In this presentation we can see whether there is difference in semen of diabetic and non diabetics

1. A Review On
“ Examination of Semen in diabetics and non
diabetics in forensic perspective"
By
ELIPE ARJUN
Msc Forensic science
4th semester
GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA BILASPUR,
CHHATTISGARH

2. We All Know Semen Is The Most Available Biological Fluid In
Rape Cases, Forensic Scientists Often Collect Semen For Sperm
Which Contain DNA Which Help In Finding The Suspect . The
Project Work Is About Whether There Is Any Difference Between
Diabetic And Non Diabetic Semen Composition. If We Found
Whether There Is A Difference, We Can Find The Definite One,
Among Suspects In Case Of Gang Rape. The Work Also Deals
With The Examination Of Sugar Content . According To The
Latest NCRB Report, 2019 Saw Over 4 Lakh Reported Cases Of
Crimes Committed Against Women, Up From 3.78 Lakh In 2018
And 3.59 Lakh Cases In 2017. NCRB Reported 32,033 Rape Cases
Which Translates To A Shocking 88 Rape Cases A Day.
And This Is Just 10% Of All Crimes Against Women. One In Six
People With Diabetes In The World Is From India. The Numbers
Place The Country Among The Top 10 Countries For People With
Diabetes, Coming In At Number Two With An Estimated 77
Million Diabetics.
ABSTRACT

3. INTRODUCTION
Human semen is a protein-rich body fluid produced by the
male reproductive organs. It is a complex cell suspension in a
fluid containing an array of heterogeneous substances
produced by different male reproductive glands like the testis,
prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis, Cowper’s gland
(bulbourethral) and glands of Littre (periurethral glands).
Their main function is to act as a buffered, nutrient-rich
medium which transports the sperm through the male
reproductive tract into the female reproductive tract.Sperms
are produced in testes and they mature at epididymis
maturation took place around 3 months then it joins the
ductus deferens, which transport mature sperm from the
epididymis to ejaculatory duct from there it will follow into
prostatic urethras. The process of generating spermatozoa is
called spermatogenesis.

4. Normal semen is a greyish, opalescent fluid with a density between 1.043 and
1.102 g/ml. The colour may appear whitish due to the presence of a high
number of sperm or leukocytes. If red blood cells are present (hemospermia),
the colour may appear reddish brown (WHO 2010).Semen is slightly alkaline
which helps in neutralizing the acidic environment of vagina. The pH measured
can vary from 7.2 to 7.8 depending on the time elapsed since ejaculation.
Increase in pH of whole semen over time is attributed to fructolysis and
production of lactic acid. A typical semen sample contain the combined
accessory glands.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

5. Source: Human Andrology by Kumar, Anand,
Sharma, Mona (Eds.)
Important constituents of
Semen

6. FRUCTOLYSIS
Due to the high motility of sperm, their energy requirement is very high. The major energy
source for sperm in the semen is fructose which is produced by the seminal vesicle. Typical
concentration of fructose in human semen is 200 mg/dl. To maintain a high adenosine
triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio, the sperm utilize anaerobic glycolysis of
fructose termed as fructolysis. The process of fructolysis has been described below
SeminalVesicles. Each fructose molecule yields 2 lactate − ions and 2 hydrogen ions (H+). A
positive correlation exists between the degree of sperm motility and the rate of fructolysis in
human semen (Peterson and Freund 1976). However,immobilization by spermicidal agent (lipid
peroxidase) leads to irreversibleloss of fructolytic ability of the sperm (Mann et al. 1980).

7. SPERMATOZOA
A human spermatozoa has three morphologically distinct structures: thehead,middle
piece,and the tail (Fig 1.1.2 Richard C. Li) the head contain anucleus with densely packed
chromosomes. At the tip of the head of thesperm there is a cap-like structure called
acrosomal cap which containscertain enzymes for fertilization and this is also used for
penetration into the egg. The head is attached to the middle piece through a short neck
where mitochondria are present which provide energy for the moving tail.The tail is
responsible for the motility of sperm. In contrast to other cell types a maturespermatozoa
lacks various intracellular organelles like endoplasmicreticulum,golgi
apparatus,peroxisomes and lysosomes.In a normal male 60% of spermatozoa have normal
morphology.

