A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug

A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug
This report shows a comparison between hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicles (FCHEV) and battery (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell (FCEV)
electric vehicles. Comparing infrastructure and technology requirements along with the lifecycle cost of the drivetrain (the main components that
generate power and deliver it to the road surface) over 100k miles taking fuel costs and capital costs into consideration.
This can then be compared to a conventional petrol–fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE) drivetrain. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis shows
that FCEVs could achieve lifecycle costs similar to conventional petrol vehicles in the near future. However, both the BEV and FCHEV have
significantly lower lifecycle costs. Looking forward, the drivetrain lifecycle costs of FCEVs could range from around ВЈ5000 to ВЈ15000, whereas
those for BEVs range from ВЈ4300 to ВЈ7600 and FCHEVs, from just under ВЈ3000 to ВЈ8400. All vehicle platforms exhibit significant cost
sensitivity to drivetrain capital cost. The BEV and FCHEV are relatively unaffected by electricity costs but the FCHEV and FCV are affected by the
cost of hydrogen. The BEV and FCHEV are alike in lifecycle cost and one could offer an advantage over the other depending on driving patterns.
In conclusion, the hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicle would be the best route towards future development of the fuel cell electric vehicles.
1.Introduction
Transport is one of the main contributors towards
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Using Alternative Energy Sources For The Uk Market Essay
1Introduction All the vehicle OEM 's are making a major effort to improve fuel consumption and reduce tailpipe CO2 emissions. One of the most
common application for reducing tailpipe CO2 is using alternative energy sources than gasoline and diesel [1]. In accordance, this paper aims to
present an outline design for a PHEV version of the Ford Focus family hatchback for the UK Market. 1.1Manufacturer's Corporate Position As
quoted in official company page, Ford's blueprint for sustainability goes beyond improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions to define
sustainability as a business model that creates value by preserving and enhancing environmental, social and financial capital [2]. This approach
confirms an enthusiasm that will eventually lead to hybrid/electric cars for Ford. Such improvement will mean a lot for UK market, as Ford is a
very strong brand in UK, with Ford Fiesta being the top selling car, while Ford's C segment representative Focus is in 3rd rank among all competitor
models [3]. Additionally, penetrating in electric/hybrid market holds huge potential since 81% of UK population lives in urban areas [4] which is the
already focus market for E.V. & electric hybrid car manufacturers. 1.2Market Status, Market Expectations and Government Support EV range is the top
concern for potential consumers [5], [6] worldwide. Therefore, the range is the most critical item within the technical requirements of an electric
/ hybrid car. In Great Britain, average

Alternative Power Solutions Essay
Alternative Power Solutions
Our society has become reliant upon technology and continues to increase with time. Computers and many other electronic devices are used in the
houses and educational applications. These technologies depend on the energy companies to function. The quality of power that the consumer receives
is determined by the area that they live. There are many different ways that these companies go about providing energy. The largest form of energy in
the United States is coal.
Coal is a general term for a wide variety of solid materials that are high in carbon content. Most coal is burned by electric utility companies to produce
steam to turn their generators. Some coal also is used in factories to provide heat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nuclear power is a very cost–effective form of energy but has many safety concerns involved with this form of energy. The by–product of this reaction
is very radioactive and highly dangerous to the public. "Radioactive materials emit penetrating, ionizing radiation that can injure living tissues."(
Nuclear Energy). The government has not yet found a suitable way of dealing with this waste. The only way to store this waste is in large containers
deep underneath the ground that are monitored. "Many nuclear wastes remain radioactive for thousands of years, beyond the span of any human
institution."(Nuclear Energy). There was an incident in America in the 1970's near Harrisburg PA where a plant emitted radioactive particles into the
air due to a partial melt down. Due to public complaints about the hazards of the plants they have ceased to build any other plants. The probabilities of
a catastrophe to happen is very low but the amount of damage it could produce would be great. Therefore the government does not invest in the further
research of this energy source.
Geothermal energy is another way to produce electricity.
Geothermal Energy is naturally occurring renewable source of thermal energy. Thermal energy within the earth approaches the surface in many
different geological formations: volcanic eruptions, geysers, fumaroles, and mud pots. Generating electric power from geothermal resources

Hydrogen Powered Vs Electric Powered Vehicles
Hydrogen Powered Versus Electric Powered Vehicles The human race is in the midst of an energy crisis. The gasoline used around the world is
currently a non–renewable resource. As the title suggests, the gasoline will eventually be totally consumed in part by the gas guzzling vehicles
common today. For this reason, scientists have spent decades researching and developing alternative sources of fuel in order to power daily life on
Earth for many years to come. There is a wide array of renewable fuel sources in use presently. These alternatives vary in efficiency, affordability, and
many other aspects. Hydrogen powered and electric powered vehicles are two comparable alternatives that have increased in popularity and
functionality in recent years and will continue to do so in the near future (10 Reasons, 2015).
History
Hydrogen powered vehicles initially became a reality with the invention of the first internal combustion engine in 1806. The engine was powered by a
mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases. This led to the first hydrogen powered car in 1908. Hydrogen powered vehicles were further advanced in
1935 with Henry Garrett's electrolytic carburetor which allowed the cars to run on tap water. In the 1970's, Archie Blue created and patented a new
carburetor that produced enough H2 (hydrogen) gas to power a car motor (History of Hydrogen, n.d.). Today, most commercial hydrogen vehicles use
fuel cells to power their engines. Electric powered vehicles had a slightly later

Marketing And Sales Of A B2b Business
1.Refer to Pacific Agriscience (A) a.Essentially, Pacific Agriscience (refer to hereinafter as "PAS") will be changing from a B2B business to B2C
business (or F2F as termed). To transit to this F2F model, I foresee 3 major challenges PAS will face in implementing it: i.Their current marketing
and sales approach are not effective & will need to be changed. Before this, PAS was mainly engaged in B2B sales– they sold to Australian importers
/registration holders who in turn sold to distributors and finally to the farmers (end–consumers). In the new F2F model, they will sell directly to the
famers. They may need to add and/or change their sales channels to engage these farmers. While the traditional brick–and–mortar store and mail
marketing may continue to important, PAS will also need to consider the important of social media and e–commerce. For e.g. can their current website
support online purchases (probably much more frequent now) & payment? ii.Their current logistics and distribution set–up is insufficient and will need
to be updated. When PAS engages in F2F now, it is likely they will now need to hold inventory and manage the distribution and delivery. (In the past,
it was probably the Australian importers and the distributors who were holding the inventory and managing the deliveries). They will know need to
consider having warehouses and manage a proper delivery system especially now to cater to more diverse and spread–out customers. iii.Maintain a

