5\' cap and polyadenylation: Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of 5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes. Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre- mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes. Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm. Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of \"snRNPs.\".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the first splicing step, a 2\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation. Splicing mechanism Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime end of hnRNA Solution 5\' cap and polyadenylation: Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of 5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes. Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre- mRNA, which protects the mRNA .

1. 5' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of "snRNPs.".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2'-->5' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3'-->5' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5' cap and polyadenylation:

2. Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of "snRNPs.".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2'-->5' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3'-->5' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA