Hiv Epidemiology

Hiv Epidemiology
HIV Epidemiology
HIV Epidemiology
For the epidemiology paper I chose to write about HIV. HIV is growing concern in the community
and too many people are uneducated about the seriousness of this disease. HIV is terminal illness; it
will eventually consume your life at some point. There are treatment options out there but being
compliant with the medication regimen is crucial to the maintenance and management of this
disease.
HIV also known as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus; with HIV the virus replicates and attacks
our immune system causing it to go haywire. With the suppression of our immune systems it puts
people with HIV at a bigger risk for infection and other common illnesses. People with HIV the
common cold can be very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When we are caring for HIV patients in the community we as the nurse need to be able to identify
the mode of transmission of the disease. The agent would be what causes the infection of HIV. HIV
is a virus so therefore the virus itself would be the agent. A virus may have a spiny outside layer,
called the envelope. Viruses have a core of genetic material, but no way to reproduce it on their own.
Viruses infect cells and take over their reproductive machinery to reproduce (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). The host would be the person who became infected with the
disease. These patients have come into contact with someone who was infected with disease already.
This could have been due to cross contamination of blood, sharing needles during drug use,
vaginally delivery of a baby, or it could have even been through a blood transfusion; which is very,
very rare. Environmental factors would include the surroundings or conditions outside of the host
that cause or allow the disease to be spread. This would be any household that participates in the use
of illicit drugs such as heroin. Anyone who is in this type of environment is at risk due to old
needles laying around, actually partaking in the use of the drugs, or sharing needles with other
people. Also an environment that would put someone at risk would be a hospital setting. It is very
possible for nurses especially to accidentally stick themselves
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Hiv And The Prevalence Of Hiv Essay
HIV In Adolescents
Shavon Q Frasier
Delaware Technical and Community College
Abstract
According to the CDC, In the United States the prevalence of HIV in adolescents from age 13–24 is
estimated to account for 22% of all new cases (cdc.gov 2016). Of those cases, the most new cases
occurred among gay and bisexual males. Furthermore young African American and Latino gay and
bisexual males have been affected in higher numbers than any other group. Addressing HIV in our
youth entails multiple avenues to curtail the rising numbers. Including, but not limited to, education,
tools for risk reduction, healthy decisions, effective communication, as well as treatment and care.
How did our nation's youth reach this point? How can change be implemented? The following will
discuss the trends and statistics on the prevalence of HIV in our youth as well as the efforts being
made to decrease the numbers of newly reported cases.
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States among adolescents is a continuing upward trend
despite the emphasis on abstinence. Adolescents continue to participate in risky sexual behaviors.
Youth age 13–24 accounted for more than 1 in 5 new HIV diagnoses in 2014 (cdc.gov 2016). An
estimated 9,731 youth age 13–24 were diagnosed with HIV in 2014 in the United States. Eighty–one
percent (7,868) of diagnoses among youth occurred in persons age 20–24 (cdc.gov 2016). Among
youth ages 13–24 diagnosed with HIV in 2014, 80% (7,828) were

HIV And AIDS
HIV and AIDS are different. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS stands for
acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This disease damages a person's immune system making it
easier to get sick. HIV is transmitted through semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk. HIV
works by attacking the T–cell in the human body. There is no cure for this disease, but early
detection is important for treatment. Once a person is diagnosed with HIV they will always have it.
This is a very devastating disease and it is preventable.
Synopsis of film
I chose to watch the movie And the Band Played On. This movie took a look into the first years of
when they discovered HIV/AIDS. The movie starts out with two doctors over in Africa trying to
contain the Ebola disease before it spread to other parts of the country. They burned the bodies to
prevent the disease from spreading more. As the movie continues it starts case by case of each
patient infected with HIV. The doctors are baffled by the lab values showing that the patients have
no T–cell count. Nevertheless, the CDC starts getting involved because they know that it is
occurring among the homosexual men and the numbers keep rising. They started interviewing
homosexual men and searching gay community places to understand how it was spreading. They
found poppers that could be a possible cause but all the tests that they ran on them came back with
no possible reasoning that it's causing this disease. The doctors began looking into

Hiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids
HIV/AIDS is a virus that has been going around for many years. Most people do not really know
what HIV stands for. HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV attacks the part of your
body that fights disease better known as the immune system. The virus makes the immune system
shut down and stop working. The immune system shutting down is the worst part about HIV not
having any signs or symptoms to notify you of the virus is the worst part. Most people that have
HIV looks health and only knew that had the virus by taking blood tests. There is however some
ways a person cannot get HIVAIDS. A person and not transfer AID/HIV by hugging, kissing, talking
to or touching a person with HIV. A person cannot get the virus by sharing foods, drinks using a
public restroom, swimming together. Some of the ways to reduce HIV and AIDS is by Limiting the
number of sexual partners, getting tested and knowing your partner's HIV status.
Limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce HIVAIDS. It is important to have sex with just
one person. "The more sexual partners you have in your lifetime, the more likely you are to have a
sex partner who has HIV or sexually transmitted disease (STD)" so recommended for people to slow
down on their sexual partners. The fewer partners a person have the less chance they have of getting
the virus. Not having sex is the best way to prevent getting or transmitting HIV. Condoms work
really well in stopping most HIV/AIDS from being passed from an infected

Hiv in Nigeria
The history of HIV and AIDS in Nigeria
The first two HIV cases in Nigeria were identified in 1985 and were reported at an international
AIDS conference in 19866. In 1987 the Nigerian health sector established the National AIDS
Advisory Committee, which was shortly followed by the establishment of the National Expert
Advisory Committee on AIDS (NEACA).
At first the Nigerian government was slow to respond to the increasing rates of HIV transmission7
and it was only in 1991 that the Federal Ministry of Health made their first attempt to assess the
Nigerian HIV/AIDS situation. The results showed that around 1.8 percent of the population of
Nigeria were infected with HIV. Subsequent surveillance reports revealed that during the 1990s the
HIV ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He stated on the day, "A great majority of Nigerians have now come to accept the reality of
AIDS"17. However, the statistics show that the Nigerian government desperately need to scale up
HIV testing rates in order to bring the epidemic under control.
Cultural practices
Women are particularly affected by the epidemic in Nigeria. In 2006 UNAIDS estimated that
women accounted for 61.5 percent of all adults aged 15 and above living with HIV18.
Traditionally, women in Nigeria marry young, although the average age at which they marry varies
between states. A 2007 study revealed that 54 percent of girls from the North West aged between
15–24 were married by age 15, and 81 percent were married by age 1819. The study showed that the
younger married girls lacked knowledge on reproductive health, which included HIV/AIDS. They
also tend to lack the power and education needed to insist upon the use of a condom during sex.
Coupled with the high probability that the husband will be significantly older than the girl and
therefore is more likely to have had more sexual partners in the past, young women are more
vulnerable to HIV infection within marriage.
Poor healthcare system
Over the last two decades, Nigeria's healthcare system has deteriorated as a result of political
instability, corruption and a mismanaged economy. Large parts of the country lack even basic
healthcare provision, making it difficult to establish HIV testing and prevention services