The Pros And Cons Of Hydrogen
Jasmine Nguyen, Annie Vo
The energy source that will have a thorough description from how it works to what it's made of and much more, is hydrogen fuel source. The first
fuel cell was invented by Sir William Robert Grove in 1839. Hydrogen is the fuel of destiny mainly due to it's elevated transformation efficiency,
salvaging, and non–contaminating nature. Hydrogen plays a higher role in the sustainability of life and can be employed to cause energy. Hydrogen
can also be manufactured using several various processes such as electrolysis, solar energy, and can be assembled, both thermochemically and
biologically. Electrolysis is the process of using a dynamic current to isolate water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Unfortunately this procedure has
more intensive energy. The electrolysis process is pretty valuable since it involves high energy consumption. The energy used to generate a current
in the electrolysis process is pretty valuable since it involves high energy consumption. The energy is also limited from fossil fuels like oil, natural
gas or coal. The electrical charge that is tested to water will shatter the chemical bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms. As a result, it will
produce charged particles called ions. The ions must be free to proceed in order for electrolysis to work. When classic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As time in the future comes near, hydrogen could join electricity as an important energy carrier. An energy carrier is able to transport and deliver
energy in a useable form to consumers. There are renewable energy sources such as the sun and wind, but they can't produce energy all the time. With
hydrogen being a fuel cell, it has a higher efficiency than diesel or gas engines. Most fuel cells are able to operate without making sound, compared to
central combustion engines. Therefore they're perfectly convenient to be usable in buildings such as

Hydrogen As An Alternative Source Of Energy
Khaled AlGhunaim NASC 130 Professor Gartner November 16, 2015 Hydrogen As An Alternative Source Of Energy The contemporary industrial
sector has been built on the capacity created by energy. The bulk of human activities from survival to economy rely on the use of energy. Indeed,
widespread access to energy has a significant influence on the level of achievement a particular jurisdiction achieves (Johnstone, Mayo and Khare 572).
Access to energy sources determines the quality and course of life undertaken by the residents of a specific region. Numerous factors interact to
determine the supply of energy. Among them include the cost, quantities available and the extent of availability. The fact that fossil fuel is the primary
source of energy means that distribution is uneven. It should be noted that oil, coal, and natural gas account for three–quarters of the global energy
consumption. Indeed, it is estimated that traditional forms of energy such as wood and animal dung form the primary source of energy for close to
two billion people across the globe. The realities raised by the use of fossil fuels create an incentive to explore alternative forms of energy sources.
The use of hydrogen as an alternative source of energy provides several new advantages to the world in terms of abundance, pollution, and its future
importance to the business world along with everyday use to the people. The abundant nature of Hydrogen's existence and simplicity in structure make
the compound an

World-Scale Hydrogen Economy: Pros and Cons Essay
Proponents of a world–scale hydrogen economy argue that hydrogen can be an environmentally cleaner source of energy to end–users, particularly in
transportation applications, without the release of pollutants like particulate matter and carbon dioxide. However hydrogen continues to have technical
obstacles associated with it, including storage issues, due to the fact that hydrogen has a high energy density by weight, but has a low energy density
by volume when not highly compressed or liquefied. A lot has been written about hydrogen and human being's emergence into a "hydrogen economy".
There are many studies published and numerous advances in the related technologies. As a matter of fact the November 13th edition of the journal,
Science,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrogen freely bonds with other elements and is therefore bound into molecules on earth. Plants use Photosystem II to carry out a hydrolysis
reaction in their chloroplasts; cleaving a water molecule and biding the hydrogen into carbohydrates while letting the oxygen free. This is where the
energy in fossil fuels is originally derived. On earth hydrogen is mostly found in water. Hydrogen makes up roughly 11% of the mass of water and
water is roughly 0.09% of the total mass of the earth. [2] How do you free the hydrogen? There are at least four ways do so. The most common is
"steam reforming", 95% of current hydrogen production comes from steam reforming fossil fuels. Environmentalists argue that using carbon–rich fuel
sources like fossil fuels would defeat the purpose of switching to hydrogen in the first place; Using fossil fuels would just turn a non–point source
emission (from tailpipes), into a point source emission (from power plants). They argue the solution to carbon pollution is to combine hydrogen
production with renewable non–carbon releasing forms of power, like wind energy and solar power. Hydrogen carries energy through its
attractiveness towards other elements. When hydrogen bonds with gaseous oxygen (O2) energy is released. The products of this reaction are energy
and water, (H2O). We can use this energy to power electrical devices and

Reducing Number Of Infiltration Cycles For La0.8sr0.2feo3...
Independent Study Report
Reducing Number of Infiltration Cycles for La0.8Sr0.2FeO3–YSZ Cathodes
Xiaoyan Li
Abstract
In order to decrease the number of cycles of infiltration and maintain a comparable cathode performance, the viability of using a conductive composite
scaffold of La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 and yttria–stablized zirconia (YSZ) with one infiltration cycle was investigated. The infiltration material is nitrate salt
solution of La, Sr, Co and Fe to form La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 perovskite phase. Cathodes fabricated from scaffolds using different ratios of
LSF–YSZ were tested by impedance spectroscopy with the results showing that the ohmic resistance decreases as the amount of LSF increases. In
addition, scaffolds calcined at 1350oC exhibited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1,2 In this case, YSZ is included in the cathode to provide ionic conductivity, as well as enhancing the connection between the electrode and the YSZ
electrolyte. YSZ in the electrode also helps match the thermal expansion of the electrode to the electrolyte.1–4 The functions of LSM in the composite
cathode include providing electronic conductivity and catalytic activity, but with negligible contributions to ionic conductivity.4,5
The conventional method for fabricating the electrode is to deposit and sinter a mixture of the electrode composites onto a dense YSZ electrolyte.4 The
sintering temperature must be a compromise, high enough to ensure the good connection between YSZ in the electrode and the electrolyte, but low
enough to prevent solid state reactions between the electrode composites.2,5 Indeed, most conducting perovkites are unable to be prepared due to the
formation of insulating phases at high temperatures required for YSZ sintering.4 Therefore, the infiltration method was initially developed to separate
the high calcination temperature required to densify the YSZ electrolyte from the lower calcinations temperature needed for the other electrode
components.1,4,5 Furthermore, the infiltration method provides a nonrandom structure where the electronically conductive components are deposited
into the previously formed porous YSZ scaffold.1–4 Infiltration also forms superior

Microbial Fuel: An Environment Friendly Project Proposal
The current costs that are associated with Water treatment are astronomical in most cases it can be on the order of billions of dollars,
INTRODUCTION
The present has brought many benefits like new technologies. But along with benefits, the present also brought consequences. One consequence would
be the pollution in the atmosphere and environment. Scientists have come up with many alternative energy methods like wind power, solar power, and
tidal power. Along with those sources of energy comes a form of energy not yet implemented into the system.High energy requirement of conventional
sewage treatment systems are demanding for the alternative treatment technology, which will be cost effective and require less energy for its efficient
operation. In addition, due to global environmental concerns and energy insecurity, there is emergent interest to find out sustainable and clean energy
source.[3] One such method is This method uses microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Amicrobial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioreactor that converts chemical energy
in the chemical bonds in organic compounds to electrical energy through catalytic reactions of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions, [6]meaning
Microbial Fuel Cells function by the reduction of oxygen or nitrates. This process can only generate electrical energy if it is performed under anaerobic
conditions. While creating energy, this process can also simultaneously treat wastewater. Since this process is able to both treat water, supply

Lab Report On Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( Sofc )
Abstract
In order to decrease the number of cycles of infiltration and maintain a comparable cathode performance, the viability of using a conductive LSF–YSZ
composite scaffold with one infiltration cycle of LSCF was investigated. XRD patterns of LSF–YSZ powder presented that at 1400oC and 1300oC
calcination, an obvious shift in LSF peak occurred, indicating Zr doping into LSF and forming a less conductive phase. Different ratios of LSF–YSZ
scaffolds were tested by impedance spectroscopy with the results showing that the ohmic resistance decreases as the amount of LSF increases, and
1350oC scaffold has a much lower ohmic resistance than the 1400oC one. A pure YSZ cell infiltrated with 35 wt% LSCF was used as reference and
by comparing it with a cell composed of 70:30 LSF–YSZ scaffold calcined at 1350oC with one cycle of LSCF infiltration, a comparable cell
performance both in ohmic and non–ohmic parts was achieved.
Introduction
In solid–oxide fuel cells (SOFC), the typical cathodes with the best performance are usually composites of the electrolyte oxide and an electronically
conductive and catalytically active oxide which is usually a perovskite.1,2 For example, in cells made of yttria–stablized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, the
conventional cathode composite is a mixture of YSZ and Sr–doped LaMnO3 (LSM). 1,2 The commonly used YSZ electrolyte oxide in the electrode is
to enhance the ionic conductivity, thus increasing the electrochemically active region in the electrode. 1–4

The Uk And Scottish Governments
The UK and Scottish governments are committed to supporting innovation on sustainable hydrogen energy for pollution free environment. In the UK,
this focus on innovation is managed by different players such as Government, Research Organisations and Private Enterprises. Many studies have
pointed out the need for this innovation, which in some cases must be radical, with increases of between 2 and 10 times the current level of innovation.
The European Union for example, mentions that it will take between 48 and 60 billion Euros of investment in innovative technologies to achieve the
objectives of decarbonisation and energy security. Despite the numerous benefits of innovation in sustainable hydrogen energy, in particular to Spain, it
is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will ascertain the role governments should play and also private entities, and the most appropriate instruments to foster innovation. Need of
Innovation in Energy Sustainable hydrogen Energy remains fundamental to economic development and welfare of society. To reach levels similar to
those of developed countries being, many countries will need, and try to, increase their energy consumption. In addition, there is still a large number
of people (more than a billion, according to estimates from the IEA) without access to advanced forms of energy, and will also contribute to
increased overall consumption when achieved, hopefully, this access (Agbossou, et al., 2001). Therefore increasingly global society need more
resources to provide this growing demand for sustainable hydrogen energy services, which collides with the finite nature of fossil energy resources,
now the main source of energy globally, and with the shortage of other resources needed to produce, transport or consume energy. This lack of
resources is already leading to significant increases in prices, and more, at high price volatility, with corresponding negative effects on the global
economy and in different countries, depending on their exposure or dependence energy (Meadowcroft, 2009). Moreover, fossil energy

Hydrogen Fuel Of The Future
With nations like Costa Rica, Albania, Paraguay, and Iceland all currently running on 100% renewable electricity, the notion of clean Audi e
–fuels rule
and sustainable energy is becoming a more realistic and feasible option in the minds of many.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and has been present since the beginning of time. Hydrogen is the smallest element in the
universe, hydrogen consists as a diatomic, gaseous molecule with a single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen does not exist in its pure form on
the planet, but it is present as a compound in molecules like water, glucose, natural gas, and even oil (Busby). Because it is found in such a variety of
sources, hydrogen is the perfect power source for fuel cells.
What exactly are hydrogen fuel cells and why will they be the fuel of the future? Hydrogen fuel cells are a mechanical device that convert the
electrochemical energy found in a fuel source, like hydrogen, into electrical energy, with the only byproducts being heat and water (Hoffmann 6). In all
fuel cells there are two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte, a membrane capable of moving ions, in between the two (Sorenson 73).
During their operation, hydrogen fuel is injected into the anode side, while oxygen, usually from the air, is pumped to the cathode. The hydrogen
molecule disassociates, and the proton passes through the electrolyte to join the oxygen, while the electron from the hydrogen molecule travels in an

Reasons For Going Hybrid Cars
8 Reasons to Go Hybrid 8 Reasons to Go Hybrid Sales of hybrid vehicles in the United States have jumped from a curiosity of 17 sales in 1999 to
470,383 in 2014.[1] The annual growth rate of the hybrid market has advanced across all makes and models and includes luxury vehicles, family
sedans and economy vehicles. Hybrid car owners can save hundreds of dollars on fuel costs, get maintenance costs that are comparable to gas–powered
vehicles by spreading them over the life of the cars, enjoy tax incentives and driving perks and find hybrid vehicles in attractive models from their
favorite manufacturers.[2] Hybrid Technology Becomes Increasingly Common This article will explore some of the benefits of going hybrid, which
include getting lower fuel costs, driving greener, cutting noise pollution and reducing dependency on foreign oil. Increased hybrid options include
affordable and indulgent Hondas, Subarus, Acuras and many other models for single drivers, families and business transportation. Benefits of going
hybrid include –– but aren 't limited to –– the following advantages: 1. Increased Fuel Efficiency The Toyota Prius leads the market in hybrid fuel
efficiency, according to FuelEconomy.org, because the model gets almost about 50 MPG no matter where you drive or live.[2] Other hybrid cars also
get mileage ratings of more than 40 MPG. Hybrid cars can achieve these astonishing efficiency ratings while enjoying the full range of torque, acc
acceleration and driving–range

Microbial Fuel Cells use bacteria to convert waste into...
Microbial Fuel Cells use bacteria to convert waste into electrical energy. These bacteria break down almost any biodegradable organic waste including
sewage and water waste and use it as fuel to generate power. Places like Penn State University and The Biodesign Institute in Arizona State University
are already testing and improving this new alternative energy. According to Penn State University they have achieved in producing 1.5 watts per
meter squared of amount of waste water taken in and believe that a large industrial plant will be able to produce near 0.8 watts per meter squared and
will be able to support about 500 homes (9). This is a new technology that is being avidly researched, however it is not currently used in large ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This cell uses bacteria like Shewanella oneidensis and Rhodoferax ferrireducens and many labs are attempting to find better strains of bacteria
more suited to the process (3). This fuel cells work in two parts. Basically, the microbial fuel cell has two halves, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic
means with presence of oxygen, anaerobic means a lack of oxygen. When bacteria consume their "food" in aerobic conditions they produce carbon
dioxide and water, however when it's in an anaerobic condition they produce carbon dioxide, electrons and protons. The MFC has the bacteria put in
the anaerobic chamber of the cell and decompose water material that contain glucose and/or acetate. The bacteria also free hydrogen ions and
electrons. The electrons flow from an anode into the cathode. The hydrogen ions however just pass through the barrier; soon the electrons and
hydrogen ions are in the aerobic chamber and combine with the oxygen forming h2o. The H2O is released and electrical energy is produced from the
transfer off the energy between the Anode and Cathode (or Anaerobic and Aerobic chambers).
Microbial Fuel Cells have a large variety of benefits due to its versatility and choice of fuel.
Firstly it can use most biodegradable organic matter including human and animal waste, sewage, etc. This is great as there is no limit to the fuel and it
is easy to find. Secondly, it reduces cost