8. Prostate-specific
Antigen
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a major
protein present in seminal fluid at
concentrations of 0.5–2.0 mg/mL. PSA is
produced in the prostate epitheliumand
secreted into the semen. PSA can also be
found in the paraurethral glands,perianal
glands, apocrine sweat glands, and
mammary glands. Thus smallquantities
can be detected in urine, fecal material,
sweat, and milk. PSA caalsobe be found at
much lower levels in the bloodstream. An
elevated plasma PSA is present in prostate
cancer patients, and it is widely used as a
screening test for this disease
ACID PHOSPHATASE
Acid phosphatase (AP) consists of a
group of phosphatases with
optimalactivity in an acidic pH
environment. The greatest forensic
importance of AP is that the prostate-
derived AP contributes most of the AP
activity present insemen. AP levels in
semen are not affected by vasectomies.
AP isoenzymes are also found in other
tissues.

9. Human seminal vesicle–specific antigen (SVSA) includes two major types,
semenogelin I (Sg I) and semenogelin II (Sg II), and constitutes the major seminal
vesicle–secreted protein in semen. On ejaculation, SVSA forms coagulum that is
liquefied after a few minutes due to the degradation of SVSA by PSA. In humans,
both Sg I and Sg II are present in a number of tissues of the male reproductive
system, including the seminal vesicles, ductus eferens, prostate, and epididymis.
They are also present in several other tissues such as skeletal muscle, kidney,
colon, and trachea. They have also been found in the sera of lung cancer patients.
The use of Sg as a marker for semen identification instead of PSA presents certain
advantages. The concentration of Sg in seminal fluid is much higher than that of
PSA, and this is beneficial for the sensitivity of detection. Sg is present in seminal
fluid and absent in urine, milk, and sweat, where PSA can be found. Although Sg
compounds are present in skeletal muscle, kidney, and colon, this is not a great
concern because these tissue samples are not routinely collected for semen
detection in sexual assault cases
Seminal Vesicle–Specific
Antigen

10. Acid Phosphatase
Techniques
Colorimetric assays can be used for
the presumptive identification of
semen.The AP contained in semen
can hydrolyze a variety of phosphate
esters. It catalyzes the removal of
the phosphate group from a
substrate .Subsequently, aninsoluble
colored precipitate at sites of acid
phosphatase activity is formed witha
stabilized diazonium salt (usually in
the form of zinc double salts).
Analytical Techniques for Identifying Semen:
Presumptive
Assay
ALS( ALTERNATE LIGHT
SOURCES) are most commonly
utilized for thevisual examination
of semen stains. Excitation
wavelengths between 450 and495
nm can be used, allowing for the
visualization of fluorescence with
orangegoggles. However, this
approach is not specific for
semen. Other bodily fluid stains,
such as saliva and urine stains,
can also fluoresce with less
intensity.

11. Microscopic Examination of Spermatozoa: The most
common
staining technique is the Christmas tree stain red component called nuclear
fast red and green component PIC (picroindigocarmine)(stains the neck and
tail portions of the sperm. The acro-somal cap and thenucleus stain pink-red,
and the sperm tails and the midpiece stain blue-green.Epithelial cells, if
present in the sample, appear blue-green andrednuclei nuclei. Additionally,
fluorescent detection utilizing SPERM HYLITER Fluorescent Staining Kit can
facilitate the identification of spermatozoa.
Confirmatory Assays
Identification of Prostate-Specific
Antigen
Over the years, a number of methods have been
utilized to detect PSA:immunodiffusion,
immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked
immunosorbentasass (ELISA), and immunochro-
matographic assays. ELISA and
immunochromatographic assays have been found
to be the most sensitive methods

12. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing throughout the world. It has been
estimated that by the year 2025, more than 300 million people will be The rising rate of
diabetes in younger men might have significant negative effects. India has been declared
as the 'Diabetes Capital' of the world in a recent reportby IDF (International Diabetes
Federation). It has also stated that India's 9%population is expected to be diabetic by
2030.Exploitable semen for analysis can be detected up to 31 hours in the mouth, 44 hours
in the anus, 110 hours in the rectum 10 daysin the vagina, 19 days in the cecerv. Males
with juvenile diabetes frequently show a lag in sexual development which is manifested in
a delayed appearance of pubic and axillary hair, slow incrimination in testicular size, and
late voice change In adult diabetics, a decrease in libido and potentia is a frequent
complaint.Calcification of the vas deferens occurs 6 times as frequent in diabetics as in
normal individuals.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

13. In the literature I found only the paper by BARTIK et al. on semen analysis (volume,
sperm density, morphology and velocity) inadolescent diabetic patients. They designed
the study in an attempt to clarify whether spermiogram parameters and seminal
biochemistry components inadolescent patients with type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-
dependent) difromthose those of nondiabetic adolescent subjects; whether angiopathy
(retinopathy),neuropathy and metabolic control influence semen quality, and whether
there isany correlation between some diabetes clinical characteristics and semen
quality.
Materials and methods:
A Study conducted by national institute of endocrinology
cuba they havestudied studied 32 adolescent patients with
type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent) and a control
group of 4 normal adolescent subjects in the sameage range.
Termination of adolescence was defined according to
Dorland's Medical Dictionary as the cessation of somatic
growth. Patient's mean age was 18.6 years (range 17 to 22
years), mean age at onset of diabetes mellitus was11.6 years
(range 2 to 21 years), mean duration of the disease was 6.6
years(range 0.5 to 15 years), and mean age at first
ejaculation was 14.5 years (range 13 to16years)

14. In 28 patients and 23 control subjects
estimations of blood testosterone levels
were done by radioimmunoassay using
reagents and standards provided by the
Matched Reagent Programme
HRP/WHO. The aim of the study were
explained to patients and controls, and
consent was obtained before starting the
procedures.Correlations between some
clinical parameters (age at onset and
duration of diabetes mellitus, time since
first ejaculation) and semen parameters
(volume,density, motility, morphology',
viability, velocity, fructose, glucose)
were assessed.
Two semen analyses, at least two weeks apart, after 3 to 7 days sexual abstinence
was performed. In each sample, obtained by masturbation in the Hospital, They
determined ejaculated volume (ml), sperm density (10S/ml), motility (%), normal
morphology (%), viability (%), and velocity (µ/sec),according to standardized
methods. When the semen volume was large enough, estimations of fructose ,
glucose and citric acid were performed.

17. Spermiogram parameters were lower in diabetics with unsatisfactory
metabolic control. No significant differences were found in seminal fructose
and plasma testosterone levels between these two subgroups.Seminal
glucose was higher in diabetics with unsatisfactory metabolic control

18. Studies on spermiogram and seminal biochemistry in patients with diabetesmellitus are scanty and contradictory data
have been reported. The paperby BaRTIE et al.: was particularly concerned with some semen studies in 25 juvenile
diabetics. In agreement with these authors they found lower average values in spermiogram parameters in the group
of adolescent diabetics when compared to those of nondiabetic adolescents. No negative influence on semenquality
was demonstrated for duration of diabetes, age at onset or time since first ejaculation. MANN and ROTTENBERG
reported high values of seminal fructose were found to be associated with diabetes in rabbits. This probably applied
also to other species, including man.Their study proves that fructose content in semen is increased in human
adolescent diabetic patients. With regard to seminal glucose their resultsdemonstrate its presence in low
concentration in nondiabetic but considerably increased semen glucose was found in diabetics.
DISCUSSION

19. They have studied the semen quality and plasma testosterone levels (T)
in 32 adolescent patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and
in anaged-matched control group. &'men volume, motility and
morphology weresignificantly lower in diabetics whereas seminal
fructose and glucose were significantlhigher. No difference was
observed in plasma testosterone levels.BARTAK and VISNAK reported
In this study, based on 32 adolescent diabetic patients, They were not
able to demonstrate any correlation between fructose and/or glucose
levels in semen, glycemia and glycosuria, suggestingthat other factors
may influence seminal fructose and glucose concentration to a greater
extent.In conclusion, a deterioration of the quality of human semen
occurs in adolescent diabetic patients. Neuropathy and poor metabolic
control seem to be important ffactos of this deterioration. The presence
of retinopathy does not correlate.
SUMMARY

20. REFERENCES
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21. 7. Bhattacharya SM. Hypo osmotic swelling test and unexplained repeat early pregnancy
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