Case Study Of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Case Study Of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is an autoimmune disease in which the surrounding protective coating layer of the axon, myelin, is degraded, resulting in the
formation of inflamed lesions (also referred to as plaques) around the regions of the brain and spinal cord. The myelin sheath is not only a protective
layer, but it also increases the speed of electrical impulses transfer across the body via saltatory conduction. Depending on the severity of damage to the
myelin, it can slow down or distort messages travelling along nerve fibres, some signals may not pass through at all, as damage may eventually
degrade and impair the axon itself. This attack is carried out by cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) , which are activated by tip–dendritic cells. It has been
observed in case studies where in the presence of increased concentration of CD8+, there is a positive correlation to the increased damage brought to
the myelin. However, there are alternative studies that imply that because the myelin presenting peptide CD4+ is involved in the onset of
inflammation, the CD8+ may be the one attempting to prevent the attack on the myelin. Still no one is sure of the cause, or is fully aware of the true
functions of the receptors involved. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tip–dendritic cell has an added function in which it is able to load a myelin peptide, extending the transfer from CD4+ to CD8+. This brings about
a secondary autoimmunity as the CD8+ is able to respond to oligodendrocytes and cause them to lysis because the CD8+ is able to recognise myelin
protein on these oligodendrocytes which constitute the myelin
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Autoimmune Case Study
5. Please analyze the relationship between pathogenic infection and autoimmune diseases.
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system recognizes and attacks host tissue. In addition to genetic factors,age , environmental triggers such as
particular viruses, bacteria and other infectious pathogens play a major role in the development of autoimmune diseases.
Multiple arms of the immune system may be involved in autoimmune pathology. antigen–presenting cells (APCs) , major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) ,Cytolytic T cells ,T helper cells release cytokines that can lead to direct effects or can activate macrophages, monocytes and B cells, Fc
receptor.
There are multiple mechanisms by which host infection by a pathogen can lead to autoimmunity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because viral genome can be detected after infectious virus has been cleared from the heart, latent virus may attract inflammation during the chronic
stage of disease. However, when we examined the heart for the presence of latent MCMV, we found that viral genome and transcript were present in
mice both susceptible to and resistant to the development of chronic disease. These results indicate that persistence of virus alone is not the
determining factor in the development of chronic myocarditis. Yet the best evidence that active viral infection is not required for myocarditis to
develop comes from the demonstration that injecting susceptible mice with cardiac myosin emulsified in adjuvant induces experimental autoimmune
myocarditis. In fact, the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune myocarditis closely resembles the biphasic myocarditis associated with CB3 or
MCMV infection. This finding indicates that the adjuvant effect produced by infections or adjuvants

Vitiligo: Malignant Melanoma
Vitiligo is a skin pigmentation disorder. This disorder can be recognized by the presence of the patches and macules that are depigmented. For instance,
someone with darker skin will have white patches among their body, as well as some white hair. Melanoma Associated Hypopigmentation is also a
depigmentation of the skin, but it can be associated with immunotherapeutic agent treatments. Vitiligo and Melanoma Associated Hypopigmentation
are both leukodermas. They also seem to link to MM which is Malignant Melanoma. Humoral and cellular autoimmunity play a huge role in the
appearance of vitiligo. Studies have found that are some major key things that play into this disease developing such as oxidative stress damage,
autotoxicity, and neurohumoral

Alopecia Areata Research Paper
What is Alopecia Areata and can I get it? Alopecia Areata, by definition, is a sudden loss of hair that generally begins with one or more circular bald
spots that can potentially overlap. Alopecia Areata is very common; it affects 4.6 million people in the United States (Mackay–Wiggan 31). It is one of
the most common autoimmune diseases in the world, making it more common than diabetes! Everyone and anyone can be affected by Alopecia: men,
women, and all races. There is no known information on how frequently Alopecia Areata essentially appears. From my experience of seeing my
brother deal with Alopecia Areata, I've learned to be proud of who I am and most importantly, be confident about myself and while others may not
experience the

Autoimmune Disease : Autoimmune Diseases Essay
Autoimmune diseases are a growing concern in the American population. An estimated 10 million Americans suffer from autoimmune diseases with
75% of these cases being of women. Furthermore, autoimmune diseases have grown to be within the top 10 causes of death among American women.
The incidences of these diseases have been shown to increase with financial wealth, industrial development, and the modern progression of life. As
such, the occurrence of these conditions is expected to grow as time passes. With such a notable modern influence, it is shocking that these diseases
were not considered of clinical relevance until the 1950s. The investigation of the mechanisms of the propagation of these diseases have been of
immense scientific relevance ever since. The complicated immunological background behind infection and treatment of autoimmune diseases while
interesting from a scientists perspective, means that from the perspective of treatment there is a long arduous path until new, efficient treatments will
show an appreciable decrease in the occurrence of these diseases within American population. To understand autoimmune diseases, the general
characteristic of autoimmunity must be addressed. Autoimmunity is defined, in short, as " misdirected immune response". A healthy person is
equipped with the mechanisms necessary to defend the body from pathogens within the immune system. When autoimmunity is present in an
individual, something within the immune system is

Reducing Alzheimer's Disease
slowly increasing due to many factors including our better health care system, better diet and more sanitary living conditions. Due to this we are
seeing an increase in age related illnesses such as dementia. The main form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, a neuroinflammatory disease, which
causes impaired cognitive activity. There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease and current treatments are only effective temporarily. Recently
a study carried out by Kuti Baruch, Neta Rosenweig et al. looked at a novel way of treating the disease by studying the effects of Foxp3+ regulatory
T cells. Their focus during this study was whether or not a reduction in the level of Foxp3+ would have a beneficial effect on Alzheimer's pathology.
(1–3)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These drugs are used during early stages of Alzheimer's when symptoms are mild to moderate, however research has shown that these drugs do not
reduce any of the underlying causes of Alzheimer's and they do not increase the time before a person with the disease could live without professional
care. Due to this these treatments are mostly used in a palliative sense, they help reduce the symptoms but are not a cure and cannot remove the
disease. (6, 7) Currently there is not a treatment that is focused on the cause of Alzheimer's, the plaques and tangles. (6) However research carried out
by Kuti Baruch et al focused on targeting Foxp3+regulatory T cells and the effect this would have on helping clear the ОІ–amyloid plaques, this
research may lead to the creation of new treatment types that would be more than palliative in nature.

