The Toxicology Of Cosmetic Chemicals

The Toxicology Of Cosmetic Chemicals
The Toxicology of Cosmetic Chemicals; layman's land is filled with easy–to–digest myth.
SOCIETAL CONCERN; Disconnect between scientific knowledge and general public acceptance
The ability to effectively communicate the safeties and dangers of chemicals between scientific
professionals and the general population has been and continues to be an ongoing concern for both
sides. Often, this difficult process of ensuring public safety and confidence in chemical innovation
has had a certain void filled by misinformation and half–truths in regards to some chemicals. For
Australia all chemicals regardless of their purpose and use, are regulated, tested and approved by the
National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS). This governing
body involves itself with all chemicals which enter and leave Australia, from industrial solvents,
medication production by–products, to cosmetic emulsifiers.
Differing standards between countries
Similar regulatory groups include the Food Drug Administration (FDA) in America, and Cosmetics
Europe of the European Union. Whilst all three groups are concerned with the same areas of
chemical regulation, there are differences in their guidelines and therefore differences in the
chemicals allowed and prohibited from use in their respective countries. These differences are
largely dependent on the quality and quantity of clinical studies conducted with chemicals
concerned, and regulations being constructed as a result of test
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Polyethylene: Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental...
Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental Impact
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned
polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non–renewable
resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes
are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere
(Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene's production processes
will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
First step to produce polyethylene is to obtain the ethane from the ground. Ethane can be obtained
either by extraction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several methods by which industry converts purified ethylene gas into polyethylene; a
commonly used one is by means of a fluidized reactor bed. Before ethylene is sent to the fluidized
bed, it needs to be first compressed and heated, then metallic catalyst particles are used to keep
polyethylene molecules stuck together (this is done when the ethylene enters the reactor). Lastly,
polyethylene comes out of the reactor as granular powder, which is later melted and extruded into
plastic products (University of Washington).
Associated quantification of the environmental impacts
When evaluating the environmental impact of polyethylene we need to take into consideration the
input materials, and the amount of energy and emissions/wastes generated by the production
processes. Although polyethylene presents fewer environmental hazards than other polymers, its
production requires both hydrocarbons and chlorine; chlorine makes plastic's impact on the
environment even greater that it would if only hydrocarbons were required (Frosch & Gallopoulos,
1989). The use of non–renewable resources, chlorine and the energy–intensive nature of the
production cycle itself together with the worldwide large–scale production of polyethylene and
derivates, approximately 80 million metric tons per year (Piringer & Baner, 2008), make the
environmental and human safety impact of polyethylene significant.
As

Essay On Dow Chemical Company
rP os t
9–204–021
REV: MARCH 31, 2006
MIHIR A. DESAI
Dow Chemical's Bid for the Privatization of PBB in
Argentina
op yo On November 10, 1995, Oscar Vignart, vice president of business development for Latin
America for Dow Chemical Company (Dow), and Luis Marcer, CFO of Dow Química Argentina,
considered the bidding price on Petroquímica Bahia Blanca S.A. (PBB), which was being privatized
by the
Argentine government. PBB produced both ethylene and polyethylene. It was part of a
petrochemical complex located in Bahia Blanca, 700 kilometers south of the Argentine capital,
Buenos
Aires.1 Vignart believed that the acquisition of PBB offered Dow a once–in–a–lifetime opportunity
to become the leading polyethylene player in Latin America.
tC ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A plant for cracking ethane was estimated to cost $400 million to $500 million, a plant for cracking
naphtha
$1 billion.3 Roughly half of the world's ethylene plants, particularly those in gas–poor regions such
as
Japan and Western Europe, utilized naphtha. Plants in gas–rich regions such as North America and
the Middle East more frequently employed ethane from natural gas streams.4
No
tC
Large plant sizes and the need for economies of scale rendered the ethylene industry highly capital
intensive. Consequently, capacity additions or reductions could significantly affect balance of supply
and demand, influencing capacity utilization rates, prices, and profit margins. Ethylene profitability

was tightly linked to its global operating rate. Among the investors in the ethylene business were oil
companies, governments, pure chemical companies, conglomerates, private investors, and joint
ventures. According to UBS Warburg plc, financial return objectives ranged from loss leader to zero
return to beating the cost of capital. The loss leader or zero–return player was often a government
operator that was, directly or indirectly, financing capital–intensive ethylene plants in order to
stimulate downstream business. This was the case in Brazil, where the government sponsored a
"tripartite" model, in which private Brazilian capital, multinationals holding the technology, and the
government would each

Questions On Cold Storage
4. Discussion
4.1 Chilling injury index
We previously reported that a 15–d period of cold storage at 5 °C was enough to develop CI
symptoms in mature–green tomato fruit cv. Imperial (Vega–García et al., 2010). In agreement with
those results, in the present study we observed CI symptoms after the fruit was stored 10 d at 5 °C,
but they were more intense after 15 d of cold storage (Fig. 2). As expected, tomato fruit stored at 12
°C did not show CI symptoms (Malacrida et al., 2006; Bojórquez–Gálvez et al., 2010; Vega–García
et al., 2010). The highest increase in CI index was observed after 10 d of storage at 5 °C, suggesting
that the major events leading to the CI symptoms occurred within this period, at least under the
conditions used in the present study. Similar results were obtained by Zhao et al. (2009) in tomato
fruit stored at 2 °C for 15 d, who reported that after 10 d of storage the CI index was 3 or 4 times
higher than that observed after 5 d. In a similar way, Ding et al. (2001) observed that tomato fruit
stored at 5 °C showed the most dramatical changes before the first 2 weeks. Nevertheless, the
application of a HWT to the fruit prior to cold storage provided tolerance to CI, resulting in lower CI
index values than those of non–HWT fruits.
Several studies have reported the effectiveness of HWT to decrease CI symptoms in diverse fruits.
McDonald et al. (1999) found that application of HWT at several time and temperature conditions in
tomato cv. Sunbeam decreased

Enzyme Biological Systems By Speeding Up The Chemical...
Enzymes catalyze biological systems by speeding up the chemical reactions included. Enzymes
developed from the peroxidase that is obtained from the different roots reacts with the hydrogen
peroxide, which releases H2 and water. The extra hydrogen is indicated by the color change of the
solution that is used to measure the rate of enzyme activity. When the rate of enzyme activity was
high, the activity always occurred in the roots in the beginning stages of their development.
However, when the rate of enzyme activity was low during the roots' development, sucrose was
present. Sucrose was not present in roots when the tissues consisted of high activities of acid
invertase. Radish roots proved to have the rate of enzyme of activity remained high until maturity
and showed to not have considerable amounts of sucrose. In addition, radish roots can be seen to
have similar rate of enzyme activity when compared to the turnip roots because these roots also
maintained a high enzyme activity until maturity and did not have considerable amounts of sucrose.
Both roots, as a result, reduced sugars being the main reserve. Through the experiment having to do
with sugar accumulation and invertase activity during the development of turnip and radish roots, it
was observed that these matured roots consumed higher amounts of reducing sugars than sucrose
(Ricardo, 1974). In addition, similar changes in sugar content to the turnip roots, invertase activity
and dry weight were also detected

Flight Operations Into Known Icing
Flight Operations into Known Icing
Bartholomew H. Hatcher
Student ID #27656509
Liberty University
Abstract
During this research paper we will be looking into the definition of flight into known icing as it's
described by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with special emphasis on the word known
or forecasted icing as a legal requirement for both pilots and aircraft. We will look at aircraft
systems designed for such operations and we will be analyzing the misunderstanding that many
pilots have about this issue. One of the biggest misconceptions is that an aircraft equipped with
deicing equipment makes it rated for known icing conditions. We will briefly look at the regulations
on aircraft certifications and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will be focusing more on airborne anti–icing as part of Aircrafts rating for flight and the known
icing conditions as defined by the FAA. While ground removal of ice is not the focus FAR 135.227
and FAR 91.527 state.
"No pilot may take off an aircraft that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any rotor blade, propeller,
windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a power plant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter,
rate of climb, flight attitude instrument system, or wing, except that takeoffs may be made with frost
under the wing in the area of the fuel tanks if authorized by the FAA." (FAR, 2016)
There are always exceptions to this rule including meeting training requirements of FAR 135.341
and meeting additional criteria outlined in FAR 135.227.
There are several deferent types of ground de–icing including manual removal and the use of
chemicals or solutions (some heated) to remove ice and snow or preventing ice buildup on the
aircraft during the takeoff phase of flight. This is only to protect the aircraft until the aircrafts own
anti–icing equipment can become effective. Some good sources for ground deicing processes and
procedures can be found in Aeronautics Information Manual (AIM) under section 7–5–14. As well
as the FAA's Standardized International Aircraft Ground Deice Program (SIAGDP) (2010).
Defining Icing Conditions The definition of known icing conditions can be found in the (AIM, 7–1–
22 table 7–1–9) and defines it as.

Plant Hormones : Chemical Substances
Plant hormones otherwise known as phytohormones are chemical substances synthesized within the
cell for use in regulation, cell to cell communication, and growth and development of the plant.
These hormones are usually transported to a different cell to elicit a response. However, there are
some which are able to act within the cell in which they were synthesized. They are synthesized in
low concentrations and they are small in size for ease of transportation through the cell wall. The
location at which they are synthesized varies as such it is not limited to a specific cell type.
Depending on the situation, the response to the hormones can vary greatly. They can act as
inhibitors, stimulators, and are also able to affect the biosynthesis of other hormones. Plant
hormones usually act as a group through "cross–talk" between hormones and other signals in order
to coordinate various responses necessary for the plant. 1– After biosynthesis of the hormone has
occurred, they are conjugated so as to remain chemically inactive. Once they are active or have been
de–conjugated, they will be able to bind to specific receptors so as to enter signal transduction and
elicit a response. In signal transduction, the protein can go through either protein phosphorylation or
proteolysis to achieve downstream effects. In phosphorylation, protein kinases are able to add
phosphate groups to activate a protein. Conversely, dephosphorylation can occur through the use of
protein phosphatase which

The Natural Development Of Banana Ripening Essay
Introduction Banana ripening is characterized as the process in which starch breaks down into sugar,
acid is neutralized, aromatic compounds are formed from larger organic molecules, softening occurs
due to a decrease in pectin concentration, and, finally, a change in color from the loss of chlorophyll
and its green pigment. This natural development is due to a single organic gas: ethylene. As this
hydrocarbon is produced by the fruit various enzymes are produced, catalyzing the previously stated
reactions and ripening the banana.1 Qualitatively, banana ripening can be measured by the color of
the peel, degree of hardness, and aromatic properties for this is an indicator of the level of ethylene
exposure and state of ripeness A banana unexposed to a significant amount of ethylene has a green
peel. This is due to the high concentration of chlorophyll; however, as this banana comes in contact
with more ethylene enzymes break down chlorophyll into other various compounds (carotenoids,
anthocyanin, etc.) with different pigments.2 Likewise, as ripening continues, pectin is broken down
by pectinase, softening the banana. Finally, banana ripeness can be determined by the aroma, for an
unripe banana is lacking the fragrant esters associated with a banana that has been exposed to
sufficient amounts of ethylene.1 These methods are general recognized as reliable indicators of
banana maturity; however, scientific analysis can also be conducted on the banana to determine the
degree of

Ag + And Carnations Lab Report
Results and Discussion: Discussion of finding of Ag+ and AOA Treatments: There were five varying
concentrations of Ag+ and AOA concentrations in which one carnation was placed in one unique
concentrated solution. After 14 days, the weight of the caranations and the progress of senescence
were measured. Difference in Weight of Carnations for Varying Ag+ and AOA Treatments: As the
concentration of Ag+ increased, the average weight of the flowers, though it has fluctuated and
changed for each concentration, has stayed around a certain range of 8 to 13 grams. The average
weight for AOA concentrations, however, though it also remained around a similar range, 7–13
grams, the weight has decreased as the concentration of AOA increased. Biological Explanation of
Difference of Weight of Carnations: Effect of Ag+ on Weight of Carnations: Ethylene produced,
although is in gaseous form, can most likely add weight to the overall flower or plant. As Ag+, an
ethylene action inhibitor, can bind to ethylene and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This might also be because of the reason that Ag+ only inhibits ethylene to a certain extent and also
after some time. It can be hypothesized that there is a direct proportionality between the
concentration of Ag+ and ethylene transfer. For example, it might seem rational that higher
concentration of Ag+ can cause a lower chance of senescence. However, according to the table, this
is not the case as it is too ideal. 5 out of 6 groups recorded a note of senescence in Ag+ (0.25mM)
solution. Although it can be argued that the rate of senescence is not as high for other concentrated
solutions, 3 carnations underwent senescence in Ag+ (1.00 mM) solution and only 1 carnation
showed senescence in Ag+ (0.50 mM) solution. Therefore, the concentration of Ag+ does not
determine the rate of senescence but rather the productiveness of ion

Formosa Plastic Group Case Study
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Formosa Plastic Group (FPG) was founded in 1954 and headquartered
in Taipei, Taiwan with over 47,000 employees. FPG was the largest private diversified chemical
company that produced and sold a broad range of products which mostly related to plastic. It also
operated 6000 bed hospital, medical college, a nursing school, and a technical college. FPG was
organized into three major corporations and other affiliated companies. Those three major
corporations are Formosa Plastics, Nan Ya Plastics, and Formosa Chemical & Fibre Corp, and each
corporation were consist of several divisions. Most of the administrative functions of the company
were centralized in order to take the economies of scale for granted. FPG had ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By using this system, it can assist all level of employee to have clear vision and strategy into
objectives. Other than that, it can measure and monitor the improvement that can be achieved by the
company. In Balanced Scorecard, there are many aspects that will be monitored and measured the
performance. To have this to be done, the Balanced Scorecard is using Key Performance Indicator
(KPI) which is in line with their objectives. Each KPI has their specific percentage to be achieved.
Therefore, all employees will have better understanding about their task of what to be achieved
based on the targeted percentage. At the end of the year, all employees will be evaluated based on
their specific achievement. In the case of the issue of shortage of ethylene, it is the best way for the
company to overcome the problem by building its own ethylene plant. The company should
convince the government to give the permission by informing them not to worry about over capacity
because the plant is planned to be built for their own operation. Furthermore, the new plant will not
cause harm to environment because the wastages will be properly disposed. The other alternative,
FPG can also utilize any used plastic products as their substitute material to cover the shortage of
the ethylene. This recycle activity will majorly help in reducing the problems of plastic disposing.
THE MAJOR ELEMENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEM FPG have two control systems which are
management control system

Volatile Organic Compound Detection Using Graphene
Title: 'Volatile Organic Compound detection using Graphene: Determining the Fruit Ripeness '– by
Dr. Sunipa Roy, Prof. C.K. Sarkar.
Table of Content:
1. Introduction
2. Classification of fruits
3. Technical standards involved– State of the art
4. Introduction to Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
4.1 VOCs related to fruit ripening
4.2 Chemical reactions involved
5. What is Nano Sensor?
6. Different types of Carbon Nano materials
7. Graphene –
7.1 Easy Synthesis approach
7.2 Properties related to sensing
8. Determination of fruit ripeness
8.1 Effect of relative humidity
9. Measurement techniques
10. Summary
Chapter
Title: Volatile Organic Compound detection using Graphene: Determining the Fruit Ripeness
1 Introduction
Fruits are commercially vital and nutritionally crucial food constituent. Forming an element of a
balanced diet, fruits supply essential growth governing factors required for good health and play a
critical role in human nutrition. Distributed widely in nature, their economic values are influenced
by– comparatively short ripening period and short post–harvest life. The assessment and
maintenance of the quality of fruits and vegetables are very difficult task. The timely detection of
fruit ripeness is very important as it is related to the profitability and also competitiveness of the
producers as well as processors. During harvesting and handling it is common that fruits are subject
to damage because it is not possible always to

Kiss Notes : Production of Materials
HSC Chemistry Topic 1
PRODUCT ON of MATERIALS
What is this topic about?
To keep it as simple as possible, (K.I.S.S.) this topic involves the study of: 1. POLYMERS FROM
PETROCHEMICALS & BIOMASS
2. ALTERNATIVE FUELS – ETHANOL & THE ALKANOLS 3. REDOX CHEMISTRY &
BATTERIES 4. RADIOACTIVITY & ITS USES
...all in the context of society's use of energy and materials
but first) an introduction ...
In the previous topic in the Preliminary Course, you learnt about
carbon chemistry of petroleum
Then you will learn more carbon chemistry when you study the
alcohols
and the importance
as a fuel source. and the most important of this group member
TIlls topic begins by taking this idea further. Petroleum not only provides fuels, but is a source of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
~
"c ' ,/'/
'
Ifi–––––––
–––––,
THIS IS CALLED AN "ADDITION REACTION"

These are just a few of the possible Addition that can occur across the double bond
Reactions
C
Ethylene CzH4
~ ~ is the simplest, and most important of the Alkenes. It is one of the most important
Petrochemicals
~
/The double " bond is highly reactive ~
It readily "splits open" leaving a single C–C bond, and creating 2 new bond positions for other
atoms/groups to attach to the molecule
~ ~ ~ –
'lR
I
~
because of the variety of products that can be made from it. Its chemical versatility is due to the
double C=C bond which is highly reactive and allows many "Addition Reactions" to occur.
,~ ': ,.,
C:.:.:.:.:.: C – ~
I
~
Practical Work
Identifying Alkenes with Bromine
You may have done siinple experiments alkene can be quickly and easily differentiated from an
alkane. to learn how an identified, and
If it is in contact with a liquid hydrocarbon, the water and the hydrocarbon form separate layers ...
they are immiscible liquids. Water, being denser, will always be at the bottom. Bromine is actually
more soluble in a hydrocarbon, so when shaken, it will switch to the top hydrocarbon layer, and
changes colour from brown to purple. In an alkane (hexane is often used) the colour will change and

switch layers, but it will remain co loured because no reaction occurs. In an alkene (e.g. hexene) the
bromine tot;Il)1 loses aU colour because an addition

Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations
Back in the 19th century bananas were not widely known. In fact, the western world hardly
consumed the fruit, because of its exotic origin. The cultivation of banana is not easy. Bananas are
one of the most highly perishable products that also need specific weather conditions in order to
thrive. Indeed, bananas are only cropped in tropical regions, where temperature never falls under
13–14 degrees Celsius with high percentage of humidity and well–drained soil. Moreover, countries
with tropical climate suffer quite often from terrible floods which entail to a catastrophe for the
production of bananas. All the aforementioned factors make areas close to the Equator appropriate
for cultivating this exotic fruit.
According to the Food and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The World Banana Producing and Consuming Countries
Producer Consumer
Source: FAO, 2013
It is of utmost importance to mention though that India and China are one the biggest producers of
bananas; however they are not included in the highest export countries, since the majority of their
production is flown and consumed domestically.
1.1 How does maritime trade derive from global production and consumption patterns
Based on figure 2, we inferred that there exists some important geographic imbalance of demand
and supply. This has created the utter need for trade and transportation of this product. For example,
the greatest importer of bananas is European Union, which is located quite far away from the major
export countries of South America or Asia. Thus, sea transportation has become the most efficient
way of trading this good. However, the development of steam ships as well as the refrigerated
transportation methods turned large–scale banana exports into reality. These major technological
progress turned bananas into the fourth largest traded good, only after rice, wheat and corn.
Figure 2. The Trade Flows of Banana
Source: www.futureseas.net
What are consequent main requirements for maritime logistics facilitating this trade?
Banana is a perishable good, therefore it needs to be consumed fresh. In addition, bananas have a
short shelf

Fluid Balance Essay
Case 1
1. The first way in which this patient's fluid balance is altered is by the presence of vomiting noted
by the emergency department. Vomiting can cause a significant loss of electrolytes as well. The
patient also has a fever of 102.3, which has probably caused some heat release by sweating leading
to fluid loss. The doctor notes the patient is breathing quickly which indicates he may be losing fluid
through hyperventilation. The large quantity of alcohol consumed by this patient also contributes to
the alteration of fluid balance by inhibiting the pituitary gland from secreting anti–diuretic hormone
(ADH) which acts directly on the kidneys to reabsorb water. When ADH levels are reduced, the
kidneys produce more urine resulting in an increased ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The osmolal gap is elevated in this case.
7. The calculated osmolality with ethanol compensation was = [2*[Na+] + ([BUN] / 2.8) +
([Glucose] / 18) + ([Ethanol] / 4.6)]: 352 mEq/L
The osmolal gap: Serum osmolality – Calculated osmolality: 28 mEq/L. The osmolal gap is elevated
in this case.
8. The clinician repeated the chemistry panel and ethanol level when the serum osmolality was
obtained so that the osmolal gap could be calculated from that particular blood sample. In order to
calculate the osmolal gap, concentrations of BUN, glucose, serum osmolality, and ethanol level are
needed.
9. Based on laboratory results, this patient has co ingested a toxic alcohol i.e. methanol, eythlene
glycol, isopropyl alcohol. Other lab tests that could be ordered to confirm diagnosis include
measuring blood levels for methanol or ethylene glycol. Urine can also be obtained to see if calcium
oxalate crystals are present to confirm diagnosis of ethylene glycol ingestion. I could also request
for a blood lactate to rule out lactic acidosis which could be explained by the decrease in
bicarbonate and metabolic

Persuasive Speech : The Dangers Of Coke In America
I enjoy a nice, cold Coke as much as anyone else does. The sweet carbonation is quite refreshing
when its over 100 degrees outside which is pretty much every day. Coke is my favorite soda but the
negative aspects of it really outweigh the positive. Is there really any positive reason to be drinking
Coke? Other than cooling off there really isn't any positive aspect of drinking it. Sometimes I
wonder why it hasn't been banned yet. I'm not just talking about banning it in America, I'm talking
about banning it everywhere Coke is sold.
Coke is probably the worst thing the FDA has approved. You can literally clean battery acid and
your toilet with it. Toilets are probably the most disgusting thing. So is battery acid but a toilet has
way more bacteria and germs. If it's able to clean those things, what is it doing to your insides? It
damages your organs and once those are damaged, you can't really fix them. It only goes downhill
from there. Seriously, what was the FDA thinking? That's all terrible and everything but have you
even once thought about the effects it has on your skin and body? I don't have flawless skin and it's
not because I don't wash or moisturize it daily. Coke makes my face breakout bad. I try to quit
drinking it about once a week, but I always find myself downing a can of Coke every Saturday.
About six months ago, I quit drinking Coke cold turkey and had headaches every day for a few days.
I didn't know at the time but my headaches were from caffeine withdrawals. I thought being
addicted to caffeine was made up by people who needed an excuse to drink coffee every day. Now I
know it's true and I've tried to turn to coffee instead of Coke, but Coke more easily accessible than
coffee. Well, good coffee anyway. If you drink gas station coffee I worry about you.
Can we also talk about the amount of calories? In one bottle of Coke (16 fl oz), there's 184 calories.
I guess it could be worse but most people don't drink just one bottle a day. Although a can has less
calories, people probably drink more than 2 cans. If that is true, they're intaking more calories than
people who drink Coke from a bottle. Also, more and more people are trying to work out and be
healthy. Do you really think having a

Plant Hormones
Plant hormones are specialized chemical substances produced by plants. They are the main internal
factors controlling growth and development. Hormones are produced in one part of a plant and
transported to others, where they are effective in very small amounts. Depending on the target
tissue, a given hormone may have different effects.
Plant hormones play an integral role in controlling the growth and development of plants. A plant
hormone is generally described as an organic compound synthesized in one part of the plant and
translocated to another part, where in low concentrations elicits a physiological response.
There are five generally recognized classes of plant hormones; some of the classes are represented
by only one compound, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been over 90 GA's isolated, all of which are most likely not essential to the plant.
Instead, these forms are probably inactive precursors or breakdown products of active gibberellins.
Function:
Active gibberellins show many physiological effects, each depending on the type of gibberellin
present as well as the species of plant. Some of the physiological processes stimulated by
gibberellins are:
1. Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation.
2. Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days.
3. Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light to induce germination.
4. Stimulates enzyme production (a–amylase) in germinating cereal grains for mobilization of seed
reserves.
5. Induces maleness in dioecious flowers (sex expression).
6. Can cause parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development.
7. Can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits.
Cytokinins: Nature of Cytokinins
Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling adenine which promote cell division and
have other similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin discovered and so named
because of the compounds ability to promote cytokinesis. Though it is a natural compound, It is not
made in plants, and is therefore usually considered a "synthetic" cytokinin (meaning that the
hormone is

Aviation Icing Essay
Abstract
During this research paper we will be looking into the definition of flight into known icing as it's
described by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with special emphasis on the word known
or forecasted icing as a legal requirement for both pilots and aircraft. We will look at aircraft
systems designed for such operations and we will be analyzing the misunderstanding that many
pilots have about this issue. One of the biggest misconceptions is that an aircraft equipped with
deicing equipment makes it rated for known icing conditions. We will briefly look at the regulations
on aircraft certifications and look at the procedures to make an aircraft certified for icing conditions
and some of the new technologies that make it easier to operate in this environment. With all the
advancements it could easily be said that the chances of an accident ever happening due to flight
into ice is almost nonexistent. With an accident review we will see that all aircraft suffer from the
same fatal flaw as batman's utility belt, the systems only work if the pilot knows and utilizes them.
In conclusion we will look at the best practices a pilot can employ to improve flight safety and
reduce the risks involved.
Icing Rules
First a note of the difference between ground deicing procedures done before flight and the airborne
deicing procedures as part of aircraft equipment. We will be focusing more on airborne anti–icing as
part of Aircrafts rating for flight and

CTR 1 Summary
2A) Elucidate mechanisms regulating CTR1 function. The goal of this aim is to develop a
heterologous system to study the mechanism by which CTR1 activity is regulated by the ethylene
receptors. The demonstration that the receptors directly interact with CTR1, and that CTR1 in turn
directly phosphorylates EIN2, provides a simple, defined linear pathway to query the mechanisms of
CTR1 activation, with EIN2 serving as a physiologically relevant substrate for CTR1. To study the
mechanism by which CTR1 activity is regulated by the ethylene receptors, Dr. Yoon's lab will
develop a heterologous system to reconstitute the early steps of ethylene signaling pathway. Her lab
will express various versions of the ethylene receptors (ERS1 and ETR1), CTR1, and EIN2 in yeast
system and explore if ERS1 and/or ETR1 is sufficient to activate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Note: Objective 2A will be submitted as a preproposal to Purdue/Showalter Trust grant on
September 2015. 2B) Determine the novel "OFF–Mechanism" of ethylene response in ethylene
signaling cascade. Recent Dr. Yoon studies on ethylene signaling have demonstrated that CTR1–
mediated differential phosphorylation is the mechanism by which plants use to regulate the function
of EIN2, a positive regulator of the ethylene signaling, and transduction of ethylene signal from ER
to the nucleus. CTR1 phosphorylates EIN2 in the absence of ethylene, which leads to inactivation of
EIN, preventing further transduction of the signal to the nucleus. However, in the presence of
ethylene, this CTR1–mediated phosphorylation is suppressed due to the inactivation of CTR1,
resulting in

Sample Resume : Korean Cooking
Korean cooking uses a lot of fresh produce. Most of the year I am fortunate to have a garden, where
I can harvest vegetables the same day that I plan to cook them. However, during the winter, I need to
purchase produce at a grocery store. For specialty Asian produce, I have to travel about 45 minutes
get to a Korean store. When I have to travel that far, I tend to stock up on produce to last me a
couple of weeks. How to I keep them fresh? Here are a few tips I have learned to keep produce
fresher, longer.
Clean Your Fridge
Begin by tossing out the old, unusable produce. It happens to the best of us, you buy some tasty
strawberries and forgot they were in your crisper. Old and over ripe (rotten) produce will cause your
fresh produce to ripen faster. If you haven't eaten by now, just toss it. Wipe down your crispers or
whichever drawer you are planning to store the produce in. If you make this a weekly or even a
monthly habit, it will be easy to do before the next shopping trip. The goal is to be able to see your
produce. Being able to see what you have will help you remember to use it.
Buy the Freshest Produce
Get the freshest produce you can afford. Inspect the fruit or vegetable for any visible blemishes. If
you plan to eat cook them the day of purchase, then go ahead and take advantage of the produce
that's marked down due to ripeness. However, if your goal is to stock up for the next couple of
weeks, skip the over–ripe stuff.
Ethylene Gas
The reason why some

Ethylene Glycol And Potential Exposure Sources
Ethylene glycol ( CAS # 107–21–1), also known as monoethylene glycol (MEG), 1,2–ethanediol, 2–
hydroxyethanol, dihydroxyethanol, glycol, glycol alcohol, and ethylene alcohol , is a toxic,
colorless, odorless, sweet, and viscous liquid (NLM, 2012). It is a member of the glycol family, a
group of simple organic chemicals characterized by two hydroxyl (–OH) groups at adjacent
positions on a hydrocarbon chain (WHO, 2002). This unique chemical arrangement contributes to:
high solubility in water, lower aliphatic alcohols, glycerol, acetic acid, acetone and similar ketones,
aldehydes, pyridine, and similar coal tar bases and high hygroscopicity (NLM, 2012).. Ethylene
glycol has a high boiling point, low freezing point, low corrosive activity and is relatively non–
volatile (NLM, 2012).
Uses of ethylene glycol and Potential Exposure Sources
Ethylene glycol is used: in the production of polyester fibers, PET resins, alkyd, unsaturated
polyester, safety explosives, glyoxal, cosmetics and synthetic waxes ; as a chemical intermediate
(NIOSH, 1995); as a component of automotive antifreeze, coolants, and hydraulic fluids (ATSDR,
2007a); as a de–icing agent; as a heat transfer fluid in heating and cooling systems and solar energy
systems (ATSDR, 2007a); as an industrial humectant (NIOSH, 1995); as a solvent in ink, stains,
pesticides, fire extinguishers, foams, polishes, adhesives, and electrolytic condensers (ATSDR,
2007a); as a desiccant to remove water from natural gas; as a

Ethylene Gas : A Natural Gas
Ethylene Gas
Ethylene gas is one of the by–products of respiration, and occurs naturally as produce ripens. It can
have both positive and negative impacts upon your program. Ethylene is a natural gas made by some
fruits and vegetables. Ethylene causes certain fruits and vegetables to ripen faster, which can lead to
over–ripening and spoilage. For this reason, you want to be careful to keep ethylene–producing
items away from ethylene–sensitive product and that your storage and display areas have good
ventilation. Spoiled produce makes even more ethylene (one bad apple spoils a bunch)!
Positive Effects
The conventional produce system uses ethylene gas to speed up the ripening of bananas and melons,
and to promote the degreening of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to know if your produce distributor delivers any of the following items packed in ice
when you are making your storage plans so that you can be sure you have adequate drainage for
melting ice. Produce items that can tolerate (but do not require) icing are:
Artichokes
Asparagus
Broccoli
Cantaloupe
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Collard Greens
Corn
Kale
Parsnips
Spinach
Watermelon
Prepackaged Produce
Packaged fruits and vegetables offer a convenience to the consumer, but they require special
handling, storage, and display considerations. Damage to one apple within a three pound bag due to
improper handling, storage, or display can affect the others, resulting in faster spoilage of the whole
bag of apples. It is important to scan bags or packages as they are delivered or before pick–up and
reject those that have rotten pieces. As they are stored and displayed, continue to check for spoiled

pieces and throw away bags or packages with rotting produce as necessary.
Proper Handling
Ideally everything is touched at least once per day. In the case of your most perishable items, it's
much more and in the case of more resilient items, perhaps every other day.
Each piece of fruit is a multi–level investment: Financial on the part of your store, the vendors and
growers, natural resources such as water and fuel, human labor (including your own) and store
energy usage. Your role in the produce

The Five Major Plant Hormones
Hormones are a type of cell signaling used for long distance communication between cells. Only
target cells have the ability to respond to particularly hormones. In plants, hormones will typically
travel by vessels, diffusion across the cell, or in the air.
Auxins is one of the five major classes of plant hormones. The functions of auxins include
elongation of the stem, as well as promoting root growth, and another function includes acting in
phototropism and gravitropism. Phototropism is essentially response to a light stimulates;
gravitropism is response to gravity. Plants have the capacity to detect light and sense gravity. The
cells furthest from the light have auxin which reacts to phototropism. The plant furthest from the
light will have elongated cells. The auxin hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors, this will
activate the proton pump. This proton pump will diffuse hydrogen ions out of the cell which in turn
has many effects. The effects include the cell wall loosening, the turgor pressure of the cell will
increase because water is entering the cell, and the cells will enlarge. ... Show more content on
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Cytokinins move up the plant through the xylem. Whereas, auxins move down the plant. Cytokinins
works with Auxin to control cell differentiation. The many functions of cytokinins include
stimulation of germination, promote cell division, and plant growth. This hormone helps result in
plant growth because they are able to release buds from apical dominance. Essentially, if a plant
contains more cytokinins that means more mitosis is occurring and if more mitosis is occurring that
means more cells are being produced and if more cells are being produced that means the plants

Advantages Of Olefins
Olefins are usually produced in large quantities in the petrochemical industry. The separation of
olefins from paraffins is of primary importance to the chemical industry. Olefin/paraffin mixture is
difficult to separate due to their similar physical and chemical properties such as molecular sizes and
boiling point. The most common method for olefin/paraffin separation in the industry is the
distillation process, commonly known as cryogenic distillation which is considered as one of the
most energy–intensive processes in the oil and gas industry [1]. Due to the high costs and energy
consuming associated with this distillation an alternative methods need to be used.
Silver salts have been used as a separation facilitator since 1944. In this early work, an aqueous
solution of the silver salt AgNO3 at 50 wt% was used in the absorption and extraction of light
olefins from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the formed complex is chemically reversible, and therefore easy to break with a
relatively small amount of energy. The advantage of this operation is the lower energy requirement
for the separation as the break of the complex can be done by using simple engineering operations,
such as heating or de–pressurization [4, 5]. Hollow fiber membrane contactors have been considered
as an alternative mean for gas/ liquid separation which have many advantages over conventional
direct gas/ liquid techniques such as spray towers and packed/tray columns [6]. In this process, two
phases gas phase and an absorbent solvent come into direct contact for mass transfer without the
dispersion of one phase into the other due to the presence of the

Haemolysis Lab
Figure Caption: The graph above represents the mean time, in seconds, for hemolysis to occur in
Bovine blood cells when placed with three different solutions with varying sizes: Ethylene glycol,
Diethylene Glycol, and Triethylene Glycol. To start off, Hemolysis is the process in which red blood
cells rupture and components like hemoglobin are released in the solution. In this experiment, the
time in which hemolysis occurred was measured within three different glycol solutions: Ethylene
glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol ranging in different sizes. As soon as the blood was
added to the glycol solutions the process of hemolysis occurred. Once hemolysis occurred and you
were able to see the black thread through the solution. Ethylene ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The results fit into this experiment because the time in which the glycol passed through the cell
membrane varied depending on the size of the glycol. The trend that was reflected was that the
smaller the molecule, the faster hemolysis would occur and that the larger the molecule, the slower
hemolysis would occur. The final outcome supported the alternative hypothesis and denied the null
hypothesis because the difference in size between the molecules affected the rate in which the blood
cells burst. Ethylene Glycol weighed the least between the three molecules and hemolysis occurred
the fastest all three trials. Whereas the Triethelyne glycol weighed the most and took the longest for
hemolysis to occur. The Diethylene glycol didn't weigh as much as the Triethelyne glycol and didn't
weigh as little as the Ethylene glycol so it always came second place, between the three molecules,
for hemolysis to occur all three trials. My prediction was that the bigger the molecule the faster it
would take for hemolysis to occur, which did not meet with the results because the smaller the
molecules the faster hemolysis occurred. The outcome of the experiment supported the general
understand that the smaller the molecular the quicker it would talk to diffuse across the membrane
whereas the larger the molecule the slower it took to diffuse across the