HIV And HIV : Prevention And Prevention Of HIV
Introduction
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a long–term (chronic) viral infection. HIV kills
white blood cells that help to control the body's defense system (immune system) and fight
infection. HIV spreads through semen, pre–seminal fluid, blood, breast milk, rectal fluid, and
vaginal fluid. HIV is commonly spread through sexual contact and sharing needles or syringes,
because these behaviors involve exchanging bodily fluids. Without treatment, HIV can turn into
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), an advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS is a very
serious illness and can be life–threatening.
You have an increased risk of getting HIV if:
You have anal sex.
You are a woman.
You have multiple sexual partners.
You do not consistently use condoms.
How can I protect myself from HIV infection?
To protect yourself from HIV through sexual contact:
Use devices that eliminate the exchange of body fluids between partners (barrier protection) every
time you have sex. Barrier protection can be used during oral, vaginal, or anal sex. Commonly used
barrier methods include:
Male condom.
Female condom.
Dental dam.
If you are at risk, ask your health care provider about taking medicine that can prevent HIV
infection (pre–exposure prophylaxis, PrEP).
Know the HIV status of your partner(s). If your partner is HIV–positive, make sure he or she has an
undetectable viral load on HIV medicines.
Practice monogamy or limit the number of sexual partners you have.
The only

Throughout the history of South Africa, problems regarding the overall well–being of the country
have arisen. One current issue South Africa is currently facing is HIV/AIDS. The disease has been
plaguing South Africa as well as other countries throughout the continent. The initialism HIV stands
for human immunodeficiency virus. This disease attacks and destroys the infection–fighting CD4
cells of the immune system. Loss of these cells makes it difficult for the body to fight infections.
Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. Human
immunodeficiency virus is a multistage disease and AIDS is the most advanced stage. AIDS stands
for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. According to the World Health Report, South Africa's
health system is ranked 175th in the world, making it one of the lowest in the world. With such a
low–quality health system, the disease is easily spreading throughout South Africa quickly. The
epidemic has detrimentally affected South Africa's economy causing low productivity and a reduced
labor supply. This, combined with the need for enhanced medical imports and a reduced exportation
rate, is causing economic instability for the South African government. With all the negative effects
of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, creating a better health system and ensuring healthy citizens must be
a priority. In order to achieve healthy and productive citizens, the government must focus on more
permanent, cost effective, solution to

HIV In Cuba
During the spring of 1981, cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma were reported in
homosexual men in New York and California1. This marked the start of the AIDS epidemic in the
United States as research led to the discovery of HIV as the causative agent 2. Complacency was
rampant as many deemed this the disease of gay men. Over time, HIV proved itself as an equal
opportunity infection targeting all demographics1. Despite declines in new infections since the peak
in the mid 1980s, HIV remains a health concern particularly in low income, minority, and LGBTQ
communities 3.
In 2010, all countries in the Americas committed to eliminating HIV transmission between mother
and child by 2020 4. Three decades after the AIDS epidemic started, ... Show more content on
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The rate of new infections has been relatively stable each year, but 20% of people are unaware they
are infected with HIV 3. This greatly increases the risk of HIV transmission with 50% of new HIV
cases resulting from those who are unaware of their status 13. At risk populations include Latinos,
Blacks, and MSM with 44% of new cases occurring in Blacks and 75% in men 14. With the
establishment of the goals for 2020, the White House released a National HIV/AIDS strategy
focusing on reducing the number of new cases, increasing access and improving outcomes for HIV
positive people, and reducing the disparity in infection 4. The United States healthcare system is
based on reactive medicine and the adoption of Cuba's HIV/AIDS prevention programs would be a
necessary step for addressing the epidemic in our

Essay on HIV
HIV
Like the majority of the American population I have lived in a cloud of ignorance about the HIV and
AIDS crisis. I have never know anyone close to me that has been infected with either of the two
viruses. So when the option to research something to do with sexuality arouse I felt this would
definitely further my education about a lethal killer that is roaming this earth. Since I knew next to
nothing about this topic I will start from the begging of the disease and discuss where it's at now.
The HIV and AIDS disease has been around for awhile although no one has been able to pin point
it's origin. There are many theories floating around the medical world but the most ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is where normal sickness, disease, and other things in the environment are now able to attack
the bodies system. This stage is called the chronic symptomatic disease. A very noticeable symptom
is a thrush, which "is a yeast infection of the mouth..."(Kelly 532). Also at this stage
there can be infections of the skin and also feelings of fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, etc.
The actual period of the HIV virus really varies from person to person.
Normally with in a year or two the serve stages of HIV set in. At this point in the victims life it is
said they have progressed into the Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome(AIDS). This status is established when one or more of diseases have
accumulated in the effected victims system. Many victims often have lesions appear on their skin or
they begin to acquire a pneumocystic pneumonia. The final stage of the virus attacks the nervous
system, "damaging the brain and the spinal cord."(Kelly 532). This can lead to a number
of problems in the body: blindness, depression, loss of body control, loss of memory. This can often
last for months before the victim finally passes away.
Once the HIV virus enters the body it infects the "T" cell the protectors of the immune
system. Once they have attached to the T cell the HIV molecule sheds it's outer coating and then
releases the

Hiv And The Hiv Epidemic
The AIDS epidemic, from its beginning, has elicited a variety of responses from individuals and
governments alike. Because the disease was originally shrouded in such mystery, many did not
know how to react, which fostered a default fear of the unknown response. This attitude lead to
many governments adopting a denialist policy, countless individuals living and eventually dying
alone due to an unwillingness to report their illness for fear of consequence or prejudice, and this
allowed the HIV virus flourish. Several countries responded efficiently and effectively to the
presence of the HIV virus in their midst, while other countries maintained an attitude of ignorance.
The latter position contributed to a huge expanse of the HIV epidemic ... Show more content on
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Since this original effort, the Brazilian government has adopted several policies that have greatly
advanced the treatment of HIV–positive citizens, reduced stigmatization, and guaranteed funding
and access to medication to all those in need. The Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) established
the Brazilian National AIDS Program (NAP) in 1986 with a focus on prevention, universal care and
treatment, and the protection of human rights. Civilian societies continue to be actively involved in
advocating for their individual rights as citizens and toward the advancement of Brazilian society as
a whole.
In the past seven years, mortality rates due to AIDS in Brazil have fallen by 50 percent. The Sistema
Único de Saude (SUS), established in 1990, is Brazil's nationwide healthcare policy, which 80
percent of the citizens depend on for healthcare. SUS provides completely free healthcare to all
Brazilian citizens and foreigners. Its four founding principles are: universal access, integral care,
social control, and public funding. The social control aspect of SUS allows citizens to collaborate
with members of all governmental levels: at local, state, and national stages, and participate in
Public Health Counsels. Over 120,000 people across Brazil serve on these counsels, creating a much
different environment toward HIV/AIDS in Brazil than much of

Prevention Of HIV : HIV Prevention Plan For HIV
LGBTQ HIV Prevention Plan
Illness and disease are two components that have a universal impact on all of mankind regardless of
age, gender, race, and culture. HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and is a
disease that anyone is susceptible to anyone despite the stigmas heavily portrayed through media.
Many different cultures are impacted through HIV and one of these is the LGBTQ community.
Within the gay community and culture, HIV prevalent and more common.
This was a result of sexual interaction between two men. Due to little or no protection it was more
likely that those people would become infected. However, it wasn't until the 1920s that HIV become
more serious. Since there were no symptoms, people were unable to tell how or if they got infected
(History of HIV, 2017). Afterwards, during the late 1970s, the virus spread to over five continents. It
wasn't around the 1980s when cases that involved healthy gay men, were becoming more frequent
and reporting that they had become ill. There was a suggestion that said "the cause of the immune
deficiency was sexual and the syndrome was initially called gay–related immune deficiency"
(History of HIV, 2017, para.7). With over 7,000 cases of AIDS and 3,000 deaths related to AIDS,
fear overtook San Francisco in 1984 as they closed bathhouses and sex clubs hoping it could prevent
more people from being infected with AIDS. In spite of this, recently there has been a 44% decline
of men infected with HIV due to

African Americans With Hiv ( Hiv )
African Americans with HIV
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is viral infection that weakens the immune system of the
body and eventually causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) the last stage of the
disease where a person can die. The virus has plagued the African American communities and
continues to disproportionately impact the black race more than any other racial or ethnical group.
The brunt of the impact of HIV has taken over the African American population due to complex set
of social, individual and environmental factors. The spread of the disease is the number one cause of
death in African Americans, both male and female. It is alarming and at the same time devastating
for the African people throughout the world not able to organize and work together to combat the
reality of HIV that is invading the black communities. With this alarming epidemic, this paper will
identify the internal and external risk factors or challenges affecting the prevention/intervention that
has been developed for the African Americans with HIV.
African Americans make up 12% of the United States population. Yet, as a group, they are 50%
living with HIV. They are the number one group that are affected by this life taking disease and the
number one cause of death for HIV/AIDS. Blacks have the most severe burden in disparity to other
racial or ethnic groups. According to the author, a study in 2006, 45 percent of new HIV infection
were found in Blacks. For women, Black women, the

Hiv And Aids : A Victim Of Hiv / Aids
Benoite is a victim of HIV/AIDS disease who experienced first hand, with her partner, the
devastating effects of HIV/AIDS. She grew deathly sick, worrying about her own health and the
health of her babies that she might have infected. Benoite realized that by her impulsive actions, she
put the lives of her children and husband in danger, because she didn't know just how common HIV
was. Most people are aware of the disease known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome, also known as HIV and AIDS. It is caused by a very deadly parasite
that can destroy someone's life and the lives of their families, so everyone needs to be cautious and
be aware of the causes in order to protect themselves. HIV/ AIDS is a very ... Show more content on
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If an infected person uses a needle to take drugs and that same needle gets used by another person,
that person becomes at risk of catching HIV too. On average, one in ten new HIV infections is
caused by the sharing of needles. It is estimated that there are 12 million people who inject drugs
worldwide, and around 1.6 million (one in seven) are thought to be living with HIV ('People Who
Inject Drugs, HIV and AIDS' on December 16, 2016). The last possible cause of HIV/AIDS is
during pregnancy or delivery or through breast–feeding. If the mother has HIV or AIDS and is
pregnant, it puts the baby at risk of catching the disease too. There is a 15–45% chance of passing
HIV to their baby if the mother doesn't take HIV treatment. So if one is a parent, it is very important
to check their health for their own safety and their children 's too.
There are some signs that can indicate that the HIV virus is developing in the body, (according to
www.aids.gov on 12/31/2015). The early symptoms of HIV could be fever, muscle aches, sore
throat, fatigue, swollen mouth sores and inconsistent variation of temperatures like chills or night
sweats. However as HIV progresses into AIDS the symptoms could get worse such as rapid weight
loss, recurring fever, extreme tiredness and swelling, diarrhea that lasts for more than a week,
pneumonia (lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection), loss of memory, depression,
or other neurologic disorders. Many people

HIV/AIDS What is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)? AIDS is the disease that an
individual with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) has a chance of getting when their immune
system becomes so damaged, opening up the body to many different illnesses. According to medical
research not everyone who has HIV will in fact be advance to the final stage of the disease,
especially when caught and treated early on. For someone to be diagnosed with AIDS typically they
would have contracted an infection or cancer from their immune system being too weak to fight the
infection away, and in most cases their CD4 cells (T–cells) count would be under 200, the normal
amount being between 500 and 1,600. A lot of people may wonder where did the HIV disease
initially come from, and how did it spread? The answer is simply from chimpanzees in Central
Africa, their version being called Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). When humans needed to
hunt these animals for food as far back as the 1800's, it is believed that is when they contracted the
virus and it transformed into the human version known as HIV, slowly working its way from Africa
to the United States in the 1970's (AIDS.gov, 2015). Once a person contracts HIV it starts to attack
the CD4 positive lymphocytes which are part of our immune system that helps to fight off infection.
The virus being so strong it has the power to turn healthy cells into unhealthy ones, eventually
taking over the body's defense against illnesses. HIV has

HIV Testing
Fatality, death, or stigma is just a few words that come to mind when people think of HIV. HIV
testing should be mandatory in our society. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a serious,
incurable disease that attacks the immune system. HIV is spread through innumerable ways, such as
blood, breast milk, having unprotected intercourse, or sharing needles. If people do not get treated
for HIV, over time the disease progresses until the immune system is too inadequate to defend
against life–threatening infections and cancers. Once this starts to happen, the person now has
AIDS, which is the last and the worst state of the HIV infection. According to AIDS.gov, more than
1.2 million United States citizens are living with HIV and half are diagnosed ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people may feel that getting tested for HIV is a violation of their privacy and rights.
According to, HIV/AIDS Tests (www.hrw.org) human rights are inextricably linked to the spread
and impact of HIV on individuals and communities around the world. Some people are more
vulnerable to contracting HIV because they are unable to realize their civil, political, and social
rights. For instance, individuals who are denied the right to freedom of association and access to
information can be prohibited from important issues, such as HIV, and taking preventative measures
to protect themselves from the fatal HIV virus. Additionally, the rights of infected HIV people are
also violated because of their HIV status, making them suffer not only from the virus but from the
loss of their rights. Even though getting tested for HIV may violate individual's rights, not knowing
about the virus can be very deadly and people's lives are far more important than a person possibly
feeling discrimination. It is impossible to stop the spread of the HIV infection if people are unaware
they have it. These infected people can unintentionally infect their loved ones, including children,
therefore it is safer to get tested for

Correlation Between Hiv And The Prevalence Of Hiv
verify exchangeability.
In the fourth study, based in Andhra Pradesh, India, Schneider et al. (2011) examined the association
of circumcision with the prevalence of HIV in men who have sex with men (MSM). The cross–
sectional study sampled 387 Indian men from six drop–in health centers, who were between the ages
of 18–49. Men were selected from the drop–in centers, interviewed, given written informed consent
and were then tested for HIV. Of the men tested for HIV, 18.6% were positive. Interviews were
completed in order to get information about risk factors that could be associated with the prevalence
of HIV in this population, which was quite high. Of men selected for the study 63.1% were
circumcised and 36.9% were uncircumcised ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the final study, Kibira, Nansubuga, Tumwesigye, Atuyambe, & Makumbi (2014) explored the
relation of HIV prevalence and risky sexual behaviors among circumcised and uncircumcised men
in Uganda. In the study design, 9,524 male participants aged 15–59 years old were studied from data
from the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey. This national survey was divided into a two–stage stratum
cluster sampling that involved selecting households for interview (Kibira et al., 2014). During the
interview of each household, blood samples were collected for HIV status, circumcision status, and
interview questions that addressed risky sexual behaviors including: unprotected sex, numbers of
partners, and transactional sex (Kibira et al., 2014).
Based on the result, there's a direct correlation of circumcised males with lower HIV prevalence
among all age groups. HIV prevalence was 35–37% lower in the circumcised men, after controlling
for several variables (Kibira et al., 2014). The study showed risky sexual behaviors are also
important factors affecting the HIV prevalence on both circumcised and uncircumcised men. The
riskiest behavior practice in all men was unprotected sex, followed by multiple sexual partners, and
transactional sex. The practice of risky sexual behavior was found to be significantly higher in
circumcised men than in uncircumcised men. The research showed that although HIV prevalence
has shown to be significantly lower in circumcised

HIV / AIDS
In 2014, HIV/AIDS was reported as the second leading cause of death among adolescents globally,
after road injury (WHO, 2014) .It is estimated that the number of HIV related deaths is rising among
the adolescents predominantly in the African region, at a time when HIV–related deaths are
decreasing in other population groups (WHO, 2014). HIV–infected adolescents largely belong to
two distinct groups; those who acquired HIV through mother to child transmission, and those who
acquired HIV during their teens mostly through sexual transmission. Long–term HIV–infected
adolescent survivors who acquired HIV perinatally or in infancy are usually heavily ART
experienced and may have a clinical course that is different from that of adolescents ... Show more
The steady scale up and improvement of services in prevention of mother–to–child transmission
(PMTCT) of HIV has reduced the annual number of new infections among children globally by 66%
since 2010 (Ref). The eastern southern Africa region PMTCT coverage in 2015 was 90% compared
to 61% in 2010 (UNAIDS, 2016b). By June 2016, 18.2 million people living with HIV were
accessing antiretroviral therapy, up from 15.8 million in June 2015(Ref). In East and Southern
Africa, 10.3 million PLHIV were accessing ART which accounts for 54% of PLHIV in the region
(UNAIDS, 2016d).
2.3 HIV burden in Kenya
Kenya is one of the four HIV 'high burden' countries in Africa, with about 1.5 million PLHIV at the
end of 2015(Ref).The country has an estimated 71,034 new HIV infections among adults and about
6,613 new infections among children aged < 2 years annually (Ref). The epidemic is geographically
diverse, with 10 out of 47 Counties accounting for 65% prevalence (MoH–Kenya, HIV Estimates
2014).
The high burden of HIV/AIDS in Kenya accounts for an estimated 29 % annual adult deaths, 20%
of maternal mortality and 15 % of deaths among children under the age of five (MoH–Kenya, HIV
Estimates 2015). Kenya has the second largest HIV treatment programme in Africa after South
Africa, with over 900,000 PLHIV enrolled on treatment by 2015. (UNAIDS, 2016c). This includes
826,000 adults and 71,500 children. The Fast track 90–90–90 targets, launched by the Joint United

HIV : Causes And Treatment Of HIV And AIDS
The human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is the virus that leads to AIDS if left untreated. There
is no cure for HIV, but treatment for management is available. Scientists believe that HIV came in
contact with humans as early as the late 1800s by chimpanzees located in Central Africa. The
chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus is known as the simian immunodeficiency virus,
or SIV, which likely mutated to HIV during times that humans of the region hunted chimpanzees for
meat. By the end of 2015, there was an estimated 36.7 million people internationally (including
children) infected with HIV or AIDS. There are several causes for infection of HIV that include
contact with blood (usually by needle pokes or sharing), vaginal fluid, semen, and even breast milk.
People with high risk behaviors like drug use or anal sexual activity are at a greater danger of
getting infected by HIV.
There are three stages of HIV. Stage I of HIV is referred to as the "acute HIV infection" where the
infected individual may experience influenza like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, night sweats,
fatigue, mouth sores, thrush, or swollen lymph nodes. The second stage is referred to as the "clinical
latency", "asymptomatic HIV infection", or "chronic HIV infection". During this clinical latency,
HIV infected individuals may not experience any symptoms at all, so therefore may believe they are
perfectly healthy. The clinical latency allows HIV to produce at lower levels, yet individuals remain
contagious. With everyday treatment, clinical latency may last 10 years and up to 20. However,
some individuals do experience symptoms much sooner than that, especially if not treated everyday
like it is highly encouraged by medical professionals.
HIV–1 unique trespassing method and integration in the host cells makes the virus a rigorous
parasite for the immune system to detect and defend its self from the virus. By understanding the life
cycle of the virus, we can understand its success rate of reproduction under millions of regulatory
immune cells. After been introduced into the host body, by sexual transmission or breaking of the
skin, we can begin to follow the beginning stages of HIV, which would lead to AIDS without proper

Hiv Is A Disease?
Introduction
HIV is a disease which eventually kills ones immune system, and as time progresses it leads to
AIDS. When the HIV enters a human, it attaches itself to a CD4 receptor and continues to enter the
T–Cell. It then reprograms the cell to produce more HIV using the enzyme, reverse transcriptase.
The HIV then leaves the host cell, but kills it before it leaves. Then, the HIV cells attach their selves
to new T cells, and infect those as well. After about 12 weeks, the HIV antibodies appear in the
humans blood stream. The disease starts off with a fever, sweats, headache, sore throats and
enlarged lymph nodes. Once the CD4 cell count decreases to 200 um, AIDS gets developed and the
low T count cell lowers ones immune system. Then, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is also a large amount of gender inequity level. Due to how sexuality is viewed in Africa,
there tends to be a stigma against homosexual males, and a lack of knowledge causes there to be a
higher level of HIV/AIDS. However, women are biologically more susceptible to get AIDS, which
is also an inequity. Poverty affects the level of HIV/AIDS in Africa, as they do not have as much
knowledge on the topic, and do not have the proper combatting techniques in store to combat the
fight against AIDS. Gender inequities, socioeconomic status and poverty all contribute to the levels
of HIV/AIDS in continental Africa.
Gender inequalities; Male
In terms of gender inequalities, In Namibia, it is believed that men who have sex with other men are
more at risk for HIV/AIDS (Lorway.436). Which is not entirely true, as women are more
biologically prone to get HIV/AIDS. Although they claim that men who are sexually active with
other males are more prone to become infected, the prisons in Namibia are prohibited from giving
males condoms, (Lorway. 436). This is an inequity as condoms should be provided as those can help
in the spread of HIV/AIDS. Many of the males who are infected with HIV/AIDS, got it from
working in the sex industry, "He would sometimes let German men take him without a condom
because they usually offered more money for it." (Lorway. 443). Due to their financial situations,
they turn to the sex industry to bring some sort of an income, which causes them to forget the

Hiv And Its Effects On Hiv Essay
As much as there are good happenings in life, there are bad happenings as well. Overtime there have
been new diseases and viruses that strike us unexpectedly and for the worst. One of the many
epidemic viruses that shook our world was the virus known as HIV. When the virus HIV first hit the
globe it was horrifying and everyone around the world was petrified for his or her life. For instance,
folks believed it would be another plaque sequence where many people died like the drop of a dime.
In fact, the virus was fatal in certain areas such as San Francisco and most common amongst
homosexual males. Men were living with no hope for the future and had to plan to live their lives in
the moment. However, all the doubts and unfaithful thinking stopped when a major break through
and advancement was developed for HIV. For years the medical field did not know how to help
people infected with the virus but after research and experiments were conducted they found their
first advancement against HIV. The advancement is best known as protease inhibitors, specifically
Ritonavir. Although this was not a cure, the protease inhibitor Ritonavir was an advancement that
prolonged people's lives. With this advancement folks could look towards and plan for the future
since there was a better chance of them living longer with this kind of treatment opportunity. With
that being said, there was a lot of information that had to be researched and studied in order to
transpire this advancement. This

Hiv Epidemic : Hiv And Hiv
Since its identification approximately two decades ago, HIV has increasingly spread globally,
surpassing expectations (1). The number of people living with HIV worldwide is estimated to be 36
million, with 20 million people having died from the disease, giving a total number of 56 million
being infected (1). In 2000 alone, 5.3 million people were infected with HIV and there is potential
for further spread. HIV infection rates vary all over the world with the highest rates in Sub–Saharan
Africa (1). Responding to this epidemic has been a challenge as infection rates have increased
worldwide despite tremendous public health efforts by nations (1). The identification of potential
interventions to reduce the magnitude of the problem has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Depending on the source the definition varies to some extent but here it is defined as "social
networks, the reciprocities that arise from them and the value of these for achieving (mutual) goals"
(3). Given this definition, social capital can be further subdivided into structural and cognitive social
capital (3). Structural social capital refers to the forms and ways that social organizations and
networks cooperate and interact with each other. Cognitive social capital on the other hand, has to
do with the norms, values, attitudes and beliefs that come about from the interactions of
communities through social organizations and networks (3). Building upon these concepts, it is
through the involvement with these social networks that peoples' health is influenced, specifically
sexually related behaviors (3).
Research on the effect of social capital on HIV infections is a relatively new area and still in its
infancy. Being as such, there are few studies that have looked at this relationship and the data is
scant. Much of what is known about the effect of social capital on HIV infection rates stems from
studies conducted in developing countries, particularly in Africa (3). There have been several studies
that have found a direct relationship between access to social capital, both cognitive and structural,
and positive individual health (3). In a cross–sectional study with 3,586 participants done

What Is HIV
HIV
What is HIV/AIDS?
HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency Virus. This virus weakens a person 's ability to fight
infections. During HIV infection, the virus attacks and destroys the infection–fighting CD4 cells, a
type white blood cell. The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult to fight infections, and so, one would
be most susceptible to any and every illness. A person with the loss of 200 and more CD4 cells is
said to have the more advanced stage of the HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or
AIDS. This is the stage at which all of a person's ability to fight infections is lost.
Having HIV does not always mean that you have AIDS. It can take many years for people with the
virus to develop AIDS. HIV and AIDS cannot be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Talk with your sex partner or partners about their sexual history as well as your own sexual history.
Find out whether your partner has a history of behaviours that increase his or her risk for HIV.
Alcohol and drugs
With the use of alcohol or drugs, be very careful. Being under the influence can make one careless
about practicing safer sex.
Never share intravenous (IV) needles, syringes, cookers, cotton, cocaine spoons, or eyedroppers
with others if you use drugs.
If someone already has HIV
If you are infected with HIV, you can greatly lower the risk of spreading the infection to your sex
partner by starting treatment when your immune system is still healthy.
Experts recommend starting treatment as soon as you know you are infected.
Tell your sex partner or partners about your behaviour and whether you are HIV–positive.
Follow safer sex practices, such as using condoms.
Do not donate blood, plasma, semen, body organs, or body tissues.
Do not share personal items, such as toothbrushes, razors, or sex toys that may be contaminated with
blood, semen, or vaginal fluids.
If you are pregnant
The risk of a woman spreading HIV to her baby can be greatly reduced if she is on medicine that
reduces the amount of virus in her blood to undetectable levels during pregnancy.
Continues treatment during pregnancy.
Does not breast–feed her baby.
The baby should also receive

The Epidemic Of Hiv And Hiv
The first cases of AIDS that were reported in the United States began in the early 1980s. Today,
more than 1.1 million people are living with HIV. In response to this HIV epidemic, at least 35 states
have implemented HIV–specific criminal laws that penalize HIV–positive people for exposing
others to the virus. These laws impose criminal penalties to HIV positive people that knowingly and
potentially expose others to the virus. The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency
Act, also known as the CARE Act, provides states with funds for AIDS treatment and care. In 1990,
the CARE Act required every state to certify that its "criminal laws were adequate to prosecute any
HIV–infected individual who knowingly exposed another person to HIV." Criminal laws regarding
potential HIV exposure vary largely from state to state. Some federal legislation addresses the
criminal penalties for intentional exposure such as through blood donation. CDC and Department of
Justice researches found that, " by 2011, a total of 67 laws explicitly focused on persons living with
HIV had been enacted in 33 states... In 24 states, laws require persons who are aware that they have
HIV disclose their status to sexual partners and 14 states require disclosure to needle–sharing
partners." The criminal laws vary as to what behaviors are criminalized or result in additional
penalties. The criminal statutes regarding intentional exposure to AIDS for Louisiana, Mississippi,
Arkansas, Alabama ,Georgia, and

Hiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids Essay
Women with drug addictions has conclusively linked with HIV/ AIDS since this epidemic has
started. HIV is the acronym for human immunodeficiency virus and it causes the immune system to
become weak. As a result, this causes the body to be terrible at protecting itself against diseases and
other viruses. HIV causes damage by harming the immune cells in the body. The immune cells it
affects are called CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, which are vital for fighting infections in the body.
HIV metamorphose the CD4+T cells into little factories that cause the production of more of the
virus to destroy other healthy cells, which eventually destroys the CD4+ T cells. When a person has
less than 200 in cell count, the patient diagnosed with the disease AIDS. HIV/AIDS and its link to
drugs is involved when risky behaviors are involved when transmitting or contracting the deadly
disease. Since AIDS is not cure–able, prevention of transmission can be avoided is very important to
understand in sexual education. Some treatments and therapies are given to drug abusers, which aid
these goals of sexual education. The immune system weakens when the T cells are lost and as a
result, a person becomes more subject to infections and common illnesses, to help slow this process
down, special medicine is distributed to the person infected with the virus. Some medicines and
remedies are given to HIV patients to help lower the risk of transmission and advancement of the
disease. In addition, it helps