The Endocrine System And Autoimmunity
The Endocrine System and Autoimmunity
The endocrine system is composed of a number of glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas,
and the gonads (McCance & Huether, 2014). The endocrine system is vital for keeping homeostasis in the body. However, like other areas of the body,
these glands too can malfunction or have a disease. Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases can affect this system causing devastating effects on the
body if not corrected.
Autoimmunity
In a healthy human body, self–antigens are in a state of tolerance, or are balanced in the body's immune system (McCance & Huether, 2014). Central
tolerance begins when a fetus is developing. Peripheral tolerance is maintained by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hashimoto's disease occurs when the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland resulting in increased inflammation in the thyroid (Mayo Clinic,
2016). This inflammation commonly causes the thyroid to quit producing an adequate amount of hormones leading to hypothyroidism (Mayo Clinic,
2016). Depending on the lack of thyroid hormones will equivalent to the amount of damage on one's body. Hypothyroidism affects the entire body such
as decreasing energy metabolism and heat production (McCance & Huether, 2014). Hypothyroidism can be diagnosed by drawing a complete thyroid
panel. It can be treated with hormone replacement therapies (McCance & Huether,

Autoimmunity Against The Body
The body is a warzone. Microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and parasites are constantly trying to invade the body but the body's immune system
has a multitude of mechanisms to protect against them. The immune system is critical to the body's proper function by not only protecting against
foreign microbes but also establishing self–tolerance, recognition of the body's normal cells and prevention against full scale attacks against normal
cells. When the body's immune system is unable to determine self from non–self, it begins to attack self–cells thus creating autoimmunity against the
body. The causes of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases are starting to surface and medical techniques are advancing to help the body's immune
system against ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Factors that have been studied and discussed are environmental and genetic (jhmi.edu, 2002). Environmental factors consist of pollutants, parasites, and
viruses. Pollutants such as mercury are becoming more exposed to humans on a daily basis with aerosol pollutants and more consumption of seafood.
High levels of mercury in the body have shown the induction of high levels of auto–antibodies and increase cytokine signaling in the immune system
leading to autoimmunity (Gardner, et al., 2010). Parasites are able to induce autoimmunity by mimicry. Mimicry is the use of molecular mimics of host
proteins in order to live in the body undetected by the immune system. Autoimmunity is induced by the body's immune system when auto–antibodies
are activated for the parasite but begin to attack self–cells as well due to similar properties between the parasite proteins and the self–cell proteins
(Hurford, et al., 2013). Viruses such as Epstein Barr virus also induce autoimmunity by infecting B–cells and causing them to malfunction. The virus
also allows for increased presence of infected B–cells thus replacing properly functioning B–cells thus causing the immune system to become
ineffective (Gross, et al.,

Gluten-Free Cause and Effect
In 2006, my mom and I were both diagnosed with Celiac Disease. This has been a huge struggle of ours and continues to be an ongoing battle. We have
thoroughly researched the cause and effects of celiac disease. It all begins with gluten being the culprit. Eating gluten for people with celiac disease can
be time consuming, expensive, and can cause numerous health issues. Originally, the human species lived depending only on animal protein,
vegetables, fruits, seeds, and nuts. It wasn't until approximately 9500 BC that the transition in agriculture began and humans started to eat
carbohydrates and grains (grains being the producer of gluten). Gluten is a food protein that is found in wheat, barley, rye, and in some instances, oat.
Celiac ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people can gain weight, whereas, some might lose weight. When cutting out gluten it is essential to monitor your vitamins, minerals, and fiber
levels; these are nutrients that are beneficial to your health. Gluten can cause skin conditions such as; eczema, acne, and Keratosis Pilaris, which are
the bumps on the back of some peoples arms. Celiac disease can also be linked to Type 1 Diabetes. Both diseases are autoimmune disorders.
In order to assess the genetic similarities and differences between the two inflammatory disorders, the researchers obtained 9339 control samples,
8064 samples from people with type 1 diabetes, and 2560 samples from individuals with celiac disease. They found a total of seven regions of a
chromosome were shared between the two (University). "These researchers results suggest that type 1 diabetes and celiac disease only share genetic
causes but could have similar environmental triggers as well," states Professor John Todd, from the University of Cambridge. With this all being said,
if you are having any of these symptoms, eating and living a gluten–free lifestyle should rid you of all side effects and prevent your body from
developing any further health risks related to celiac disease. Eating a gluten–free diet is time consuming and expensive, but it is important. Celiac
disease can cause numerous health issues in the future if the gluten–free diet is not followed. The gluten–free diet needs to be taken seriously and

Symptoms, Symptoms And Treatment Of A Family History Of...
Demographics: 8 year–old male в™‚ (Dorian Gray) Chief Complaint: painful ulcers in oral mucosa and swelling/redness in his right hallux ("big
toe"), weight loss, abdominal pain, initially was constipated but now passing stools regularly with no observable blood, elevated temperature, poor
appetite, fatigue, skin lesions on right shin, painful sensations in jaw History of Current Illness: No prior history of current illness before 8–years of
age Medical History: Current medications: none X–ray of right hallux: no observable injury, fracture, or break Allergies: NKDA Smoking/alcohol
consumption: N/A Social/Work History: Student Family History: no prior family history of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) or autoimmunities
Physical Exam: Dorian appeared physically ill due to his visible fatigue/weakness and skin being very pale in color. Upon oral mucosa inspection,
aphthous ulcers were numerously observed within the mouth. Abdominal examination yielded no tenderness or palpable agglomerations. Two
acrochordons (skin tags) were discovered around the rectum with no evidence of bloody discharge occurring. There were various skins lesions on both
shins (erythema nodosum) and a swollen right hallux. Lab Results: Blood tests revealed elevated leukocytes and thrombocytes above the normal range.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C–reactive proteins (CRP) were also elevated indicating systemic inflammation. Endoscopy results showed
ulcerations

Alopecia Areata Research Paper
What is Alopecia Areata and can I get it? Alopecia Areata, by definition, is a sudden loss of hair that generally begins with one or more circular bald
spots that can potentially overlap. Alopecia Areata is very common; it affects 4.6 million people in the United States (Mackay–Wiggan 31). It is one of
the most common autoimmune diseases in the world, making it more common than diabetes! Everyone and anyone can be affected by Alopecia: men,
women, and all races. There is no known information on how frequently Alopecia Areata essentially appears. From my experience of seeing my
brother deal with Alopecia Areata, I've learned to be proud of who I am and most importantly, be confident about myself and while others may not
experience the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This autoimmune disease is very unpredictable and most patients have several episodes of Alopecia causing them to lose and regrow hair multiple
times. About 7 to 10 percent of patients have extremely severe cases causing them to only have a 10 percent chance of re–growing hair
(Mackay–Wiggan 32). Some signs can suggest extensive hair loss including an ophiasis pattern, hair loss that lasts longer than two years, or the
occurrence of other autoimmune diseases. Alopecia Areata can also become extensive if it is hereditary or if the patient has allergies, asthma, eczema,
etc. It is vital to consider that everyone is different and the existence of these aspects does not guarantee an unfortunate result of Alopecia. More data
still needs to be examined, but patients with Alopecia Areata have a greater possibility at obtaining other autoimmune disease like vitiligo or thyroid
disease. It is also possible that Alopecia Areata could be connected with other autoimmune disease, but this is not entirely clear and still needs more
in–depth research. Unfortunately, Alopecia is not something that can be cured, but it can be