Effects Of Pre Harvest Factors On The Final Quality Of A...
Effects of Pre–harvest Factors
Pre–harvest factors can influence the final quality of a product including papaya. Post–harvest
product qualities develop during growing of the product and are maintained and not improved by
post–harvest technologies (Hewett, 2006). Depending on the cultivar, maturity, climate, soil type
and fertility, the nutritional composition of a fruit at harvest can vary widely. For example Banana
and papayas increase in carotenoid content with maturation and ripeness, but the ascorbic acid
content decrease in bananas and increase in papayas during ripening (Lee, 2000).Even within a
cultivar, there is a large plant–to–plant variation and within–plant variation in nutrient composition
of fruit harvested from the same field (Shewfelt, 1990).
Water availability, sunlight, fertilization and chemical applications are some of the pre–harvest
factors which not only affect crop growth but also internal quality characteristics of the harvested
product, including flavor. Pre–harvest treatment with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) suppressed
volatile production in pears by 50% and heavy rains prior to harvest dilute flavor compounds in
tomato (Romani R, 1983).
Effects of Harvest Maturity
Maturity is among the critical factors influencing the abundance of volatile compounds in papaya
fruit. To optimize volatile content for flavor, papaya fruits should be harvested at an optimal eating
quality as opposed to immature papaya fruits which are often harvested in order to

Decomposition Of Cyclobutene To Ethylene Lab Report
A Chemist Looks at...
Seeing Molecules React
13.129 Describe in general terms how chemists can follow the character of a reacting molecule
using lasers.
Chemists have developed laser technology that handled correctly can allow the experimenter to
follow the molecule as it changes. Chemist use multiple types of laser between high and low
frequencies. The high frequency excites the molecule then the lower frequency can pulse or probe
the molecule. The change of the wavelengths the molecule gives off allows the experimenter to
know something is about to change in the molecule.
13.130 Describe the potential–energy curve for the decomposition of cyclobutene to ethylene.
The potential–energy curve is the peak at which the cyclobutene begins to break ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was an issue since molecules are so tiny and the time it takes to happen is so insignificant that
it seemed impossible for humans to view this phenomenon
What is the chemistry?
The chemistry in this story was being able to watch molecules break bonds and form new ones. This
article uses the example of cyclobutene to decompose into ethylene. It also elaborates on the
potential energy–curve of cyclobutene breaking apart into ethylene and how this reaction requires a
greater amount of energy to be possible.
What is happening? How could it be stopped/changed? Where is it happening?
Chemist Ahmed H. Zewail has developed femtochemistry which is research into molecules
reactions that are happening on a scale of femtoseconds. This research allows the chemist to look at
the bonds of molecules changing by using lasers to excite the molecule then pulsing or probing a
weaker laser to watch the molecule change. It can be changed by altering the weaker lasers probe
and pulse options then watching the wavelength of the probe pulse to see if the change is happening.
This research is happening at California Institute of Technology where Zewail is a

Formosa Plastics Groups
Case 25–3 Formosa Plastics Group
For many years, managers at Formosa Plastics Group (FPG) used a management control system
with an element that was somewhat unique for a large corporation – all employees were evaluated
subjectively. In making their judgments, evaluators looked at objective performance measures but
subjectively made many adjustments for factors they deemed to be beyond the employee's control.
One effect of this system was that bottom–line profit was not even considered in the evaluations of
some profit center managers: These managers were evaluated only in terms of the controllable
factors driving profit, such as meeting production schedules, efficiency, cost control, and quality.
The FPG system seemed to work; the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The major corporations were comprised of multiple divisions (see Exhibit 2), each responsible for
one product line. The divisions, which were organized functionally, were reasonably autonomous;
their managers were able to make their own plans and arrange all production and marketing aspects
of their business within the scope of their approved authorizations. The division managers, who
ranged in age from 40–60 years, were invariably career FPG employees (as were most other
employees).
Many administrative functions, including engineering and construction management, technology
(research and development), accounting, finance, procurement, data processing, legal, public
relations, and personnel were centralized to take advantage of economies of scale. A unique feature
of the corporate organization was a large (340–person) "president's office" comprised of 15 "teams"
of specialists whose function was to help division management. The president's office form of
organization began when the corporation was small. The central staff personnel set up procedures,
trained management, monitored performance, and facilitated the spreading of effective practices
from one division to others. At times, some of the central staff/division dealings had been
confrontational; some division managers had referred to the staffs as "the Red Guard." But more
recently, with increased management professionalization, the staff teams placed greater emphasis on

Ethylene Glycol Poisoning In Cat
Ethylene Glycol also called antifreeze is a sweet tasting, odorless liquid. Due to the sweet taste cats
willingly drink the liquid that has leaked on garage floors or driveways. Only a tiny amount can
result in severe poisoning in cats. The toxic dose in cats is 1.4 ml/kg (Browne, 2016). For example,
a 3kg (6.6lbs) only needs to drink a teaspoon to be lethal. Dogs, poultry, swine and cattle are other
species that can be affected by the toxicity.
When the cat ingests the ethylene glycol is then absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and then
metabolized into the live. As the cat metabolizes ethylene glycol, this glycolic acid is further broken
down into excessive amounts of oxalic acid. That oxalic acid binds to the calcium in the cat's blood.
They combine and form excessive amounts of calcium oxalate crystals. It forms plugs that block and
shut down the tiny tubes that form in your cat's kidney apparatus. The body is not able to get rid of
the waste products; blood levels that include blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine rise to toxic
levels.
There are three stages of ethylene glycol poisoning:
Stage 1: 1 to 12 hours after ingestion: signs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Feline lymphoma cells can grow anywhere in the body. Other sites you can find lymphoma is lymph
nodes, bone marrow and mediastinum. Lymphoma can be seen in the skin, bones, heart, intestines
and brain. Veterinarian's mostly find it in the intestinal tract of the cat. When lymphoma is found in
the lymph nodes and peripheral nodes it is noted as multicentric. If it is found in the chest cavity it is
noted as alimentary lymphoma. Alimentary lymphoma is when it is affects the gastrointestinal tract.
Mediastinal and multicentric lymphomas were the most frequently diagnosed. They are closely
linked to infection with the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and, the feline immunodeficiency virus
(FIV). With Vaccines that protect against FeLV, these viruses are less