Alternative Future Energy Storage And Conversion Systems
Metal–air batteries have been intensively explored as an alternative future energy storage and conversion systems owing to their intrinsically high
energy and power densities, the relatively mature research on air electrode, and cost effective composition of non–noble fuel electrode, as well as in
response to the high energy demand for portable devices and electric vehicles even stationary power plants [1–5]. Of late, research into the metal–air
techniques has been focused on Zn–air (~1,000 Wh kg–1), Li–air (~13,000 Wh kg–1), and Ge–air (~1,500 Wh kg–1) batteries because of its very high
specific energy and energy density with open cell air cathode structure [3–6]. With these devices, however, the electrochemical energy could be stored
in the stationary part as form of sacrificial metal anode. This distinct architecture would make a limitation approach for large–scale commercialization
unless the anode can provide good electrochemical reversibility and high cyclic durability.
As a feasible alternative to continuous operation, recently, a high temperature liquid metal–air energy storage cell (LMAESC) in conjunction with a
solid oxide electrolyte has been investigated applying post–transition metals such as In [7], Sn [7–17], Sb [18–25], Pb [7], and Bi [12] as a sacrificial
electrode, so–called liquid metal anode (LMA). Since these liquid metals has relatively low melting point, it can improve the anode polarization by
incorporating liquid wetting materials to spread on the

America Must Invest in Energy Efficiency Essays
America Must Invest in Energy Efficiency
In recent years our country has had many debates over what must be done to lessen the amount of oil that our country consumes. It is well known that
we need to make some type of change to help not only the environment, but also lessen our reliance on imported oil. President Bush recently announced
his new plan that could someday greatly reduce that amount of oil that Americans use by replacing oil with hydrogen fuel cells. Although this plan is a
step in the right direction, it is not the answer. There are far too many downsides that could actually hurt our country in thelong run. One problem is that
the plan proposed by Bush will take far too long before any changes will be seen. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. If cars were required to run on 55 miles per gallon, the U.S. would save about five million barrels per day. This alone is about seven times the
amount of oil that was imported from Iraq alone last year (Kennedy 11). All major auto companies can already make cars that run on seventy miles
per gallon; meaning that Clinton's goal was nearly reached. However, because funding is being cut by the new plan, these cars will most likely
never be available in the large market. We do need to someday totally end our reliance on oil, especially in cars, but why stop funding a plan that
would have an immediate effect? Money is simply being wasted due to the fact that millions of dollars were spent on a plan that is being ended
because funding is suddenly being spent on new areas of research. We need to continue funding Clinton's plan even if we do start more research in
hydrogen fuel cells.
A second major problem with the plan is not easy to see at first. You must look much closer at what types of research is being done. There are two
ways that hydrogen fuel cells can be made. One is by a reaction with oxygen. These cells are about 70% efficient and the only emissions are water
vapor. The second way it by using oil or coal to make the cells. These cells are about 33% efficient and release harmful emissions into the atmosphere
(Abelson 1469). I feel that we should fund research into using oxygen as opposed to fossil fuels when making hydrogen

Battery Conditioning ( Auto Repair Shops
Battery Conditioning | Auto Repair Shops Lewisville, TX
The batteries for a hybrid are a source of dread for many owners, who realize eventually they will require replacement with new or reconditioned
batteries. Now you have an additional option in the Lewisville area. Fifth Gear Automotive offers battery conditioning for your hybrid vehicles. Bring
your hybrid vehicle to Fifth Gear Automotive auto repair shops in Lewisville, TX for conditioning of your battery pack by our certified experts.
You may not realize it, but many hybrids completely shut down if they run out of gas. It is a protective feature on several brands of hybrid vehicles,
with the intention to protect the costly batteries. Not all hybrids have the mechanism, and those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contact Fifth Gear Automotive hybrid battery specialists in our auto repair shops in Lewisville, TX.
Improving Your Hybrid 's Efficiency
You have probably heard how you drive affects your gas mileage, and its just as true with a hybrid as any other vehicle. Accelerating and braking
gently are essential for improved efficiency. In the hybrid vehicle, accelerating gradually will ensure electric motor use only, maintaining efficiency and
possibly assisting you to surpass the EPA mileage estimate. This habit is especially beneficial in heavy traffic conditions.
Factors Affecting the Battery Lifespan
A conditioned battery can provide reliable service for years properly conditioned. Fifth Gear Automotive hybrid battery specialists are certified to
provide batter conditioning. Trained to the highest standards of the industry, you can rely on the conditioning of your hybrid battery in our auto repair
shops in Lewisville, TX. However, you should be aware of the following factors which can affect the lifespan of a conditioned battery:
While battery packs can be reconditioned an unlimited amount of time, age is one of the factors that can affect its length of service after conditioning.
Extreme temperatures in your location, the elevation and heavy use of the vehicle.
Operating the vehicle in a manner that places the battery in an extreme profound discharge state is discouraged for old or new batteries alike.
Only use a certified hybrid battery specialist for service

Nuclear Battery
ABSTRACT
The short and unpredictable nature of the conventional chemical batteries, along with the frequent replacements that they require, has created an acute
need for a reliable, longer–lasting and rugged source of energy. Moreover Radars, spacecrafts, interstellar probes and other advanced communication
devices require much larger power than that can be met by conventional energy sources.
The solution to long term energy source is the nuclear powered batteries which have a life span of few decades and can pack in energy densities
thousands of time greater than conventional battery sources. Hence, there is an urgent need to harvest enormous amount of energy released naturally
by the tiny bits of radioactive material.
Unlike ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TechnologyEnergy Density (milliwatt–hour /milligram)
Lithium ion in a chemical battery0.3
Methanol in a fuel cell3
Tritium in a nuclear battery850
Polonium–210 in a nuclear battery57 000 Energy Content in Different Type of Batteries
"IT IS A STAGGERINGLY SMALL WORLD THAT IS BELOW,"
Said physicist Richard P. Feynman in his visionary talk to the American Physical Society, when he envisioned the fabrication of micro
– and nano
devices and declared that one day the entire Encyclopaedia Britannica could be written on the head of a pin. Feynman's vision has finally begun to
manifest, thanks to ever more sophisticated microelectronics. Micro and nano scale machines are ushering a multibillion–dollar market as they are
being incorporated in virtually every electronic devices.
Among the trendsetting applications in this development are ultra dense memories capable of storing hundreds of gigabytes in a fingernail–size device,
micromirrors for enhanced display and optical communications equipment, and highly selective RF filters to reduce cell phones size and improve
the quality of calls.But, again, at very small scales, chemical batteries can't provide enough power for these micro machines. As the size of such a
battery is reduced, the amount of stored energy goes down exponentially. Reduction in each side of a cubic battery by a factor of 10 as the volume is

The Benefits Of Alternative Fuel
The first use of any form of fuel was nearly two million years ago thanks to the curiosity of Homo erectus. Since then fuel has become significantly
more advanced, starting from ordinary wood to what is now comprised of numerous chemicals and life threatening processes to obtain liquid and
gaseous fuels. These fuels are used to warm our homes, generate electricity, and even transport us from one end of the globe the other. The most
commonly used fuels are charcoal, natural gases, and LPG. Most of the fuels we use today are problematic for future generations as they are
non–renewable, and produce harmful chemicals that will traumatize the environment. Though no fuel is without it 's cons, the following data should
suffice in explaining the benefits of alternative fuel 's such as Ethanol, Biodiesel, Hydrogen, Methanol and even sources that are always readily
available such as solar, hydro, and wind. Today coal is one of the most utilized fuel sources, especially within the U.S. which comprises of 39% of
U.S. 's electrical generation. Though its abundance and conversion to kWh 's makes it a potent supplier, trapped within coal are impurities such as
sulfur and nitrogen that turn into pollutants once oxidized. Because of the hazards from burning coal the use of it as a fuel source has declined since
its extensive use during the 1800 's. Oil is now the world 's number one transportation fuel source, and though it is not a significantly cleaner fossil fuel,
it does produce less

