2. Anatomy
Note that the notes on Koodle do not
have all the videos you have seen in
class – if you want these bring a pen
drive into your teacher.
Y12 Physical Education AS90433
3. Y12 Physical Education AS90433
Anatomy Outline
Bones and bone function
Joint structure and movement. Case
study of the Shoulder joint
Muscles
Note that you need to consider how this
antatomical information relates to the
movements and actions in golf
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Main Functions of Bones
to serve as the framework for the whole
body
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Main Functions of Bones
to protect delicate structures such as the
brain and spinal cord
to serve as levers which are acted on by
muscles
to act as a storehouse for calcium which
may be removed if the diet is deficient
to produce blood cells
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The Skeleton
Remember there are 206 bones in the
human body.
You need to remember a few of these!
Refer to Bone review Handout
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Joints
Are the regions where 2 or more bones meet.
3 main groups depending on the amount of
movement:
1. Fibrous Joints - the immoveable joints where bones
joined by fibrous tissue. Eg ________________
2. Cartilaginous Joints - the slightly moveable joints
where bone is joined by cartilage, which acts as a
shock absorber. Eg __________________
3. Synovial Joints - the freely moveable, highly mobile
joints equipped to withstand friction. Eg __________
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Synovial Joint Characteristics (Slide
1 of 2)
Connective tissue bands (= ligaments)
hold the bones together and are found
with all the freely moveable joints and
many of the less moveable. In synovial
joints these completely enclose the joints
and are called capsular ligaments
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Synovial Joint Characteristics
Additional ligaments reinforce and help stabilise
the joints. The contacting surfaces of the joint
are covered by a smooth layer of gristle
(=Articular or Hyaline cartilage) which act as
shock absorbers. Inside the joint space is the
thick colourless synovial fluid, which keeps the
surfaces from touching and bears most of the
weight of the joint.
Wherever friction may develop such as between
bones and tendons, synovial fluid filled sacs or
bursae are found.
(Note that swelling of these is Bursitis eg Tennis Elbow)
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Joint Function
The function of moveable
joints is to allow us to change
position and move.
Refer to handout on joint function
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Muscles
In our body we have three types of
muscle.
1. Skeletal Muscle – attaches to bones
2. Cardiac Muscle – in the heart
3. Smooth Muscle – in the digestive
system, veins and arteries
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Skeletal Muscle
Muscles produce movement by
pulling bones in different
directions depending on the type
of the joint. They can work on
their own or in groups.
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Skeletal Muscle
All muscles are attached to
bones by tendons. The end that
is relatively fixed is called the
origin and the end that moves
is called the insertion.
The main body of the muscle is
called the belly.
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Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle usually works in pairs.
The muscle that causes the movement is
called the agonist while the opposing
muscle is called the antagonist. Eg.
_________________
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Skeletal Muscle
The process of one muscle contracting
while the antagonist relaxes is called
reciprocal inhibition.
In some people, such as those with cerebral palsy, this inhibition is
lacking so movements may be jerky and disjointed.
Some muscles act as stabilisers to assist
agonists and antagonists these are
synergists. Eg ____
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Skeletal Muscle
Movements are produced and
posture maintained by the
contraction of skeletal muscle
fibres.
Muscle Structure
The structure of skeletal muscle
gives rise to its braided appearance.
Fibre size varies between different
sex and ages, also in muscles such
as the quads the fibres are larger.
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The muscle may be contracting when the
muscle is:
Shortening = concentric contraction eg.
Constant length = isometric contraction eg.
Lengthening = eccentric contraction eg.
Some Terms
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Muscle Contraction and ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate is the main
provider of energy for muscle contraction.
There is a second provider of energy
called creatine phosphate. These
substances are stored in the muscles
themselves.
