Essay On Speech Deficiencies

Essay On Speech Deficiencies
Researchers at the University of Iowa have released the results of their most recent study testing a
newly developed drug that could potentially treat patients with speech deficiencies by stimulating
part of the frontal lobe of the brain. While the results of the study may demonstrate that the drug has
potential to be useful for patients in the future, there are a number of flaws found within the study
and drug itself that serve as reasons for concern. The study used to test the effectiveness of the drug
was experimental, as it was used to identify the cause and effect relationship between an
independent and dependent variable. An independent variable is a factor that is manipulated, in this
case the drug or placebo given to the patients. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The left hemisphere of the brain controls verbal processing, and by stimulating it with the drug,
patients suffering from speech deficiencies saw an improvement in their speaking abilities. In
addition to part of the left hemisphere, the frontal lobe of the brain also contains part of the right
hemisphere and the motor cortex. The right hemisphere is what controls non–verbal processing such
as spatial, visual, and musical tasks. The motor cortex controls movement of the body. If the drug
were to have stimulated the entire frontal cortex, it could have resulted in changes in the patients'
abilities to control movement and conduct non–verbal tasks. After taking the pill for a month, the
patients in the treatment group reported a decrease in their ability to move the left side of their body.
This side effect was most likely caused by the drug stimulating the entire frontal lobe and therefore
affecting the motor cortex and the right hemisphere which controls the left half of the body.
Researchers, developers of the drug, and most importantly, potential consumers, should see this side
effect as a source of concern, as the pill is clearly unable to target one specific area of the brain as it
was designed to do so.
In addition to the problems surrounding the drug itself, there are a number of aspects of the study as
a whole that need to be addressed and improved before experimenters can begin producing,
marketing, and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Oestrogen Deficiency Essay
Oestrogen deficiency caused by ovariectomy or drug therapy, such as gonadotropin–releasing
hormone–agonist therapy, results in a rapid increase in the levels of markers of bone turnover (98).
Similarly, the menopause is marked by an increase in levels of markers. The magnitude of the
increase varies for the different markers, probably reflecting their specificity for bone or differences
in their metabolism in low and high turnover states. The markers probably start to increase in the
peri–menopausal period before menstruation has ceased. Premenopausal women aged >40 years
have higher levels of C–terminal crosslinked telopeptides (CTX) and osteocalcin than younger
women (99), which may be weakly associated with lower BMD. In women with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been shown that NTX and CTX and markers of bone formation remain elevated in women for
40 years after the menopause (106). Markers of bone resorption are significantly elevated in post–
menopausal women with osteoporosis as compared with normal post–menopausal women, but the
markers of bone formation are much less elevated and may indeed be decreased (107,108). This
pattern of changes suggests that an extent of imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation
occurs in osteoporosis. A mean increase of 40% has been found in the level of total deoxy
pyridinoline in a group of sixty–three women with post–menopausal osteoporosis compared with a
group of sixty–seven normal postmenopausal women (109). However, there was a considerable
overlap of individual levels in the two groups. The heterogeneity of bone resorption in the group
with osteoporosis probably indicates different causes of the disease or may represent differences in
the stage observed in the individuals in the study. Single measurements of total and free cross–links
are unlikely to be useful in identifying osteoporosis in an individual post–menopausal woman.
However, a recent study suggests that osteocalcin can discriminate between normal post–
menopausal women, women with osteopenia and women with osteoporosis, as defined by the WHO
criteria (110). BMD in the post–menopausal woman is determined by peak bone mass and the
amount of bone

Enzyme Deficiency Research
An enzyme deficiency is a genetic condition characterised by the inability to produce an enzyme or
underproduction of that enzyme, leading to health problems caused by problems with the
metabolism. (What is an Enzyme Deficiency, 2016) Some examples of deficiencies include
Phenylketonuria (PKU), Acute Itermittent porphyria, Alkaptonuria, and Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome.
These conditions are part of a larger family of diseases classified as inborn errors of metabolism.
Such conditions may be inherited from one or both parents, or the result of spontaneous mutations.
Enzymes are specialized proteins built in the body to accomplish a variety of tasks. In the
metabolism, enzymes help the body break down, transport, and transform food products people
ingest. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are non–pathogenic, can transduce non–quiescent cells and have the ability to establish long–
term transgene expression in a wide variety of tissues. The vectors do not carry any viral genes, and
therefore cause minimal immune responses. A study in 2014 showed that an rAAV carrying the
mouse PAH cDNA delivered to the liver by portal vein injection reduced blood phe levels in PKU
mice. However, this reduction was only noted in male PKU mice. Normalisation of phe levels in
PKU mice as well as reversal of hypopigmentation was demonstrated, however three times more
vector was needed for female PKU mice to achieve an equivalent reduction in serum phe levels as
that seen in male mice. Dr. Nicholls is Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Medical Genetics at
Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC. Dr. Nicholls proposes to develop an improved,
clinically relevant animal model, a swine, for PKU in order to study and understand the biomedical
bases and to develop therapies for the metabolic disease. (Research Update, 2016) Human trials are
underway using an enzymatic therapeutic approach, while preclinical work continues in the fields of
gene and cellular therapy. These therapeutic strategies propose to treat PKU at various levels,
including nutritional intake, gut, liver, and blood–brain barrier, and have the potential to further
improve

Causes Of Iron-Deficiency Anemia
The small and round erythrocyte, more commonly known as the red blood cell, is very flexible. It's
shaped like a doughnut without a hole to do its job. The red blood cell carries oxygen and nutrients
to every cell in the body through the veins. The erythrocyte rapidly travels throughout the veins. The
red blood cell is pumped through the heart and pumped back out to all the cells. If there is not
enough oxygen in the erythrocyte, the red blood cell is then pumped into the lungs.
Problems with red blood cells are caused by illnesses. Iron–deficiency anemia is one sickness that
can occur when you don't have enough iron in your body. The body won't be able to make the
hemoglobin that helps erythrocytes carry oxygen throughout the body. Iron–deficiency anemia is the
most common form of anemia. Causes of the disease are a diet low in iron, a sudden loss of blood, a
chronic loss of blood, or the inability to absorb enough iron from food. Sickle cell anemia is another
type of anemia. This disease is inherited, your red blood cells are shaped like half moons rather than
indented circles. The change in shape makes the cells sticky and unable to flow smoothly throughout
the veins, and can cause a blockage in flow. The blockage can cause acute or chronic pain or lead to
infection, or organ damage. The sickle cells die quicker than erythrocytes. Instead of 120 days of
life, the blood cells would live for 10 to 20 days causing a shortage of red blood cells. ... Show more
They can be found in the heart and lung organs. The erythrocytes can be found giving oxygen and
nutrients to the cells and tissues throughout the

Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency : Causes, Symptoms, And...
Alpha–1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
Lindsey Johnson
BY 105– Human Biology
Professor Tornieri
November 17, 2016
Abstract:
This paper discusses the Alpha–1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD), which is a deficiency of Alpha–1
Antitrypsin (AAT) in the plasma. This protein helps prevent damage caused by neutrophil elastase,
which fights against infection. The hereditary condition will be explained along with each of the
alleles involved in the genes, Z, M, and S. AAT can be found on chromosome 14. AATD causes
symptoms such as: cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, jaundice, panniculitis, COPD, early–onset
emphysema, and vasculitis. The treatments that will be discussed are: augmentation therapy, liver
transplant, and intravenous therapies. Lastly, I will explain why testing for the genetic condition is
important.
Alpha–1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
Causes
Alpha–1 Antitrypsin Deficiency is an autosomal co–dominant condition in which the SERPINA1
gene, which lies on the chromosome 14, is replicated and the alpha–1 antitrypsin protein (which
protects the body's organs from neutrophil elastase) is underproduced which allows neutrophil
elastase to damage perfectly healthy organs and tissue as it attempts to fight off infection. The two
main organs that end up damaged are the liver and lungs. This deficiency lies on the Z allele, and
can result in high risk for all symptoms. The S allele also represents a

Vitamin D Deficiency
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent in the world. Several lines of evidence
support a relation between seasonal variations in serum vitamin D and higher relapse rates in MS
patients in winter.
Objective: To examine whether levels of vitamin D are associated with multiple sclerosis relapse.
Methods: In this study 60 patients in relapse and 60 patients in remission matched controls were
included.
Results: patients in relapse had significantly lower 25(OH) D levels than 60 patients in remission
matched controls (p= 0.004), Vitamin D insufficiency (<10 ng/ml) was significantly higher in
patients in relapse compared to those in remission (p= 0.03).
Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that an association between lower serum 25–
hydroxyvitamin D levels and higher risk of relapse among people with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, 25–hydroxy vitamin D
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder of the CNS, that most
common affecting among young adults, particularly more prevalence in high–latitude regions (1–4),
and believed to affect over 2 million people in the worldwide (5). Although the aetiology of MS
remains unclear, but the prevailing thought is that MS is triggered by both genetic and
environmental factors and their interactions have been implicated in developing MS (6). Vitamin D
is a steroid vitamin that acts like a hormone and we get vitamin D from two sources: exposure to
sunlight and food,

Iron Deficiency And Its Effects
Researches done in the past have showed that iron deficiency can cause physiologic, morphologic,
and biochemical changes in the orangs affected by it before there is a change in hematocrit (Beard
JL, 2001).
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is needed by the body because it is required for several
neurological metabolic processes such as: myelination, cytokinesis, electron transport, antioxidant
enzyme activity, and biogenic metabolism (Hyman, 2012).
Iron also plays an important role in the developing central nervous system of an infant due to the
fact that iron participates in a wide variety of cellular function and is essential for normal neural
development and physiology (Hyman, 2012). Thus, iron deficiency during an infant's neurological
development is a critical point because it can significantly impact a variety of behavioral and
cognitive function.
The part of the brain that is affected by iron depletion is the deep cerebral nuclei, substantia nigra,
and basal ganglia (Hyman, 2012). These three parts of the brain are the ones that have the highest
concentration of iron in an adult's brain and they are involved in the coordination and motor control
of the body (Lozoff B, 2011). An iron deficient adult also shows a decrease in dopamine
neurotransmission, which relates to the motor control (Lozoff B, 2011). In addition, dopamine also
plays a role in the prefrontal–striatal system, which is involved in selective memory, spatial, and
working memory (Lozoff B,

Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia, Adult
Iron–deficiency anemia is when you have a low amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin because
you have too little iron in your body. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to parts of the body. Anemia can
cause your body to not get enough oxygen. It may or may not cause symptoms.
HOME CARE
Medicines
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your doctor. This includes iron
pills (supplements) and vitamins.
If you cannot handle taking iron pills by mouth, ask your doctor about getting iron through:
○ A vein (intravenously).
○ A shot (injection) into a muscle.
Take iron pills when your stomach is empty. If you cannot handle this, take them with food.
Do not drink milk or take antacids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eating and Drinking
Talk with your doctor before changing the foods you eat. He or she may tell you to eat foods that
have a lot of iron, such as:
○ Liver.
○ Lowfat (lean) beef.
○ Breads and cereals that have iron added to them (fortified breads and cereals).
○ Eggs.
○ Dried fruit.
○ Dark green, leafy vegetables.
Eat fresh fruits and vegetables that are high in vitamin C, such as:
○ Oranges.
○ Peppers.
○ Tomatoes.
○ Mangoes.
Drink enough fluid to keep your pee (urine) clear or pale yellow.
General Instructions
Return to your normal activities as told by your doctor. Ask your doctor what activities are safe for
you.
Keep yourself and your surroundings clean. Anemia can make you get sick more easily.
Keep all follow–up visits as told by your doctor. This is important.

GET HELP IF:
You feel sick to your stomach (nauseous).
You throw up (vomit).
You feel weak.
You are sweating for no clear reason.
You have trouble pooping, such as:
○ Pooping (having a bowel movement) less than 3 times a week.
○ Straining to poop.
○ Having poop that is hard, dry, or larger than

Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia, a condition in which blood lacks adequate
healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues. As the name implies, iron
deficiency anemia is due to insufficient iron.
The cause of iron deficiency anemia is diet, if you don't eat enough foods high in iron, inability to
absorb iron, Crohn's disease may cause low iron levels, growth spurts, children younger than 3 years
of age grow so fast that their bodies may have a hard time keeping up with the amount of iron they
need, pregnancy, women who are breastfeeding need more iron than women who are not pregnant or
breastfeeding, blood loss, and genetic disease such as sickle cell disease.
Signs and symptom of iron deficiency anemia are: paleness, feeling tired, unusual ... Show more
Treatments that are associated with iron deficiency anemia depends on what's causing your anemia.
If anemia is caused from losing too much blood, your doctor will need to treat the cause of the blood
loss. If anemia results from your diet being too low in iron, the doctor may recommend a change in
your diet or iron pills. Managing the condition that is causing the anemia is the most important part
of treating it. If anemia is very bad, you might get shots of erythropoietin to help your bone marrow
make more red blood cells.
Nursing interventions: monitor vital signs and oxygen saturation, monitoring lab results, encourage
balance between activities in the day, dietary education and lifestyle changes, make sure patient has
small frequent meals during the day, educate patient on how to take iron supplements and other
vitamins, administer meds as prescribed by the doctor, encourage the patient to drink iron
medication through a straw, make sure to evaluate patient to be sure the patient has a clear
understanding of dietary