Real Textile and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Novel...
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an upsurging technology in the field of bio–energy generation along with wastewater treatment. The microbial fuel
cell generates energy with the help of microbes that makes it green future source of energy. In MFC, anaerobic microbes degrade organic matter and
produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e–) at the anode. H+ ion diffuses through the proton exchange membrane (PEM); and e– are transported
through an electrode via an external circuit to the cathode. At a cathode, e– and H+ ions combine with oxygen to form water (H2O), this results in
power generation [1]. MFC has limited open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.14 V because of the standard redox potential of NADH/ NAD+ and O2/H2O of
–0.32 V and +0.82 V ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment process includes physical extraction of dyes by
adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion–exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another process
to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical
degradations are uneconomical and unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic, microbial culture. But
purely anaerobic digestion of azo–dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result
in high amounts of sludge [12–14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a solution with the
advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].
Real textile wastewater (RTW) has low biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, which implies chemical
treatment is required. RTW also has greater color appearance; high total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solids (SS), high temperature and variable
pH (from 5 to 9) depending on dye. On the other hand, domestic wastewater has almost neutral pH, high BOD, normal temperature and high volume as
well. Gingell and Walker [17] proposed two–step mechanism for degradation of azo–dyes Step 1 is the

Fuel Cell Disadvantages
Hydrogen fuel cells are an emerging technology that could be the next mass produced energy source of the future. The application of hydrogen as
a fuel source can be used to power cars, homes, and even cell phones. Hydrogen is the most abundant molecule in the universe. The most profound
use for hydrogen fuel cells will be for vehicles. Hydrogen fuel cells will revolutionize the automobile industry. Hydrogen fuel has been used by
NASA since the early 1970s to launch space stations and other rockets into orbit (Renewable Energy World). A fuel cell combines hydrogen and
oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. Fuel cells are often compared to batteries. Both convert the energy produced by a chemical reaction
into usable electric power. However, the fuel cell will produce electricity as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied, never losing its charge (Renewable
Energy World). There has been a big push in recent years for automobile companies to produce lower emission producing vehicles. Hydrogen fuel
cell powered vehicles can help to solve the issue. Hydrogen is clean burning, producing only water vaper as waste. Hydrogen Fuel cell vehicles will be
zero–emission, reducing air pollution (Bernard Meyerson). Fuel cell offer all the same benefits as conventional fuel powered cars with cruising range
up to 500 miles. To refill a take with hydrogen will take about three minutes, about the same amount of time as traditional fuel fill ups. Down side is
the first production of

AmericaвЂ™s Foreign Oil Dependency
America's Foreign Oil Dependency:
What are the options to stop this crisis?
For
Professor Sharon Mitchener
From
August 11, 2006
BUS 531
Research Proposal
Abstract
The topic of this paper is America's foreign oil dependency. The purpose of this paper is to suggest how might America completely destroy or at
least greatly mitigate its dependency on crude oil to fuel Americans' cars, especially foreign crude oil. Library literature, newspaper articles,
encyclopedias, and the Internet were all sources used to compile this paper. The conclusion reached in this research topic is that America's great
foreign oil dependency is a crisis and other energy sources to fuel our cars need to be adopted and implemented before the people ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, gasohol is considered to have helpful environmental effects. Research proves that by using gasohol instead of regulargasoline, carbon
monoxide emissions will be reduced by as much as 17 percent, carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 4.2 percent, and hydrocarbon emissions
will be reduced by 5 percent. The use of gasohol also greatly reduces emissions of benzene (a known highly fatal carcinogen).
Cons Though ethanol may be better for the environment and ultimately the American farmer, it still has several disadvantages. The first disadvantage
is that ethanol can be much pricier than gasoline, depending on where you live in the United States. Fuel price data from the Department of Energy
(DOE) shows that in the Midwest (where the majority of America's ethanol is produced) ethanol sells for almost 30 cents less per gallon than
conventional gasoline. However, on the West Coast, filling up with ethanol would cost a driver an average of 35 cents more per gallon. In the

Mid–Atlantic States, ethanol would cost drivers ever more: a full 44 cents per gallon. The higher price of ethanol in many areas is made worse by
ethanol's second disadvantage that it, regardless of the price you pay for it, contains less fuel efficient energy than gasoline. In short, this means cars
won't travel as far on a tank of gas, and most cars fuel economy will decrease by 20–30 percent. This is very

Potential Of Microbial Fuel Cells
Potential of Microbial Fuel Cells
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy by the catalytic and metabolic reactions of microorganisms.
The microorganisms function as a catalyst in the electron transfer between the electrodes. A MFC is just like any other fuel cell in its function which
can undergo a half cell reaction. A typical microbial fuel cell consists of anode and cathode compartments separated by a cation (positively charged ion)
permitting specific membrane. At the anode, the organic matter or substrate is oxidized by microorganisms, generating CO2, electrons and protons.
Electrons are transferred to the cathode through an external electric circuit, while protons are transferred to the cathode through the membrane.
Electrons and protons react in the cathode, combining with oxygen to form water.
A simple REDOX reaction takes place in the fuel cell. The rate of the reactions can depend on the internal resistance, bacteria, substrate,
semi–permeable membrane and electrode configuration. The basic reactions that occur when microorganisms consume a substrate such as sugar in the
presence of O2 they produce CO2 and H2O. But, when oxygen is not present they produce CO2, H+ and e–.
At Anode,
C12H22O11 +13H2O в†’ 12CO2 + 48H+ + 48eв€’
At Cathode,
O2 + 4eв€’ + 4H+ в†’ 2H2O
The applications of MFC's are that, they can be used for electricity generation, bio–hydrogen production, wastewater treatment and bioremediation.
While

Hybrid Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles
In this day and age, our world is being consumed by the rapid growth of the world's population. From the beginnings of time with cave men
thousands of years ago up until the Industrial Revolution, the number of people living on this planet never passed a billion, and was always
growing at a slow pace. When the Industrial Revolution hit the population skyrocketed to over 7 billion people. The growth of population has not
slowed down since then, and more technological advances are popping up everyday to help balance the rapid growth. The amount of people in the
world is literally growing each and every day. As the population grows we put more demands on our planet to provide for the billions and billions of
people inhabiting it. The world... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1990, the decision by the California Air Resources Board to limit air pollution by enforcing the rule that 2% of each automaker's sales must have
zero emissions in the 1998 model year. This decision opened the door completely for electric vehicles and essentially mandated the automobile
industry to make developments in hybrid/electric vehicles (Anglin 1). Functional hybrids have additionally been around for over a century. By 1900,
a Belgian carmaker introduced a hybrid that had a small gasoline engine along with an electric motor. Like the history of electric cars, the production
of hybrid vehicles was at a standstill between the 1930's and 1960's due to the development of the piston combustion engine, and the fact that oil
consumption and air quality were not pressing issues. After this period of time, hybrid vehicles once again attracted interest and by the 1990's more
time and energy were going into the development of hybrid vehicles (Berman 1). Most manufacturers developed EV's on an experimental basis in the
1990's, often with research subsidies from the government. But since these initial breakthroughs, the manufacture of EV's driven solely by an electric
motor has been discontinued due to practical considerations. The key problem was their limited range, often less than 100 miles, and the recharging
process took upwards of several