Innate Response : The Innate Immune Response
There are two branches of the immune response: the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response. The innate immune response consists
of multiple leukocytes that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [1]. These PAMPs are non–specific, conserved motifs present
on a broad range of pathogens, and are recognized through various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on leukocytes, which trigger a
pro–inflammatory response [1]. Conversely, the adaptive immune response is composed of only two leukocytes, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
Both subsets of lymphocytes have the capacity to generate an immune response specific to the invading pathogen [1]. In order for this to occur, the
adaptive immune system must be able to recognize specific foreign antigens, as opposed to conserved motifs. Thus, stringent regulation of both B and T
lymphocytes must occur in order to prevent recognition of self–antigens as foreign; this process is termed self–tolerance. Self–tolerance occurs through
two mechanisms. The first is central tolerance, which takes place in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells) [2]. Central tolerance selects for
individual B and T cells, which do not recognize self–antigens presented to them in the primary lymphoid organs, to continue maturation [2]. The
second is peripheral tolerance, which occurs outside of primary lymphoid organs, where B and T lymphocytes are further selected for self–reactivity to
antigens that were not presented to

Summary: Sex Differences In The Brain
Throughout history every civilization has looked to the stars and pondered their existence. While never truly reaching an understanding of their purpose
on this lonely blue planet we call earth, they have constantly strived to further their understanding of the world and it's mysteries. This thirst for
knowledge has evolved with humans for a millennia and has changed as we have. One question that teased the mind of man for centuries was the
quandary of sexes. Both a sociological and physical conundrum, the true station of a man or women in society has always been an important issue in
any developing nation. Historically men have always been tasked with the more socially demanding tasks in their community while women are
assigned the menial... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kimura's scientific article Sex Differences in the Brain provides an excellent scientific basis and intermingles social implications with scientific
discoveries. It's use of graphs and tables allow for readers to easily understand each point being driven and makes excellent use of past references to
allow a full scope of comparisons. Borchers' social science article Sociological differences between women and men: Implications for autoimmunity
gives genuine insight into the differences of men and women's abilities regarding everyday tasks and duties but falls short in it's delivery and scope. I
suffers from confusing in text statistics and poorly places graphs that make it difficult for a reader to understand. While of the same topic, the Kimura's
scientific article does a better job of not only presenting ideas but creating them as well. Bringing several different approaches to understanding how
men and women function, the scientific article is the superior of the two for this

The Central And Peripheral B Cell Tolerance
Name :Amol Chaudhari CSU I.D – 2571148 Checkpoints for the central and peripheral B cell tolerance Introduction : B lymphocytes are the effectors
of humoral immunity and provides defense against pathogens by producing antibody. B cells constitute approximately 15% of peripheral blood
leukocytes and arise from progenitors and precursors in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes undergo random immunoglobulin variable gene
rearrangements at the heavy and light chain loci. These chains pair with the IgО± and IgОІ polypeptides to form the mature B–cell receptor which is
then transported onto the cell surface where it can bind antigen and signal inside the cell. Different populations of B cells result in pre immune pools
where each cell in these quiescent populations expresses a B cell antigen receptor with a unique specificity. The BCRs come in contact with their
specific antigen and generate several intracellular signals are which leads activation, differentiation, and formation of plasma cells and memory B cells.
This process mediates the response to subsequent antigen challenges. B lymphocytes play an essential role by not only producing antibodies but also
functioning as antigen–presenting cells and certain B cells can also negatively regulate the immune response by producing regulatory cytokines and
directly interacting with pathogenic T cells via cell to cell contact. Newly generated immature B cells are selected to enter the peripheral mature B–cell
pool only if they do

Essay Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is a complex, autoimmune disease caused by damage of the fatty myelin sheaths around axons of the brain and spinal cord which
leads to demyelination, lesions (scaring) and inflammation1, 2, 3. This damage leads to disruption of nerve impulse along axons resulting in the many
symptoms seen in multiple sclerosis patients. Although its exact etiology is unknown, current research indicates that multiple sclerosis is a complex
combination of genetic and environmental factors. It has been established that multiple sclerosis is not inherited but research is being focused on
genetic influence and suceptibility3. Like many other diseases with genetic components to their etiology, disease risk for multiple sclerosis can be ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results are consistent with the IL2/IL2R pathway in its role of controlling autoimmunity since the IL2/IL2R pathway controls immunity through
proliferation and survival of T cells. In addition this pathway maintains peripheral T–cell tolerance, which, when not kept in check by regulatory T cells
will result in autoimmunity leading to damage of the myelin sheaths around axons. Reduced function of regulatory T cells has been detected in
multiple sclerosis patients1, pointing to reduced function of the IL2/IL2R pathway due to genotypic variation.
A similar study investigating the genetic role of IL7/IL7RA pathway in multiple sclerosis susceptibility was conducted through genotyping and
statistical analysis of genotypic distributions, in multiple sclerosis patients and controls, who were matched ethnically, by gender and age. Results
show that polymorphisms in IL7 not only indicate statistically significant association with the disease but higher estimated genotype relative risks as
well2. The IL7/ILRA pathway is involved in development, maturation and survival of T and B cells, contributing to the body's immune system2.
Autoimmune response can result from the modified function of the pathway due to genetic variation of IL7 or IL7RA genes. Results of the study show
that genetic variations in the IL7/IL7RA play an important role not only in the

Speech On Lupus
Seems Lupus is getting disobedient ... It's time to teach it some discipline. But, before that you have to bring it in your life.
#12. Identify What Triggers a Flare in You
Every Lupus Warrior has gone through lupus flares in life... How many times?? Not sure. The lupus symptoms get worse during a flaring accompanied
with chronic pain and fatigue. It is important to understand that these symptoms don't happen to be active all by themselves. There has to be a trigger
or stressor that causes the flare.
As no lupus patients have similar symptoms, they don't have an identical set of triggers. However, the common triggers include Stress, infection, sun
exposure, or even seasonal flue. When you identify trigger within time, you can put in best efforts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
#15. Alcohol; time to be more cautious
When it comes to alcohol, it is advised to have it responsibly. However, when it comes to a Lupus sufferer things are bit more critical. Undoubtedly,
they are vigilant, but in certain situation that is not enough. If you are on Methotrexate or on NSAID drugs like naproxen or ibuprofen, alcohol can
interfere with the drugs. As a result either the drugs could work as they were supposed to or in severe cases you end up with an internal bleeding or an
upset stomach.
That is definitely not desirable; consult your doctor to ensure the alcohol part.
#16. Build Your Own Support System
Okay, building seems to be a real hard work. Let's settle down with acquiring the support. Only a person living with Lupus knows how it is. Constant
frustration, anxiety, depression succumb on a daily basis if you have Lupus or any other chronic autoimmune disorder.
The only breakthrough of these emotional turbulences would be seeking some compassionate support. Generally, family, friends, and loved ones serve
best to support. However, these days there are support groups that you find online as well fighting lupus and helping you to cope up with the Lupus
flare–ups. Here are few of the Lupus Support Group that you may like to try

Lupus Case Study Overview : Lupus
Lupus Case Study Overview There are several types of lupus, but the most common and severe type is called Systematic Lupus Erythematosus or SLE.
This form of lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes a chronic inflammation that can affect many major organs in the body. Common areas of the
body that are affected are the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, heart, and the nervous system. The immune system is the part of the body that fights off
viruses, bacteria, and germs, and other foreign substances. The immune system produces proteins called antibodies. Antibodies specifically protect the
body from the invaders because the immune system alone cannot tell the difference between foreign invaders and the body's healthy tissues. When an
antibody attacks healthy tissue, it then called an autoantibody. These autoantibodies causeinflammation, pain, and damage in various parts of the body
that can ultimately lead to organ failure. The cause for lupus erythematosus is currently unknown. It is most likely a combination of genetics and
environmental factors. This autoimmune disease can be triggered by some environmental factors, such as sunlight, stress hormones, or viruses. The
majority of patients with lupus are Hispanic and African American females within their child–bearing ages. There is no cure for lupus, but it can be
treated to control symptoms and relieve discomfort. The treatments for the disease depends on the level of severity. "Patients with a mild form of SLE

B Lymphocytes : Humoral Immunity And Provides Defense...
Introduction : B lymphocytes are the effectors of humoral immunity and provides defense against pathogens by producing antibody. B cells constitute
approximately 15% of peripheral blood leukocytes and arise from progenitors and precursors in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes undergo random
immunoglobulin variable gene rearrangements at the heavy and light chain loci. These chains pair with the IgО± and IgОІ polypeptides to form the
mature B–cell receptor which is then transported onto the cell surface where it can bind antigen and signal inside the cell. Different populations of B
cells result in pre immune pools where each cell in these quiescent populations expresses a B cell antigen receptor with a unique specificity. The BCRs
come in contact with their specific antigen and generate several intracellular signals are which leads activation, differentiation, and formation of plasma
cells and memory B cells. This process mediates the response to subsequent antigen challenges. B lymphocytes play an essential role by not only
producing antibodies but also functioning as antigen–presenting cells and certain B cells can also negatively regulate the immune response by
producing regulatory cytokines and directly interacting with pathogenic T cells via cell to cell contact. Newly generated immature B cells are selected
to enter the peripheral mature B–cell pool only if they do not bind to self–antigen. Immature B cells that bind to self antigen are not generally recruited
to mature

Coexistence of Autoimmune Disease with Type I Diabetes...
MATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective clinical study was undertaken on 849 patients admitted in endocrine department of Tripoli Medical
Center from December 2007 to July 2008. From the patients files, the concomitant disease presence or absence was also recorded; especially with
reference thyroid function. The important investigations as prescribed by the physician were also recorded. patient's serum level of T4, T3, FT4,
FT3 and TSH were measured for 748 patients. The venous blood samples were taken from all the subjects in the morning after fasting overnight
while TPOAb and TGAb level were measured abroad. 101 of patients with type1 diabetes mellitus were included in this study were investigated for
celiac disease and Addison disease. Both diseases were diagnosed abroad. Celiac disease patients have been diagnosed by finding a positive anti–tissue
transglutaminase (TTG) test and Addison disease diagnosed by finding positive 21–OH antibody. The present study was approved and done according
to ethics guidelines of Tripoli Medical Center. Specimen collection and preparation for analysis Blood samples were collected into polyethylene test
tubes. SST tubes were used for serum collection. From BD Vacutainer CO., Belliver Industrial Estate, Plymouth. Serum was separated by centrifuge for
5 min at 3,000 rpm to eliminate cell debris using Heraeus centrifuge from Germany. Serum samples were stored at –20В°C until assay.T4; T3, FT4,
FT3 and TSH were measurement by the

Prenatal Androgen Model Essay
The prenatal androgen model, which has become a clichГ© in the field, argues that homosexuality in men is due to under–exposure to prenatal
androgens and in women, due to over–exposure.9 Attempts to support the model included hormone measurements, animal experimentations and
studies of rare disorders (i.e., congenital adrenal hyperplasia and testicular feminization) all of which revealed inconsistent results.10 In the following
surge of research in prenatal androgen model, indirect consequences of prenatal hormone impact, such as digit ratio, fingerprint patterns and
oto–acoustic emissions have been studied, without reaching definitive conclusions.9 It is warranted that prenatal androgenization is essential for male
gender identity development, but apparently not decisive.11 Thus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These hormones have a critical role in cell differentiation during development and help maintain thermogenic and metabolic homeostasis in the
adults.12 Thyroid disorders are highly prevalent in the population and mostly affect women in childbearing age.13 In pregnancy, thyroid gland displays
mild to moderate enlargement because of increased physiological demands. Thyroid function is altered by 4 factors in pregnancy: i) the transient
increase in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during the first trimester, which cross–reacts with thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor; ii)
the estrogen–induced rise in thyroxine–binding globulin (TBG) which is the major transport protein for thyroid hormone; iii) increased autoimmunity;
and iv) increased urinary iodide clearance, which can cause impaired thyroid hormone production in areas of low iodine supply.12,14–17 Consequently,
the levels of both T3 and T4, the major hormones released by the thyroid, increase by ~50% and serum TSH levels decrease in the first trimester and
increase in the second and third

The Central And Peripheral B Cell Tolerance
Name :Amol Chaudhari CSU I.D – 2571148 Checkpoints for the central and peripheral B cell tolerance Introduction : B lymphocytes are the effectors
of humoral immunity and provides defense against pathogens by producing antibody. B cells constitute approximately 15% of peripheral blood
leukocytes and arise from progenitors and precursors in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes undergo random immunoglobulin variable gene
rearrangements at the heavy and light chain loci. These chains pair with the IgО± and IgОІ polypeptides to form the mature B–cell receptor which is
then transported onto the cell surface where it can bind antigen and signal inside the cell. Different populations of B cells result in pre immune pools
where each cell in these quiescent populations expresses a B cell antigen receptor with a unique specificity. The BCRs come in contact with their
specific antigen and generate several intracellular signals are which leads activation, differentiation, and formation of plasma cells and memory B cells.
This process mediates the response to subsequent antigen challenges. B lymphocytes play an essential role by not only producing antibodies but also
functioning as antigen–presenting cells and certain B cells can also negatively regulate the immune response by producing regulatory cytokines and
directly interacting with pathogenic T cells via cell to cell contact. Newly generated immature B cells are selected to enter the peripheral mature B–cell
pool only if they do not

Self Antigen Essay
Due to the absence of self–antigen presentation in the thymus [36], or the low affinity of T cells for self–antigens [37], autoreactive T cells escape
sometimes from thymic negative selection.
To complete the efficacy of central tolerance, the immune system developed many tools to neutralize these cells and avoid autoimmune diseases. These
mechanisms are either passive, concerning antigen ignorance, T–cell anergy or apoptosis induction and phenotypic skewing, or active when mediated
by regulatory cells [38].
Antigen ignorance allows autoreactive T cells to persist as functional circulating T cells while never primed by any antigen [39]. Indeed, antigens can
be masked by anatomical barriers like lens proteins, spermatozoids, or nervous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without CD28/
CD80–CD86 engagement, interactions between TCRs and alloantigens induce the anergy of T cells. CTLA–4 (CD152) has a large structural homology
with CD28 and interacts with CD80–
CD86 with better affinity than CD28 molecule and functions as a negative regulator of T–cell activation [56]. The expression of these two molecules
regulates the balance between activation and inhibition of T cells and allows the control of an over–reaction of the immune system leading to
inflammation or autoimmunity [57]. Similarly, the expression of Programmed
Death–1 (PD–1) after antigenic stimulation and interaction with its ligand PDL–1 reduces IL–2 synthesis and induces T–cell anergy [58]. Another
important co–stimulatory pathway is the
CD40/CD40L co–stimulatory pathway. The CD40 molecule is a transmembrane protein that
Tolerance in Organ Transplantation http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62653 51 belongs to the TNF receptor family. It is expressed on vascular endothelial
cells [59], activated
DCs [60], monocytes/macrophages, platelets [61] and B lymphocytes [62]. The CD40L, also called CD154, exists in soluble form or at the cell
membrane [63]. It is expressed on activated
CD4+
T cells, basophiles, eosinophils [64], DCs from the blood [65], endothelial cells, macroвЂђ
phages

Analysis Of Prospective Cohort Study Data
Statistical Analysis An objective of the analysis of prospective cohort study data is to compare disease occurrence in the group to the exposure factors.
Disease occurrence is measured using cumulative incidence or incidence rates, and the relationship between exposure and disease occurrence is
quantified by the cumulative incidence or incidence rate difference and ratio. Calculating an incidence rate involves determining the amount of
person–time accrued by each study subject. Relative risks of each of the variables that are evaluated in the study are calculated. In addition, a Cox
proportional hazard models is used to analyzed the relationship between environmental and genetic factors and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Persons–years
were calculated for all the individuals from the beginning of the prospective cohort study until the end of the study or end due to loss to follow–up.
The reasoning for utilizing the Cox proportional hazards models is because the study has continuous and multiple covariates. Each of the factors need
to be evaluate and compare in order to establish whether there is a relationship between environmental factors and the manifestation of type 1 diabetes
mellitus. Multivariate analysis is necessary to implement due to the potential number of confounding variables in the study. Multivariate analysis
involves the construction of a mathematical model that describes the association between exposure, disease, and confounders. This type of analysis is

A Diet Of Fasting And Its Effects On Children
A diet mimicking fasting alleviates MS symptoms – the 'fast' way to reduce the effects of autoimmunity.
A discussion of the article 'A Diet Mimicking Fasting Promotes Regeneration and Reduces Autoimmunity and Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms' which was
published in June 2016, by In Young Choi, Laura Piccio, Patra Childress, Friedemann Paul, Markus Bock, Valter D. Longo
Abstract
Choi et al. have found that participating in a diet mimicking fasting can promote regeneration of myelin and reduce autoimmunity and Multiple
Sclerosis (MS) symptoms. The paper reviews the effects a fast mimicking diet (FMD) has on EAE mice models. The results have found than cycles
of FMD result in a decrease in score of disease severity, a decreasing in infiltrating immune cells i.e. CD11b+, MOG35–55/IAb+ cells, IL–17, IFN– Оі
and an increase in the number of FoxP3+ helper cells and GST–ПЂ. There was also an increasing in myelin staining in spinal cord sections in the
FMD group. The results show that it is not chronic restriction that is most effective in reducing autoimmunity but instead cycles of FMD, explaining
why a ketogenic diet did not perform as well in terms of disease reversing. Clinical trials have been carried out and FMD is proving to be a safe and
effective way of treating MS symptoms, however further tests need to be applied to ensure efficacy, such as MRI's and immune assays.
INTRODUCTION
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune, neurological disease of the central nervous system

Should Health Care Providers Recommend A Vegan Diet For...
A Plant–Based Diet as a Prescriptive Measure: Should Health Care Providers Recommend A Vegan Diet to High
–Risk Patients For the Prevention or
Treatment of Non–Communicable or Chronic Diseases?
David Arthur, MS, PA–S
The term non–communicable disease refers to set of chronic, slowly progressing, long–duration illnesses that are not infectious and are responsible for
more deaths globally than any other cause.1 In 2011, in most high and middle–income countries, non–communicable diseases were responsible for
more deaths than all other causes combined.1 These same chronic diseases are also referred to as lifestyle diseases by some practitioners, as they are
recognized as having lifestyle choice as primary risk–factors, and possibly, treatment modalities centered around lifestyle modification.2 The four
primary non–communicable diseases, as identified by the World Health Organization, are cardiovascular disease, malignant neoplasm, respiratory
disease, and diabetes mellitus.3 The power of lifestyle choices to effectively address some of the most vexing chronic diseases of our time is well
established.4 Adherence to four healthy lifestyle tenets–not smoking, not being obese, getting at least thirty minutes of moderate activity per day, and
eating a diet consisting primarily of vegetables, fruit, and whole grains, may have the net effect of addressing the primary sources of disease and death
in western society.4 Strictly adhering to each of these healthy lifestyle choices

Compare and contrast T-cell development with B-cell...
Introduction
The developmental routes for these cells are very complex and unique but there are similarities. B–cells produce antibodies to bind onto foreign bodies
that have invaded the host organism; this allows cells such as cytotoxic T–cells will then destroy the infected cell/structure. On the other hand, T–cells
such as T–helper cells that secrete cytokines to control immune responses and cytotoxic T–cells that destroy pathogenic cells and structures.
B–Cells
B–cells develop from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These stem cells have
become Pro–B cells when they have begun to express B–cell marker proteins such as CD34 and rearrange the genes that code for the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lymphoid progenitor will begin to develop into a T–cell if the Notch1 protein is overexpressed in the cell. During the double negative 1 (DN) phase
of development, the cells are migrating into the thymic cortex as pro–thymocytes from the bone marrow. They are yet to commit to a lineage so can
still mature into other types of T–cell such as natural killer T–cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and regulatory T–cells. Also, the cells are yet to express
CD4+ or CD8+ and only express c–kit (CD117) and CD25 on their cell membrane.
DN2 is a vital phase, it occurs in the subcapsular cortex of the thymus. It is here that the "genes for the gamma, delta and beta T–cell receptor (TCR)
chains" [3] start their rearrangement process. The alpha chain does not commence its rearrangement, as the recombinase machinery cannot reach its
gene. In this phase, cells fully commit to the T–cell lineage and the expression of c–kit and CD25 on their membranes declines.
At the DN3 stage – also in the subcapsular cortex, the thymocytes begin their development as О±ОІ or ОіОґ T–cells is made. This decision is made by
the successful completion of the rearrangement of the ОІ TCR gene. If a cell chooses to become a ОіОґ T–cell, it finishes development here and enters
the periphery. Once this lineage choice has been made, the expression of CD25 is halted and the pre–TCR is expressed on the cell surface.
The DN4 phase is the last stage of early T–cell development. Here, the alpha gene of

Alopecia Case Studies
I have been treating Evan Daniels since 1998, when I diagnosed him with a severe case of Alopecia areata multilocularis, comonly known as Alopecia
or Alopecia areata. Alopecia is an autoimmune mutation where the white blood cells deem certain hair folicles as a virus and proceed to attack them.
Regularly, the symptoms of Alopecia include spots of baldness, white indentions on the fingernails, and lightened patches of skin. This is usually not a
serious disease.
However, in Evan's case, his immune system severely reacts to this mutation, causing the rest of his body to act as if it is fighting a very severe virus,
as a normal body might react to the flu, or a severe cold. His symptoms include quick, seemingly random feverish outbreaks, emmense

15-Year-Old Patient: A Case Study
The following case study will discuss in detail Ava the 15–year–old patient who has arrived at the Emergency Department presenting with Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus and Graves Disease.
Two separate flow charts below will outline the regulation of Insulin and Glucagon via negative feedback loops to maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus sufferers must be able to manage glycaemia effectively as to not cause chronic medical complications further down the track
(Cesar, 2011). Both Insulin and Glucagon are hormones secreted by the Pancreas in response to Hypoglycaemia and Hyperglycaemia (Understanding
Pathophysiology, 2012, p.239). Negative feedback loops of Insulin and Glucagon are in place to maintain homeostasis of an individual's ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Thyroid begins to produce too much of the Thyroid Hormones it can cause a condition called Hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism has been
found to have three main causes; Graves Disease (which Ava is currently suffering from), Toxic Multinodular Goiter and Toxic Adenoma
(Felicilda–Reynaldo, Kenneally, 2016). Laboratory tests conducted on Ava have shown that her TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is low whilst
the Triidothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) levels are much higher. A diagnosis of graves disease is commonly confirmed by low levels of TSH
and higher levels of T3 and T4 (Streetman, Khanderia, 2003). The cause behind low TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is due to the decline in
production based on a negative feedback response stemming from Antibodies binding to TSH receptors, causing the thyroid gland to release it own
'Thyroid Hormone' and in turn the haematological levels of 'Thyroid Hormone' increases. (Understanding Pathophysiology, 2012, p.258). This
particular negative feedback then causes the TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) production to decrease. Whilst this is occurring those very same
increased 'Thyroid Hormone" levels in the blood begin to activate receptors located at the thyroid gland causing increasing levels

Autoimmune Disorders
The effects of autoimmune disorders can be devastating to the human body. The most common types of autoimmune disorders often impair the joints,
skin, and multiple organs. All of the different varieties of autoimmune disorders affect more than a million people in the United States, while some of
the rarer varieties only affecting roughly every thirty people out of ten thousand(Lohr, John Thomas). If people know the effects of having an
autoimmune disease they might be able to catch a serious issue before it causes them a lot of pain. Autoimmune disorders are when the immune system
cannot differentiate the cells that belong to the body and what is there to harm the body. ("Autoimmune Disease," World of Biology). It causes the
immune system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People often develop uncomfortable and itchy rashes everywhere on the body. The most common place for the rash to develop is on the face, it forms
what is commonly known as the "butterfly rash". The rash forms on the nose and cheeks of the person that is being affected ("Autoimmune Disease").
In some types of autoimmune disorders very small red dots develop on the skin accompanied by bruises that show up without a reason. Another
symptom that affects the skin is when the skin takes on a tight, shiny appearance (Franz and Davidson). The symptoms that affect the skin vary on a
personal basis, but they general symptoms are consistent. The symptoms that affect the skin are much harder to treat than the inflammation of the joints
because it usually takes immunosuppressive drugs; however, these are dangerous because they make the immune system more susceptible to get more
serious illnesses; they are also likely to get anemia because the immunosuppressive drugs also control the non–immune cells ("Autoimmunity and
autoimmune disorders."). Other symptoms that might occur are the rash that might appear on the upper body or even on the eyelids (Franz and
Davidson). All of the symptoms that influence people's daily life in a way that can cause even more problems. If a person notices a rash on any part
of their body they should go to the doctor to try and identify what it is so that they can save themselves a lot of trouble and unnecessary

The Importance Of Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering is an engineering major with the strongest ties with the molecular science. Chemical Engineering is mainly based on the three
pillars, those are design, optimization and controls. If we apply all this basis to living system then it is called as the Biochemical Engineering.
Biochemical Engineering which is also called as the, Bioprocessing Engineering deals with the design and construction of the unit processes that
include biological molecules such as bioreactors. Biochemical Engineering is a unified knowledge of the principles of both biology and chemical
engineering, and it plays a major engineering role in the rapidly developing area of biotechnology. In this thesis, using the creative synthesis
methodology the biochemical relationship between Tetracyclines and Polyphenols has been studied.
1.1Problem Identification
Many of autoimmune diseases are thought to be triggered by inflammations and to heal these diseases many antibiotics are found by research in past.
My hypothesis is that, certain antibiotics which we are using to treat these inflammations are actually contributing to trigger the diseases. In this thesis,
above mentioned hypothesis is tested by using creative synthesis methodology via a literature review.
The Tetracycline compounds, which are discovered back in 1940's is well known family of Antibiotics. Tetracyclines are agents exhibiting activity
against a wide range of gram–positive and gram–negative bacteria. The favorable

What Role Does Cd4 Play In The Human Immune System
The human immune system plays a major role in every person's body. It protects the body against foreign particles that could lead to diseases, such as
bacteria and viruses. A white blood cell protein, called CD4, play a key role in the human immune system. Without the help of CD4 proteins, bodies
would not be able to receive the signal to activate the body's immune response against foreign contaminants entering the body. CD4 proteins are found
in white blood cells, which play a very important role in the human immune system. CD4 is also a glycoprotein. They can be found on the surface of
immune cells, such as T–helper cells, that serve as receptors. They are receptors for one of the most commonly known infections, HIV AIDS. CD4
cells, also known as T–helper cells, are an essential part of the human immune system. When a foreign particle enters the body, CD4 cells send
signals to other types of immune cells, which trigger them to then destroy the infectious particle. If a body's CD4 cell count is reduced, the body is
left vulnerable to many diseases and infections that it would otherwise have been able to protect itself against. CD4 is also a glycoprotein on ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of
inflammation, infection, and trauma. Researchers at UC Davis have found that early exposure to inflammatory cytokines can "paralyze" CD4 cells.
This CD4 paralysis could play a role in preventing autoimmunity. Autoimmunity is misdirected immune responses that can cause the immune system to
go awry and attack the body itself. By shutting down CD4 cells, it prevented an autoimmune response. This research shows the potential to paralyze the
immune system to prevent autoimmunity, or to adjust and teach it to accept transplanted cells and

Dilated Cardiomyopathy and The Role of Autoimmunity in...
An autoimmune response directed against heart–specific antigens has been recognized as important to the pathogenesis of DCM. Specifically,
muscarinic M2AChR autoantibodies have a 25–80% occurrence in various cardiac conditions; these antibodies can be found in 18–51% of patients
with idiopathic DCM (4), 40–77% of chagasic patients with heart failure and 42% of those with an unspecified condition (18, 31). A wide variety of
infectious and noninfectious agents have been reported to induce similar symptoms (32, 33), and recently, a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy
with cisplatin and doxorubicin showed a DCM phenotype and the concomitant presence of serum autoantibodies against M2AChR (6). It is well
established that cardiomyopathy can be recapitulated by experimental immunization with cardiac myosin plus an adjuvant or with the administration of
antibodies against troponin I and the ОІ1–adrenergic receptor (33, 28, 34, 35). Similarly, we provide evidence that autoimmunity against specific
M2AChR epitopes (M2AChR–el2 and M2AChR–il3) may play a causal role in DCM. Therefore, BALB/c mice were DNA–immunized using a gene
gun with plasmids encoding partial epitopes to induce potentially harmful anti–M2AChR–el2 and anti–M2AChR–il3 antibodies and establish
cardiomyopathy. All mice progressively developed left ventricle dilation and dysfunction detected by echocardiography analyses (approximately 10–20
weeks post–immunization). Next, we mimicked the presence of autoantibodies

Autoimmune Disorders : A New Epidemic Of Life Threatening...
In the world in which we live, autoimmune disorders are becoming more and more widespread, presenting a new epidemic of life–threatening diseases.
They are included on the list of ten most common reasons for mortality in children and women up to 64 years of age ("Autoimmune Statistics –
AARDA", 2016). According to the National Institute of Health, the estimated number of people suffering from autoimmune–related diseases in the
USA alone exceeds 23 million people, and the number keeps growing from year to year. The exact number of autoimmune disorders is unknown due to
the fact that the origin of some diseases is not fully understood. At the moment, scientists distinguish approximately 80 autoimmune–related disorders,
all of which are considered incurable. Since the nature of autoimmunity is not fully investigated, no cure has been found for any autoimmune diseases
so far. Autoimmune conditions may influence any tissues of the body, including skin (psoriasis), limbs (rheumatoid arthritis), endocrine glands
(Hashimoto's disease, type I diabetes) or digestive organs (celiac disease) ("Autoimmune Statistics – AARDA", 2016). Some of the autoimmune
disorders exhibit slow disease course with feeble symptoms, while other disorders are manifested rapidly, imposing an immediate threat to patient's
well–being, and, sometimes, to the patient's life. Lupus is an example of such dangerous autoimmune disorder.
Autoimmune diseases occurs when a person's body or immune system mistakes the

Survival of the Sickest Chapter Summaries Essay
Chapter 1 Summary
In chapter one it talks about how hemachromatosis is a hereditary disease and it's the most common genetic disease for people of European descent,
in which the body can't register that it has enough iron. So it keeps absorbing as much of it as possible, and this can have very, serious side effects
(including death). Iron is very important for bacteria, cancer, and other things to grow. The way this disease is most easily treated is blood letting.
Looks like all those crazy blood–letting, leech–sticking doctors weren't mistreating everyone. What is the author's argument for why this disease stuck
around? To really simplify things: during the black plague in Europe, people with more iron in their system were more likely ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many Europeans died out. How does this relate to diabetes? Well, one thing that sugar does is lower the freezing temperature of water. Pure water
freezes at 32 degrees, but water with other substances in it, like sugar, freeze at much colder temperatures. Our blood, being largely composed of
water, then, would also freeze at a lower temperature if it had higher levels of sugar. Brown fat is a type of fat that the body produces in extremely
cold temperatures that quickly burns sugar into heat. Also a lot of greasy foods and fats also can cause diabetes. Consuming to much of it can cause
you to have a stroke or heart attack. So a diabetic in Northern Europe during the Younger Dryas would have lived because their higher levels of blood
sugar would have kept their blood liquid and let their brown fat burn that sugar into heat.
Chapter 3 Summary In chapter 3 Dr. Moalem talks about how cholesterol rises too. Like when you consume alcohol, your body detoxifies it and then
extracts calories from it. It's a difficult process that involves many different enzymes and a lot of organs, although most of the process takes place in the
liver. First, an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase converts the alcohol into another chemical called acetaldehyde; another enzyme–cleverly called
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase–converts the acetaldehyde into acetate. And a third enzyme converts