Taking a Look at Plant Abscission
Abscission is the process by which a plant drops one or more of its parts including leaves, fruits,
flowers or even seeds. Plants may undergo this process of abscission in the purpose of either to
discard its part that is no longer necessary, such as a leaf during autumn, or a flower following
fertilisation or even for the purposes of reproduction. Most deciduous plants drop their leaves by
abscission before winter, whereas evergreen plants abscise their leaves continuously. Another form
of abscission is fruit drop, where the plant abscises fruit while still immature in order to conserve
resources required to bring the remaining fruit to maturity. If a leaf is damaged, a plant may also
abscise it to conserve water or photosynthetic efficiency, depending on the trade–off to the plant as a
whole.
In most of the plants, this process of abscission may occur in a rather specific part of the abscising
organ called the abscission zone. The abscission zone may apparent throughout the whole life of the
plant or it may become obvious as the time of abscission approaches, usually as a lighter coloured,
slightly swollen or shrinking area. The abscission zone typically comprises a plate of thin walled,
narrow cells which are differentiated clearly from the isodiametric cells of the pedicel. These cells
begin the stage or a phase of intense activity immediately prior the start of physical separation of the
abscising plant parts.
However, this shedding or dropping of plant parts such as

Creatinine Glycol Poisoning: A Case Study
All patients with suspected or known ethylene glycol poisoning, blood tests must be performed to
measure creatinine, blood glucose, calcium, serum electrolyte and ethylene glycol levels.
Other tests include:
Ketones
CT scan
Complete blood count
Liver function test
Osmolality
Toxicology screen
Health care provider must monitor and measure patients blood pressure, breathing rate, pulse and
temperature.
Treatment and Management
Treatment of patients with suspected ethylene glycol intoxication are indicated by plasma level of
ethylene glycol being 20 mg/dL or more, ingestion is certain and the osmolal gap is 10 mOsm/L or
more3.
Prehospital Care – Emergency services should
1. Ascertain identity of the ingested substance.
2. If possible obtain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Airway management is vital due to risk of aspiration
4. Monitor cardiac function
Emergency Department Care –
1. Endotracheal intubation may be required for patients at high risk of aspiration.
2. To enhance renal clearance of toxin give crystalloids (250–500 mL/h) IV to reduce deposition of
oxalates.
3. Bicarbonate to correct acidosis
4. ECG to detect arrhythmias from hypocalcemia.
Fomepizole is used in patients with confirmed ethylene glycol poisoning. It is administered with a
loading dose and given twice–daily by intravenous dosing. Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor of
alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that results in the metabolism of ethylene glycol to their toxic
metabolites. Although fomepizole is expensive, it does not cause hypoglycemia, respiratory
depression or any alteration in mental status4.
Ethanol (parental or oral) can be used, but with caution. A loading dose of ethanol is supplied based
on body weight and followed by infusion to obtain a steady serum level of approximately 100
mg/dL3.

Hemodialysis may be required to treat metabolic acidosis or for the prevention of renal
insufficiency. If patient has:
Acute renal failure
glycol level >50 mg/dL
Serum glycolic acid >8

Reaction Paper On Etthylene Glycol
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Description
Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, sweet–tasting chemical. It is poisonous if swallowed.
Ethylene glycol was once thought innocuous; in 1931 it was suggested as being suitable for use as a
vehicle or solvent for injectable pharmaceutical preparations. Numerous cases of poisoning have
been reported since then, and it has been shown to be toxic to humans. Ethylene glycol poisoning is
a relatively common occurrence worldwide. Human poisoning often occurs in isolated cases, but
may also occur in epidemics. Many cases of poisoning are the result of using ethylene glycol as a
cheap substitute for alcohol or intentional ingestions in suicide attempts. Less commonly it has been
used as a means of homicide. Children ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Haemodialysis in severe ethylene glycol and methanol poisioning, if serum methanol levels >50
mg/dl, metabolic acidosis, significant electrolyte disturbance unresponsive to conventional
treatment, CNS, visual or fundoscopy abnormalities, renal failure and in case of consumption of >30
ml of methanol. During dialysis, Fomepizole needs to be dosed every four rather than every 12
hours.
7. Inj. Folinic acid should be administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg, with a maximal dose of 50 mg. It
should be repeated every 4 hours. If Folinic acid is not immediately available, folic acid can be
substituted at the same

The Dangers of Antifreeze and Their Solutions Essay example
Antifreeze
There are hazards in and around every automotive shop across the world. Among these hazards are
the chemicals used in or on the vehicles themselves. With proper training and information, the
handler of these chemicals will be able to protect him/herself from experiencing the dangerous
potential of these chemicals. Along with a lot of overseen hazardous chemicals is a chemical found
in every liquid cooled engine, antifreeze.
Over the years our engines inside of our automobiles have grown bigger and more complex then
they have been in the past. The older technique of the air cooled system did not protect the engine
from extreme temperatures, there for we have created the liquid cooling system. The problem we
faced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One way to handle this, so that to avoid such a tragedy is to let the vehicle cool before opening the
cooling system. The use of personal protection equipment like a rubber apron, gloves, and a face
shield will control getting the hot fluid on your body.
Another less severe effect of contact with antifreeze is a mild skin and eye irritation. The best way to
resolve this problem is to avoid all contact with the skin. Proper handling of antifreeze will help cut
back the risk of this exposure tremendously. The simple use of a funnel will prevent spilling the
chemical while adding it to a vehicle. The use of latex or rubber gloves will stop the possibility of it
contact the skin on your hands. Goggles will stop any reaching your eyes. If needed in a certain
procedure were your body could be in contact, the use of a rubber apron and a face shield will stop it
as well.
The most serious downfall of antifreeze is if it is ingested. When ingested the antifreeze turns into
another dangerous chemical known as oxalic acid. This acid damages the victims kidney's causing
them to fail. It also causes renal, cardiovascular failure, and brain damage and in most cases results
in death due to these effects. This is not a common problem for most adults but more for children
and animals. Ethylene glycol in the antifreeze gives it a sweet

Ethylene Glycol Research Paper
Ethylene glycol –Overview
Ethylene Glycol is a clear, odourless liquid with a syrup like consistency and a sweet taste. It has
low vapour pressure and it is combustible. Ethylene glycol may also be called mono ethyl glycol or
ethane 1,2–diol.
Ethylene glycol is produced commercially on a large scale and commonly used as a de–icer and
antifreeze due to its solvent properties. It is used in industrial compound due to its high boiling point
and low freezing point. Ethylene glycol is used in many consumer products, including hydraulic
brake fluid, paints, inks and pens. It is also used in chemical synthesis of plastic, solvents and
films1. Ethylene glycol may enter the environment from these sources. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase which forms glycolaldehyde..
After interacting with aldehyde dehydrogenase, ethylene glycol is metabolized to glycolic acid
which causes acidosis. This glycolate is then transformed into glyoxylic acid and the molecule is
converted into a highly toxic oxalate1. Calcium oxalate may
accumulate in the blood and tissues resulting in hypocalcemia. Precipitation in the renal cortex may
decrease glomerular filtration and cause renal insufficiency.
Upon oral ingestion, it is quickly absorbed and serum levels peak within 1–4 hours. Most are
metabolized to toxic compounds and less than 20% is excreted without being metabolized.
Health Effects
Ethylene glycol is irritating to the mucous membranes and skin after prolonged contact.
A characteristic of toxic effect progression can be categorised into 3 stages:
Stage 1: From 30 minutes to 12 hours, unmetabolized ethylene glycol results in hyperosmolarity,
intoxication and CNS