Essay on NETW583 FINAL EXAM
1. (TCO A) The relationship between speed of innovation and product obsolescence is (Points : 5) direct (as innovation speed increases, products
become obsolete more quickly). inverse (as innovation speed increases, products become obsolete more slowly). indirect (there is an effect, but it
cannot be directly determined). nonexistent (there is no relationship at all).
Question 2.2. (TCO A) Which of the following products would be considered novel? (Points : 5) A detergent advertises that it can remove spots. A
company announces it has produced a recreational hovercraft for sale in toy stores. A cell phone company announces that it now offers text messaging.
A college ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Question 11.11. (TCO F) If a firm invests in continuous innovation and willingly cannibalizes its existing products with more advanced products, the
firm can (Points : 5) lose a significant number of customers. introduce the next generation product while continuing to reap profits from the current
product. prevent competitors from achieving a significant technological gap. just use deployment as a mechanism to earn revenues from its innovations.
Question 12.12. (TCO F) Which of the following is an advantage of making a new generation of technology backward compatible? (Points : 5)
Consumers will have to buy completely new complements. Consumer switching costs may be lower because they anticipate using their existing
complements. Competitors will be unable to imitate the company's strategy of making the technology backward compatible. It is typically less
expensive to make a new generation of technology backward compatible than to not make it backward compatible.
1. (TCO A) In the opening case, Honda was developing both hybrid electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Which do you think would take
longer to diffuse through the market and why? (Points : 40)
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine(ICE)
propulsion system with an electric propulsion system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence

Who Killed the Electric Car?
Who Killed the Electric Car?
Take – Home Midterm
Natalie Farrugia
6759091
Professor Larose
SOC3116 D
March 4,2015
1.
A relevant social group is a group of people who share the same set of meanings, or feelings, attached to a specific artifact. In this case, it is all groups
of people who feel the same way about the electric car.
There are many relevant social groups involved with the electric car. They include General Motors, the consumers/drivers/fans of the EV1, the
California Air Resources Board (CARB), the federal government, Ovonics (battery company), and the oil companies.
General motors is a relevant social group because they are the ones who manufactured and sold the EV1. They originally decided to abide by the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately, consumers were excited about the EV1 and wanted to see them succeed. In contrast however, there were many consumers who were
unaware of the EV1 and/or did not have enough information regarding these new vehicles. This could have made the difference in keeping the electric
vehicle alive; if everyone had been made aware of this vehicle, it may have had a larger demand, and may be prominently driven on our roads today.
This interpretation was similar from the stand point of CARB. They saw it as a way to solve their air quality problem and to better the state for
future generations. However, Alan Lloyd of CARB, interpreted it slightly differently because of his biased opinion (became the Director of the
California Fuel Cell Partnership).2 He, along with the oil companies, saw it as a loss of profits because if people started to only drive the EV1, then
they would not need oil as much or as often. The EV1 was not a good thing to the oil companies and they did not want it to succeed. Oil companies
even went as far as manipulating oil prices in order to deter consumers from switching to oil alternatives. Ultimately, this may be the main reason,
combined with others, as to why the electric car died.
Like the oil companies, the government did not want the EV1 to succeed since oil is a multi–billion dollar industry. They would also lose money if the
oil companies did not sell as much. Therefore, they fought to weaken the

Hydrogen And Its Effects On The Environment
Hydrogen is the most popular on this list, there are many great things about hydrogen such as it is not harmful to the environment, hydrogen is
actually very safe; this is because it uses a chemical process in the fuel cell to use the hydrogen as a fuel, it is much more efficient than gasoline
power, and research has shown that hydrogen can actually clean the environment around them. Nonetheless hydrogen has some major problems such
the fact that it is extremely expensive to pull hydrogen from water making it much more expensive than other renewable resources. Also the pollution
created from making the fuel cells essentially cancels out the benefits of hydrogen. Experts state that "hydrogen that escapes during the production
process could erode the ozone layer even further and exacerbate global warming." (Watson) Researchers also need to find a way to store hydrogen as
it highly flammable compared to gas, and in low density hydrogen has to be transferred under high pressure ––– making the transport very bulky and
impractical. (Watson) Biodiesel is essentially diesel that made from renewable resources. Biodiesel is not used very much in America, however in
countries in Southeast Asian are embracing this alternative fuel source. Biodiesel can be made from a variety of biological organisms such as corn,
grass, or fats. "Biodiesel has a net energy balance of 2.8, with a range of –0.27 to +5.3 based on different assumptions for how to assign energy usage
and by–products."

The Coming of Intelligent Green Vehicles
A Report from the TechCast Project While many people simply want to get from A to B, transportation options (and especially automobiles) have
to meet a variety of consumer demands: They must be clean, affordable, safe, and increasingly intelligent. Here is an overview of the choices and
challenges for carmakers and consumers over the next 10 to 15 years. Imagine being able to sit back during your morning commute while your car
does the driving. Would you move closer to the country? Take up the oboe? Finally read 'War and. Peace? And just imagine the freedom it would
bring to those who are disabled. Take, for instance, the legally blind man who earlier in 2012 took a spin in Google's self–driving car to go to Taco
Bell and then... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And China, driven by the need to conserve energy and avoid pollution, plans to have 5 million vehicles powered only by electric motors (all–electrics)
on the road by 2020. All–electric vehicles (EVs) have existed almost as long as gas–engine vehicles, offering advantages of "refueling" with relatively
cheap electricity, quieter ride, and simpler mechanisms. They emit no pollutants, require no fossil fuels, and the electricity to power them can be
generated from clean sources such as wind and solar in years to come. They can be recharged from 110 or 220 volt outlets at nominal cost and do not
require oil changes, tune–ups or emissions inspections. The shift to electric–powered cars is expected to cause sales of gasoline and diesel powered
cars to begin to decline about 2020. EVs remain limited by range on a single battery charge and time required for recharge. However, significant
advances in batteries and capacitors and the emergence of home and public charging and exchange stations are making EVs more practical. Some
plug–in hybrids, like the GM Volt, are designed for all–electric drive with on–board charging. Improvements in technology will show up directly as
models with increased range for all–battery or all–ultraca–pacitor mode appear in the market. Auto manufacturers are offering broader selections, and
prices are nearly

Climate Change And Environmental Threats
Climate change and environmental threats came more into focus in the last years and presently they represent a large challenge for the society. This
means that environmental considerations have to be integrated into a number of different decisions made by businesses, individuals, policymakers and
public administrators (Finnveden et al.
2009). Environmental Systems analysis is the field that 'attempts to find supply technology systems solutions to these challenges' (Chalmers University,
2012)
In the last years, many tools and methods have been developed to evaluate the environmental impacts of different systems, such as Life Cycle
Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), Strategic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Environmental effects include the materials and energy resources required to make the product, and also, the wastes and emissions produced in the
process. It is often called as 'cradle to grave' view of seeing resource consumption (Pehnt 2006). Results of LCAs can be valuable for recognizing areas
with large environmental impact, and for evaluating and improving designs. Therefore, in order to identify the environmental performances, for
example, emissions and energy savings, from different type of renewable energy, a full evaluation from 'cradle to grave' should be done. LCA is then
has been the method to measure the total impact of resource consumption. LCA is a multistep technique for calculating the lifetime environmental
impact of a product or service.
The International Standard ISO 14040 described the levels of an LCA as follows:
Goal and scope definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation of results Figure 7.1 Phases of a LCA study (ISO, 2006)
7.1Life cycle assessment and micro CHP systems
There are only a few studies at present that focus on LCA of SOFC implemented systems (Staffell & Green 2012; Giannopoulos & Founti 2011a;
Pehnt 2001; PГ¶schl et al. 2010; Patterson et al. 2011; Lunghi et al. 2004). The majority of them focus on the use phase of the SOFC unit,
considering only natural gas as a fuel. Staffell et al (2012) carried out a carbon footprint assessment of a SOFC based on domestic CHP with the
current embedded

