanders, and the British. Wiley–Blackwell's Parliamentary History of the years 1745 to 1748 is such a primary source that examines the
perspective of the British government on the actions of the Jacobites and the society of Highlanders as a whole. Primary sources were also used to
examine the legislation passed during the time period, especially representing different acts passed by the British government against Highland culture
in the period immediately following Culloden and years

The Political System of Scotland Essay example
The Political System of Scotland Unlike Wales, which was subdued by conquest in the thirteenth century, Scotland was never permanently incorporated
into the United Kingdom by force of arms. In 1603 the succession of James I to the throne of England united the crowns of England and Scotland.
However, the union was only a personal one and Scotland retained its own political and legal system and its own church. In this essay I will explain the
distinctive features of the Scottish political system, describe the voting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the Treaty of Union the different national institutions would remain within the Scottish political system. The Church of Scotland, which is
Presbyterian, would remain as the national Church, along with the Scottish legal system. In addition Scotland would maintain a separate education
system and a different system of local government from that obtaining in England and Wales.
The Scottish legal system is the single most important factor explaining why Scotland has been accorded separate governmental treatment since the
Act of Union. Unlike the English legal system, the Scottish system has depended more on the principles of continental jurisprudence derived from
Roman law than on indigenous common law. Whenever a piece of legislation has been intended to apply to Scotland as well as to England and Wales
this has had to be achieved either by a separate appendix to the measure of by a distinct Act for Scotland. In addition Scotland has a separate system of
courts and its own legal profession. The independent legal system of Scotland is one of the strongest clues to the existence of a Scottish Political
system. The Scottish people are subject to Laws exclusive to Scotland. Scottish national institutions are strong and constitutionally protected.
The political culture of Scotland has always been strong on its emphasis on democratic organisation

Elite and Popular Conceptions of Witchcraft
Elite and Popular Perspectives of Witchcraft
The elite perspective is the perspective of those in power. It may be the perspective of the monarchy but it may also be administrative/judicial or that
of the church. Popular conceptions are those held by the common people. These two perspectives were not very distinctive because the elite and
common people did not live completely separate lives from one another В– there was some mixing of culture, and thus there were many similarities in
the conceptions held. The main differences between the popular and elite beliefs were regarding the type of accusation of witchcraft: the common
people tended to make accusations of maleficium whereas the elites made accusations based on diabolism. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This clearly shows the difference between the elite and popular beliefs regarding witchcraft.
The Daemonologie dialogue was written by King James who resided on both the thrones of Scotland and England and depicts the opinions of two
people: one who does not believe in witchcraft and the other, a physician, who claims to have been a witch. Although this is a dialogue it is not a true
event, but a story. James ' purpose in writing Daemonologie was to depict a non–believer and a witch in a conversation, to answer any questions that
the non–believer may have had about witches in order to prove that witches do exist. Perhaps this is to answer questions that common non–believers
would likely ask a believer. It is not really a useful source as it is merely the King 's opinion of the common people and not necessarily the true
opinion of the common people at that time. Therefore any instances regarding witches in the King 's story can only be considered an elite belief as it
is solely his opinion.
Many of the acts associated with witches that are prevalent in the literature on this subject seem to be of a diabolical nature. The primary cause of this
is that the elites had access to a literary medium which tended to leave behind sources that the historian can access in a more direct manner than the
mainly oral traditions of popular culture (p. 61 course manual). These oral traditions were the primary means of conveyance for these

The Scottish Referendum For Independence
Abstract
The question I seek to answer in this essay is whether the Scottish Referendum for Independence from 18th September 2014 (hereafter referred as
"the 2014 Referendum") was indeed a process that can give account to legitimacy. This essay will look at legitimacy as being a moral claim set by
our own culture. It will also explore the meaning of "overall legitimacy" of the 2014 Referendum and if individual claims of citizens are in conflict
with it. Furthermore, it will argued that the political discourse of Alex Salmond and of the Scottish National Party as a whole, was detrimental to the
Scottish civil society as it facilitated its division.
Scope of the question and its delimitation
This essay will solely give an account of the relatively of the 2014 Referendum's legitimacy and will show that through non relative arguments coming
from the SNP political discourse, the overall legitimacy of the 2014 Referendum provides a prescriptive account on the devolution in so far. A notion
that will not be addressed by this essay is represented by the impact of the Scottish referendum for independence on countries such as Spain and the
states from the former Republic of Yugoslavia.
Disposition of the essay
In what follows a background of the referendum will be presented. Afterwards, it shall be argued that the entire process for establishing the 2014
Referendum cannot be seen as a democratic one, as it is was induced by the Yes Campaign consequently is logically flawed.

