ICSE 9th HISTORY (2020-2021)

1.  Qutab Minar.
 Alauddin Khilji
&
 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

3. Qutab Minar
• It is a victory tower-commemoration of great victory of Muhammed Ghori
• His general Qutub-ud-din Aibak –the constructed the first Islamic building
QM.
• Dedicated to Sufi Saint, Qutub-ud-din Bakhtiar Kaki.
• Completed by Illtumish.
• Different style of Architecture.
• Many rulers constructed it part by part.

5. Features of QM
 It has a diameter 14.32 m at the base and about 2.75m on the top with the height of
72. 5 m.
 It has five storeys . Each storey was separated by projecting balcony.
 First three storeys are built in pale red stone, the fourth one is purely made of marble
and the fifth one is a mix of marble and sandstone.
 The structure also includes spiral staircase of 379 steps leading to the top.
 Verses from Holy Quran and some intricate carvings with floral motifs are inscribed in
the tower.
 The architectural styles differ from base to top.

9. THE KHILJI DYNASTY
• The founder - Jalaluddin Khilji
• His nephew Alauddin Khilji murdered Jalaluddin Khilji and proclaimed
himself as Sultan.
• Alauddin Khilji was an ambitious ruler.
• His main objective was plunder and expand his territory.
• He annexed Northern India and Southern India.
• He introduced many reforms:

10. Alauddin khilji introduced many reforms:
• Market regulations –
• 3 separate markets at Delhi: 1. Food grains,
2. Costly cloth,
3.Horses, slaves and cattle.
• Appointed a controller of market (Shahna).
• Fixed the prices of goods
• Very strict punishments for cheating and under weighing goods
• Measures against nobility
• The nobles were not allowed to hold parties and festivities or to form
marriage alliance without the permission of Sultan.
• Banned Wine and intoxicants.
• Gambling was forbidden.
• He established an efficient spy system.

11. Alauddin khilji ….Reforms Cont…..
• Reorganized Army
• Provided intensive training for fresh recruits
• Dismissed incompetent soldiers.
• Introduced the system of recording the identifying features (Huliya) of soldiers.
• Introduced the system of branding Horse (dagh).
• Introduced cash salaries for soldiers (instead of land).
• Introduced identity card for every soldier (chehra).
• Revenue reforms.
• He brought all the land of his empire under his control.
• To increase income of the empire he imposed taxes on the actual income of the land.
• Introduced the practice of measuring the land and fixing state share accordingly.
• Increased the land revenue from one-third to one half
• Demanded it (revenue) to be paid in cash and not in kind.
• Appointed special officers to collect land revenue

12. MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ
• He is the only educated sultan.
• A person with innovative ideas.
• known as man of opposites.
His reforms regarding taxes.
• His decision to raise taxes on agriculture in the doab was followed immediately
by famine (,draught ) and so failed. He took effective steps to fight the famine
 distributed free grains.
 advanced loans to the peasants.
 Improved irrigation facilities.
• His attempt to increase the area of agriculture failed because of mismanagement and
corruption among the officials.

13. Transfer of Capital.
• Decided to transfer his capital from Delhi to devagiri near modern Aurangabad
and renamed it.
• Dauladabad was centrally located from where he could control Deccan
territories.
• Delhi was in the grip of famine.
• Delhi was constantly threatened by the Mongol invasions
• He ordered the people of Delhi including religious heads to shift to Dauladabad.
• Then he realised the gravity of the threat from north-west he decided to shift
the capital back to Delhi.
Introduction of token currency.
• Introduction of bronze tanka in place of silver tanka.(because of the shortage of Silver)
• Failed because of circulation of fake coins on a very large scale,which caused chaos in trade
and commerce.

14. CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
Sultan ruled in the name of God.
Islam was the state religion.
 Sultan was the
Chief Executive
Highest Judicial authority.
Commander-in-Chief of the Army.
 Other Ministers
Chief Minister in the government- The wazir
The Finance Minister The Diwan
The Chief Judge The Quazi
The Army minister The Ariz.

15. PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION
 Empire was divided into many Provinces called Iqtas.
 The in the charge of iqtas are Governors called Naib Sultans or Iqtadars
 Important Provinces – Jaunpur, Malwa, Gujarat and Deccan.
 Each province was divided into Shiqs .
 Shiqs were further divided into parganas .
 parganas included one or more villages.
 Parganas were divided into mouzas.
 Village is the lowest administrative unit.
 Each village was headed by village headperson called muqaddam.
 Apart from these officials there were
 Patwari -the record- keeper
 Musharif - the village assistant.