Solar Hydrogen Production Techniques ( Me5220 Fall 2014...
SOLAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES (ME5220 Fall 2014 Term Paper) VERMA, Saumitra December 12, 2014 Abstract Solar
Hydrogen economy is analyzed as a possible solution to the looming energy crisis. The present and future energy needs are projected and solar
hydrogen potential to meet these needs are evaluated. Different solar hydrogen production techniques are classified according to the process involved
(thermochemical, electrochemical and photochemical). Salient points on these methods are mentioned. An economic assessment of a conceivable
solar hydrogen economy is also performed. PV water electrolysis along with hybrid technologies like solar methane reforming and solar cracking are
suggested as a good short to midterm solution.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of literature is available on different solar hydrogen production techniques.[3,4,6,7,8,9,10] Categorization of these techniques is ambiguous
and all the methods have not been discussed in any single literature. An effort has been made to include all the solar hydrogen production
techniques and classify them according to the process used: thermochemical, electrochemical and photochemical. An economic analysis of a
possible solar hydrogen economy is also examined. Finally, some of the conclusions are listed and avenues for further research are also suggested.
2.Hydrogen Producing Potential of Solar Energy Solar energy can be used to produce hydrogen in two ways. They can either be used personally
or for mass production. According to an analysis performed by Singliar[11] on Honda FCX assuming an average distance of 12,000 km/year,
annual hydrogen consumption will be 140 kg. Honda has developed a "Solar Hydrogen Station" which produces 0.5 kg of hydrogen per day.[12]
This amounts to 180.5 kg of hydrogen per year, easily satisfying the need of a personal fuel cell vehicle. Figure 1: Solar Hydrogen Station [12] The
United States consumes an average 128 billion gallons of gasoline per year. [13] According to a study by Levene et al. [14], 1110 billion kg of
hydrogen can be produced using solar and wind energy. Assuming 1 kg of hydrogen is equal to 1 gallon of gasoline in energy content, hydrogen
potential is 8.7 times the

Current State Of Fuel And World Energy Demand
Current State of fuel & World Energy Demand
Post 18th Century Industrial revolution has created a dependency on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas for all technological and
transportation demands that engineer modern society. However. Such demands, and even their expected future demands threatens the overall worlds
energy supply and generates large strains on the environment. The Hydrogen economy article published by Physics Today in December 2004
anticipated that the world energy demand will double by 2050 in response to population growth and industrialisation of developing countries. (Crabtree,
Dresselhaus and Buchanan, 2004).
An article by Todd Woody of The Atlantic (Woody, 2013) has stated that developing countries will account for 65% of the world's energy consumption
by 2040. The majority of such consumption being produced by non–OCED nations such as India and China. This figure was published by the United
States Energy Information Administration. This can be summarised as a 2.2% annual increase infossil fuel usage in non–OCED countries compared to
that of 0.5% in OCED communities such as some of the EU, North America and Australia. Figure 1.1 iProjected world energy consumption (Eia.gov,
2013)
Further study has shown that due to this increased demand for fossil fuels, the Global Carbon Project showed a 2.1% increase in greenhouse gas
emissions in 2012. With 57% of those emissions coming from developing countries. India and China contributed a third of

Oil Dependency Essay
Brian Turner Turner 1
Professor Dimon
English 091
November 5, 2006
"Oil Dependency: Increase Research Funds" America's dependency on foreign oil is slowly crippling the average citizen's hard–earned income with
outrageous fluctuation in gas prices. The American government seriously needs to step it in gear and start taking action on possible supplemental
energy sources to replace foreign oil and actually begin providing those sources to the public without overpricing. Today's foreign oil is polluting our
air and crushing we as American's pockets. "Rising U.S. demand for imported oil accounts for more than a third of the U.S. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But with more money for further research into the problem, this could ultimately become obsolete with the hybrid car. There are other means of
possible future solutions to our oil dependency, one being hydrogen fuel cars. This is my main personal solution to oil energy. The process of
retracting hydrogen from water to be stored within a power cell is genius. This fuel cell is the power source for the car's engine to run. Maker's of
this cell are attempting to develop a hydrogen power center than can be kept at the owner's residence for fuel fill–ups. The idea is for water to be
pumped within this power center and then separate the hydrogen molecules to be stored within a hydrogen cell. This greater hydrogen cell within the
center would be able to be pumped or drained into the car's power cell, ultimately creating an alternative fuel source for motor vehicles. With good
intentions, there are already some companies sponsoring further research for this technology. "The FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership includes the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), whose members are DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford
Motor Company and General Motors Corporation; and five major energy companies. The government research program supporting the partnership's
goals is part of the administration's $1.7 billion initiative

Pest Analysis of Hong Kong
Political:
In the next few years, China is saying that they are going to be investing billions of dollars into Hybrid technology. Honda is a automobile company
who is well known for developing ad researching hybrid technology. They have been on the forefront of this new technology and for this reason they
will be a top choice for this new hybrid technology. They will need to show the Chinese government that their technology is worth investing in. If they
manage to do this, they will be bale to receive large amounts of money to use for the development of new hybrid technology.
The Chinese government is also aiming to put some millions of hybrid cars into use within China within the next few years. Seeing as how Honda is
already ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, if Honda decides to make a big change to hybrid technology, they will see other companies dominate the petrol car industry and gain much more
market share.
The Chinese automobile market has grown by 1/3. This means that there is a lot more room for automobile companies like Honda to expand and
grow. Honda will be able to increase its production and sales as the market will be bigger.
Social:
Consumers are not yet fully convinced by hybrid and electric technology, which means that there are not many firms producing and developing this
technology. This means that there is not very much competition in this market sector. Since Honda is a company who does produce and develop
Hybrid technology, they have a much better opportunity to make money here. Since they will see little competition, they can attract a larger consumer
base. In the short run, Honda may see a larger market share in this sector but as more and more firms decide to move to hybrid technology, more
competition will arise.
Consumers are currently looking for better gas mileage and performance in cars that they buy. Honda's hybrid cars has very good gas mileage,
however, they do not have as good performance as petrol cars. This means that even though Honda's hybrids are appealing due to their gas mileage,
consumer may still stick to petrol cars because of the better performance. Honda will need to develop better technology to satisfy consumer wants.