Introduction. Background Of ScotlandвЂ™S Union With The Uk.
Introduction Background of Scotland's Union with The UK The debate on Scottish independence has been going on for centuries, and has continued
long after Scotland joined the United Kingdom in 1707. "Suspicion and mistrust" between England and Scotland initially prevented a "union
throughout the 17th century" (Johnson, 2014). The Scots had feared that they would become irrelevant within the UK, whereas the English felt that the
Scots may "take sides with France" and rekindle the "Auld Alliance" (Gallagher, 2016). With Brexit putting Scotland's access to the Single market at
risk, there has been an intensified push for a Scottish referendum. Delving into the reasoning behind a pro–independence stance allows us to gain an
understanding of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fiscal Stance Currently, England has been using "Scottish oil reserves for its own benefit". As an energy–rich country with "24 billion barrels of oil to
be extracted from the North Sea" (Calder, 2013), Scotland has the potential to boost economic growth with a "second oil boom" of between
ВЈ6.9bn–7.9bn for the "first year of separation" (Johnson, 2016). Oil and Gas Reserves in the North Sea could help Scotland gain it its "economic
independence" (The Guardian, 2015) as the "anticipation of higher oil prices" is expected to provide a "lucrative source of tax revenues" (Keating,
2017). However, the falling revenues disclosed by the North Sea coincide with the "sinking oil prices" (Keating, 2017) at the start of 2015, portraying
the volatility of such commodities, as tax revenues from North Sea oil and gas production tend to be unstable over time. Therefore, an economy based
largely on oil would be "too subject to oil 's price fluctuation" (The Guardian, 2015), leaving Scotland in a more vulnerable position than it already is in.
Considering that Scotland's fiscal stance is based on an uncertain commodity market and an ambiguous hope of joining the EU, Sturgeon's belief that a
shortfall would be compensated through additional economic growth is questionable. Potential Benefits of Independence Currency Alternatives The
Scottish Independence debate has been

Why Did James Craig Build A New Town?
Introduction
James Craig won a competition held by Edinburgh's town council for the design of a new residential area north of the Nor' Loch in 1766 . New
Town's conception coincided with the Scottish Enlightenment period, thus there were elements in James Craig's plans that reflected this ideology. This
paper, however, will contend that while the influential extent of Enlightenment ideas did not cover the initial reasons for the town's creation, the
planning aspect of New Town's creation and its residents whom created its culture and helped it to thrive, did. It will focus on the factors that
contributed to the creation of a new town, the arrangement and purposes of the roads and buildings proposed by James Craig's plans, and how
Edinburgh's reputation as the 'Athens of the North' translated into the New Town through its inhabitants.
Reasons for New Town's Construction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Lord Gilbert Elliot Minto maintained that Edinburgh's inhabitants wanted more space, "... free air, light, clean linefs, and every other comfortable
accommodation" as the town was dirty and cramped with one principal street huddled with many markets, and had many families forced to live within
a single building due to the lack of space, making the burgh the most crowded in Europe . Therefore, to tackle the overcrowding issue, Defoe
suggested that a long–term solution would be to expand the city by filling in the Nor' Loch and building upon the plain beyond it . These ideas, in
addition to the 1603 Union of the Crowns and 1707 Act of Union, were shared by the Lord Provost George Drummond whom made propositions in
1752 to expand and beautify Edinburgh by building to the north and south, an act which was passed by parliament a year later

How Bibery And Persuasion Affected Scotland's Decisions?
During 1714 George Lockhart memoirs were published which blamed over 30 Scottish people of accepting bribes from Queen Anne during the Union
Treaty negotiations between both England and Scotland in 1706. Robert Burns then later immortalised these events in his poem "such a parcel of
rogues in a nation" which claimed that Scotland had been "bought and sold for English gold". This outtake has persisted so much that it was used for
the subject of Christopher Whitley's seminal work during 1994. This essay will look further into how bribery and persuasion affected Scotland's
decision during 1688 until 1707.
In 1688, the Glorious Revolution replaced James II with William of Orange. The revolution came to an end when James II had insisted that he would
like Roman Catholicism reappointed as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the Dutch and the English said that they wouldn't fund the venture so it was left to the Scottish, both rich and poor, to raise the money
that was needed. The first ship was set to take sail in 1698, they arrived at Darien having lost 70 people during the journey and many of them that
did make it were already sick and it went downhill from there because of the lack of food and the attacks from the Spanish. Many native Indians felt
sorry for the Scottish people and brought them food but after seven months 400 of the Scottish people had died and many of them had diseases so
they decided to cancel the scheme. Unaware of the news, eleven more ships set sail in 1699 but only one ship returned in total and only a few made it
back home safe. ВЈ500,000 was lost which left them almost bankrupt.
The Act of Succession was passed by the English in 1701 which stopped a Catholic succession to the throne once Queen Anne had died. When Queen
Anne had died, Sophie of Hanover was to take on the responsibility of the

Analysis and Historical Context from Second Treatise of...
COMMENTARY OF 'SECOND TREATISE OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT': The previous fragment we've read belongs to the work of John Locke,
'Second Treatise of Civil Government', who published it anonymously in 1689. It is a work of political philosophy, in which Locke talks about civil
society, natural rights and separation of powers. Locke was one of the first empirical philosophers and he believed that the human being was born
with no knowledge, and that experience and observation were the base of all human wisdom. In the text, Locke talks about how powers should be
separated and not concentrated in the same person (the King) because he would be tempted, and in fact it was happening, to use them just to satisfy his
desires. Locke also says that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Restoration of 1660, by restoring crown, church and lords, put Englishmen back once more under a system of government proven unworkable.
With a king on the throne who still wanted to govern, and a group of dissatisfied men in parliament who wanted his government to be controlled by
them, conflict was hard to avoid. But the civilian revolution did not happen until after Charles II's death in 1685. King Charles was succeeded by his
brother James, who became James II of England and VII of Scotland. James is best known for his belief in absolute monarchy and his attempts to
create religious liberty for his subjects against the wishes of the English Parliament. Increasingly members of Britain's political and religious elite
opposed him as too pro–French, too pro–Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded and
leading nobles called on William III of Orange (his son–in–law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. James fled England (and
thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his
wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. Parliament issued the Bill of Rights, which
stipulated the rights and obligations of the monarch. William and Mary reigned jointly till 1694 when Mary died. Then, William continued to reign
alone. He died

Arguments For Scottish Independence
On September 18th, 2014 the people of Scotland voted to stay within the United Kingdom by a 55.5% vote of the 84.6% turnout (Scotland's Future,
2013). Although a large turnout by voting standards, the marginal lead of the winning vote was slim. A main argument for Scottish independence was
to keep tax, economic, and social security decisions in the hands of the people whom it affected, the Scottish people themselves; rather than the
Westminster Government who determined those factors for the whole of the United Kingdom (Scotland's Future, 2014). If Scotland was to become
independent from the United Kingdom, it would be proposed that they would become a part of the European Union as its own country, a parliament of
Scottish people would make ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some voters did not understand where Parliament would get their funding, they had distrust in the First Minister's argument, and their own risk
assessment on whether it was worth it or not. The main consensus for their reason of voting No was that they were united together 300 years
previously and should stay united. There was also a lack of understanding in the reasons for independence. The demographics of the vote showed that
millennials of the sixteen to seventeen age range voted for the independence of Scotland, 71%. The voting in ages between eighteen and fifty–four was
almost a fifty–fifty split in the demographic ranges. However when it came to the age group of sixty–five and older, a large 73% voted No. Scottish
born residents weren't the only ones allowed to vote. Anyone who resided in Scotland over the age of sixteen was allowed to vote, which is where
approximately 400,000 votes from people of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland came from. The almost 800,000 Scottish people who lived in the
United Kingdom but not in Scotland however, did not get to vote on the issue of independence in 2014 (Black "Q&A" & Scottish Independence:

Gordon Brown's Silent No More, Questions And Answers
Silent No More Research Paper
Scotland held its independence referendum on September 18th, 2014. The Scottish Nationalist Party wanted to hold this vote in order to give the
people of Scotland a say in whether or not their country would stay in the UK. In his speech, "Silent No More", Gordon Brown urges his audience to
have the confidence in saying "no" to Scotland's independence.
Since the Act of Union in 1707, Scotland has been a part of the UK. Until 1997, all important decisions regarding Scotland and the rest of the UK were
made by the Westminster Parliament in London. However, Scotland has always maintained its own education system, law and justice system, church,
and sports teams (the Guardian). In 1979, a referendum was held ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He begins with saying that the vote is "not about whether or not Scotland is nation; we are, yesterday, today, and tomorrow." ("Silent No More").
Brown says this in order to exaggerate the fact that Scotland has always been its own standing nation and the vote will not change anything. This
pushes patriotic audience members to vote "no" since Brown has confirmed that Scotland is already an independent nation. Gordon Brown repeats the
phrase "It's not about" to clarify to the people who are not sure which side to vote on that either way the vote will not change any aspects of Scotland
that he mentions. He then changes the pattern to say that the vote is about "whether [they] want to break and sever every link" between Scotland and
the UK. This powerful line both defines what he believes independence will do to the union as well as delivering that statement using negative
language. To conclude this section of the speech, Brown suggests that his audience tell "the undecided, the waverers, [and] those not sure how to vote"
what Scotland and the UK have achieved together. Brown's intention is to unite and widen his audience of people who believe voting for independence
is the wrong

Treaty Of Union In 1707 Essay
Before the act of Union in 1707, the kingdoms of Scotland and England existed as two independent Unions. King James VI of Scotland succeeded
Queen Elizabeth I after her death and in doing so, also became King James I of England, thus creating the 'Union of the Crowns' in 1603. As a result,
the Union of the Crowns were now controlled by the House of Stuart and consequently ruled by the same monarch. In virtue of possessing the English
crown, he also ruled over the Kingdom of Ireland, yet each Kingdom maintained their own parliaments and laws.
However, this arrangement changed significantly in 1707, when the unions of Scotland and England were united. The agreement created by the
amalgamation of these kingdoms is known as the 'Treaty Of Union' 1707, the treaty consists of 25 articles. The act proclaimed that there would be 'one
United Kingdom, by the name of Great Britain', with a single united crown and a single united ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The response from the English Parliament to the Act of Security was the 'Alien Act' of 1705. The act contained provisions to treat Scottish Nationals
living in England as aliens, threatening trade, inheritance and a threat to weaken the Scottish economy. In the 1707 Act of Union, of the Treaty
provided the succession to of the House of Hanover and for Protestant succession. The laws of these acts, restricted the succession to legitimate
descendants of Princess Sophia, Electress of Hanover, a Protestant and Grand–daughter of James VI & I. Sophia of Hanover became heiress
presumptive to the crowns of the Kingdoms of England and Ireland before 1707 and unequivocally became heiress to the Kingdom of Great Britain
after the Act of Union in

The Act of Union of 1707 brought together the two...
The Act of Union of 1707 brought together the two independent nations of Scotland and England to create a new United Kingdom. This new Kingdom
in the opinion of the English ensured political and military stability on the Island of Great Britain, neutralizing the Scottish MP's by absorbing them
into the Westminster system. However, by 1706, the prospect of a parliamentary union with England intensified the fears of many Scottish
Presbyterians for the security of their church. The actions of the Presbyterian Church in relation to its pre and post Union position can be seen as
inconsistent, divided and littered with ad–hoc decisions in response to the changing political events. Historians including Jeffrey Stephen claim the
General... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to acknowledge the importance religion played in eighteenth century society, as sermons were seen as divine, righteous and promoted
God's word on earth. The Church was seen as a meeting place for many in the community where political, Social and religious ideas could be
communicated freely, while sermons in their own right were blueprints of how one should attempt to live ones life on earth. With this in mind, the vast
account's of sermons on the 1707 Union reflects how the Church was attempting to indoctrinate its congregations into accepting pro–union ideas, both
before and after it was signed. Biblical comparisons to the Union, made it difficult for the congregation to question it publically, while it also promoted
the idea of social hegemony between pro and anti Union supporters, using the Ten commandments as the Reverend Charles Bean stated. This concept
was shared by Rev Chandler and Rev Freke who both preached thanksgiving sermons on how one should attempt to dwell with brethren in unity.
However, there is a reoccurring and consistent narrative present within the sources identified in the bibliography. The vast majority of sermons were
published in London, the communication and linguistic capital were pro–union ideas could be dispersed amongst the lands. What is also interesting
when

The Five Major Themes Of The Industrial Revolution

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