Ethylene Glycol Toxicity In Cats
All animals are susceptible to ethylene glycol toxicity, but it is most common in dogs and cats. Most
intoxication is associated with ingestion of antifreeze, which is typically 95% ethylene glycol. Cats
are susceptible to ethylene glycol toxicity with a minimum toxic dose of just 1.4 ml/kg. Exposure
occurs when cats drink the toxin which has a sweet taste or when anti–freeze is added to water
sources or their coats/feet are contaminated with the chemical. Some of the initial clinical signs or
symptoms will begin in less than 12 hours post intoxication and are gastrointestinal such as
vomiting and neurological such as ataxia, depression, and a drunken appearance representing
intoxication. Within the first 12 to 24 hours after ethylene glycol

The Formation Of Acc And Its Conversion Into Ethylene
The evolution of ACC also brings about the production of 5¢–methylthioadenosine–nine. Increase in
the rate of respiration of the fruit gives ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) need for the methionine cycle
and can lead to induced ethylene production without high levels of intracellular methionine. SAM is
a crucial methyl giver and relates to numerous aspects of cellular metabolism. Thus, the two steps
involved in the synthesis of ethylene is the formation of ACC and its conversion into ethylene. The
genes encoding ACS and ACO have therefore been studied more deeply than other enzymes in the
pathway, although there is proof that a few other genes concerned with methionine synthesis and
methionine salvage pathway are differentially demonstrated throughout ripening and in response to
ethylene (Alba and others 2005; Zegzouti and others 1999). ACS and ACO are encoded by
multigene families in higher plants, with tomato having at most nine ACS (LEACS1A, LEACS1B,
and LEACS2–8) and ﬁve ACO (LEACO1–5) genes (Barry and others 1996; Nakatsuka and others
1998; Oetiker and others 1997; Van–der–Hoeven and others 2002; Zarembinski and Theologis
1994). Expression survey has disclosed that at least four ACS (LEACS1A, LEACS2, LEACS4,
LEACS6) and three ACO (LEACO1, LEACO3, LEACO4) genes are differentially shown in tomato
fruit (Barry and others 1996, 2000; Nakatsuka and others 1998; Rottmann and others 1991).
LEACO1, LEACO3, andLEACO4 are shown at low levels in green fruits that are in the first

The Use Of Ester Interchange Reactions During The...
PRODUCTION OF PET
We utilize the rapidity of ester–interchange reactions during the production process. The acid
(terephthalic acid) is converted to the dimethyl ester, which is further purified by distillation or
crystallization. This is then allowed to react with the glycol by ester interchange. The reaction
generally is a two–step reaction a. First, low MW polyester is made with excess of glycol to ensure
that the hydroxyl end groups are formed and then the temperature is raised and pressure is decreased
to facilitate condensation of these molecules by ester interchange simultaneously with the loss of
glycol. [7]
PET resins can be produced in two ways commercially. These two ways are by using one among
dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) or terephthalic acid (TPA) with Ethylene Glycol (EG). These
processes are generally known as the DMT Process and the TPA process. The intermediate bis–(2–
hydroxyethyl)–terephthalate monomer (BHET) is produced in both these processes. This is
accompanied by methanol when using DMT and water when using TPA. The BHET intermediate
formed is polymerized with heat and catalyst to produce PET resins. The older route is the DMT
process. [8]
Process using DMT [9]
It is a two–step process. The ratio of DMT to EG is generally 2:1. There is the possibility of using
either batch operation or continuous operations to produce PET using DMT. Some basic differences
between the batch operation and continuous operations:
In the continuous process the

Safety And Environmental Issues Involving Purity Ethylene
Summary This special task is based on safety and environmental problems involving purity
Ethylene that produces 356 tonnes per day. Every country has certain regulations and health, safety
and environmental concerns. The Ethylene plant is situated in Tianjin, China. Due to restriction in
China, its hard to get information on Chinese safety legislations so American and European
standards were employed. In the petrochemical industries there are certain procedures employed to
analyse and implement safety and environment problems. The procedures used are Hazard
Operation studies (HAZOPS), Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), fault tree analysis,
Hazard identification studies (HAZIDS), risk assessment and audits by the appropriate ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Main equipment such as reactor, scrubber, heat exchanger, condensers, storage tank, membrane
reactor and air separation unit. The risk assessment will also show the potential risk and hazards of
the equipment. This will also show the control measures available to counter the hazards and finally
assess the risks after the control measures have been considered the favourite choice. 1. Introduction
The new age of growth in terms of limitations and regulations in all industrialized/production
industries has positioned safety and environmental contemplation at the very top of the list in the
hierarchy of necessity when scheming any plant. The safety and environmental purposes of any
plant in cooperation with old and new is to get the basic requirements standards of the
Environmental protection Authority or several other legislative agency that deal with these
complications. Environmental legislative agencies usually employ little standards in position to
ensure that the health and safety hazards such as emission to the environment, pollution and waste
management techniques are controllable. This is sometimes from the general operation practice and
design layout. (Ray and Sneesby, 1998). Industrial related disasters have lead to injuries that are
caused by either equipment failure or human error. To put into operation a feasible plant is usually
unachievable but still safety and environmental officers have to labour together to make sure that
plant

Dow Chemical Case Study Essay
Dow Chemical Case When Petroquímica Bahia Blanca S.A. (PBB) began the process of becoming
privatized by the Argentine government, Dow Chemicals saw the acquisition of this company as a
golden opportunity to become the leading polyethylene player in Latin America. Dow Chemical's
was already a major player in the chemicals (ethylene), plastics (polyethylene), and agricultural
products industries holding position as a low–cost producer. Breaking each segment of their
business down into these categories respectively, Dow Chemicals was able to generate annual
revenues of 20.2 billion making them the leader in market position worldwide for some chemical
product lines accounting for 7% of global capacity. Dow embraced a strategy ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Polyethylene industry is driven by demand in innovation of new packaging, raising living
standards and growing populations in emerging markets. The demand in end user markets for
products that are produced for commercial use by Polyethylene. Polyethylene represented
approximately 15% of Dow's total sales and 35% of its operating profit. Dow was the worldwide
leader in production accounting for 7% of the global capacity for the production of ethylene and
polyethylene. Dow Chemical was looking for expansion opportunities in the South American
market. In 1995 the opportunity arose to become apart of the regions ever growing polyethylene
market with in Argentina. Argentina's economy opened up with the elimination of all duties,
Charges and other restrictions in the trade between the members of Mercosur, a trading bloc created
in 1991 which included Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The petrochemical producers in
Argentina will now be competing with the much larger and advanced Brazilian petrochemical
producers. This caused a big disadvantage for Argentina's largest government controlled
polyethylene plant PBB(Petroquímica Bahia Blanca) complex whose technology and scale was no
longer in line with international standards. So the Argentine government decided to privatize the
plant.
Dow chemicals vice president for business development in Latin America, watch the rapid
transformation occurring in Argentina. He watched the improved standard of living in

Dan Koeppel Banana Summary
When reading Banana by Dan Koeppel I felt that by reading this book I'd learn more about the
banana and why we love it so much. When I started reading, I began to understand that there are
more than one species of banana and that this little fruit migrated just like all humans did across the
world. Koeppel states that the apple from the garden of Eden wasn't really an apple at but a banana,
he goes into reasons why it absolutely would be a banana and not an apple. He also travels to
different countries to learn about banana research yes, I tried to keep a straight face every time it
was mentioned. Koeppel also travels the globe to understand the blight called Panama disease and
how it's changed over the last 50 years.

The Toxicology Of Cosmetic Chemicals

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