Allergies Research Paper

Allergies Research Paper
What are Allergies?
Reactions
Hypersensitivity reactions are classified to four different classes; Class 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Class IV
Classes I,II,III
Classes 1,2,3 are caused by antibodies, lgE/lgG. Overproduction of these antibodies activates immune cells like basophils & mast cells, which respond
by releasing inflammatory chemicals (histamine)
References
www.biology–online.org/dictionary/Allergy.
"AAFA." Types of Allergies | AAFA.org, www.aafa.org/page/types
–of–allergies.aspx.
"Allergies." Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 7 Aug. 2017, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–conditions/allergies/home
/ovc–20270181.
"AP Biology: Allergies and theImmune System." Google Sites, sites.google.com/a/gertzresslerhigh.org/ap–biology–allergies–and–the–immune–system
/.
"Type 1, 2, 3 & 4 Hypersensitivity." Stomp On Step1, 6 Apr. 2016, www.stomponstep1.com
/hypersensitivity–type–1–2–3–4–urticaria–anaphylaxis–immune–complexes–i–ii–iii–iv/.
"Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy) | AAAAI." The American Academy of Allergy,Asthma & Immunology, www.aaaai.org/conditions–and–treatments
/treatments/allergy–shots–(immunotherapy).
Antihistamines
Classes of Allergies
How to Tackle Allergies
Allergies
Inhaled or ingested allergens usually cause immediate hypersensitivity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the gastrointestinal tract, these reactions lead to swelling and irritation of the intestinal lining, which causes the cramping and diarrhea typical of
food allergy. Allergens that enter the circulation may cause hives, angioedema, anaphylaxis, or atopic dermatitis. Allergens on the skin usually cause
delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Roving T cells contact the allergen, setting in motion a more prolonged immune response. This type of allergic
response may develop over several days following contact with the allergen, and symptoms may persist for a week or

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Tissue Transplantation Paper
transplantation is done at an advanced stage when cardiac function is unresponsive to medical, or surgical interventions (Grossman & Porth, 2014).
The loop diuretic Lasix can be prescribed to Mr. S.K. for his lower extremity edema along with a potassium supplementation (diuretic cause further
potassium loss through urine) and captopril can be prescribed for his hypertension. The beta blocker can also be added to the treatment plan for Mr.
S.K. to reduce the cardiac workload. Health education is provided to S.K. about the importance of sodium and fluid retention and the importance of
weight management is also emphasized. Oxygen is delivered through an oxymask for S.K. to maintain a saturation above 92% on room air.
Drug Related Issues
There are numerous contraindications ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The drug phosphodiesterase inhibitors are contraindicated in the presence of allergy to these drugs, to prevent hypersensitivity reactions. These drugs
are also contraindicated in severe aortic or pulmonic valvular disease, acute MI, fluid volume deficit, and ventricular arrhythmias (Karch, 2013). This
drug should be used with caution in elderly and during pregnancy and lactation. The adverse effects with phosphodiesterase inhibitors include
ventricular arrhythmias, hypotension, and chest pain (Karch, 2013). GI effects include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and abdominal pain.
Thrombocytoenia is another adverse effect seen with milirone and inamrinone. The hypersensitivity reactions with these drug include vasculitis,
pericarditis, pleuritis, and ascites (Karch, 2013). These drugs should not be combined as solutions with furosemide because this will form precipitates.
Burning at the intravenous injection site is also a frequent side effect. ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in the presence of allergy to prevent
hypersensitivity reactions and with impaired renal function (Karch,

Contraindications and Side Effects of Ceftazidime
Contraindications for ceftazidime include patients with cephalosporin or cephamycin hypersensitivity. In patients with penicillin hypersensitivity,
caution should be exercised when administering this drug. Cross–reactivity can occur due to the similar structures or penicillin and ceftazidime.
Cross–reactivity has been documented in approximately 3–7% of patients with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity. Allergic reaction can range from
mild to fatal, and those with severe reactions to penicillin should not be given this drug. Discontinue the use of ceftazidime if an allergic reaction
occurs (6). Pseudomembranous colitis has been associated with all antibacterial agents, including ceftazidime, and may be life–threatening. The
administration of an antibacterial causes changes in the normal flora in the colon, and may allow overgrowth of Clostridia. Toxins produced by
Clostridium difficile has been identified as the primary cause of antibacterial–associated colitis. Caution should be taken when administering
ceftazidime in patients with a history of GI disease. If a patient presents diarrhea after treatment with antibiotics, then a diagnoses of
pseudomembranous colitis should be considered. Discontinue the use of ceftazidime if diarrhea occurs (6). Another rare adverse effect includes a
decrease in prothrombin activity. This may cause bleeding and should be administered with caution in patients with a diagnosed coagulopathy.
Ceftazidime must be used with

Anxiety Study Psychology
Anxiety is a category of psychological and physiological responses to stress inducing events. Anxious reactions to threatening situations are natural and
should be expected throughout a person's lifetime. Anxiety disorders are classified as a perpetuation of anxiousness, when that fear and uncertainty of
future events is remains constant despite the absence of the stressful stimulus and leads to hindering negative emotional states (Evans et al., 2005).
Anxiety disorders fall under a broader category of Internalizing Disorders (ID). ID includes conditions of anxiety and depression, the etiology of which
is not well understood. The Juvenile Anxiety Study (JAS) is IRB–approved and NIMH grant–funded. JAS and its partner study, Adolescent and Young
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My involvement began during the fall semester of 2014 and will continue until the end of Spring 2015.
Literature Cited
Evans, D., Foa, E., Gur, R., Hendin, H., O'Brien, C., Seligman, M., & Walsh, B. (Eds.). (2005). Treating and preventing adolescent mental health
disorders : What we know and what we don't know : A research agenda for improving the mental health of our youth. Oxford Medicine.
Jack M. Gorman, Richard P. Sloan, Heart rate variability in depressive and anxiety disorders, American Heart Journal, Volume 140, Issue 4,
Supplement, October 2000, Pages S77–S83, ISSN 0002–8703,
Papp, L.A., Klein, D.F., & Gorman, J.M. (1993). Carbon dioxide hypersensitivity, hyperventilation, and panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry,
150(8),

Hypersensitivity Skin Testing Summary
The Immunology and Allergy Specialty Course allows students to become familiar with a wide expanse of topics that may allow them to begin the
steps to being that subject matter expert that their current or future facility needs. One of those topics of discussion is the Delayed Type
Hypersensitivity Skin Testing or DTH. To begin the discussion of this item it seems helpful to define what exactly what it is. This is test is defined
by the Immunology and Allergy Specialty Course Manual (2015) as, "a way to measure if the body has been exposed to a certain antigen. This testing
is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction on the Gell and Coombs scale and it features no involvement of antibodies, a 24–48 hour delay before apparent
reaction, and T cells... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Skin Testing has a major role in not only alerting providers what may be harming the patient but also in how well
their body is functioning with some of the key players in the body's defense, T cells. The impact T cells has on our immunity can really be displayed
when dealing with HIV/AIDS patients. These patients have lower than normal T cell levels and the amount of medical issues they have to deal with
can be quite devastating. Essentially their body is no longer able to effectively fight infection. This testing, at the end of the day, can really structure a
patient's care and allow provider's to make better judgment calls when it comes to treatment. (T–cell Modulation Group,

Organizing Pneumonia Associated With Anticonvulsant...
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome induced by Lamotrigine Case Summary: A
14–year–old–girl known to have seizure disorder on Lamotrigine treatment admitted to the hospital with history of rash, fever and cough. Her condition
deteriorated initially with typical clinical features of anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (ACHS) complicated with bronchiolitis obliterans
organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Her chest computed tomography showed multifocal parenchymal opacities and the lung biopsy was typical for
BOOP. The Lamotrigine was discontinued when she first developed the skin rash and she was treated with high dose of corticosteroid. She improved
clinically and her repeated chest computed tomography showed marked resolution of the lesions. In the initial presentation she was treated for
pneumonia with antibiotics which may have delayed the diagnosis. This case illustrates the possible occurrence of BOOP as a complication of ACHS
secondary to Lamotrigine treatment. Background: BOOP is a rare lung condition in which the small airways (bronchioles and alveoli) become
inflamed with connective tissue. BOOP can be secondary to infections, various drugs, and other medical conditions. In many cases, the underlying
cause of BOOP is unknown. Anticonvulsant medications are widely used in pediatrics for different seizure disorders. ACHS is characterized by fever,
rash and internal organ involvement. It is a rare, but

Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction
PHYSIOLOGY: In an immediate hypersensitivity reaction the primary immune cell involved is the mast cell, which becomes activated through an IgE
/FcЙ›Rl receptor interaction. These cells play a key role in the initial immune response known as the 'immediate hypersensitivity reaction' which
involves release of granule contents as well as secreting cytokines that recruit other pro–inflammatory cells during the 'late–phase reaction' (1).
Immunological pathway. An allergic response can only begin following a previous exposure to an allergen; during this initial exposure, the allergen is
taken up by an antigen presenting cell and presented in the context of MHC Class II to a T cell which then differentiates into a T–helper 2 cell (Th2
cell). This... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The molecules released in this time cause vascular dilation and smooth muscle contraction that can be observed in the 'wheal and flare' response. The
wheal and flare response is the name given to the reaction of the skin following an allergic response. The 'wheal' describes the inflamed, raised area
and the 'flare' referring to the portion of red skin surrounding the wheal. The primary molecules released in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction are
proteases and histamines (vasoactive amines) as well as lipid

Stevens
Stevens – Johnson syndrome is a rare immune response in which the person's epidermal layers die and are shed (Cooper, 2012). It proves to be fatal
when not identified early and interventions started. Although, despite early identification and interventions death does still occur. Stevens–Johnson is
considered to be part of a spectrum of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (Knepel, 2008). The other two conditions on the spectrum are Erythema
Multiforme at the lesser end, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis on the more severe side. TENS can overlap with SJS, along with being used
interchangeably by some (Cooper, 2012). Due to the fact that Stevens–Johnson is so rare the information and studies on it are lacking in quantity and
quality.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Allopurinol is seen with a higher percentage in Asian decent with a genetic predisposition marker (Cooper, 2012). It is thought that genetic
predisposition can put certain people at a higher risk. Such as those with systemic lupus erythematous (Mayo Clinic, 2011).
Infectious causes of Stevens–Johnson syndrome include:
Pneumonia
Herpes
Influenza
HIV
Diphtheria
Typhoid
Hepatitis
(Mayo Clinic, 2011)
Infection with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae is most common cause of community acquired pneumonia requiring possible admission to the ICU and is also
cited as most common cause for children to develop Stevens – Johnson syndrome (Cooper, 2012).
Clinical manifestations include fever, myalgia, rash, papules, macules that lead to sloughing and eventually necrosis, the skin can look like a scalding
burn, mucosititis, and respiratory distress from interstitial edema, gastrointestinal issues ranging from diarrhea to ulceration and bleeding, ocular issues
such as conjunctivitis to inflammation, photophobia up to and including loss of vision (Cooper, 2012). Any body system that has epithelial tissue can
be subsequently affected. The further the condition progresses the higher the degree of mortality. Being alert to the possibility of the condition and
trying to get as much information from the patient regarding medication usage, to include over the counter and herbal is vital because time is critical
factor (Cooper, 2012). Misdiagnosis

Advantages Of Allergy Free Bakeries
Advantages of Allergy Free Bakeries
A large number of individuals around the globe are sensitive to the five most regular sustenance allergens. These are nuts, tree nuts, dairy, gluten, and
soy.
Sustenance sensitivities set in when the resistant framework erroneously recognizes protein in the nourishment as a danger to the body. Thus, your
body discharges certain chemicals to avert "disease." These chemicals trigger hypersensitive responses which incorporate sickness, stomach torment,
exhaustion, the runs, rashes, bothersome skin, mid–section torment, and unexplained weight reduction.
Gluten, which is available in like manner pastries, is a blend of proteins found in grains such as wheat, grain and rye. This protein blend is known not
unfriendly responses to individuals who are experiencing gluten bigotry or celiac infection. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the motivation behind why individuals who have a low resilience to specific sustenances should be picky particularly with the pastry shops
where they purchase treats and pastries.
In the event that you are delicate to gluten and different allergens in prepared items, you have to discover an allergen free pastry shop fit for giving
heated treats that do exclude certain components that will trigger your sensitivities. Simultaneously, one might locate a few extra advantages that
concur with obtaining from a complete allergen cognizant bread kitchen. These advantages incorporate the accompanying:
1. Hypersensitivity free sustenances enhance your digestive framework.
Poor processing, gas torments and stomach issues are the absolute most regular impacts of nourishment hypersensitivities or gluten affectability. Going
sans gluten or purchasing heated merchandise from allergen free pastry shops can keep your digestive framework working better.
2. Eating without gluten items builds your vitality

Clopidogrel Hypersensitivity is an Intricate Phenomenon
Presentation and Diagnosis Clopidogrel hypersensitivity is an intricate phenomenon. The reaction is complex and has varied pathophysiology resulting
in distinct onset and presentation. Hypersensitivity may manifest as generalized, localized, or systemic reactions. Evidence suggests that the majority
of patients with hypersensitivity reactions will present with generalized, cutaneous symptoms (6, 7). These generalized reactions may be an
erythematous, maculopapular rash that is pruritic or urticaria without mucosal involvement (6). Rashes are typically distributed throughout the trunk
and may involve upper and/or lower extremities (7, 8). Although less frequent than generalized reactions, localized skin hypersensitivity has also been
reported. (7). These reactions are described as symmetrically appearing rashes localized to the face, palms, neck, axilla, soles of feet, or back. (7).
Finally, systemic hypersensitivity has been described. This may manifest as generalized urticaria, fever, arthralgia, or angioedema (7–9). An evaluation
of 24 patients with suspected clopidogrel hypersensitivity described a median onset of hypersensitivity of 6 days (10). However, the onset of these
reactions varies and likely depends on type of hypersensitivity observed. A review of 62 patients with clopidogrel hypersensitivity revealed a median
onset of approximately 5 days for both generalized and localized reactions compared to a median time to onset of 1 day for systemic reactions (7).

A Study Design And Methodology Essay
Study design and methodology
This study is a non inferiority randomized, double blind, stratified (age group 16–60 years),single site controlled clinical trial to be conducted in the
primary dental care, Birmingham ,UK with 1:1 randomization .The study will have two –treatment parallel group to randomly assign patient with
dentinal sensitivity into two groups using double blind, randomized design. Novamin containing Sesondyne repair and protect dentifrice will be
compared to the gluma desensitizer.
Participants are to be evaluated at baseline ,immediately, after 3,6 and 9 months post application using visual analogue scale for tactile stimuli response
and Schiff cold air sensitivity scale for standard cold air blast. Individual tooth is the unit of the study in this trial. 120 patients [450 teeth] including
between the age group of 16 and 600 years are to be recruited without any gender bias.
Principal investigator will clinically evaluate all participants to confirm that they have DH and will include eligible subjects in the trial based on the
following inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria were as follows:
1)Patients with the age group 16–60 attending general dental practice
2)Presenting with a complaint of sensitivity only due to cervical abrasions
3)Healthy individuals with no other medical problems.
4)Dentinal hypersensitivity due to cervical abrasions on the both anterior and posterior
5)3 or more teeth should be affected by cervical

The Psychosocial Impact of Psoriasis, a Skin Condition
Don't judge a book by its cover is one of the greatest known metaphorical phrases in human history. People constantly identify with and attempt to
apply the concept in everyday life; yet our society has constructed a paradigm in which the perfection of your skin predetermines your social
interactions in life. Likewise it is important to comprehend that it is not only on the side of society's judgements which determines your interactions,
but it is also that of the lowered self–esteem of the individual. To garner apposite knowledge, the task at hand required the interviewing of a person
with a skin condition with the aim to internalise and reflect upon the biopsychosocial as well as cultural impacts of the illness. I was lucky enough to
have the privilege of interviewing Jane Doe, a 20 year old white female with a history of psoriasis since age five. I was introduced to Jane through a
close friend and entering into a professional relationship, she agreed to help me in my endeavour. Drawing on the principles of interviewing I ensured
that it was a quiet, confidential and comfortable space1; thus it took place in her home. Jane has had a difficult beginning in life as psoriasis – a
common, chronic immune–mediated skin disease – currently has no cure and is characterised by scaly, reddened patches, papules, and plaques, which
usually itch.2
A difficult medical history
The difficulty to comprehend living with a disease characterised by such vivid visual aspects is beyond

Edgar Allan Poe 's The Tell Tale Heart
Yogesh Patel
Kristi Caudill
ENG 251
11 October 2017
Guilty of Conscience
When thinking of an earlier American literature writer people always remember Edger Allan Poe with respect. Poe's story always about the dark,
suspense and craziness. Poe gone through lot more difficulties in his early age. His writing shows his hardship in his life. Edgar Allan Poe is the author
of a story title of "The Tell–Tale Heart". This Narrative was published in the year 1843, and tale is about the external conflict and delusion of the
narrator who is also the main character of the story. The narrator is having difficulty in thinking and had a fantasy of maltreatment. In thisshort story,
the author uses ironic vocabulary to create the reader's interest in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the beginning he had anxiety about old man's pale blue eye. The narrator visits the old man 's bedroom every night for seven nights before killing
him on the eighth night. Due to pale blue eye he killed the old man with insanity. Due to his anxiety narrator confirms the crime to the police officer
and plead the guilty of his crime. According to calm clinic, "People with anxiety do worry often, especially about irrational things. Those with paranoia
also tend to assume the worst, believing that these dangers are destiny." (Understanding Anxiety and Paranoia, 5). This article discusses the
relationship between the Anxiety and Paranoia on the people. Anxiety can affect the way you see yourself and others, which may feel like paranoia.
The more severe the anxiety, the worse it may be. An important component of anxiety is that anxiety has the ability to genuinely change thoughts in a
way that you may not even notice. Those with anxiety are more likely to think negative thoughts in a way that are very similar to how paranoia is
experienced. In the beginning narrator confirms that he loves the old man. He loves the old man but he still kills him just because of his evil vulture
eye. This thing shows the narrator does not have control on his own thoughts.
In this tale narrator claims he had hypersensitivity. He can hear a small voice very easily. According to Poe, "Above all was the sense of hearing
acute. I heard all things in the

Stevens Johnson's Syndrome Essay
Introduction: This research was conducted to demonstrate the usage of allopurinol can result in Cutaneous Hypersensitivity reaction. Stevens Johnson's
syndrome (SJS) is a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction which occurs in 3–5% of hospitalized patients.1 These severe cutaneous adverse reactions are
characterized by epidermal necrosis, extensive detachment of the epidermis, erosions of mucous membranes and severe constitutional symptoms.4
Despite the Low incidence, SJS has a high mortality rate as stated by BMC Medical Genetics. According to Pharmacogenetics Genomics, Medications
are considered to be the major cause of Stevens Johnson's syndrome (80%). The most common medication is Allopurinol. Allopurinol, an inhibitor of
xanthine... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, new indications for the use of allopurinol in cardiovascular diseases have been approved over the course of recent years.5
Allopurinol is the most common cause of SJS in some countries like Europe and Israel. In 2008, it was documented that 59% of female patients
were exposed to allopurinol.1Although SJS is very rare but the death rate was significantly higher in patients recently exposed to allopurinol (18 of
56, 32%) than among patients not exposed to allopurinol (59 of 313, 18.8%).1 The US FDA has received a total 23 cases of severe drug reactions to
allopurinol over the period 2002–2009.3 Recently, HLA–B*5801 allele has been associated with severe cutaneous drug reactions in Han Chinese.3 In
2009, Pharmacogenetics Genomics found a huge association between HLA–B*5801 allele and allopurinol–associated Stevens Johnson's syndrome by
80–97 times compared to those without the gene.4 Risk factors: HLA–B*58:01 allele has been found to be a huge risk factor for allopurinol–induced
Steven's Johnson Syndrome.4 Elderly women with renal dysfunction is indicated to be a risk factor for allopurinol–induced Steven's Johnson
Syndrome.4 The strength of allopurinol has been noted tto be a risk factor. The daily dose of 200 mg or greater has been associated with a higher risk
of developing this hypersensitivity reactions. Pathophysiology/Mechanism of toxicity:

What Is Gluten Hypersensitivity?
Gluten is a kind of protein that is mostly found in Wheat, Barley and Rye. To be exact we can say that any nourishment that is sticky and thick have the
gluten in it. Since, it is high in protein, it influences diverse inner organs. Individuals with gluten nourishment hypersensitivity are bound to certainty
looseness of the bowels, spewing and shortcoming. This is for the most part in light of the fact that the small digestive tract can't assimilate the protein
and in this manner, the body can't familiarize with the sort of protein.
Individuals who need to stay away from the gluten rich nourishment are misty in the matter of what things that they can eat are. Gluten free sustenances
are supplement rich, low on fat, and low on sodium, foods grown from the ground. On the planet where everything is just about quick sustenances and
the nourishments that are calming to taste, a man with a gluten sensitivity will normally feel denied of numerous sustenance. In any case, they have to
comprehend that there are numerous G–Free nourishments accessible in the business sector that can help us pick the best sustenance for them. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be that as it may, you can likewise strive for plain rice, dried beans and vegetables, flavors and herbs, Peanut margarine, cooking oils and so

Paclitaxel Titration Lab Report
Medication Regimen Pretreatment regimen included vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, temperature, and weight), lab work as
indicated, written and verbal medication information of first dose, and the administration of the following premedications as indicated –
dexamethasone 20 mg IV, or 20 mg orally at 12 and 6 hours prior to dose, diphenhydramine 25 or 50 mg, and famotidine 20 mg. Following an acute
hypersensitivity reaction and return to baseline, the paclitaxel titration regimen was initiated. Paclitaxel is mixed in 250 mL NS or D5W for weekly
doses, and in 500 mL NS or D5W for every 3 weekly doses. Titration rate for rechallenge paclitaxel infusions is as follows: 30 mL/hour = 5 mL; 60 mL
/hour = 10 mL; 90 mL/hour = 15... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Desensitization protocols provide the flexibility for re–administration of taxane–based therapy3. Feldweg et al4 supported the use of a 12–step
desensitization protocol in patients and demonstrated safety and efficacy for the re–administration of paclitaxel or docetaxel after severe
hypersensitivity reactions. Seventeen patients who previously had severe taxane–related hypersensitivity successfully underwent seventy–seven
planned courses of desensitization and seventy–two were without reactions4. With this evidence, they were able to conclude a 6 to 7–hour
desensitization protocol could be safely used after severe hypersensitivity

Silver Diamine Fluoride: A Case Study
In 2014, the United States welcomed a product called silver diamine fluoride after it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It was
with the help of Dr. Peter Milgrom, DDS., a professor at the University of Washington, who pushed through and got this fluoride approved. It was
cleared as a cavity varnish for patients with hypersensitivity. It became available to dentists in 2015 and the CDT code of D1354 was created in
January of 2016. Prior to this, the dentistry did not have a code to monitor this. Price per bottle of silver diamine fluoride is $129. Each bottle averages
roughly 250 drops, which makes each drop of fluoride 0.52. Since its clearance for hypertension by the FDA, dentists have discovered the fluoride's
antimicrobial effects on dental caries. Silver diamine fluoride now has an off–label use to arrest dental caries while simultaneously preventing dental
caries, and treating dental hypersensitivity. This is similar to that of fluoride varnish, which was created to treat hypersensitivity, but has an off–label
use of preventing decay. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Silver ions have a long history of use in both dentistry and medicine. It was known to treat tetanus before other antibiotics were created. In dentistry,
one documentation of the silver nitrate dates over nine hundred years ago in Japan, where Geisha and married women used silver as a cosmetic to
blacken their teeth for many months. These women were found to have little to no evidence of dental caries. Countries like Japan, Australia, Brazil,
Argentina, Cuba, and China have used this product since the 1980's or

Immunology Exam 6 Chapters 11 And 12 Study Guide Essay
PCB Fall 14 Study guide Chapter 11 1) Which T–cells decline in an HIV patient? What is the significant # of those cells for a transition to AIDs? a.
Massive reduction in CD4 T cells b. Less than 200 CD4 T cells per ul. c. HIV doesn't kill patient but cell mediated immunity is compromised and
patient can die from infection 2) Know gp 120 and 41 and what they do? What is the precursor polypeptide these are created from? a. One
nucleocapsid protein is a protease used to cleave gp41 and gp120 envelope glycoproteins from a larger precursosr protein. b. cleave a large precursor
polyprotein (protein gp160) c. binding and fusion of HIV into target cell takes place by interaction with 2 membrane glycoproteins (GP) i. gp120–
binding ii.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What does it do? What leukocyte(s)/cytokine(s) are involved? a. Superantigens stimulated a massive by ineffective T–cell response b. Toxins that bind
to sites shared by many different TCRs. c. Capable of stimulating an excessive polyclonal response that involves 2–20% of toat# CD4 T cells in
circulation. After proliferation T–cells with bound superantigen die by apoptosis, removing many memory T–cells d. Massive T cells response to
certain pathogen toxins iscalled superantigens e. Toxic shock syndromeпѓ massive cytokine releaseпѓ IL–1, IL–2, TNF–a f. Antigen bridges MHC
class II and TCRs 11) What are Antigenic shift and drift? Which one is worse? What disease state are these associated with? a. Antigenic drift
–
Influenza epidemic i. Evolution of influenza where changes cause mild and limited epidemics ii. Because these changes are small (usually arise from
point mutations) there will still be come cross–reaction with antibodies and T cells produced to the previous variant– provides some level of protection.
b. Antigenic shift i. Pandemic ii. Severe iii. Avian origin creates a very different strain iv. Happens every 10
–50 years, and influenza virus emerges that
is structurally different. v. Occurs most often in farmers close to live stock. Virus arise in pigs that become simultaneously infected with both avian and
human viruses. vi. Recombinant jumps back into human population with big competitive advantage. vii. Recombinant virus mode of

Examples Of Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity in which antibodies are produced by the immune response and binds to antigen in
the host own cell surface. This antigen can be intrinsic (self antigen which is part of host cells) or extrinsic (absorbed to host cells during exposure of
infection).
Type II hypersensitivity is aided by antibodies of IgM or IgG classes, complement, phagocytosis, and natural killer cells. Some of the examples of type
II hypersensitivities are: drug induced hemolytic anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, Goodpasture's syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, Grave's
disease ...etc.
A complement dependent reaction of type II hypersensitivity is an antibody directed against antigen on the cell or

Jillian Lowery Case Study
Jillian Lowery, a 29 year old patient, came in with primary complaints consisting of fatigue, exhaustion, shortness of breath, some nausea, fever,
anxiety, light sensitivity and headaches. After receiving Jillian's history of present illness and family history, it was discovered that her mother, 60,
is currently taking Zoloft for depression and her father, 64, was diagnosed with colorectal cancer four years ago and is currently cancer free. Jillian
is allergic to Ampicillin and does not take any prescriptions, just the occasional OTC ibuprofen for her headaches. The patient reported that her diet is
usually healthy but has been eating out more recently since she is too fatigued to cook and Jillian has an average night sleep of 8–9 hours, but... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Management of SLE often depends on the severity of the disease. One treatment option are nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), usually
taken orally. There are over–the–counter NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, Advil, and aspirin. NSAIDs are used to treat swelling, pain and fever associated
with lupus. They are also an inflammation suppressant. Different people respond better to one certain NSAIDs than another, sometimes a stronger
NSAID is needed and available with a prescription. Jillian has already been taking ibuprofen, either a prescription NSAID would be needed or another
treatment option. Immunosuppressants are also used as a treatment for SLE. Immunosuppressants, taken orally, are drugs that are used to suppress the
immune system, which is helpful in more serious cases of lupus. Immunosuppressants work to suppress SLE symptoms "by interfering with the
synthesis of DNA, the material in your cells that contain the blueprints for all of your genetic information" (Johns Hopkins Lupus Center). It is
important for Jillian to get the right treatment for SLE, the symptoms are interfering with her daily life in a detrimental way. By managing her
symptoms, Jillian will be able to live a normal

Allergic Rhinitis, Bronchial Asthma
Hypersensitivity reactions are classified on the basis of the principal immunologic mechanism that is responsible for tissue injury disease. As such,
immediate hypersensitivity reactions are IgE antibody and mast–cell mediated responses to certain antigens which cause rapid vascular leakage and
mucosal secretions, often followed by inflammation. [1] IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils are essential components of allergic inflammation.
Antigen–specific IgE antibodies are produced in an initial response and bind FcОµRI receptors on mast cells and basophils on subsequent exposures.
This process is central to the initiation and propagation of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Moreover, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils are
also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Abbas, A.K., Basic immunology : functions and disorders of the immune system. 4th ed. ed, ed. A.H. Lichtman and S. Pillai. 2014, Philadelphia, PA.:
Philadelphia, PA. : Elsevier Saunders.
2. Simons, F.E.R., Anaphylaxis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2010. 125(2, Supplement 2): p. S161
–S181.
3. Ring, J., et al., Anaphylaxis. Chem Immunol Allergy, 2014. 100: p. 54
–61.
4. Levy, J.H. and M.C. Castells, Perioperative anaphylaxis and the United States perspective. Anesth Analg, 2011. 113(5): p. 979
–81.
5. Lemanske Jr, R.F. and W.W. Busse,Asthma: Clinical expression and molecular mechanisms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2010.
125(2, Supplement 2): p. S95–S102.
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7. Lee, T.H., Allergy: the unmet need. Clin Med, 2003. 3(4): p. 303–5.
8. Bartle, J. and J. Emberlin, Understanding the main causes of hayfever. Practice Nursing, 2011. 22(5): p. 231–235.
9. Dykewicz, M.S. and D.L. Hamilos, Rhinitis and sinusitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2010. 125(2, Supplement 2): p. S103–S115.
10. Chang, H.J., A.E. Burke, and R.M. Glass, FOod allergies. JAMA, 2010. 303(18): p.

Taking a Look at Hygene Hypothesis
Why did I take this up for detailed study?
I chose to take this up for detailed study as I find it a very relevant topic for my future career. In this world where people believe that everything
should be sanitized and antibacterials are used for everything, from dishwashing soap, to bedsheets, our world is becoming a much cleaner place, with
a great reduction in infections and illnesses. But, is it really beneficial for us to wipe out the microorganisms? I first came across the term "hygiene
hypothesis" in a novel titled Parasite, by Mira Grant. It described a future where autoimmune disorders have become endemic, and people are
dependent upon helminthic therapy to prime their immune system. That topic sparked an interest in me, and upon searching, I found that autoimmune
disorders are much more prevalent in industrialized nations than third world nations, where sanitation is not prioritised as much as developed nations.
It seems that our endeavour to wipe out microorganisms is turning upon us and making our immune system attack our own body. Hence, I decided to
base my Special Study Module on hygiene hypothesis, to better understand the mechanisms behind our immune system and how a cleaner world is not
really such a good thing after all. Review of Literature
First of all, before heading into the topic, I would like to run through basic immunology, as I find it crucial for the understanding of the topic. Here, I
will describe the cells and cytokines involved in a normal

Dermal Filler
Dermal Fillers New Jersey has seen an increased use amongst people as their accessibility and availability increases. Fortunately, dermatologists have
been skilled to provide the required service in this field. Dermal fillers provide immediate correction of scars and wrinkles. It's an effective treatment
with proven results. Non–Invasive procedures are meant for skin rejuvenation that requires lesser recovery time and are less expensive than a
surgery. As the usage of dermal filler New Jersey products have increased, so has the number of filling substances. Traditionally bovine collagen was
used as a filler. In bovine collagen–based fillers, sterilized collagen is used so that contamination and risk of diseases due to cattle can be nullified....
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These replaced the popularity of bovine collagen. Human collagen fillers are a perfect choice for deep wrinkles without any risk of
hypersensitivity. There is also another type of dermal filler called autologous collagen filler and is different from the ones described above.
Injecting this collagen results into deposition of new collagen. The benefit of this technique is that it is autologous in nature which prevents the
occurrence of hypersensitivity. The method for autologous filler requires fat harvesting, processing, and transplanting. One of the most popular
filler used in dermal fillers is hyaluronic acid. It is a polysaccharide found in mammals' dermis. Its results are longer lasting than bovine collagen. In
many places, hyaluronic filler is highly considered compared to others. It's mainly used for filling of scars and wrinkles as well as for lip
augmentation. Hyaluronic acid in diverse concentrations is used for various treatments. There are as well hybrid varieties of fillers that are made by
combining artificial fillers with bovine collagen. This kind of treatment is used to treat deep scars and wrinkles. The products mixed with collagen are
only a medium for injecting; they later degrade leaving a permanent

Type 3 Hypersensitivity
a.Serum sickness: Type III hypersensitivity. For type III hypersensitivity it occurs when antigen and antibody complex exerts a toxic effect. Serum
sickness results due to the injection of foreign proteins. The immune system then recognises the protein in antiserum as an antigen thus attacking it by
producing antibodies. Therefore this results in an immune response. Thus since this is caused by an antigen and antibody complex, it is a type III
hypersensitivity.
b.Graft rejection: Type IV hypersensitivity. Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed hypersensitivity as the reaction takes more than 12 hours. It is
mediated by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells and does not involved antibodies. In graft rejection, the rejection is caused by foreign MHC antigens
as the T cells responds to them by attacking the foreign MHC antigens when they are being recognized. Rejection also only takes place after a few
hours to months and years depending on the type of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contact dermatitis: Type IV hypersensitivity. Contact dermatitis occurs when a substance like soaps, plants etc. comes into contact with the skin. This
causes a red, itchy rash. When the allergen chemical gets absorbed into the skin, an immune response occur. The allergens are recognized by the
antigen presenting cells of the epidermis which are then presented to T cells for proliferation and clonal expansion. Thus resulting in an immune
response. The immune response occurs within 48 hours after exposure. Therefore since contact dermatitis is cell mediated and not antibody mediated it
is a type IV hypersensitivity.
d.Atopy: Type I hypersensitivity. Atopy is caused by allergens which cause the production of IgE to be high to defence against the allergens. The
allergens have the ability to stimulate type I hypersensitivity reaction in all of the sensitized individuals when it is inhaled or ingested. Therefore since
there is a production of IgE and allergens caused the response, it is type I

The Negative Effects Of Cosmetics, Care On Their Skin,...
A cosmetics are products that people use as a makeup , care about their hair , skin, or teeth. Around the world there are countries have in place
administrative standards that assure these products are intact for the users, the environment, and for use by consumers. Everybody around the world
capable to use makeup. There are a huge number of chemicals usable for incorporation into such brands. Cosmetics allergic feedback are very
common. This research examines the negative effects in cosmetics and it will talk about kinds of products that head for cause an allergic .These
contain UV filters, perfume, makeups, hair care brands and nail care brands. people could use cosmetics in many ways that is meant, to be scrubbed,
flow, sprayed on, insert into or otherwise utilized to the people body or any part in for disinfecting, beautifying, increase attractiveness or enhance the
physical look. Cosmetic products working out and increasing annually. Therefore, most people became use them daily, but it has a lot of negative
physical effects. Inclusive within the definition of cosmetics are:
– Moisturisers, sunscreens and skin lightening creams.
– Make–ups such as foundations, eye shadows and lipsticks.
– Nail care products including nail varnishes, paint removers and acrylic nails.
It's necessary to keep in mind that a lots of skin care products contain UV filters, thus people should be careful about the allergens in this group.
negative effects in sunscreen include irritant, phototoxic and photoallergic reactions, and allergic feedback not only because of UV filters but even by
the additives such as fragrances and preservatives. (clive http://maurice.bgsu.edu ) Epidemiology:
Cosmetic brands are used around the world. About 8,000 material are accessible to the cosmetic scientist for integration into makeups. It has been
evaluated that an moderate people uses nine cosmetic products everyday and more than 25 % of women use 15 or more. The exact happens of
cosmetic brand allergy is anonymous. A lot of people notify a smooth reaction to a cosmetic brand but easily quit the annoying product without
following more realization. Studies have displayed that when checked, the rated extent of allergy to a cosmetic or its

Avocado Benefits
Avocado is an extraordinary natural product that positions truly high as far as medical advantages. In any case, numerous are uninformed that the seed
also can enhance well–being on numerous levels. This is because of the way that avocado seeds contain more than 65% of the amino acids found in
this natural product. Furthermore, the seeds pack higher fiber content than most different natural products. Advantages Of AVOCADO SEEDS It's a
capable calming operator that successfully diminishes the indications of joint inflammation. It's likewise helpful for lessening gastro–intestinal
aggravation. It's especially valuable in treatment of looseness of the bowels, and additionally other stomach difficulties. It animates the creation of
collagen

Target Market
TARGET MARKETING– MEANING, BASIS AND ITS NEED
It is not possible for a marketer to have similar strategies for product promotion amongst all individuals. Kids do not get attracted towards products
meant for adults and vice a versa. Every segment has a different need, interest and perception. No two segments can have the same ideologies or
require a similar product.Target Marketing refers to a concept in marketing which helps the marketers to divide the market into small units comprising
of likeminded people. Such segmentation helps the marketers to design specific strategies and techniques to promote a product amongst its target
market. A target market refers to a group of individuals who are inclined towards similar products and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are available in all hypermarkets, supermarkets and pharmacies.
BRAND IMAGE AND IMPLICATION:
The brand is still in the growth stage because the brand awareness and brand penetration is relatively much lower than its major competitors. Currently,
Colgate holds almost 60% of the market share in the toothpaste industry.
ISSUES/PROBLEMS:
– A number of people did not recognize the sensitivity problem they are facing and choose to ignore.
– People may have seen Sensodyne as a specialist toothpaste, for occasional use, only when sensitivity hits.
IDEAS/FACTS:
– To educate consumers on what sensitivity is and how to recognize and treat it.
– To promote Sensodyne Toothpaste to target audience and boost the sales in the market.
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS:
Strengths * Contains no sugar. * Clinically proven active ingredients to help relieve sensitivity within 2 weeks. * Proven carried protection of fluoride.
* The #1 dentist recommended brand for sensitive teeth. * Dentists have been recommending Sensodyne for over 20 years. * A variety of flavors and
choices such as Original, Fresh Impact, Fresh Mint, Cool Gel, Gum Care and Rapid Relief. * Its formula keeps breath feeling fresh for hours

Weakness * Certain shops

Chronic Cough Case Study
Thank you very much for referring Anna along for further investigation of her most recent two–week history of cough in the setting of her two–year
history of chronic cough.
As you are aware over the last two to three years she has noticed that she has an uncontrollable dry cough most days. It is worsened with talking,
sipping cold water and occasionally even cold air. She does not have any regular post–nasal drip or GORD symptoms. It was thought that this was
perhaps representative of asthma. Two years ago she tried some Flutiform without any significant benefit. The symptoms are not associated with any
shortness of breath or wheeze.
Two weeks ago, she had what sounds to be viral upper respiratory tract infection which has caused a profound worsening of her cough. She also
believes with the normal laryngeal cough which she is describing has changed in nature and she is describing a bronchitic type cough, though it is not
productive. Thank you for organising a chest x–ray which did not reveal any significant abnormalities. I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The worsening cough more recently though possibly is from post–nasal drip from an ongoing runny nose and as such I have started her on Nasonex.
Alongside that, given the 10% incidence of asymptomatic GORD worsening laryngeal hypersensitivity, I have started her on Nexium 20mg twice a
day. The very mild expiratory wheeze on the chest was a surprising finding and perhaps does represent underlying asthma. But given that she is on the
road to recovery, I have suggested that she could just trial some Ventolin as required. I will then see her in three to four weeks' time with a formal
mannitol bronchoprovocation test to further determine whether or not she has active asthma and to discuss further referral to the Melbourne Voice
Analysis Centre where they specialise in managing laryngeal

The Effects Of Immune System On The Body
Immunity
MersihaFrlj
Herzing University, Minneapolis MN
The purpose of the immune system is to prevent and minimize infections; this is how the body protects us from microbes that would otherwise make
us ill or kill us (Dugdale, 2013). The immune system works by differentiating between our own cells (self–antigens), foreign cells (antigens), and
pathogenic microbes (Dugdale, 2013). When our cells discover anything unfamiliar, our immune system works to destroy it(Dug dale, 2013). If the
immune system cannot activate to kill foreign cells, we can get infections (Dugdale, 2013). Conversely, if it is activated without any foreign cells
present it can cause pathopysiological problems (Dugdale,2013). This paper will focus on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A serum is an injection of proteins from a non–human source (Hunt, 2014).The immune system can attack the skin, kidneys, lungs, blood vessels,
joints, and other organs (Hunt, 2014). Lastly, Cell–mediated (Type IV) ,or Delayed, Hypersensitivity happens over 48–72 hours and sometimes 21–28
days after exposure (Hunt, 2014). A prime example would be a tuberculin test, where after 48 hours, the lesion can become inflamed and erythematic
(Hunt, 2014).
Immunodeficiency and Affect on the Body WHO recognizes more than 220 immunodeficiency diseases (Specific Disease Type, 2015). These
diseases are also chronic and happen when part of the immune system is defective, missing, or not functioning the way it should ( Specific Disease
Type, 2015). These type of disease can be an antibody deficiency, a cellular immunodeficiency, or an innate immune disorder (Specific Disease Type,
2013). One innate immune disorder is HIV (Pagana, 2015). This is a type of retrovirus that contains a protein and depresses the immune system
(Pagana, 2015). Antibody deficiencies affect the upper respiratory, sinuses, or lungs (Specific Disease Type, 2013).Finally, cellular immunodeficiency
can cause viral, fungal, and bacterial infections in humans (Specific Disease Type, 2013).
Autoimmunity and Affect on the Body When an individual has an autoimmune disorder, their body cannot distinguish between self– antigens

Essay On Race Hypersensitivity
Race Hypersensitivity In the United States of America, the media has become the breeding grounds of extreme hypersensitivity to race. The media
has caused a lot of racial tension in many ways, including spicing up stories that weren't actually racist. Sometimes people spread the wrong facts
through media so the actual story becomes distorted. Sometimes, books will use harsh words to create a long lasting effect on the reader. Authors will
use their choice of words to strike a certain emotion in the reader to create a point, but some readers get so caught up in the word they lose the
meaning. Today's media has created extreme hypersensitivity to race in many ways including distorted stories and distorted understandings. There is a
lot of tension based to ideas about race in the presidential campaign and the reason is because the media has hypersensitized it. Since the media only
focuses on a good story, not a truthful one in most cases, most news networks pick sides between the parties. CNN leans more to the democratic side
based on its amount of liberal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They think they have the right to say things to others that they wouldn't say to their face. In fact, Donald Trump has received many hateful tweets after
he tweeted "sadly, the overwhelming amount of violent crime in our major cities is committed by blacks and hispanics–a tough subject–must be
discussed" (@realDonaldTrump). Hateful comments, like that of @juliadaydrummer, have been tweeted about Trump's comment. @juliadaydrummer
tweeted "Donald u jackass.From the land down under,that'sTHE most racist comment I've heard in a long time.congrats" (@juliadaydrummer).
Trump's comment about violent crimes being committed in major cities mainly by blacks and hispanics is not entirely racist. He is stating the truth;
"the overwhelming majority of black homicide victims (93 percent from 1980 to 2008) were killed by blacks"

Effectiveness Of A Patient Applied 10 % Potassium Nitrate
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Reinhart, T. C., Killoy, W. J., Love, J., Overman, P. R., & Sakumura, J. S. (1990)
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient–applied 10% potassium nitrate glycerine–based gel in decreasing dentinal sensitivity on teeth
with exposed dentin apical to the cementoenamel junction. The patients were divided into 3 treatment groups: group 1 was treated with a
glycerine–based–10% potassium nitrate gel; group 2 was treated with a glycerine gel without potassium nitrate; and group 3 received no gel and no
treatment (control). Following brushing and flossing, groups 1 and 2 applied the gel to the test teeth using custom–made soft acrylic trays, for a period
of 5 min/ day for 4 weeks. Patient responses to cold water stimuli were measured at baseline (week 0), then at I–, 2–, 3– and 4–week intervals. Group 1
patients showed a significant decrease in sensitivity to cold at week 2 only. The group 2 patients showed a significant decrease in sensitivity to cold
after 3 and 4 weeks. A statistically significant decrease in sensitivity was noted between group 2 and group 3 patients at week 3, the most sustained
decrease in sensitivity to cold was found on teeth treated with plain glycerine.
Ide M, Wilson RF, Ashley FP. (2001)
The aim of the study was to investigate the reproducibility of commonly used measurement protocols for dentine hypersensitivity on single or multiple
teeth. In addition, newly developed controlled air and cold fluid stimuli were

An Ideal Desensitizing Agent As A Agent
Gluma desensitizer : In 1935, Grossman addressed the requirements for an ideal desensitizing agent as: rapidly acting with long–term effects,
non–irritating to the pulp, painless and easy to apply without staining the tooth surface. There are many dentin sensitising agents available which
includes oxalates products, calcium phosphate desensitizers; 5% NaF varnish; Glutaraldehyde–HEMA; Gluma,HEMA + other products, NaF; SnF2;
light–cured adhesives; glass–ionomer cements; desensitizing dentifrices; potassium containing products; strontium chloride. They have been shown to
be very effective in providing relief from dentinal sensitivity in many studies but have never been compared to the desensitising dentifrices(Gibson et
al ,2013). The desensitising agents can be used both in house professional application or can be used at home .They can be applied in –office as a
treatment of dentinal sensitivity if any pathologies observed like gingival recession, cervical abrasion, abfraction. It has been claimed by the
manufactures(Heraeus Kulzer International) that Gluma has been useful in the remission of DH almost instantaneously and effectively, without the
hassle of mixing, curing and multiple applications. Many studies have been done ,few are listed below ,to establish this fact. It is successfully used for
the treatment of DH and achieves its effects by precipitation of plasma proteins, which reduces dentinal permeability and occludes the peripheral
dentinal tubules. This inhibits

Toilet Seat Dermatitis Essay
A CASE REPORT OF TOILET SEAT DERMATITIS
ABSTRACT:
Toilet seat dermatitis is a contact dermatitis involving the posterior thighs and the gluteal region resulting from contact with toilet seats. It was
commonly seen with wooden toilet seats. It is more frequently seen on usage of public toilets where harsher cleansers are used. Here we describe a
case of pruritic symmentric erythematous eruption over the posterior thighs and the lower gluteal area in a 5 year old atopic boy.
Key words: Toilet seat dermatitis, contact dermatitis, irritant dermatitis.
INTRODUCTION:
Toilet seat dermatitis was first described in in 1927 by Mackee who stated that it was a form of contact dermatitis occurring on the gluteal area and
thighs coming in contact with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Detergents were used to clean the toilet seats regularly. No toilet seat cover was used.
On examination erythematous scaly excoriated papules were seen over the posterior thighs and the lower gluteal area. These are the areas which come
in contact with the toilet seat. No lesions were seen elsewhere. Systemic examination was normal.
A diagnosis of toilet seat dermatitis was made and the child was treated with topical corticosteroids, emollients and antihistamines. The mother was
advised to avoid harsh cleansers, to clean the toilet bowl and seat every day and to use toilet seat covers or newspapers to avoid direct contact of the
toilet seat with the skin. The lesions resolved completely in two weeks. Figure 1: Erythematous papules and plaques seen over the lower buttocks and
posterior thighs.
DISCUSSION:
Toilet seat dermatitis can be an allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. Previously when wooden toilet seats were used, allergic contact dermatitis was
seen to the varnishes, lacquers [2] or Sudan stain [5] present in the wooden toilet seats. Polyurethane toilet seats have also been reported to cause
allergic contact toilet seat dermatitis due to reaction of isocyanates

Dyspnea Essay
Dyspnea was the commonest symptoms seen in all patients followed by cough and fever. Half of the patients had crackles on examination, and half
were hypoxic at rest. Chest x ray showed some abnormality in 80% of cases. CT of chest is more sensitive and showed ground glass densities in
65% of cases followed by nodules in 53%. Pulmonary functions tests revealed obstruction in one third of cases. Most cases were diagnosed based on
sputum examination. Transbronchial biopsy was able to establish diagnosis 75% of cases. Biopsy showed granuloma in 92% of cases. One third of
patients received Antimycobacterial drugs alone and 16% of patients received steroids alone. The specific dose and duration of steroids is not reported
accurately in literature and hence the optimal regime of steroid therapy is not known. If antimycobacteral treatment is considered, then American
Thoracic Society(ATS) recommends treatment with three drug Azithromycin/Clarithromycin, Ethambutol and Rifampin for 12 to 18 months. While
23% of patients received both treatment, 20% of patients were not given any specific treatment except abstinence from source. Despite of the type of
treatment regime used, clinical response was seen in all patients and 60% patients showed complete resolution. No death due to HTL has been reported
till date. Whether HTL is a true... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was previously healthy and unlikely acquired isolated MAI infection from other causes from atmosphere. Our patient also showed dramatic
improvement with treatment. Our case illustrates the importance of thorough social and occupation history in diagnosing diseases, especially rate
diseases for which effective treatment is

Contact Hypersensitivity
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a classic murine model of allergic contact dermatitis, which is classified as one type of delayed–type hypersensitivity
response. Over the last decade, the important roles of newly identified subsets of immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD4+ T helper 17
(Th17) cells, and Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells (DCs), have been demonstrated. Moreover, the relevance of epidermal Langerhans cells as key
antigen–presenting cells (APCs) in cutaneous immune responses has been called into question. As a result, some key dogmas in the development of
CHS have been challenged. In this review, we integrate recent advances into the classic view of CHS, and discuss the updated mechanisms of its
development, with... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, novel depletion systems of LCs (Langerin–diphtheria toxin receptor [DTR] knock–in mice) have revealed that Langerin+ dDCs, but not
LCs, may play a crucial role in sensitization (Bursch et al., 2007; Kissenpfennig et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2008). We and others have, however, recently
reported that these two populations work in a compensatory manner to initiate sensitization (Honda et al., 2010a; Noordegraaf et al., 2010).
Consistently, Batf3–deficient mice that lack Langerin+ dDCs exhibited a normal CHS phenotype (Edelson et al., 2010), suggesting the compensation of
its function by other

Case Study Hay Fever
What is the possible disease process according to the client's history? Donna's history describe classic symptoms for allergic rhinitis also referred as
hay fever. In allergic rhinitis, repeated exposure to allergens (such as pollens, molds, animal dander, dust mites, and fecal particles) causes
inflammatory cells (mast cells, CD4–positive T cells, B cells, macrophages, and eosinophils) to infiltrate the nasal lining. The inflammatory cells,
mainly the T cell (T helper) release cytokines (such as interleukin (IL), IL–3, IL–4, and IL–5) that stimulate production of specific immunoglobulin E
(IgE) antibodies by plasma cells. The IgE then binds to specific receptors on the surface of mast cells. These cells in turn become activated and they
generate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Allergic rhinitis (AR), occurs in people with a genetic predisposition to developing allergies. Although all people are constantly exposed to
environmental allergens, it is only those patients with the innate ability to become sensitized that develop symptoms. An assessment on Donna's
environment is crucial to determine potential triggers to allergic rhinitis. The environment history should focus on exposure to allergens such as
pollens, furred animals, textile flooring, tobacco smoke, humidity levels at home as well as potential toxic substances exposure at work, school, or
home. More so, Donna should be asked about current medication and drug use that can lead to symptoms of allergic rhinitis. The medications include,
beta blockers, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), angiotensin–converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,
hormone therapy, as well as recreational drugs such as cocaine. In addition, it is important to ask if she has used any over–the–counter medications to
manage her symptoms. Donna should also be asked questions concerning family history of atopic disease, and occurrence of comorbidities such as
mouth breathing, snoring, sleep apnea, asthma, nasal polys, otitis media, conjunctivitis, and other nasal symptoms including frequency and duration of
"colds" episodes (Small, & Kim,

Ringworm Dermatitis
Treatment Ringworm is a self limiting disease in horses and generally animal recovers in 2 to 3 months. Infected hair should be clipped and disposed
properly. Topical application of ointment containing miconazole cures the disease rapidly. 10.7 CULICOIDES HYPERSENSITIVITY Culicoides
hypersensitivity is a chronic, recurrent, seasonal dermatitis of horses and is widely prevalent. It is characterized by intense pruritus resulting in lesions
associated with self–induced trauma (Anderson et al., 1988). It is the type I and type IV hypersensitivity reaction to the bites of midges Culicoides.
Onset of this problem starts between 1 and 4 years of age. It occurs in summer and autumn, which lasts for 9 to 10 months in the country like India.
Pruritis

Dapsone And T-Cell Response Lab Report
Dapsone and T–cell Response
Like most sulphonamides, dapsone can lead to a hypersensitivity reaction that is likely cell mediated (type IV hypersensitivity reaction). T–cells are
indicated because of the time delay from beginning therapy to the time of disease, approximately 4 weeks. The mechanism of T–cell response to
dapsone is unknown and three mechanisms are postulated. According to the hapten model, a small inert molecule could illicit an immune response by
first covalently binding directly to an intra or extra cellular protein. Where the native protein would likely be recognized as "self" and be ignored by the
immune system the protein adduct could stimulate a T–cell response. This is the mechanism of the delayed hypersensitivity reactions ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alternatively, the pro–hapten model asserts that nonreactive molecules can be metabolized intracellularly and the metabolites then bind to host
proteins, modifying them. Again, when presented to the T–cell receptor they are recognized as abnormal and the T–cell becomes activated to illicit an
immune response. This response is seen in reactions with sulfamethoxazole and other drugs (Adam et al, 2011). Finally, in the 'pharmacological
interactions of drugs with immune receptors' concept, or p–I model, an inert molecule interacts directly with the antigen presenting cell at the major
histocompatibility complex. These alterations are sufficient to interact with the T–cell Receptor and induce a response. The p–i model is the most
likely candidate for dapsone as there is a 21 fold increased risk associated with HLA*B13:01, a common MHC in South East Asia and

Case Study Colgate
CASE STUDY: SENSODYNE OVERTAKES COLGATE IN SENSITIVE CATEGORY
INTRODUCTION
The sensitive toothpaste segment accounts for less than 10% of the country 's Rs 5,400–crore toothpaste market at Rs 470 crore, but is growing at 50%
a year.
Oral care giant Colgate Palmolive, which controls about 53% of the country 's toothpaste market, has been selling its Sensitive brand in India since the
last seven years.
India had very low levels of awareness on the condition of tooth sensitivity. Over the past two years, Sensodyne has invested in creating awareness both
through media and through dental detailing which has led to good category growth. GlaxoSmithKline 's Sensodyne has overtaken Colgate Sensitive to
become the top–selling sensitive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also launched Colgate Active Salt with a dash of having salt in its toothpaste.
2. HUL:
It initially came up with Close Up which failed as it was positioned as a mouth freshener. Then it came up with Pepsodent and targeted children through
its "Dhishoom Dhishoom Ad".Through this it targeted both youth segment through Close up and children segment through Pepsodent and has a total
market share of 39%( 13.81% for Pepsodent and Close up having a market share of 26%). 3. Dabur India: It has a market share of 9.5% with its
toothpaste such as Dabur Red, Meswaak, Babool and toothpowders such as Dabur Lal Dantmanjan, Babool 4. GlaxoSmithKline:
It has come up with Sensodyne in Jun,2011 and has a market share of 6% and is expected to grow further giving a tough competition to Colgate. 5.
Future Group:
It has launched products like Sach which derive major market share from its in stores like Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar 6. Other Substitutes: like chewing
gums, glycerine mouthwash and toothpowders
Thus the market share of the three market leaders is primarily being eaten by Sensodyne. Even P& G is coming up with Crest which has been a
huge success in U.S. Companies like Johnson and Johnson, Gleker Pharma,Wrigley India are introducing niche products like chewing gums, mouth

Allergies Research Paper

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