Effects of Deficiencies in Nutrition
Deficiencies in nutrition render debilitating consequences that are both irreversible and permanent,
ultimately preventing children from attaining their full potential resulting in lowered self–esteem,
poor performance in primary school, and even hinder economic progress. These effects are often
intergenerational and seemingly perpetuate a paralyzing cycle of poverty that places a myriad of
pressure on educational and health systems and ultimately impedes development.
According to the World Food Program (WFP), a 2013 study concluded that more than 842 million
people do not currently have enough to eat. The same study showed that 98% of this figure, live in
developing countries where 14.3% of the population is undernourished (World Food Program 2014).
One thing certainly remains quite clear; the poor continue to pay the price in almost every single
aspect of life today.
Furthermore, as you read this paper, please do keep in mind the following important points: Firstly,
that our planet currently produces enough food to sufficiently feed the 7,194, 199, 832 people who
call it home, yet more people than the combined total of the European Union, Canada and the
United States suffer from malnutrition each day (WFP, 2012). Secondly, in 2012, the Copenhagen
Consensus panel of Nobel laureates reported their findings on the economic benefits of investing in
a comprehensive package of direct nutrition interventions and concluded that the benefits in terms of
increased wages could

Iron Deficiency: A Major Public Health Problem in India
Iron deficiency is considered a major public health problem in India. It has been shown that iron
deficiency is common in school–aged children from North–India. As much as 50–70% of the
children are estimated to be anemic. One study even shows that 90 % of the children were found to
be below the cut–off point of the WHO of 120g Hb/L (Seshadri & Gopaldas,1989). Iron deficiency
anemia, or anemia are associated with poorer cognition and learning capabilities. This may cause
several complications such as psychosocial, economic and biomedical problems. Anemic children
often cannot catch up with school achievements, but there is convincing evidence that iron treatment
is beneficial for children with cognition problems (Grantham–McGregor & Ani, 2001). Especially
The mung bean (Vigna radiata) is a bean often consumed in Indian populations. Mung beans are
small green legumes that contain high amounts of fiber and protein. They fit very well in a
vegetarian diet where people use the beans as a meat replacer, which is a common practice in India.
In addition, mung beans are a good source of iron, with iron contents ranging between 4–8 mg of
Fe/100g (Barakoti & Bains, 2007). Therefore they may have a positive effect on iron status in
anemic populations. However, legumes do contain high amounts of phytate which decreases
bioavailability of minerals. This is one of the main reasons for anemia, since Indian populations
consume a lot of phytic acid through their diet (Nair, et al, 2013).

Effects Of Iron Deficiency Anemia On The Women Of...
Introduction Nutritional Anemia or Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most recurrent and
easily treatable condition affecting millions of people. 1,2 Although iron deficiency anemia does not
cause severe morbidity and mortality3, it has a significant influence on one's health; especially
affecting the physical and neurocognitive growth and development of younger children and
affecting the women of reproductive age. 1, 2, 3 According to WHO, in 2011, there were
approximately two and half billion people in the world that are considered to be anemic.9 The
underlying pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia is iron exhaustion from the blood leading to
reduced oxygen carrying capacity. 6, 10 Of the several types of anemias, Iron deficiency anemia is
the most common anemia, hence the term "Anemia" usually reverberates Iron deficiency anemia
unless otherwise specified. 2 The magnitude of iron deficiency anemia varies considerably across
populations, ages and gender. 2 Iron is essential for muscle development, brain development and red
blood cells. cite It mainly deviates according to the eating habits, health practices and endemic
disease of that geographical region.2, 1, 4 In the developing countries, it is a rampant health
condition but in the developed countries, though it is not rampant, certain ethnicities and lower
socioeconomic populations are affected by it.1 The researchers state that in the developed countries,
with the privilege of iron fortified

Magnesium Disease
MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY & SUDDEN DEATH
Written and Researched by Ronald J. Grisanti D.C., D.A.B.C.O.
An athletic 20 year man is playing basketball and suddenly collapses on the court and dies.
On a hot July day, a young and vibrant college football player suddenly makes a great tackle and
never gets up.. only to be pronounced dead 5 minutes later.
High School track runner dies after finishing second in a race.
The sad truth is 1 out of 50,000 young adults will fall victim to Sudden Death.
Most sudden deaths have been linked to a thickened, enlarged heart called hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy (HCM), or by a condition that disturbs the rhythm of the heart called an arrhythmia.
When one sweats, a significant amount of magnesium is lost. Magnesium ... Show more content on
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Best Sources of Magnesium
The best way of insuring enough magnesium is to eat a variety of whole foods, including whole
grains, nuts, seeds and vegetables, preferably food grown on naturally composted soil. The green
color of green vegetables is due to chlorophyll, which is a molecule that contains magnesium. Avoid
refined processed foods, especially white sugar and white flour products, as most magnesium is
removed from them.
Dr. Grisanti's Comments:
If you are suffering with a heart problem and have not had your magnesium checked, then I want to
urge you to have your physician order the two tests listed above. Unless you have proof that your
magnesium is within normal levels, I want you to realize that you are playing with your

Autoimmune Deficiencies Of Autoimmune Deficiency
Autoimmune Deficiencies are very complex and misunderstood diseases in the world today. Most
people are uneducated and unaware of what these diseases actually are and the trials people
diagnosed with these illnesses face. Due to their lack of education there is also a lack of compassion
shown; causing an awkward, silent tension between people. Lupus is a subcategory of the
Autoimmune Deficiencies. Those with this tend to be silent about their struggle, causing it to be
unnoticed in the world. However, there have been efforts made medically to give these people a true
voice. In order to give them a voice people must know what Lupus actually is, the causes and
symptoms of it, and new research that can help improve the quality of life for those who have the
disease. Autoimmune Deficiency is a medical term used that means that a person's immune system
literally attacks and eats their issue. Their body does not know how to properly indicate the
difference between healthy and unhealthy tissue so they produce antibodies that completely eat both
sets of tissue. Lupus performs the same function in a person's body, but it is a very hard disease to
actually diagnose because it can mimic various other diseases. It goes by the scientific name
Systemic lupus erythematosus, with the common name Lupus being used in everyday terms. This
illness is one of chronic pain that can affect the body both inwardly and outwardly. Inwardly, the
body `s immune system eats the issue and can

Micro Nutrient Deficiencies For Developing Countries
Micro Nutrient Deficiencies Some of the smallest things in life are over looked and are not valued
as much as other things, micro nutrients are a prime example of this. They are as focused on with the
human body and are often forgotten about. In developing countries it is harder for the people to
learn why they do not get the micro nutrients they need due to a lack of education. Political
problems also pose a threat for developing countries since creating funding for programs that
promote micro nutrients are hard to come by. Economic and social issues also pose a threat as
economics helping bring money into the country and with different classes of people, some may or
may not get the necessary amounts of micro nutrients they need. All of ... Show more content on
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This shows that with the correct methods such as using iodized salt decreases micronutrient
deficiencies in developing countries. Iodine deficiency is not the only micro nutrient deficiency
problem that developing countries face. Iron deficiency is another problem in many developing
countries. Children and infants seem to the ones that are the most potent to getting iron deficiency,
but it is often passed onto them by their mothers (Lozoff 1). The biggest symptom to come from the
children having iron deficiency is having anemia. This means that the children are lacking
hemoglobin in their blood and this makes it makes oxygen not want to bind to the blood cells. It is
key for children that are growing to get iron to help develop their brains more (Lozoff 1). The
problem is that when children in developing countries are at the age of 7–12 months old they are
required to have 11 mg/day of iron (Baker, Greer, 2). Children that usually have iron deficiency and
are also anemic often have stunted growth. In recent years many studies have been done to try and
understand the impacts of iron deficiency, but most of these have used rodents as test subjects. One
test found that lactating mother rats that were iron deficient had passed the deficiency onto their
offspring. There was some debate as to whether the rat life could be compared to the human life, but
thinking about it the rats are warm blooded mammals just like humans (Lozoff 2). The usual cause
as to why children

The On Neural Tube Deficiency
Neural tube deficiency happens in about 80,000 and 100,000 pregnancies in China. It causes the
offspring to be born with defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month
of pregnancy and both genetic and environments contribute to the cause. Numerous prospective,
retrospective and controlled trial studies have suggested proper folic acid supplementation for
pregnant women can reduce the incidence of NTDs in their offspring. Association between folic acid
supplementation or dietary folate intake and NTDs risk may be affected by maternal body mass
index. Studies have suggested the risk of NTDs in offspring among obese mothers have not
decreased. Body mass index greater than 31kg is at risk of delivering an offspring with NTDs. Other
studies find more than 400mg of folate intake from diet per day is only protective against NTDs in
women who weigh less than 154.3Ibs. A total of 459 pairs of participants took part in the study: 259
pairs were from Shandong Province and 200 pairs were from Shanxi Province. Mothers who gave
birth to healthy infants in the same area, same hospital and within the same time as the another
group was the controlled groups. The mothers were separated by Underweight/normal weight BMI
less than 24.0 and overweight/obese mothers BMI greater than 24.0. Given folic acid was defined as
taking 0.4mg of a folic acid tablet and categorized folic acid supplementation into four groups:
never used, preconception use, use within 3 months

Advantages Of Salt Iodine
Iodations of all salt known as USI for both human and animal consumption, is the major global
strategy of choice for feasible and effective control of iodine deficiency. Iodization levels are usually
measured based on estimated consumption of salt, with an estimated individual average
consumption of around 10g of salt per day in countries where most of the salt in the diet comes from
table salt, used for cooking and at the table. It is recommended by the WHO, UNICEF and ICCIDD
that, 20 mg to 40 mg of iodine per kg salt be added to food products depending on local salt intake
(15, 19, 31). It has subsequently been recommended that a more cost effective way of addressing the
problem of IDD for most developing countries is by adding iodine to universally consumed products
such as common salt, as done in most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over 30 countries have achieved the goal of USI (>90% of HHs utilizing iodized salt), and many
others are on track according to WHO during the year 2007(19). It is currently estimated that 70%
of HHs throughout the world have access to (and use) iodized salt (12). In Africa, South Africans
achieved 86.4 percent of universal salt iodization and from which 62.4% HHs are properly utilizing
adequately utilized salt (33), in Tanzania 83.6% of HHs are properly utilizing adequately iodized
salt with 95% salt iodization (34), whereas Iodine deficiency disorder is eliminated from Zimbabwe
with 94% HHs salt use and coverage (35). On the contrary, most of African countries have lag back
to achieve coverage and recommended utilization of iodized salt below 20% like Ghana (20%),
Kenya (26.2%) and South Sudan (14.4%) (19, 36–37). It is estimated that

The Occurrence Of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Nutrition is an essential component in the complex development of infants, mainly because of their
rapid growth in one year. One of the most prevalent nutrition problems among young children in the
United States is iron deficiency anemia.1 Anemia is defined as a reduction below normal in the
number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter in the quantity of hemoglobin, or in the volume of
packed red blood cells per 100 milliliters of blood.1 This reduction occurs when the balance
between blood loss and blood production is disturbed.1 Iron deficiency can be defined as absent
bone marrow iron stores, an increase in hemoglobin concentration of less than 1.0 g/dL after
treatment with iron, or other abnormal values.1 Iron deficiency is found to be more common among
low–income children and among African American and Mexican American children.1 The
consequences of iron deficiency anemia include poor cognitive and motor development. The
purpose of this paper is to present four research studies all focusing on the occurrence of iron–
deficiency anemia in newborns in developing countries. The first study will focus on the behavior of
infants with iron–deficiency anemia2 in Costa Rica. The following study will exhibit anemia in
pregnancy3 and the impact on weight and in the development of anemia in the newborn3 in Brazil.
The third study will present the effect of maternal iron deficiency anemia on the iron store of
newborns in Ethiopia.4 Lastly, the fourth study is a prospective study

Iron Anemi Iron Deficiency Anemia
IRON DEFICEIENCY ANEMIA IN PREGNANCY
Iron deficiency anemia, what exactly it is? Iron deficiency anemia is a very common type of anemia
seen these days. It is a condition in which the blood lacks adequate amount of healthy red blood
cells. As its name iron deficiency anemia itself implies that in this condition there is lack of iron in
the body. Due to the lack of iron body fails to produce enough substances in the red blood cells
which help them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin), thus in this condition a person may feel very tried
and even short of breath. Iron deficiency can be cured by taking iron rich food as well as iron
supplements. (mayoclinic jan2 2014)
Iron deficiency anemia is these days very much prevalent among the pregnant women. It is
estimated by the world health organization that 58% of pregnant women are anemic in the
developing countries. The most commonly seen cause of iron deficiency anemia, in the women who
are in the age of child bearing is loss of iron in blood due to heavy bleeding at the time of
menstruation or due to pregnancy. Iron deficiency is the most common deficiency in the developing
countries according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and this is the most
common cause of anemia.
There are many other reasons why a person may have iron deficiency. They are as follows:
1. Inadequate intake of iron, means eating very little amount of iron in an extended period of time,
this causes shortage of iron in the body. Foods like

A Study On Protein Deficiencies
Protein deficiencies are commonly observed in older adults, leading to decreased levels of physical
activity. Nutritional interventions with whey protein could improve these muscle parameters. Both
young and older D. melanogaster were fed a whey protein diet. Compared to the younger D.
melanogaster, the older population showed improved muscle power, grip strength and less muscle
fatigue. The climbing assay results were statistically significant, whereas the flying assay results
were not significant, but borderline. As such, the possibility of detecting a statistically significant
difference for the flying assay results cannot be dismissed, if a greater number of repetitions were
conducted. The younger D. melanogaster population did not ... Show more content on
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Whey protein is digested quickly because it is a leucine–rich protein, and has a track record in being
more successful in synthesizing muscle protein in older populations than casein protein which is
digested more slowly (van Dijk et. al. 2016). Whey protein is given to D. melanogaster flies rather
than hemp or soy protein, because soy protein and hemp proteins are plant based proteins while
whey protein is from cows. Animal based proteins are easier to digest compared to plant based
proteins.
The study investigated the impacts of whey protein on two population groups that consisted of
young and old population of D. melanogaster because muscle damage could be simulated by age. As
people grow older, more damage in muscles occurs, and whey protein is expected to have a greater
effect. This effect is investigated in this experiment with D. melanogaster, where whey protein
improves muscle activity in older D. melanogaster.
D. melanogaster is a model organism in this experiment. A model organism is an organism which is
easy to study because it is cheap, reproduces easily and quickly, and the workings of it can lead us to
understand how other organisms work. By giving whey protein supplements to D. melanogaster and
observing the effects, it can provide understanding as to how a similar amount of whey protein can
affect humans. Of

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )
According to the CDC, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term that includes a group of
developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral
challenges. It affects a significant number of individuals in the United States, with the prevalence
continuing to grow (Frye, 2014). A significant proportion of individuals with ASD also experience
medical conditions such as epilepsy. In fact, treatment resistant epilepsy appears to have a higher
prevalence in children with ASD than in children without ASD (Frye 2014). Many children with
ASD also appear to have underlying metabolic conditions, including disorders of vitamin
metabolism. Biotin, a vitamin of the B complex, is composed of ureido ring fused with a
tetrahydrothiophene ring and is involved in the regulation of metabolism amongst many other vital
life functions. Biotinidase deficiency is caused by mutations in BTD gene (located on the short p
arm of chromosome 3 at position 25), which results in a deficiency of the biotinidase enzyme, an
enzyme that is needed to recycle biotin, an essential cofactor for several carboxylase enzymes (Frye,
2014). Symptoms include seizures, developmental delays, skin rash, alopecia, seborrheic dermatitis,
feeding difficulties, vomiting, diarrhea, brain atrophy and ataxia. (Frye, 2014). The identification
and treatment of biotin disorders could improve the underlying metabolic derangements and
potentially improve behavior and seizure frequency

Iron Deficiency Anemi Case Study
18. An 18–month–old healthy boy presents with his mother to your clinic for a well–child visit. The
physical exam is normal as well as vitals and mother had no concerns about the child's health. The
patient's mother would like to discuss screening for anemia. Which of the following is correct
regarding screening for iron deficiency anemia in this case?
A. Benefits of screening for iron deficiency anemia, in this case, is not proven, and therefore, it is
not recommended by the USPSTF (The United States Preventive Task Force)
B. Hemoglobin is a very specific tool for screening for iron deficiency anemia
C. Hemoglobin is not a sensitive tool for screening for iron deficiency anemia
D. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia in

Speech and Language Deficiency
Speech and Language Deficiency
Medline Plus (2012) says, "Speech disorders refer to several conditions in which a person has
problems creating or forming the speech sounds needed to communicate with others. Three common
speech disorders are: articulation disorders, disfluency, and voice disorders. Speech disorders are
different from language disorder in children, such as: getting their meaning or message across to
others, understanding the message coming from others" (Zieve). Also, Medline Plus says,
"Language disorder in children refers to problems with either: getting their meaning or message
across to others (expressive language disorder), or understanding the message coming from others
(receptive language disorder). Some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms for language disorder are as listed in Medline Plus:
"A child with language disorder may have one or two of the symptoms listed below, or many of the
symptoms. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
Children with a receptive language disorder have difficulty understanding language. They may have:
A hard time understanding what other people have said
Problems following directions that are spoken to them
Problems organizing their thoughts
Children with an expressive language disorder have problems using language to express what they
are thinking or need. These children

Iron Deficiency Research Paper
Iron deficiency in Female Athletes What is Iron Deficiency? Iron Deficiency is the most common
nutritional health problem in the world. It involves the iron levels in a persons system being lower
then the recommended in a person. Iron is of large importance in a person as it acts as an aid in
carrying the oxygen to the lung tissue. Having low Iron can lead to morbidity in the form of anemia
or in worst–case scenario, death. The average daily intake of iron for a normal female is 18mg of
Iron. When a person suffers from low iron levels they often have symptoms such as: Fatigue
Dizziness Hair loss Twitches Irritability Weakness Restless Leg syndrome Iron deficiency comes in
three main levels (Taken from 'Better ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Increasing Iron levels in Females Although iron levels may be low, they can be increased to a point
where it is healthy once again. All three appendixes give a similar way in which Iron can be
replaced within a person. Appendix A, B and C states that although red meat and other foods high in
Iron are best suited, Iron can still be found in plants such as greens for Vegetarians, but should be
mixed with Vitamin C to increase the absorption of the Iron. Appendix A also states that you should
neglect foods that lessen the uptake of iron such as Tea, Calcium and Coffee. Conclusion: Iron
Deficiency within women is a lot higher then that in males, this is due to gender specifications that
differ between males and females such as a monthly menstruation and a large portion of female
athletes planning to be vegetarian/ vegan. In saying this, the management of iron Deficiency should
be managed, as Appendix A states; 'Iron deficiency is a "needless" problem... "I see it as an
education problem"'. Females, especially female endurance athletes are encouraged to constantly
keep normal Iron levels as it allows for a better performance on

Essay Iron Deficiency Anemia
I. Introduction
Iron Deficiency Anemia affects millions of individuals across the world. This disease strikes many
more women than men and has harmful effects on all who suffer from this deficiency that causes
oxygen–carrying capacity to decrease. The causes can vary amongst different groups, but the
aggravating symptoms remain constant. Much of the research on Iron Deficiency Anemia
concentrates on not only the treatment of this disease, but also the prevention of it. To attain a better
understanding of how to treat this problem, one must clearly know what Iron Deficiency Anemia
means, what causes this disease, the effects of it, and finally how to cure it.
II. What Is Iron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the concentration of hemoglobin in the Red Blood Cells falls below normal, the total Red Blood
Cell count consequently decreases. Therefore, oxygen cannot be adequately carried.
(http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/pted/htm/iron.htm).
Normal Values of the hemogram (Figure 1)
Test Women Men Ht (%) 36–48 40–52 Hg (g/dl) 12–16 13, 5–17, 7 Hem 4, 0–5, 4 4, 5–6, 0 VCM
80–100 80–100
III.Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia
The most prominent cause of Iron Deficiency Anemia is bleeding. Blood loss from the
Gastrointestinal Tract is a significant cause of anemia for both men and women. When blood is
present in excrement, a gastrointestinal problem exists. Many times, people are unaware of these
problems with their waste products. When they begin to feel the symptoms of anemia and undergo
tests that determine that they are anemic, it begins the process of discovering more health problems.
Anemia can serve as the precursor of certain diseases. There are many instances when it is merely a
sign of severe disease such as a peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, hemorrhoids, angiodysplasis of the
colon, and colonic adenocarcinoma (http://www.physsportsmed.com/issues/sep_96/browne.htm).
Females experience blood loss monthly during their menstrual cycle. This fact accounts for why
women have a much higher rate of anemia than men. All women have a constant form of blood

Nourishing a Child Essay
The word hunger can mean the painful sensation caused by the want of food, the want or scarcity of
food in a country or a strong desire or craving. In relation to the term World Hunger, the word refers
to the want or scarcity of food in a country (World Hunger, 2011). In areas of the world, including
the United States, where hunger is an issue, malnourishment becomes a very serious concern.
Malnutrition is a very basic term referring to the general lack of some or all nutrients needed to
support human health. There are two main types of malnutrition, Protein– energy malnutrition
(PEM) and micronutrient deficiency (World Hunger, 2011). While both types of malnutrition are
dangerous, PEM is the most important and most notable form of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the early years of life, from approximately ages zero to three, the brain experiences dramatic
changes in cognitive, linguistic and psychosocial development which can be dramatically affected
by any decrease in the appropriate amount of nutrients to the brain.
Children with severe growth retardation secondary to protein–energy malnutrition in the post
weaning period manifest a striking behavior syndrome that has been well described as torpid,
apathetic, inactive, fearful, cheerless, nearly, mute, and anorexic and they lack spontaneity (DeLong,
1993). In 2005 an estimated thirty two percent of all children in developing countries under the age
of five, approximately one hundred seventy eight million children, were shown to have stunted
growth or low weight for height (Ruel & Hoddinott, 2008). In the United States, malnourished
children ages three to eight have been shown to have low physical function, poor academic
performance, greater weight gain amongst girls and low psychosocial functioning (Ruel &
Hoddinott, 2008). Malnutrition in the early years can result in a lowered IQ by approximately fifteen
points. An early deprivation of critical resources to the brain can contribute to the cause of learning
deficiencies and contribute to attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and
decreased performance in schools across the

Research Paper- Pica Disorder
Pica Disorder: "Eating disorders are a serious mental illness, not a lifestyle choice." Millions of
people have to deal with inner demons on a daily basis, some more serious than others but one that
is severe, is Pica disorder. Pica disorder is an eating disorder where people have an appetite for non–
nutritive, inedible materials and become addicted to eating items such as clay, nail polish, drywall,
light bulbs and much more. This disorder causes victims to eat unimaginable things and causes
many medical problems in the process. Some doctors believe that this disorder is just complication
of the mental psyche, but there is more underlying issues that cause this disorder. Thus, Pica
disorder is caused by a combination of biochemical, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many have liver and kidney damage due to prolonged periods of ingesting toxic chemicals in
pursuit of the chemicals that there bodies desire. They also develop serious intestinal blockage, and
can start developing lead poisioning which leads to permanent damage and even death. For many
people, eating strange items becomes the norm, but in many countries eating strange items is the
norm in order to survive. Environment also plays a key factor in pica disorder. In other countries
eating odd item is the norm because it is necessary for them to survive. In many subsaharan African
countries, because of malnutrition many people are desperate for food and will turn to inedible
sources such as dirt and clay in order to stay alive. This is a sad way of life, but it is also harmful to
the human body because our bodies were not meant to digest such harsh things like dirt and clay.
Many people in Africa end up perishing from clogged digestive tracks, they cannot pass it and it
ends up being stuck in their digestive system and they die because toxins that are meant to leave the
body are trapped and slowly each of the bodies organs being to shut down and the individual will
surely die a slow and painful death. Africa is not the only location where dirt and clay are eaten as
food. In many southern states until the early 1900's, sold clay and dirt balls in many public places.
They were easy to transport and did not spoil easily. They were first introduced

Lynn K Case Study Answers
Lynn K. is a 31–year–old Caucasian female G1P0 presents at 25 wga for a prenatal visit. She does
not take her prenatal vitamins every day because they make her feel very nauseous and has
experienced morning sickness throughout her pregnancy. She states that she feels fatigued very
easily and describes feeling short of breath when carrying out simple tasks around the house. She
began feeling this way approximately four weeks ago, and attributed it to "normal pregnancy
symptoms." Recently, she began noticing occasional lightheadedness and dizziness. The patient's
history indicates that she has suffered heavy periods prior to her pregnancy.
She reports that she doesn't always like to cook because her husband is working and typically eats
microwaveable dinners after her shift at the grocery store. She states she is lactose intolerant and
does not like a lot of foods. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Mrs. K's history, what risk factors does she have for the development of iron–
deficiency anemia and what labs are included in the diagnosis?
Lynn has a higher risk for developing iron–deficiency anemia because of her pregnancy. She also
indicated that the does not take her prenatal vitamins daily and according to her 24–hour diet recall,
she is not getting an adequate amount of nutrients in her diet. Lynn states that she suffered from
heavy periods prior to her pregnancy.
Rationale: According to Rao & Georgieff (2007), there is an association between pregnancy and an
increase demand for iron. Pregnancy demands about 1,000 mg of additional iron due to the
expanding RBCs and plasma volumes of the mother and the growing placenta. Maternal iron is
important for the transfer of the necessary amount of iron to the fetus, important for the
development and function of the organ systems. Mothers with a poor iron status and malnutrition
can lead to iron deficiency anemia, especially if the woman had insufficient iron before pregnancy
(Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk & Wilson,

Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Since iron–deficiency anemia is all about a lack of iron, one of the first things a doctor will
prescribe is an iron supplement of some kind. Tablets are the most common form. In some cases,
you may be sent to hospital in order to have iron inserted into your body more directly.
Iron supplements come in the aforementioned tablet form, as well as liquid forms. Depending on
your case, your doctor will suggest one form or the other to suit your body. Dosages will all depend
on the individual aspects of your case. After a few weeks of taking supplements, you will have a
blood test to check that your iron levels are rising.
However, even when your blood becomes healthy again, your doctor will probably recommend that
you continue taking the tablets

Malnutrition And Malnutrition Among Children
Malnutrition Amongst Children in India
People who are malnourished lack nutrients the body needs for proper health and development.
"Malnutrition is the inadequate nutrition caused by the lack of a balanced diet or by disorders of the
digestive system in which the nutrients from food cannot be absorbed properly" (dictionary.com).
Chronic malnutrition can cause severe health problems. In recent years, India has had an
unprecedented economic growth. It improved in education, agriculture, and technology, but it still
has the highest prevalence of underweight children in the world. Half of the children are
underweight in Bimaru states of India. (sagepub.com). There are many causes and consequences of
malnutrition. Since malnutrition is affecting a large population of children in India, it is important to
find solutions.
Maternal characteristics are a reason why children are malnourished. A study found that the
prevalence's of stunting, wasting and underweight were greater for children of illiterate mothers, and
lowest among children of mothers with an education of high school or more. Also, when mother's
consume tobacco and alcohol, the child has a greater risk of being malnourished ( S. Rajarm, Lisa
K. Zottarelli and T.S Sunil). Malnutrition starts even when a baby is not even born. Undernourished
mothers give birth to underweight babies, which affects the future physical and mental well being of
the child. " The child–rearing practices in India unfortunately are highly

The Discover of Biotin or Vitamin H Essay
Biotin has been discovered in many similar ways which is in fact the reason as to why no one person
can take the full accreditation to its discovery. Biotin is occasionally referred to as Vitamin H or
vitamin B7 (Challem, 2008) , but it was not fully perceived until the 1900s. W. Bateman was a
primary researcher in the discovery of the vitamin and made the most notable contributions to the
findings of biotin. An additional discoverer was a scientist by the name of Fitz Kogl and Paul
Gyrory. The two of them came together and created the name "biotin."
The obvious primary sources of biotin in the human diet are meats, such as the kidneys and liver.
Additional sources are cheese, mushrooms, egg yolks, oats, soy, buts, milk and wheat. Biotin ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recommended amount of of biotin is 30 mcg a day. Biotin is one of the safest supplements and
has even been given to people in doses of 200 mg. The adequate amounts for digestion from
different ages vary. "Infants aging from age 0 to twelve months are recommended to take only 7
micro grams daily. Children from the ages of one to three years, take eight micro grams. Children
from the ages of four to eight are recommended to take twelve micro grams, children between the
ages of nine to thirteen can take twenty micro grams daily, teenagers aging from fourteen to eight
are instructed to take twenty five micro grams, adults over the age of eighteen and women who are
pregnant are advised to take thirty micro grams a day and women who are breast feeding are
instructed to take thirty five micro grams of biotin daily."
Although Biotin is a water–soluble vitamin that is a vital component of the four primary carboxylase
enzymes that scientist see in humans. In Japan there was a formula that did not contain sufficient
amounts of biotin for infants. From seeing this, researchers then decided to take their study and
practice on mice and see how they react to the formula that showed that the infants were lacking
biotin from this ketogenic formula. "Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of
the ketogenic diet on biotin status in mice. Methods: Male mice (N = 32) were divided into the
following groups: control diet group, biotin–deficient (BD) diet

Genetic Disorders: Biotinidase Deficiency
Biotinidase deficiency is an inherited or acquired disorder where the body isn't able to recycle the
vitamin biotin (Genetics Home Reference, 2017). Biotin is a necessary nutrient that helps the body
break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Biotin is water soluble Vitamin B that is present in
foods such as milk, liver, and egg yolks. Early signs of this deficiency include but are not limited to
labored breathing, seizures, rash, weak muscle tone, and fungal infections. The inherited form of the
deficiency is caused by a gene mutation in the BTD gene, which is responsible for making an
Biotinidase enzyme. Newborns are screened for this deficiency in at least 25 countries. The
deficiency is an autosomal–recessive inheritance meaning the

Diagnosing and Treating Iron Deficiency Anemia Essay
Anemia is a condition in which your blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells. These
cells play an important role because are the main carriers of oxygen to your organs. They take up
oxygen from the lungs and release carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Without the red blood cells,
you body wouldn't get any oxygen or carbon dioxide and your body would slowly die. Anemia can
be mild or severe. It can be so mild, that people go a long time without even know they have it.
They'll start to realize it the worse it gets. There are over 400 types of anemia, here are some. Sickle
cell anemia is when your red blood cells break down fast, so your organs don't receive oxygen; it
mainly affects African–Americans. Pernicious anemia is when your ... Show more content on
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Some of them include: weakness, pale skin, dizziness or lightheadedness, extreme fatigue, cold feet
and hands, unusual cravings for non–nutritive substances; such as ice or dirt, or restless legs
syndrome; which is an uncomfortable tingling or crawling feeling in your legs. Two of the main
reasons one might get this illness is if you don't have enough in–take of iron and if you loose a large
amount of blood. If you are not taking enough iron rich foods, it can affect your health and make
you prone to have iron deficiency anemia. Also, if you notice that you are loosing an abnormal
amount of blood because of menstruation or pregnancy you should consult your doctor. This is
something that can lead to something serious, most likely anemia. Other reasons one might get it is
because of frequent blood donation and digestive conditions. I know first hand what its like to have
iron deficiency anemia. I have had it for almost four years and I know what its like to not even know
when you have it. I was diagnosed with anemia when I fainted in a movie theater after loosing a
very large amount of blood from my menstrual cycle. I knew it wasn't normal, but I was not aware
of how serious it actually was . I began to have symptoms a few hours before going to the movies,
but I did not pay much attention to it. After the incident in the theaters, I was rushed to the hospital
and that is when they diagnosed me with iron–deficiency anemia. I had almost all of

Vitamin Deficiencies and Psychiatric Illnesses
Deficiencies of vitamins are associated with psychiatric illnesses either by being the primary cause
or an exacerbating factor. Psychiatric symptoms could also lead to poor nutrition. Vitamin
deficiencies may play a role in compromising patient recovery.
Vitamins are organic substances essential for several enzymatic functions.
There are 13 known vitamins which are either fat soluble (4 vitamins i.e. KEDA) or water soluble (9
vitamins i.e. C, & the B group).
Regarding brain function, B vitamins are essential in the maintenance of myelin, neuro–transmitter
production, and methylation cycle. Fat–soluble vitamins are necessary in inflammatory regulation,
regeneration of antioxidants and genetic modification.
Few studies of vitamin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deficiency is common (24% to 56%) among patients receiving haemodialysis (10). Women who
take oral contraceptives are at increased risk of vitamin B6 deficiency (11).
Vitamin B9 (folate)
Folate is required in synthesis of neurotransmitters found in the brain and in phospholipid
production. Dietary folate must be converted to L–methylfolate for use in the brain. Folate
deficiency and insuf¬ficiency are common among patients with mood disorders and correlate with
illness severity (12).
A meta–analysis of 11 stud¬ies of 15,315 persons found those who had low folate levels had a
significant risk of depression (13). In Tunisia, bipolar I patients with hyperhomocysteinemia had
reduced levels of folate (14)
The TT genotype in patients with a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T
polymorphism is associated with major de¬pression and bipolar disorder (15). Clinical tri¬als have
shown that several forms of folate can enhance antidepressant treatment (16).
Vitamin B12
An essential cofactor, B12 is needed to produce monoamine neurotrans¬mitters and maintain
myelin. Psychiatric manifestations have been described to occur in the presence of low serum B12
levels but in the absence of the other well–recognized neurologic and

Iron Deficiency Anemia Stephanie Jackson Professional Communication (MLS 301L) The
University of Southern Mississippi Abstract Iron deficiency anemia occurs when your body does not
have enough iron. Iron is needed in the body to make hemoglobin so that oxygen can be carry to all
the tissues in the body. Some possible causes of IDA include: lack of nutrients, bleeding, and
pregnancy. The symptoms can include: fatigue, pallor, pica, and etc. Symptoms of Iron Deficiency
Anemia are mild at first and develop slowly. The lab tests that are used to diagnose IDA includes:
CBC, peripheral blood smear, reticulocyte count, and iron studies. The treatment for IDA can be as
simple as taking iron supplements or eating foods high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Iron supplements (most often ferrous sulfate) are needed to build up the iron stores in your body.
Most of the time, your health care provider will measure your iron level before you start
supplements. If you cannot take iron by mouth, you may need to take it through a vein (intravenous)
or by an injection into the muscle. Pregnant and breastfeeding women will need to take extra iron
because they often cannot get enough iron from their normal diet. Your hematocrit should return to
normal after 2 months of iron therapy. You will need to keep taking iron for another 6 to 12 months
to replace the body's iron stores in the bone marrow. The types of foods to eat are meats, chicken,
fish, leafy greens, and a variety of beans, whole wheat bread, and pastas Iron–rich foods include:
Meats (liver is the highest source), Soybeans, Whole–grain bread, spinach, kale, and other greens
Discussion Iron–deficiency anemia is disorder when there is too little iron in the blood. It is the most
common blood disorder in the world. After taking a closer look at the causes, symptoms and
diagnosis, and possible treatments, there is no doubt that if the proper steps are taken prevention and
treatment will be a success. For this specific anemia, controlling the disorder yourself is much more
manageable. If you or someone you know has this condition, they should be advised to see a doctor
and take the proper steps and precautions

Folate-Deficiency Anemia
FOLATE–DEFICIENCY ANEMIA – (Chapter 28, Module 4) Folate (folic acid) is a B vitamin
essential for normal production and synthesis of DNA and RNA within a maturing erythrocyte (red
blood cell). Folate deficiency is the lack of folic acid in the blood which can cause megaloblastic
anemia (Folate–deficiency anemia) in which the red blood cells are abnormally large and the inner
contents not completely developed. The absorption of folate occurs primarily in the upper small
intestine and is then circulated through the liver for storage. The daily requirement of 50 to 200 mcg
of Folate per day must be met through dietary intake. This amount that increases for women who are
pregnant or lactating in order to meet the additional demands of the ... Show more content on
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Clinical management & Treatment "Evaluation of folate deficiency is based on measurement of
serum folate levels and symptoms" (McCance, 2010). Treatment is determined based on patient age;
overall health; medical history; extent of disease; patient tolerance for specific medications,
procedures, or therapies; expectations for course of disease; and patient opinion or preference of
treatment. It may include vitamin and mineral supplements, a change in diet including decreasing or
eliminating alcohol intake, medication, and treatment of the causative disease. Once the deficiency
is corrected, typically long–term treatment is unnecessary as long as an appropriate diet is
maintained (McCance, 2010). Works Cited Alterations in Erythrocyte Function. (2010). In K. L.
McCance & S. E. Huether (Eds.), Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and
children (7th ed., pp. 989). Mosby. Finke, A., RN, BSN (Ed.). (n.d.). Anemia of Folate Deficiency.
Retrieved July 1, 2015, from University of Rochester Medical Center Health Encyclopedia

Biotinidase Deficiency, Pediatric
Biotinidase Deficiency, Pediatric Biotinidase is an enzyme that helps the body break down the
vitamin biotin into a form it can use. Biotinidase deficiency occurs when the body does not produce
enough biotinidase. The deficiency is present at birth. Without treatment it can lead to
complications, such as: Seizures. Developmental delays. Eczema. Hearing loss. CAUSES This
condition is caused by a genetic mutation. The condition develops in people who inherit the
mutation from each of their parents. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of this condition develop in the first
few weeks or months of life. They include: Low muscle tone (hypotonia). Seizures. Hair loss. Skin
rash. Developmental delays. Greasy, scaly

Outline Of A Re Deficiencies
re deficiencies. [4] [7]
About 50 % of Iraq's imports come through its North–South corridor and enter through the Ibrahim
El
Khalil on the northern border, from Europe, Russia and Central Asia via Turkey. Most Asian imports
are transshipped at Dubai and use the port of Um Qassr to access the South–North corridor to reach
Baghdad
[1][5].This part of the corridor accounts for about 25% of total imports. The East–West corridors
carry about 25 % of the imports coming from Europe, Africa and Asia through the Mediterranean
ports in Syria and Lebanon and the port of Aqaba in Jordan, approximately (750–1000) fuel vehicle
pass to Jordanian and Syrian borders daily. [3]
[4]
Other corridors link Iraq with Iran in the East and Saudi Arabia in the South–West . This network
includes one major part of the expressway system; it is the Expressway No.1 of (1250 km long)
which consists of one sixInnovative
Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222–1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222–2871 (Online)
Vol.7, No.4, 2016
58
lane highway connecting Basrah city in the south with the Jordanian border and the Syrian borders
in the west via
Baghdad. The expressway No.1 could be divided in 2 major sections and 10 parts that were built by
well–known construction building companies from different countries in the world and passes
through several governorates and Districts in Iraq. [1] [2] [7] (Tab 11, 12)
The Expressway No.1 carries between 15,000 and 30,000 Annual Average Daily Traffic, 50 % of
which
is

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