Hiv Essay
a. The evidence it's a new strain of DNA is that her viral load was not able to be quantified using
group M specific assay or even a generic HIV test. Researchers thought the woman had type O
because that would make the most logical sense given that she is from Cameroon, but when they
used group O specific primers, they didn't see any amplification. They were finally able to prove
that this was a totally new strain of HIV when they performed a nonspecific RT–PCR which was
able to amplify and viral load. Because the PCR was non–specific, meaning it had no primers
specific to a type of HIV, the sequence was able to be amplified and then sequenced which gave rise
to the RBF168 strain.
2. How is HIV transmitted? How is it thought that this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It makes logical sense that a primate passed on SIV to a human because in Africa, where HIV
originated, humans lived in very close contact with primates. Monkey could have scrated a human,
and the human could have developed HIV, and then passed it on to other people.
4. Do you think that there is sufficient evidence to believe that this new strain is a minor variant with
low overall impact on the human population? Why or why not?
a. I have mixed feelings. Part of me feels as though yes, there is evidence that the new strain has a
very low impact on the human population. This is because the new strain is very rare since it was
detected in only one individual. HIV is a virus that evolves so quickly and there is probably a lot
more "rare" strains that we don't even know about. In order for a strain to be prevalent, it needs to be
found in a lot of people, like groups M, N, and O. And that simply is not the case with this new
found strain.
b. But then the other part of me believes that all the HIV tests we have today are geared only for the
types of HIV we know to exist. The tests can't test for new strains, which makes me think that there
are so many strains of HIV circulating around that we have no idea exist and they have potentially to
spread. And although not dominant now, they have the potential to become dominant and prevalent
if treatment for these new strains is not created, and therefore have they will have an impact on

Hiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids
Josh Wang
Global Health AI
Global Fund Project Assignment #7
Country: Uganda
Disease: HIV/AIDS
1.) Provide a brief introduction to your overall plan and strategy for this proposal.
Uganda used to be one of the most prevalent cases of HIV with around 18.5% being infected in
1992 to its lowest rate of 6.4% in 2005 . Even though the HIV rate is increasing at certain rates
amongst adults Uganda has done a good job of keeping the HIV prevalence at a generalized rate.
This stems from Uganda recovering from numerous political strife and a civil war which left many
orphaned and dead. Now that Uganda is regaining its political stability, it has turned its attention to
the HIV problem in the country with the president of Uganda creating a commitment program
designed to combat HIV, noting its deadliness. Through government and international organizations
efforts, the prevalence of HIV total has only lead up to 7.4% of the total population. This results in
around 1.4 million Ugandan's infected with HIV/AIDs with around 190,000 children being infected
as well . But although most Ugandan's have equal access to HIV testing and counselling there are a
certain most–at–risk population group that has a high prevalence of HIV. They are the sex industry
and homosexuals. Through the resources of the Global Fund, this proposal aims to answer that
question of why HIV is so prevalent amongst sex workers and homosexuals by looking at the recent
spread of the HIV/AIDs virus and to go further and

Hiv/Aids
Over the years, HIV and AIDS has been a growing epidemic. More and more people are being
diagnosed with these life–threatening viruses. HIV, which stands for human immunodeficiency
virus, is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. In other words, it interferes with the body's
ability to fight the organisms that cause disease ("HIV/AIDS," 2014). AIDS, which stands for
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is the last stage of HIV infection. Like in the name, AIDS is
acquired; meaning it is not inherited, but is something obtained. People with HIV usually get AIDS
in the last stage of the infection (2014). Many people with both of these viruses cannot live a healthy
life due to their weak immune system, thus leading to death. This is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Obviously, both of those myths are false because in order to transmit the disease, there has to be an
exchange of body fluids. The body fluids that can spread HIV are blood, semen, pre–seminal fluid,
rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and possibly breast milk (2014). In order to get infected, the fluids must
come in "contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into the
bloodstream" (2015). These types of body fluid exchange can be in the form of unprotected sex or
the sharing of needles and syringes. Once a person is transmitted, there are a lot of changes within
the body that takes place. At the beginning, some symptoms will be visible; such as fever, swollen
glands, rash, sore throat, and muscle pains. This stage of HIV is called the "early stage" (2013). The
second stage is called the "clinical latency stage". The clinical latency stage is when the virus is
developing, but shows no signs or symptoms (2013). People who are in this stage and know they are
positive for HIV can undergo treatment. This treatment is called antiretroviral therapy, or ART for
short. This type of therapy uses a combination of different medications to keep the virus from
multiplying and growing. ART does not eliminate or kill the virus, it just suppresses it to help you
live longer and lower the risk of illnesses and transmissions (2013). If an individual does not take
the medications, the virus will continue to weaken

HIV In Prisons
In the US prison system an estimated 1 in 7 HIV infected individuals pass through correctional
faculties each year without being identified as having HIV (Beckwith et al. 183). In prison, out of
2.2 million people incarcerated, 1.5% have HIV or AIDS (21,987 people) (Lovinger 1). This number
is four times the HIV prevalence rate in the non–institutionalized population. If an inmate is released
back into his or her community with an untreated HIV virus it puts the community at risk and
themselves in greater danger. The inequity exists in this situation because HIV positive incarcerated
individuals are receiving worse and delayed care in prison compared to out of prison. My research
question being, to what extent does the quality and access of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A way to stop this would be to continue to promote programs like Project START, which focuses on
educating HIV infected individuals released from prison, into better communities. By imposing this
on a national and community level scale you will be able to account for people who may have not
received quality care in prison. We are doing some of this right as we have programs that help with
this like the Returning Home Ohio program, which accepts HIV positive individuals form Cuyahoga
County released from jail. To continue to impose these and to get prisons to take advantage of the
many HIV centers in their community would help efficiently fight the HIV crisis in prison. A way to
fund these would be to get volunteers to help run these programs and try to get donations. A way to
know this is working would be to survey the amount of HIV ex–convicts joining these

Hiv Aids And Hiv And Aids
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Avert). It is virus that attacks the immune system,
our body's defense against disease (Avert). Individuals who become infected with HIV will find it
harder to fight infections (Avert). HIV is located in semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breast
milk (HIV and Aids). The most common method to become infected is through anal or vaginal sex
without a condom (HIV and Aids). Other forms of contraction include using infected needles/
syringes, from mother to child during pregnancy, or breastfeeding (HIV and Aids). If left untreated,
AIDS can evolve, this is when a person's immune system becomes too weak to fight infection and
can no longer defend itself (What is AIDS). Despite there not being a cure, an early diagnosis and
effective treatment can enable people to live a normal, healthy life (HIV and Aids). This paper will
focus on the HIV epidemic. It will compare and contrast HIV in the United States and in Kenya. The
paper will review the specific populations affected, testing and counseling centers, funding and
economic impact, and prevention programs each country is executing.
The HIV epidemic affects specific populations more than others (Avert). The following statistics
show the percentages of new HIV infections in the United States, in the year 2013, unless otherwise
noted (Avert). Men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for 68% of infections (Avert).
Black/African Americans accounted for 46% of infections (Avert).

Hiv Crisis
ABSTRACT
People who discover that they are HIV Positive are likely to be at higher risk for experiencing a
personal crisis. The crisis onset begins the moment the results are in and it is determined that the
person is HIV Positive. The flood of sudden emotions caused by the traumatic event contributes to
the beginning of a personal crisis. Becoming identified as a person living with HIV can also lead to
further issues it is believed that people with HIV experience three types of crisis states. The first
crisis state is a situational crisis involving the initial reaction to being diagnosed with HIV. Secondly,
the developmental crisis in which a person is forced to face the possibility of being ill and death.
The last crisis stage is a social crisis involving discrimination, isolation, and stigmas. These social
crisis issues can lead to feelings of loneliness, despair, and even lead to suicide. It is important as a
Human Service Professional to be educated on how to deal with people who are ... Show more
Statistics state, "In 2008 alone, at the peak of the AIDS funding era, and estimated US$14 billion
was spent on HIV/AIDS worldwide, funding HIV prevention, care and treatment programs"(
Beckmann, 2013). The issue of HIV and AIDS as a crisis has helped to implement intervention
programs and help support notions to promote self care and responsibility. It is very important that
Human Services Professionals are educated in using crisis intervention to make a difference in the
lives of people that are living with HIV and AIDS. When using crisis intervention in the Human
Services profession it can help people in so many ways to feel safe, gain acceptance, and grow.
Crisis intervention can help those living with HIV by providing emotional and psychological growth
by helping people with coping skills, manage stress and

Hiv And The Treatment Of Hiv
Intro: There have been 30 drugs approved to treat Hiv, but currently there are no cures for this virus.
The treatment for Hiv can help people live with the virus while taking care of your physical, mental
health, and overall well being. Starting treatment as soon as possible it can help your health
circumstances and strengthen your immune system. Getting tested for HIV is very important to
decrease the spread of the virus and save many lives.
Getting tested to know your status in order to avoid illnesses is important.
The growth of new infections continues to pose serious health problems/risk. Today in America
there are 1.2 million people who are infected with HIV. Out of the 1.2 million people, twenty
percent of them are unaware of their HIV status. In the event of the possibility of exposure or
contamination of HIV it is smart to get tested regularly to not infect others or get early treatment.
You can reduce your risk by getting tested early often. Early detection can lead to a better treatment
and a greater outcome for a longer life expectancy. You should get tested if never got tested before.
The centers of disease control and prevention recommends that you should get tested at least once a
year if you participate in activities that can cause Hiv infection.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is an infection. Many infections may cause
the body to be chilly and stay in the body just for a few days. On the other hand, HIV will never go
away. When

Since the nineteen hundreds, Africa coped with countless problems related to HIV and AIDS.
Anthropologists, scientists, doctors, and psychologists discussed theories related to the issues
presented by HIV/AIDS. Researchers study the effects of poverty, polygamy, geography, and social
relationships on HIV/AIDS. One of the prevalent theories on how the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) spread is through the increase of sex workers in Africa. An increase in sex work
correlates to an increase in poverty. Due to the economy and culture, women turned to sex working
as a way of acquiring income. In order to reduce HIV contraction among sex workers and their
clients, a change in intervention methods and legislation is needed to protect the rights of those in
poverty and stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. HIV is a virus that affects the immune system by
destroying the white blood cells. After living with HIV and not treating it, it can completely ruin the
immune systems and then becomes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The virus is spread
through the contact of bodily fluids, which means it can be contract in a variety of different ways.
Some of the most common ways are sexual contact, sharing needles, or blood transfusions. This
virus carries a heavy burden in Africa because it "originated in central Africa" (Pepin, 6). Also, due
to the culture and beliefs of the African people, HIV/AIDS spread rapidly in Africa. There were a
plethora of contributions to the AIDS epidemic, sex

Hiv/Aids
Armaine D. Arenal / BSA – I
CWTS (LOO5)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
REACTION PAPER
"HIV / AIDS"
I. Title: HIV / AIDS Date: December 10, 2011 Name of speaker: Darius Umande
II. Overview of the topic
As I have learned from my past lessons in high school and elementary, HIV which stands for human
immunodeficiency virus is a kind of virus, specifically lentivirus, that causes the acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome better known as AIDS. As what our high school teacher taught us, HIV
can be transmitted commonly from person to person by having an unsafe sexual intercourse with an
infected person whether anal, oral or vaginal sex, through blood transfusions from the contaminated
needles, and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of course I don't like to be someone who has this kind of virus, syndrome or infection. And maybe I
won't be able to apply into a good job if I have AIDS, or maybe I could not, at all. I was really
disappointed about the cases of people having HIV. The percentage of people here in our country is
already overwhelming and it might get higher after some time if we won't take action about it. The
best thing to do is to be a lot more careful, to be twice more aware, and to control ourselves from
having unsafe sex. People should get rid of temptation and people should think wisely. Additionally,
people should always get a regular check – up to test whether they already possess AIDS, then if
yes, it should be treated immediately. If no, better.
IV. Lessons Learned
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome developed from Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(HIV) is a disease of the human immune system. ADIS is the serious final stage f HIV. It carries
nonspecific symptoms. HIV is a slow virus that thrives on living human cell, attacks the immune
system by making his/her body susceptible to infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. HIV
can be transmitted into many ways such as vaginal, oral or anal sex, blood transfusions,
contaminated needles or indirect contact through solid particles, exchange between mother and baby
during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding.

HIV Specialist
What is an HIV Specialist?
An HIV specialist is a licensed doctor who meets the eligibility requirements of the American
Academy of HIV Medicine (AAHIVM) to provide care for HIV infected patients. What is an HIV
Specialist?
A typical HIV specialist will be a practicing physician with a background in clinical, internal or
family medicine. On a daily basis, they provide comprehensive primary health care services to
patients with HIV. Their entire work focus is the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HIV. Some
HIV specialists work for community and government programs. Their time is spent conducting
onsite HIV tests and supporting outreach efforts through directly engaging patients and the public.
Senior HIV specialists will be responsible for clinical services, medical administration and program
development. They chair committees, ensure compliance with regulations and develop and review
policies and procedures. They also train other health care providers and collaborate with other
organizations to offer HIV care services.
The American Academy of HIV Medicine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, the doctor must have the appropriate experience through having provided two years of care to
at least 20 HIV infected patients. Second, the doctor must have the appropriate education, meaning
that they must maintain a current state MD or DO medical license. Also, they must have either
completed a fellowship within the last two years or earned 30 credits of HIV related coursework.
HIV specialists are required to take 30 continuing medical education (CME) credits every two years.
Third, the doctor must have external validation, such as through passing an AAHIVM's HIV

HIV And The Treatment Of HIV In West Africa
The virus penetrates the host body, weakens the immune system and can cause a life–threatening
disease called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) (Masthead, 1962).
The world health organization estimated that there were approximately 36.7 million people infected
with HIV at the end of 2016 (World Health Organization, 2017). There are two types of HIV, i.e.
HIV–1 and HIV–2. 95% of the infections that are spread worldwide is HIV–1 and HIV–2 is mainly
seen in some West African countries. They are different in genetic and structural level where HIV–2
progresses more slowly than HIV–1 (I–base.info, 2017). For the detection and differentiation of
HIV–2 and HIV–1 in a blood sample or plasma samples, we can use the Alere q HIV–½ Detect ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subsequently these dendritic cells move towards lymph node (Altfeld and Gale Jr, 2015) and alert
the immune cells about the virus. For early stage of HIV infection, the innate response can play a
vital role in preventing mucosal transmission before HIV infection is established.
The necessary elements of innate immunity are called Natural killer (NK) which can also be stated
as CD3–CD56+ lymphocytes. They help to communicate between dendritic cells and T cells. The
main roles of NK cells are to control the chronic HIV infection and in HIV defense (Anon, 2017).
While the viral replication is restricted by immune response, adaptive immune system is activated to
fight against the virus. Adaptive immune systems are antigen–specific immune response and are
more complex than innate. They recognize the antigen first and create a mass of immune cells which
are specially designed to attack that antigen. If the same type of antigen attacks on future, they also
include a memory for more efficient.
The body triggers two types of adaptive immunity, if HIV infection invades the target cell. One of
the major adaptive immune response is cellular response. After the target cells are infected by the
HIV, the cellular immune response is induced and viral proteins are synthesized. T–cell receptor on
CD8+ T cells recognizes the degradation of HIV–derived proteins shown by Major
Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I found on the cell surface of the cell. CD8+ T tries to
break the

Hiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids Essay
The World Of Diseases We Live In: HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS has been named a global epidemic
because of its many outbreaks around the world. This is not happening on one state, but it is
happening in every state and country you could name. It has been a major cause of death in the
world, which results in the situation becoming a public health concern. It poses a risk to future
generations. The most affected generation being the most active age group, which are the younger
ones who are not protecting themselves. HIV is short for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and if it is
left untreated, it can develop into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). This disease is
not like many other diseases, once a person come in contact, they cannot get rid of it. This is
something that stays in one's body for the rest their life. HIV attacks a human's body immune system
by attacking the CD4 cells, which causes them not to work properly in fighting off infections. It can
become worse if it is left untreated. This is an important topic to researchers because this is
something that could affect a person's life long–term. Barbara Wexler's "AIDS/HIV" raises several
interesting facts such as, how much is treatment, what are the treatment options, what are the
different types of coverage, and many more. A more specific issue this book brings to light is
whether there can be a way to prevent transmission of this death causing disease. HIV/AIDS is
highly talked about in

HIV In Haiti
Haiti is one of the regions with the highest HIV infection rate, especially in Caribbean. About 3% of
adults are infected. The reason for that are poverty, sexual partners, gender, and almost non–existing
health care.
The epidemic started in late 70s due to prostitution, blood transfusion and unprotected sex. Around
the same time the epidemic was discovered in the USA, and the virus was found in Haitians
immigrants. Because of that Haiti become one of the "risk factors" for HIV. The stigma brought
disastrous consequences to the whole country, including the collapse of tourism.
At the beginning, the disease was associated with male homosexual behavior, but the virus spread
quickly to the heterosexual population. Now women are more likely to get infected than man
because of their lower position in society. Rape, unprotected sex and prostitution increase their
chances of HIV. Most of the pregnant women with HIV gave it to their children. Now a lot of efforts
are taken to prevent it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Haitian Red Cross and other organizations work hard to help and educate people about AIDS/HIV,
safe sexual practice and give access to condoms. All the efforts bring optimistic results. Over the
past decade, new HIV infection rate decreased by 54%.
Huge progress can be noted especially in urban area. Unfortunately rural areas still required a lot of
help, mostly basic education about AIDS/HIV prevention.
There is a significant drop in percentage of people with HIV in Haiti, but there's still a lot of work
ahead to change the overall situation. Especially because the country has to struggle with other
epidemics and natural disasters like the earthquake in 2010, which only slows down the process of
preventing

Hiv And Its Effects On Hiv
"HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug.
Heaven knows they need it." (Diana, 1987) Princess Diana declared these words at an Aids Center
in London as she sat on the bed of a patient and held his hand. She did this to destroy the notion that
a majority of the population believed that the virus could be spread through casual contact
(Thompson, 2007). HIV remains for human immunodeficiency infection. The infection can lead to
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Dissimilar to some different infections, the human
body can 't dispose of HIV. That implies that once you have HIV, you have it forever (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Today, scientists are still working to find a treatment for
HIV and the recent studies show that a new vaccine will be developed by 2025 (Fauci,2008). These
are quite promising studies for the whole world. However, it is important to understand people who
are living with that virus are also struggling with social, economic and psychological problems.
Recent researches demonstrate that HIV might have got over from apes to humans roughly in the
late 1800's. After the 19th century, HIV has gradually sprawled across Africa and then into other
parts of the world. According to the CDC, HIV has discovered in the US in the early 1980s (CDC,
2015). Generally, acute infection, clinical latency and finally AIDS are the three major stages of
HIV. High fever, rash and sore

HIV : Useful Treatments For Infecting HIV
HIV can currently be regulated by several successful treatments. The current rates of infection have
been on the decline due to education, prevention, and getting people treatment according to
UNAIDS1. However, a cure has not been found. With a rapidly changing virus, it will be hard to
definitively create a cure anytime soon. However, there are a few new ways of treating the virus
already infecting genomes of many people. These treatments will work with the current methods
being used and will not be an alternative to them. The main treatments that will be discussed are the
current Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), and the new CRISPR/CAS9 treatment.
The current way of controlling HIV and preventing AIDS incidents is Highly ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
With increased research into HIV/AIDS, we have been able to decrease the infection rate and
decrease the amount of AIDS–related infections.1,3 This increased research has now also grown into
possible gene therapy for HIV patients. The specific gene therapy that will be looked at in this essay
is CRISPR/CAS9. This way of gene editing was found in archaea and bacteria and it is their form of
an immune system, being able to remove sections of DNA from their chromosome.4 Today people
are using it to target certain genes and remove them from the human genome, and possibly replace
them with properly functioning genes in the case of genetic disorders.
In the case of HIV CRISPR/CAS9 is being used to remove the section of HIV DNA in a host cell.
Ebina et al. researched removing HIV from the human chromosome by marking the HIV DNA with
GFP to be able to detect what cells are still infected with the viral DNA.3 Ebina et al. were able to
successfully remove the viral genome from the human host cells.3 However, there are still many
hurdles before this gene therapy can be used in the clinical setting to remove viral DNA from
patients.
Currently, the hurdles that must be overcome before gene therapy can be used in clinic include
mutations in viral RNA/DNA, delivery methods, and the differences in HIV genes in infected
patients.5 Firstly mutations in viral RNA/DNA, viruses have a very quick mutation rate and are very
hard to pin

Hiv Epidemiology

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