Autoimmune Disorders: A Genetic Analysis
Humans have seen the rise of autoimmune disorders in modern times despite this idea seeming contrary to the premise of evolution and natural
selection. Although the term "autoimmune disorder" encompasses a broad range of diseases, they all have in common that the symptoms arise from
the body's response to self–antigens. Autoimmune diseases have placed an economical, psychological, and physical burden on the world, yet
immunological analyses to date have failed to elucidate their pathogenic mechanisms in a significant way. This study intends to investigate the
evolutionary history of autoimmune–related genes by comparing their present–day frequency to their frequency in ancient humans; this will give
insight into whether these genes have been... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine, and unregulated TNF production is a large contributor to many autoimmune disorders (Kollias). Antagonizing
them should decrease inflammation and disease activity. However, there are two major problems with this form of treatment. The first is that it has
been shown to cause unanticipated effects such as anti–dsDNA production (Kollias) and greater levels of infection in patients (Grijalva). Furthermore,
tumor necrosis factor antagonists cannot be seen as a cure because, like other available treatments, they target symptoms and intermediate aspects such
as organ damage rather than fixing the underlying causes

Are Autoimmune Diseases Killing You?
Are Autoimmune Diseases Killing You? The innate/adaptive immune systems are supposed to protect you– what happens when they strike back?
Autoimmune diseases: The Immune system is provided by the body to keep the human system healthy, and virus/bacteria free. Autoimmune diseases
occur when a T lymphocyte cell escapes the lymphoid and mistakes an organ/system/tissue for a virus, this rogue T cell than instructs B lymphocytes
cells to develop antibodies. These special antibodies are known as 'autoantibodies' (special blood proteins that target the individual's body parts).
Autoimmune diseases are supposedly triggered, this is a broad group ranging from being inherited or viruses/hormones.
Currently there is approx. 80 different types of autoimmune diseases globally, then broadly grouped into two categories 'organ specific' (where the
diseases effects one particular body part) and 'non–organ specific' (where no one organ is targeted, but maybe an entire system). One in twenty people
are diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, however depending on the disease the number increases example a rare disease may affect one in a million
people.
What is the impact?
Autoimmune diseases are a huge health issue in Australia and New Zealand. The negative effects can be quite severe, depending on the disease. A
sample of the diseases listed are:
Diabetes (type 1)
Graves' disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Multiple sclerosis
Scleroderma
Lupus Erythematosus
Lupus has a huge

Alopecia Research Paper
Luckily, most cases of Alopecia do not require a biopsy, but Diffuse Alopecia may be an exception. There are no specific blood tests done with
Alopecia, but some doctors may do blood tests to double check for Thyroid disease and will continue the tests if there is a need to. When a biopsy
is done, a needle is injected into part of the scalp to take a piece of skin out. Tests are done on this tissue to reveal inflammatory cells, which
usually looks like a swarm of bees around the hair follicle. There currently are no cures for Alopecia, but many treatments. The effectiveness of
treatments varies from case to case and some cases that are counted as effective may not be enough to stop wearing a wig or a hat. True effectiveness
is very difficult to determine unless a placebo treatment is used. Placebo by definition is "a pill or substance that is given to a patient like a drug but
that has no physical effect on the patient" (Merriam–Webster). Current treatments only affect the hair loss that is present and cannot prevent future hair
loss. Treatments are also continuing for a long period of time due to the enduring type of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dose usually differs depending on the patient and the area that is being affected. A steroid called Triamcinolone acetonide is most frequently used.
Regrow of hair is normally seen after two to three months of treatment and injections are done roughly once a month. "Reportedly 60 to 67 percent of
patients experience regrowth (but remember that all quoted response rates should be taken with a grain of salt)" (Mackay–Wiggan 32). Injections are
continued for approximately six months as long as some hair growth is seen. Anyone who doesn't experience hair regrowth may be immune to the
steroid treatments. Unfortunately, side affects of steroid injections may include the skin to thin or lighten where the injection is and also great amounts
of

Autoimmunity Informative Speech
Do you feel fatigued even after you get a full night of sleep? Do you have achy muscles and joints, brain fog, inability to concentrate, or insomnia?
Do you get rashes, eczema, hives, or skin irritation? Do you have an inability to tolerate cold or heat? Do you get diarrhea, bloating, constipation, or
stomach pain? If you answered "yes" to several of these, there's a good chance you have an autoimmune condition. Many people suffer for years with
a vague set of symptoms that look like many other conditions but can't be clearly defined or put in a box. Today we know this previous gray area
actually defines the symptoms that precede or are involved in the process of autoimmunity.
This inflammation–based condition is a hot topic receiving lots

Grave's Disease Case Study Essay
Introduction
The case study selected focused on Grave's disease an autoimmune disorder involving over production of thyroid hormones triidiothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4). In the United States it is the most common form of hyperthyroidism. The over taxed organ then becomes enlarged (goiter). This case
study report will discuss the clinical progression and presentation of this disease, define and describe what an autoimmune disorder is, outline what
clinical testing is performed for proper diagnosis, and the treatments involved for management of the disease and those afflicted.
An autoimmune disorder is when an individual's own adaptive immune system begins producing antibodies against its own cells/tissues. This in turn
causes a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to my case study of an individual with the disease, progression of symptoms coincided with stressors involving life dilemmas and other
illnesses (Vita, 2009). "Stress affects the immune system either directly or indirectly through the nervous and endocrine systems. These immune
modulations may contribute to the development of autoimmunity as well as the susceptibility to autoimmune disease in genetically predisposed
individuals. Stress can be one of the environmental factors for thyroid autoimmunity" (Mizokami, 2005).
Physical signs/symptoms of the disease involve: bulging eyes (proptosis), vision issues, low tolerance to heat (increased sweating), massive weight
loss, redness and thickening of the skin of the shins (pretibial myxedema), increased heartbeat/palpitations and fits of thyroid storm if untreated (
Graves' Disease and Thyroid Foundation, 2014). The eyes are affected due to the similarities of this tissue to the thyroid. "The eyes are particularly
vulnerable to Graves' eye disease, because the autoimmune attack often targets the eye muscles and connective tissue within the eye socket. This likely
occurs because these tissues contain proteins that appear similar to the immune system as those of the thyroid gland" (Kellog Eye Center, 2014). TSI
assaults tissues of the thyroid and the eyes.
Other related symptoms are caused by the homeostatic connection of the

Case Study Of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Kristen Lee

More from Kristen Lee (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Case Study Of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)