Chinese

From Oil to Renewable Energy Essay
The world is depended on oil and soon oil will become more valuable than gold and could lead to a worldwide war. Price for oil could soar to above
two hundred fifty dollars per barrel. Oil and other fuel cell also cause green house gases which contribute to global warming. China is consuming two
times more petroleum than 1996 and India is projected to consume three times the oil it currently does by 2050. Global house gas emission has
increased by twenty percent from 2003 to 2006. Energy consumption has increased exponentially throughout the globe. The U.S. department of energy
projects energy consumption will increase seventy percent from 2003 to 2030. The world has agreed to reduce emission by twenty five percent
before 2020 and by over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike gasoline or diesel, biofuels release little pollution. It can also be used to produce electricity by heating water using biofuels and using the steam
produced to rotate a turbine. Another method is to allow the biofuel to decay and produce methane. Methane is commonly used as fuel for car, heating,
cooking, and producing electricity.
Many including Rothkopf, Grunwalf, and Ruiz–Marrero claim that biofuel is not the solution but rather will become a problem. They claim that if
biofuel was produced in large quantity then agriculture would convert from food to fuel. According to the World Bank, over seventy five percent
of the rises in food prices is directly caused by biofuel. Indonesia is the leading producer of palm oil, a major biofuel. In order to increase
productivity, the people destroyed thousands of trees to plant palm tree. The destruction led to an increase in carbon production. Indonesia moved
from the 21st most carbon producer to the third. Another major producer of biofuel is Brazil. If Brazilian farmers were to deforest the Amazon
rainforest, it could cause a fifty percent increase in global warming. Through the world, deforestation accounts for over twenty percent of carbon
emission. A gallon of biofuel requires the same amount of grain as a person would eat in a year. The switch from food to fuel would cause a
worldwide food shortage and an increase in world hunger.
Another major issue with biofuel is

Essay on Hydrogen Car Power of the Future
Hydrogen: Car Power of the Future Abstract Recent years have shown an increasingly large need for a practical renewable energy source for such
reasons as diminishing fossil fuels and increases in greenhouse gasses. Hydrogen appears to be a way out of this gasoline–dug hole, or at least, a way
out in the future. Hydrogen fuel cell cars are being engineered as we speak as the technologies to refuel them cleanly are being proposed.
Unfortunately, most of the technologies associated with hydrogen are still in the prototype/pre–production stages and require better enhancements
before becoming mainstream. This paper assesses the practicality of hydrogen power in cars both now and in the future while explicating the actual
process of how a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrogen is comprised of a Hydrogen: Car Power 3 small, positively–charged proton with a negatively–charged electron orbiting very fast, a model
analogous to the earth orbiting the sun, or the moon orbiting the earth. Fuel cells take advantage of this structure. Using a membrane and a
catalyst, hydrogen is broken up into a proton and an electron. While there are many different membrane models for fuel cells, the most appropriate
one for car travel is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM, also called the Proton Exchange Membrane). It is called this because protons are
able to easily pass through the membrane. However, because the membrane does not allow electrons to pass through it, the electrons take a detour
through an electrical circuit to the other side of the cell. If hydrogen is supplied into the cell at a steady rate, the stream of electrons in the electrical
circuit creates electric power. However, like all batteries, you need a positive end (cathode) and a negative end (anode); in other words, the hydrogen
atoms must have a "reason" to make this electrical circuit. And what is this reason? Oxygen. With oxygen at the other end, hydrogen is more than
willing to create this current so that it can bind and form H2O, or water on the other end. Unfortunately, one fuel cell alone produces less than 1.16
volts, which can't really do much on its own. However, when dozens or even hundreds of fuel cells are lined up together

The Pollution Of Fossil Fuels
The world is currently run on decayed plants and animals that have been transformed into crude oil, coal, and natural gas, by exposure to heat and
pressure over millions of years. These materials are known today as fossil fuels, and they produce 84% of all energy created in the United States
(Suplee 2014). Although these sources are extensively used, they have a limited supply, eventually they will run out. Even with new extraction
methods such as fracking and offshore drilling the deposits of fossil fuels in the world will diminish because of the extreme rate at which they are
being used. There is much speculation as to when the Earth will be sucked dry, but whether it's 10 years from now or 1000, the threat still looms.
However, there is a much greater problem fossil fuels pose that already affects everyone today. The burning of crude oil, coal, and natural gas to
create energy cause pollution that affects the atmosphere, the water, and the health of everyone. The smog that comes from the smokestacks at
power plants fills the air with more carbon dioxide than nature can balance out. This excess carbon dioxide interferes with the atmosphere and pokes
holes in the ozone which is the major cause of global warming. Over the next 100 years it is likely the global temperature will rise by 11 degrees
(Suplee 2014). Not only are temperatures rising but the emissions are mixing with rainwater creating acid rain. This mixture of water and toxins
pollutes water which harms trees,

What Is Vetus, Georgi The City Of The City?
The name of our city is Vetus, Georgia. Vetus is located in Atlanta, Georgia and was founded on December 29, 1847. We have a population of about
463, 878 people. The climate of Vetus usually tends to be hot and humid. The most well–known natural features located in our city include the
Cattachoochi river, the Stone Mountain, and the Lake Lanier. Vetus is extremely well suited for business, and is even considered to be one of the top
business cities. In–fact, Vetus contains many world headquarters of popular corporations such as Coca–Cola, Home Depot, UPS,. Unemployment is
about 4.9%, and job growth is about 3.4%. Infrastructure in Vetus, Georgia is suited to fit the exact needs of elderly people, and people with any type of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The people that will have access to these futuristic elements will be anyone that can buy a car of this kind although this car is recommended for
older people. What does our city do for it citizens? Our city provide for the people. We have public schools all around our city for all ages. In our
city we also have public hospital or clinics that people can go to stay healthy. We will provide health care for the citizens to make it easier for them
to want to be healthy. Fire and police stations will help out with crime rates and lower them, making it safe for younger and older kids to travel to
public spaces to have fun. Every city has their problems that they are always working to fix. In Vetus Georgia we have mainly employment and
transportation issues for the older people population. We are working for solutions for employment and transportation issues. These are our
problems that we are working to find solutions for. We know that elderly people may not be able to work, for health reasons or because they can't
find a job that they are capable of doing. It can also be hard to find a good paying job that comes with what they want or can do. Before finding a
solution in our city to elderly people it was hard to keep up rent. Homes were too expensive. Something we can do about employment is to fix it by
lowering how much houses cost for people at a certain age like giving them a discount. It connects to our city because we want all our citizens happy
and it will make it

Hydrogen Power and Energy
Most of the energy we produce causes waste and pollution. Water allows us to cut some of this out of the equation. In 1874, a French author named
Jules Verne wrote that hydrogen has the potential to be our next fuel source long before its potential was even discovered. And above all else, its
abundant! Not only is the earth covered in 70% of water, but 90% of all matter contains hydrogen in it. Hydrogen itself produces miniscule amounts of
pollution when burned. The problem that stands is that hydrogen is only found as a compound, and not by itself. Water contains a good amount of
hydrogen, but also contains oxygen. However, we can extract the hydrogen atoms through a process called electrolysis. Electrolysis separates the
hydrogen atoms from the oxygen atom to create HHO gas.
The problem with this however is that electrolysis requires electricity to decompose the compound. The more current that is passed through the water
the more chemical change it will undergo. Electrolysis is carried out in an electrolytic cell which don't contain a membrane. These cells contains two
electrodes which separates the oxygen and the hydrogen.
Now when most people think of converting water into energy, they usually think of water powered cars. Even though this is not entirely what
electrolysis does, it isnt too far off. Fuel cell technology, even though it is still being developed, works with electrolysis to make this possible. An
obstacle with making fuel cell technology possible is

A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug

Similar to A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug (7)

More from Laura Anderson

More from Laura Anderson (8)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug