Adrenal Gland Essay

Adrenal Gland Essay
Adrenal gland
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangular–shaped
endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. They are chiefly responsible for releasing hormones
in conjunction with stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including
cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively.
Anatomy and function
Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the retroperitoneum situated atop the kidneys, one
on each side. They are surrounded by an adipose capsule and renal fascia. In humans, the adrenal
glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra. Each adrenal gland is separated into two
distinct structures, the adrenal cortex and medulla, both of which ... Show more content on
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The suprarenal veins may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins.
The adrenal glands and the thyroid gland are the organs that have the greatest blood supply per gram
of tissue. Up to 60 arterioles may enter each adrenal gland.[4]
Terminology
The adrenal glands are named for their location relative to the kidneys. The term "adrenal" comes
from ad– (Latin, "near") and renes (Latin, "kidney"). Similarly, "suprarenal" is derived from supra–
(Latin, "above") and renes. Colloquially, they are referred to as "kidney hats".
Adrenal cortex
Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response
through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol
respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. Contents * 1 Layers * 2 Hormone
synthesis * 3 Production * 3.1 Mineralocorticoids * 3.2 Glucocorticoids * 3.3 Androgens * 4
Pathology * 5 See
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Thyroid Gland And How It Affects The Metabolic System
Abstract:
The butterfly–shaped gland in your neck is known as the thyroid gland. This particular gland is
responsible for releasing hormones that regulates metabolism in the body. Cells from all over the
body rely on the thyroid to regulate their metabolism as well. Dysfunctions if the thyroid gland can
cause many problems to the body. Many diseases can arise from overproduction or underproduction
of the main thyroid hormones, including cancer. However, modern day research and medicine has
proven to be quite effective and the survival rate for conditions relating to the dysfunction of the
thyroid gland is high.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the function of the thyroid gland and how it affects the
metabolic system. The anatomy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The classic endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic islets, adrenals,
and gonads (ovaries and testes). The thyroid is the largest of the classic endocrine glands (1). It is a
butterfly–shaped gland positioned anterior of the trachea. Consisting of two lobes connected by a
band of connective tissue called the isthmus. Each of the lobes is approximately 4 cm x 2 cm, and in
an average adult, weigh about 20g.
Gland Function
The thyroid is an extremely unique gland that plays a major role in the body's metabolic system by
releasing specific hormones that control the conversion of nutrients into energy (the mechanism of
metabolism). All other cells in the body rely on the thyroid to secrete its hormones in order to
maintain metabolic homeostasis. This is because the thyroid stimulates the metabolic rates of the
cells by increasing the number and size of the cell's mitochondria. By doing so, the hormones then
begin the synthesize enzymes in the respiratory chain an increase membrane Na+–K+ ATPase
concentration as well as the membrane Na+ and K+ permeability

The Endocrine System: Glands That Create And Secrete Hormones
The Endocrine System is composed of glands that create and secrete hormones.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are sent out in the body to control many
different bodily functions. Hormones are used for things such as regulating body temperature and
giving the body a "hunger feeling".
One of the glands in the endocrine system is the hypothalamus, which is located in the brain, it is
responsible for controlling homeostatic systems such as thirst and body temperature. The
hypothalamus also is involved in controlling sex drive and sleep. The parathyroid is another, it is
located in the anterior neck, it is responsible for controlling the amount of calcium in the body. The
thymus is located behind the sternum, between the left and right lung. It is responsible for
stimulating the development of T–cells in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another gland in the immune system is the pancreas, it is located in the abdomen, it is responsible
for regulating blood sugar. The adrenal glands are located at the top of both kidneys, it produces
hormones that affect the body's heart rate, burn fat and proteins, and help the body respond to stress.
The ovaries, produce female sex hormones and is located in the lower abdomen in women. The
testes are held by the scrotum in men and are responsible for producing the male sex hormone.
One of the most important glands in the endocrine system is the Pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland produces hormones that control the other glands in the system as well as key
body functions such as metabolism. It is located at the base of the brain, is only about the size of a
single pea. It is known as the " master control

Endocrine System And Non-Steroid Hormones
Then Endocrine System
The endocrine system consists of a variety of glands and clusters of hormone secreting cells in
various organs throughout the body. These glands produce chemicals called hormones, which are
secreted directly into the bloodstream. They determine a number of things, including when you're
hungry, your weight, how you handle stress, and even how well you sleep. The body produces many
different hormones, which can either be classified as steroid or non–steroid. Steroid hormones are
synthesized from cholesterol, including male and female sex hormones, as well as aldosterone.
Non–steroid hormones, also known as protein–based hormones, are synthesized from amino acids.
Protein–based hormones are further divided into protein ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They produce sex hormones which stimulates the production of sperm in males, and eggs in
females. Sex hormones also influence the development of secondary sex characteristics during
puberty. The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen promotes the development of
female characteristics and contributes to the development of the reproductive system. Progesterone
is secreted after ovulation, and helps maintain uterine lining during pregnancy. The testes secrete
testosterone, which triggers the development of male sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm

Anterior Pituitary Gland Disorders And Hormones
Anterior Pituitary Gland
By
Suk–Angie Saint Fort
Daphne Pyle
Angela Spencer
Taleishia Strowbridge–Melton
Anterior pituitary gland disorders Pathophysiology
Anterior pituitary: The front portion of the pituitary, a small gland in the head called the master
gland. Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary influence growth, sexual development, skin
pigmentation, thyroid function, and adrenocortical function. A major organ of the endocrine system,
the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior), is the glandular, anterior
lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the
pituitary gland (hypophysis). (Oxford University Press, 2015) Etiology
The pituitary gland is a grape–sized endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary
regulates and controls the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands, which in turn regulate
many body processes. These hormones include the following:
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin
About 75% of pituitary tumors secrete hormones. When a tumor produces excessive amounts of one
or more hormones, the following conditions may occur: Giantism or acromegaly (excess growth
hormone), Hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid stimulating hormone), Cushing 's syndrome (excess
adrenocorticotropic hormone) and Prolactinoma (excess prolactin). As the tumor grows, destruction
of some of

Importance of Adrenaline Glands
As I stepped up to the plate in the final inning of the baseball game, my primary focus was finding a
way to score the runner on second base for the game–winning run. Second base is only 120 short
feet away from home plate, so I thought this would be easy. To do it, I would have to hit the ball into
the outfield and have it land on the ground without it being caught by a defender. I had already
gotten two hits in three at bats earlier in the game, and I knew that nothing would be sweeter than to
finish it off with a game–winning hit. The biggest, baddest, and fastest–throwing pitcher around was
on the mound for the rival team; I knew he would give me everything he had to get me back from
the last at bat. The intensity of the moment had my heart beating like a drum. The first pitch missed
outside; the second pitch missed inside. As I went up 2–0 in the count, I could see the frustration on
the pitcher's face. They called him "Big Red", and that overgrown eighth grader gave me a look as if
he wanted to kill me. I found this hilarious, which fueled his fire. My baseball knowledge helped me
to determine that I would be watching the next pitch go by, ball or strike. Then, it happened.
"Crack!" The third pitch, delivered at 75 mph, came inside on me and shattered the backside of my
right hand. The alarming noise took the air out of the crowd (especially my mom) as I fell to the
ground. As I laid on the ground, the crowd was so quiet that you could hear a pin drop.

An Article Found On Thespiritscience. Net Claims That The...
An article found on thespiritscience.net claims that the pineal gland is a small, pine cone–shaped
part of the brain, known as the "third eye", that is the seat which connects the real, physical world
with the spiritual world. The author describes the pineal gland as "a tiny pinecone" that produces
melatonin, a derivative of the neurotransmitter serotonin which modulates hormones and the
circadian rhythm. The true power of this gland has been kept secret by various world governments
since the time of the Soviet Union. The pineal gland is the pathway to the spirit world; those who
access this power will feel "oneness" and "euphoria", and be "able to freely travel to other
dimensions..." and "...control the thoughts and actions of other people ... Show more content on
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The pineal gland also plays a key role in regulating animal circadian rhythms, which vary across
species. Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin by N–acetyltransferase. In mammals, N–
acetyltransferase activity is stimulated in the CNS by sympathetic nerves stemming from the
superior cervical ganglion, whereas in birds, the N–acetyltransferase "control switch" appears to lie
within the gland itself (Deguchi, 1979). The "third eye" concept, according to an article on Wiley
Online Library actually stems from the probability that a common ancestor existed that had some
ciliary photoreceptive structure that eventually gave rise to the modern retina and pineal gland seen
today in mammals (Mano, Fukada, 2007). It makes sense that the retina and the pineal gland are
closely related. Both have photoreceptors and respond to light stimulation. In organisms with no
neocortex and thin skulls such as frogs, the pineal gland can detect and respond to environmental
light. This stimulation then activates the mechanism that regulates the sleep–wake cycles and
biorhythms. Organisms such as humans with thicker skulls and a thick, heavily folded neocortex
must have this function initiated by the retina because light cannot reach the pineal gland. The retina
would detect light and transmit the signal to the brain, where other mechanisms activate to stimulate
the same type of biorhythm action. The idea that

Thyroid Gland Research Paper
There are many different glands in your body that does many different things. Some glands "talk" to
each other and others don't. This all depends on what glad it is. When a gland messes up or doesn't
work anymore, sometimes you do not notice it for years and some you notice as soon as it happens.
The thyroid gland is one of those glands that you normal do not notice for years. This gland has two
lobes that are on each side of the trachea and that is connected together, it looks like a butterfly–
shaped gland that wraps around the trachea. According to Health website, there are "at least 30
million Americans that has a thyroid disorder and half, 15 million, are silent sufferers who have not
been diagnosed yet" Health.com. "According to them if you are over 35 and a women your odds for
having a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You can become more forgetful, thought processes may slow down, and or you may feel depressed"
By Mayo Clinic Staff Print. Most women that if they gain weight or they feeling tired, or heavier
than normal or irregular menstrual periods just means that they are going through "the change" and
it could be as simple as their thyroid gland is not producing enough TH. Even through this disorder
normal affects middle–aged and older women anyone can get hypothyroidism including babies.
Mayo Clinic says "Some babies are born without a thyroid all together or they have one but it does
not work properly. Some symptoms are jaundice (which is yellowing of the skin and white in the
eyes), frequent choking, a large protruding tongue, and puffy appearance to the face. You may have
problems when it comes to feeding the baby and the baby may not grow like it is supposed to" By
Mayo Clinic Staff Print. If you think you or your baby/child could have hypothyroidism or
hyperthyroidism contact your doctor so that you can help get the thyroid gland back working the
way that it was supposed to

The Pituitary Gland In The Brain
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. Being just the
size of pea, the pituitary gland has huge role in the brain. It has three sections know as the anterior,
intermediate, and the posterior lobes. To begin, the anterior lobe is primarily involved with the
development of the body, maturation, and reproduction. The hormones produced by the anterior
lobe adjust growth, stimulates adrenal and thyroid glands along with the ovaries and testes. The
anterior lobe also generates prolactin which allows new mothers to produce milk. Then there is the
intermediate lobe which releases a hormone that stimulates the cells that control pigmentation
known as the melanocytes. Lastly, there is the posterior lobe ... Show more content on
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Then there are diagnosed tests that find out if it has spread throughout the nervous system or other
parts of the body using MRI's. To get rid of the tumor you can get surgery, radiation therapy, drug
therapy and chemotherapy. Along with getting rid of the tumor there are treatments for hormonal
problems caused by the tumor or other damage done to the pituitary gland. For growth hormone
deficiency a daily injection can be taken. For a deficiency of TSH and thyroid, hormone
replacement therapy is needed which consists of thyroxin which is observed by blood vessels of
thyroid hormone. For deficiency of ACTH and cortisol, cortisol or a similar steroid must be taken
under harsh supervision because it is the most life threatening out of all the syndromes. For anti
diuretic hormone deficiency causing diabetes insipidus created by damage to the pituitary stalk or
posterior pituitary gland, a replacement of anti diuretic hormone must be taken one to two times a

Taking a Look at Cystic Fibrosis
There are many diseases that greatly affect our respiratory physiology; one of those diseases is
cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis, according to the National Institute of Health (2013), is an inherited
disease of the secretory glands or exocrine glands. Not only does this disease affect our respiratory
system, it takes a toll on our digestive system. The respiratory system includes the gas exchange
from our external atmosphere and our internal environment. This gas exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide through our atmosphere and lungs does play a roll with cystic fibrosis. Cystic
fibrosis is inherited, it affects many parts of the body mainly the respiratory system, and there are
many signs and symptoms to this overwhelming disease.
The respiratory system is the body's source for breathing. Without our respiratory system, gas
exchange would not be able to occur. Inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
In our respiratory system our upper airways and bronchi can be said to warming, humidifying, and
filtering inspired air. By warming the air inhaled it will not cause damage to our internal
environment which is body temperature, with warming the air that is inhaled cold air will reach that
body temperature, humidifying our body through inhalation of oxygen, our epithelial cells remain
moist and do not dry out (Silverthorn, 2013), and finally the mucus that is in our pharynx come
upon many inhaled microorganisms and/or other pathogens. As Silverthorn (2013) states, mucus

Pineal Gland Research Paper
Thank you for purchasing our Pineal gland activator. Feel free to email us with any questions or
concerns and we will do our best to respond to you as quickly as possible. We are glad to see that
you are on your awakening path and in a short amount of times you can expect to see a profound
raise in both your level of consciousness and your experience of life. You could not have made a
better decision than to invest in yourself and your choice proves that you are seeking self–
development of the highest caliber. "Interested" however, is different from "Commitment", and to
reap the true benefits your new product you must be committed to activating your Pineal. And so
before continuing, we invite you to create a verbal and written contract to ... Show more content on
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Now negative emotions like fear have become outdated and are of little use in our modern
environments. As nothing really puts us in extreme danger in our day–to–day lives. FEAR decoded
is False Evidence Appearing Real. Fear is the extrapolation of thoughts leading to a negative
outcome which the one then perceive as a threat. But where is this threat? The threat lives in a
hypothetical future. But are you living in a hypothetical future? The truth is that you can only ever
exist in the "now", in present time. And since you are not facing any real danger in present time, fear
is illogical. It is an outdated emotional program. When you feel the emotion of "fear", what you
actually are doing is fearing an aspect of your imagination and not your immediately reality that
exists in present time. So why are you afraid of your imagination? Delete the fear program. Fear
cannot exist in the presence of love, and wouldn't you rather feel high positive emotions like love
over fear? This is a key that will help you to live a loving and enjoyable life on the physical plane of
existence as well as the astral world should you choose to venture there as the ability to astral
project will become easier and easier. These two keys of knowledge you have just received
regarding "Belief" and "Fear" will also be the very two concepts that will allow you to quickly
become a master of

The Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped endocrine gland that is normally located in the lower front of
the neck behind the adam 's apple and along the windpipe. The thyroid gland is very rich with blood
vessels. The main purpose of the thyroid is to make, store, and release thyroid hormones into the
blood which is then carried to every tissue in the body. How the works is that when you acquired
iodine from the food you eat. Some food has a good source of iodine in it, for example iodine is in
most foods like milk, salt, bread, etc. The Thyroid gland then takes the right amount of iodine out of
your blood and uses it to make two different types of thyroid hormones. The thyroid hormones
produced can be either of two different types, either thyroxine or triiodothyronine. According to the
article You and Your Hormones, thyroxine is the inactive form of the thyroid hormone while
Triiodothyronine is the active form of thyroid the hormone. Thyroid hormones help the body use
energy, stay warm and keep the essential body organs working, for example the heart, brain,
muscles and other organs. But the thyroid gland influences most of all the metabolic process in the
body. There are many thyroid diseases that can range from small and harmless and need of no
treatment, to a major and life threatening disease. There are many different types of thyroid diseases
there are; Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer, Graves ' Disease, Hashimoto 's Thyroiditis, Hurthle Cell
Thyroid Cancer,

Describe Mammary Glands
Describe the anatomy of the mammary glands.
Assess your progress 60 ch. 28
The mammary glands are the organs of milk production. Mammary glands are located within the
breasts. These glands are derived from a modification of sweat glands. The breasts of both males
and females have a raised nipple surrounded by a circular, pigmented areola. The areolae have a
slightly bumpy surface caused by the presence of rudimentary mammary glands, called areolar
glands, just below the surface. Each adult female mammary gland usually consists of 15 to 20
glandular lobes covered by a considerable amount of adipose tissue. The adipose tissue that gives
the breast its form. The lobes of each mammary gland form a conical mass and the nipple located at
the apex.

Becoming An Endocrinologist
An endocrinologist is someone who studies and specializes in anything relating to the endocrine
system. As described the endocrine system is a series of glands that work throughout the body to
help you function properly. To become an endocrinologist is a long process taking up to 10 years of
education. They then have the ability to treat and diagnose a hormone imbalance or problem in the
endocrine organs such as thyroid, pituitary, testes, ovaries, pancreas, and adrenals. Some conditions
treated by an endocrinologist include cancers of the endocrine system, cholesterol disorders,
hypertension, diabetes, growth problems, metabolic disorders and infertility problems. When trying
to diagnose an endocrine disorder many tests can be done such as a thyroid scan, urinalysis, ... Show
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Most are common only around 5% coming to be cancerous. Most times when a person has a thyroid
nodule they have no symptoms. If the nodule is causing your glands to make too many hormones it
can cause what is called hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of this include palpitations, rapid heart rate,
anxiety, restlessness and an increased appetite. If your doctor suspects thyroid nodules they will do
tests such as an ultrasound or a thyroid scan. A good example of a procedure done by an
endocrinologist is an LHRH test. This test is done to see how your pituitary gland is working when
it comes to regulating sex hormone production. The night of this procedure you are to not eat or
drink anything. When you go in, you will be made comfortable and have a small needle inserted into
a vein in your hand or arm. This is just to get a blood sample and is not to stay. Whoever is taking
the blood will use a needle such as a ventflon to make drawing the blood sample easy with little to
no discomfort. The blood is then checked for hormones LH and LSH then you get an injection to
make the levels of those hormones rise. You will have blood drawn twice. Once each after 30

Analysis Gland
Now you may think "Why should I have to know about expressing my dog's anal gland?", well there
is a number of reasons why every pet owner should know. But the main reason is because an
infection can build up your dog's anal gland and it can be life threatening if not taken care of
properly. Some dog's anal gland may need to be expressed every few weeks and some never in their
lifetime.
The materials that will be needed before diving straight to expressing you dogs anal gland include
latex gloves so not only will the gloves include a proper barer from your actual hand on anus contact
but also so the juice doesn't land all over your hand; Although any rubber gloves may be used, latex
are thinner and more accurate to palpate the glands. Another ... Show more content on
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First you are going to lift up the tail and locate where the anus is, it's approximately at the 4 o'clock
and 8 o'clock position. Position the damp paper towels underneath the anus. Once you have located
the anus you are going to insert your index finger about one inch in and you should feel a slight
bulge if the sacs are full. Begin milking the glands upwards and inwards towards the anus and
keeping your thumb and index finger on the glands. It is best not to apply to much pressure or
squeeze continuously but to apply gentle pulses. If you are milking correctly a fish smelling clear or
brownish textured substance should come out. If the substance is bloody or a pastel color, you
should not continue. Don't force the expression, it can lead to bruising, pain, and can elaborate the
situation. If nothing comes out, try another day.
Now that I have informed you on what materials will be needed to express your dog's anal gland,
the proper position, and how to express your dog anal gland. It will be a step in the right position to
keep your dog happy and healthy. Thank you for letting me speak with you on this topic

What Is Adrenal Glands?
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal gland is pyramidal shape gland situated above each kidney. They are consisted of two parts,
which is adrenal medulla (internal part) and adrenal cortex (external part). Each gland only weight
four gram. These parts are like the anterior and posterior pituitary, are two functionally distinct
endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus is taking control of both adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. When the stress
occurred, either emotional or physical trauma, prompts the hypothalamus to stimulate a part of the
adrenal glands. The medulla and cortex secretes different hormones.
The hypothalamus transmits nerve impulses that go through brain stem, spinal cord, and
preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to adrenal medulla, then will ... Show more content on
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Together they increase blood pressure, rate and force of heart contractions.
Whereas, the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex will deal with long–term stress. There are
two major hormones that made by adrenal cortex, which is mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
The most outer layer of cortex independently secreted mineralocorticoids to regulate salt and water
balance, leading to increase in blood volume and pressure. Aldosterone is the most important of the
mineralocorticoids. The aldosterone primarily targets the kidneys
ATCH take control to allow the middle and inner parts of adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
This hormone helps to promote the breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids, which are taken
up by the liver from the bloodstream. The liver will break down these excess amino acids to
glucose, which enter the blood. Furthermore, glucocorticoids are also promoted the metabolism of
fatty acids rather than carbohydrates. The glucocorticoids also counteract the inflammatory response
that leads to pain and swelling of joints in arthritis and bursitis. The administration of cortisone aids
these conditions because it reduces inflammation. Very high levels of glucocorticoids in the blood to
suppress the body's defense system, including the inflammatory response that occurs at infection
sites. Cortisone and other glucocorticoids can relieve swelling and pain from inflammation, but by
suppressing pain and immunity,

Informative Speech On Thyroid Gland
Did you know that every cell of the human body has thyroid hormone receptors? They're intricately
woven into the DNA. So, if you think about it, the thyroid gland basically has control of the entire
body. As part of the endocrine system, the thyroid secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream,
and these hormones are responsible for regulating many bodily functions. It controls the body's
metabolism, protein synthesizing, energy consumption, and the functions of other vital organs.
Want to know more about the thyroid? Read on to know more facts about the thyroid gland:
The thyroid is a butterfly–shaped gland situated in the neck. It has two lobes that expand on either
side. It rests against the larynx and the trachea and moves up and down ... Show more content on
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It uses iodine to produce T4 and T3, the thyroid hormones. Iodine is found in seafood, plants grown
on iodine–rich soil, and iodized salt. The gland also gets its cue from the brain. The pituitary gland
secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and the thyroid responds to it.
The thyroid is sensitive to environmental toxins. Frequent exposure to toxins like plastic
compounds, pesticides, and heavy metal can cause goiter, a condition where the neck or larynx
swells due to the enlargement of the thyroid gland.
The thyroid also plays a hand in controlling the calcium level in your blood. The C cells, a small
group of cells located in the thyroid gland, secrete the hormone called calcitonin, which controls
calcium level.
The thyroid's health is dependent on a number of vitamins and minerals. Including iodine, the
thyroid needs Vitamin A, Vitamin D, B Vitamins, selenium, and zinc. A well–balanced diet is
necessary to supply the thyroid with these vitamins and minerals.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive. It's often caused by Graves'
Disease, an autoimmune disorder that stimulates the thyroid to overproduce hormones.
Hyperthyroidism is characterized by tremors and increased heart rate, anxiety, restlessness, and
weight

Thyroid Glands
The thyroid gland is an integral part of the endocrine system in the human body. The thyroid gland
secretes the thyroid hormone, which plays an important role in the growth of the body. The thyroid
is butterfly shaped, and located at the bottom of the neck. Two important hormones produced by the
thyroid gland are thyroxine and triidothyronine. Both of these hormones help the body grow after
birth, and they also aid tissues increase their oxygen use within these tissues. The thyroid gland
secretes another hormone that plays a part in skeletal growth called thyrocalcitonin. "It decreases
circulating calcium by inhibiting bone resorption and by promoting calcium deposition in the
bones," Haywood and Getchell (2005) state. According to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
You can also opt to have your thyroid surgically removed because the medication can't be tolerated
by your body or because you do not want to take the radioactive iodine. In the United States, thyroid
conditions affect "nearly 30 million Americans, and yet more than half of them remain undiagnosed,
" Dr. Simona Scumpia (2006) warns. The disease is more common than diabetes or heart disease.
Thyroid conditions can lead a person to develop other health problems, such as heart disease, high
cholesterol, osteoporosis, and depression. Dr. Simona Scumpia, Medical Director of the Austin
Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, explains: "Because the symptoms of thyroidism can be
associated with commonly occurring conditions, it is extremely important that people who have the
symptoms be checked with a test known as a TSH test." The TSH test, or Thyroid–Stimulating
Hormone test, is a simple blood test that measures the thyroid gland's condition. My mother, Connie
L. Gullion, suffers from Hashimoto's syndrome. Connie was diagnosed with the disease in her mid
30's. Connie's doctor had her look at a list of symptoms and asked her to let him know which ones
she was experiencing. Connie checked ¾ of the list handed to her; increased sensitivity to cold,
constipation, puffy face, high cholesterol level, unexplained weight gain, pain and stiffness in your
joints, swelling in your knees, and excessive or prolonged menstrual

Development Of The Mammary Gland
Introduction 1. Normal mammary gland 1.1 normal mammary gland anatomies The normal breast
sits on the chest muscle, consisting mainly of adipose tissue, also known as mammary fat pad. The
mature mammary gland is composed of 15–20 lobes, which are each composed of smaller structure
called lobules. Tiny Lactiferous ducts connect lobules to each other. (Fig. 1b) (Schneider and
Bocker). A typical structure of duct is composed of a hollow lumen, enclosed by a layer of epithelial
luminal cells that produce milk (Fig 1c). Outside of epithelial luminal cells is a layer of
myoepithelial cell and basement membrane (Visvader). Maintain the correct morphology of duct
requires extracellular matrix which together with fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and
adipocytes, constitute mammary stroma. Fat fills the spaces between the lobules and ducts. 1.2
Mammary gland development Development of the mammary gland starts during embryogenesis but
takes several years to complete; indeed, they are still primitive structures that are not yet connected
to the nipple, therefore are not functional at birth (Anderson and Clarke). Until puberty, breasts
grow extremely slow in size. However, at puberty, they undergo their first spurt of allometric growth
and formation of the milk–producing lobules. The lobules extend into the mammary fat pad, and
glands become more complex. During each menstrual cycle, ovarian hormones induce mammary
development and new budding of structures up until the age of

Anterior Pituitary Gland
The Anterior Pituitary Gland is part of the Endocrine System and secretes six hormones. The
Follicle Stimulation Hormone is a hormone secrete by the Anterior Pituitary gland that promotes the
formation of ova and sperm. It is a peptide that is produce and stimulates the spermatozoa and
regulates the Graafian follicle in females. Follicle Stimulation Hormone is a gonadotropin, a
glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. A gonadotropin cell is produced in the anterior pituitary gland
that then regulates sexual development and reproduction function. The hormone is synthesized and
also regulates pubertal maturation. The production and release of this hormone is regulated by levels
of a number of circulating hormones in the ovaries and testes. This system is called a hypothalamic–
pituitary–gonadal axis. The hypothalamus releases the hormone that binds with receptors in the
anterior pituitary that stimulates and synthesis the release. The release is carried in the bloodstream
where it binds with receptors in the testes and ovaries. This system controls the functions of the
testes and ovaries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nerves in the hypothalamus sense when the levels rise and stop production of the FSH.As when
testosterone levels are low the opposite occurs. This is the negative feedback so that testosterone
remains steady. In women when hormone levels decline this is also sensed by nerves in the
hypothalamus, the cells are produced and sent to the pituitary gland to release into bloodstream. The
hypothalamus can also tell when there is too much in woman and signals the pituitary to stop
releasing a woman the FSH stimulates the release of an egg from a mature follicle for ovulation.
The rise and fall of the hormone level in a woman is the menstrual

Why Thyroid Gland Important
Why is Your Thyroid Gland So Important?
The thyroid is a gland that is found in the lower, front section of the neck, just below the Adam's
apple. It wraps around the windpipe (trachea) and supports the voice box (larynx). It is a rich source
of blood vessels, and its shape resembles a butterfly because of its two side lobes that are joined in
the middle by a bridge (isthmus).
The function of the thyroid gland is to manufacture and store the body's important hormones that
support the internal regulation of body temperature, blood pressure levels, and the heart beat
rhythm. These hormones circulate through the bloodstream and impact the performance of every
tissue and cell. The thyroid gland hormones also play a significant role in a person's ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A third important hormone made by the thyroid is calcitonin. This hormone activates bones cells to
increase bone calcium. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that is located at the base of the
brain and weighs less than 2 ounces. This gland signals the thyroid gland during the production of
hormones by a system called TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone).
When the pituitary and thyroid glands are working properly, there are no adverse effects. However,
higher TSH signals from the pituitary gland result in lower thyroid performance. Lower pituitary
TSH signals will result in higher thyroid performance. Low levels of thyroid hormones is known as
hypothyroidism, and it causes the body's systems to slow down. Conversely, high levels of thyroid
hormones is known as hyperthyroidism, and it causes nervousness, irritability, and rapid heart
rhythms.
Thyroid disorders manifest in many forms. Some symptoms of an underactive thyroid gland include
swelling in the thyroid area, tiredness, brain fog, constipation, weight gain, and sore muscles. Some
symptoms of an overactive thyroid gland include anxiety, fast heart beat rate, diarrhea, weight loss,
frequent perspiration, and increased risk of

Puberty And Pituitary Gland
There are two specific glands that are needed for puberty, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
Both glands are located in the brain. The hypothalamus is responsible for many body functions
including hunger, thirst and body temperature. The pituitary gland is a tiny organ that is directly
attached to the hypothalamus. The glands work in tandem. The hypothalamus sends signals to the
pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland receives a signal it reacts by making hormones that
controls many bodily functions including puberty. Puberty begins when the hypothalamus releases
the gonadotropin–releasing hormone. This special hormone signals the pituitary gland to release two
additional hormones. These are the luteinizing hormone(LH) and the follicle–stimulating

Endocrine Gland Research Paper
There are many factors that work harmoniously to keep the body working correctly, various
endocrine glands (glands that secrete things inside the body) work in time with each other, the brain,
and organs, to maintain balance in the body. These endocrine glands secrete a large variety of
hormones that travel throughout the body to distribute their specific chemicals for the necessary
reactions. One endocrine gland that is incredibly important in the body is the adrenal gland, as it is
essentially responsible for the 'fight or flight' response by secreting Epinephrine, Norepinephrine,
and maintaining bodily homeostasis by secreting Aldosterone and Cortisol, although Cortisol also
contributes to the stress response. However there is a lot of minuscule ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As it's responsible for balancing the water balance, and therefore the secretion and re–absorption of
Sodium and Potassium in the renal tubules, Aldosterone binds onto mineralcorticoids receptors and
this complex moves to the nucleus, which then results in specific mRNA being synthesized and
increases or inhibits specific proteins necessary to balance the water levels in the body (Feher 2012).
Cortisol is also quite specific in it's actions , for example, it works to increase blood glucose, and
therefore strongly targets the liver, muscles, and fat, to metabolize necessary glucose storage's
(Nussey & Whitehead 2001). Cortisol travels through the bloodstream while binded to Cortisol
Binding Protein and diffuse across the outer membrane of the target cells as it's lipid soluble
(Jameson & Groot 2015), and binds to specific receptors, otherwise known as glucocorticoid
receptors, in the cytoplasm which are already associated with heat shock proteins; as the cortisol
attaches to the receptor, the heat shock protein is released (Nussey & Whitehead 2001). This
receptor complex is then transported into the nucleus using energy, and cortisol then attaches to
Glucocorticoid Response Elements in the DNA helix, which initiates RNA synthesis for the specific
proteins needed to carry out each specific response (Nussey & Whitehead 2001). Due to the similar
receptor

What You Have 2 Parotid Glands?
You have 2 parotid glands. One is on each side of your face, in front of your ears. Parotid glands
make spit (saliva). Sometimes, the parotid glands develop infections or growths (tumors) which can
block the flow of saliva from the gland. This can cause swelling. Sometimes, tumors can get in the
way of the facial nerve that passes through the parotid gland. In some of these cases, parotidectomy
is necessary. Parotidectomy is surgery to remove all or part of a parotid gland.
LET YOUR CAREGIVER KNOW ABOUT:
Allergies to food or medicine.
Medicines taken, including vitamins, herbs, eyedrops, over–the–counter medicines, and creams.
Use of steroids (by mouth or creams).
Previous problems with anesthetics or numbing medicines.
History of bleeding problems or blood clots.
Previous surgery.
Other health problems, including diabetes and kidney problems.
Possibility of pregnancy, if this applies.
RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS
Usually, problems do not develop after a parotidectomy. However, they can occur. Possibilities
include:
Infection.
Bleeding.
Scarring.
Numbness or weakness in the face. If this does develop, it usually gets better in a few months.
Permanent numbness or weakness is rare.
Leaking saliva. It can collect in the wound area and leak through the surgical cut (incision). This can
happen after the drain has been taken out. It can happen after the stitches are gone, too. It usually
clears up on its own.
Frey 's syndrome.

Physiology And Homeostatsis
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTATIS PHYSIOLOGY
1.1 Intro to Physiology
Physiology: the study of the functions of living things, how the human body works
Two approaches explain the events that occur in body –purpose of the body process – mechanism in
which the process occurs
Physiologists view the body as a machine whose mechanisms of action can explained in terms of
cause and effect sequences of physical and chemical processes.
Physiology is closely related to anatomy: the study of the structure of the body.
The nutrient –absorbing intestinal cells have a multitude of fingerlike projections in contact with the
digested food. Based on knowledge of structure –function relationships, explain the functional
advantage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exocrine Glands: secrete through ducts to the outside of the body. Endocrine Glands: lack ducts and
release their secretory products known as hormones internally into the blood.
–Connective Tissue: few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material, connects,
supports, and anchors various body parts. Cells produce specific structural molecules that they
release into the extracellular spaces between the cells.
Organ Level
Organs: two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform a particular function or functions,
each layer of tissue has its on job in the function
EX. Stomach, smooth: contracts to mix foods, epithelial: secrete digestive enzymes nervous:
controls contraction and secretion, connective: holds it all together.
Body System Level
Body systems: Collection of related organs, how groups of organs are organized. Each system is a
collection of organs that perform related functions and interact for a common activity essential for
survival of the body.
The body has 11 systems:
Circulatory: heart blood vessels, blood
Digestive: mouth pharynx, esophogas, stomach, intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, liver,
gallbladder Respiratory: nose pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Urinary: kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, urethra Skeletal: bones, cartilage, joints Muscular: skeletal muscles Integumentary:
skin, hair, nails
Immune:

Adrenal Glands In Your Body
There are two Adrenal Glands in your body. Each of them is located on top of a kidney. They're
name comes from exactly where they are located. The word ad means near or at and the word renes
means kidneys. So when you put both words together it means "near or at kidneys." Both Adrenal
Glands are triangular shaped organs, and when measured is about one and a half inches in height
and three inches in length. These small glands not only produce adrenaline, but several other
hormones as well which are important for different functions of our body. Other than adrenaline and
noradrenalin, the main class of hormones produced by these organs is corticosteroid hormones.
The Adrenal Gland is made up of two parts: the Adrenal Cortex and the Adrenal Medulla. The
Adrenal Cortex is the outer layer of the Adrenal Glands. The Adrenal Cortex only produces
hormones that are vital and important to have in your life. The Adrenal Cortex is the site of all of
our steroid production, including steroids which calm down the immune system in allergic
responses (they are anti–inflammatories) and the hormone testosterone. The Adrenal cortex
produces two main groups of corticosteroid hormones–Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids.
"Natural glucocorticoids are just steroid hormones with powerful anti–inflammatory effects." says
Stephanie Liou, Researcher from The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Epinephrine is also called Adrenaline. But it is mostly referred to Epinephrine in a hospital.
Epinephrine is also commonly known as the "fight or flight hormone." The combination between
the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal–cortical system are what makes up the "flight or
fight response." During the "flight or fight response" hormones like epinephrine and cortisol are
released into the body speeding heart rate, breathing becoming faster, and pain tolerance gets higher.
The name flight or fight response means to either flee the threat or fight the threat

The Thyroid Gland
HYPERTHYROIDISM– GRAVES' DISEASE
The thyroid gland is very important in proper functioning of the human body. The hormones it
releases are vital in regulating growth and metabolic reaction. The thyroid gland is relatively small
(about 20g) and is located at the base of the neck, connected to the windpipe and voicebox. Its
structure may be described as 'butterfly–shaped' as it is composed of two connected lobes. See
image: The two main hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine or
T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Both hormones have a peptide structure containing iodine (three
atoms in T3 and four in T4).These two hormones regulate growth and development as well as
metabolism. They both speed up the rate of the body's metabolic reactions, which in turn regulates
body temperature (when energy is used in metabolic reactions, heat is released). They aid in growth
by stimulating protein production in all the cells of the body.
The secretion of these hormones is controlled by two other hormones: thyrotropin–releasing
hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyrotropin– releasing hormone is
produced by the hypothalamus when the body needs thyroid hormones for its growth and
metabolism. It travels to the pituitary gland, located just below the hypothalamus, where it causes
the secretion of TSH. TSH from the pituitary travels in the bloodstream to the thyroid gland, where
it causes the secretion of thyroid hormones. When levels of these

Essay Beh 225 Week 2 Checkpoint Hormones and Heredity
Hormones, Heredity, and Human Behavior
July 14, 2011
BEH 225
Why do people behave the way they do? What makes us tick? While our environment molds some
of who we are, much more comes from heredity and hormones. Genes passed on to us from our
parents make up heredity, and glands throughout the body produce hormones. As generations
progress, new psychological and behavioral traits are earned and learned. This paper will explain
hormones and the endocrine system, glands associated with the endocrine system, behavior
genetics, and evolutionary psychology.
The endocrine system is the system of the body in which releases hormones into the bloodstream.
The hormones then cause different reactions within the body, and these reactions shape ... Show
Hypothyroidism often causes a person to sleep a lot, but the person is still tired. The parathyroids
are located within the thyroid, secrete parathormone, and controls levels of calcium and phosphates
in the body. The parathyroids are also involved with controlling excitability levels (Morris and
Maisto, 2002).
The pancreas is located between the stomach and small intestine, and secretes insulin and glucagon
to balance blood sugar levels in the body. When the pancreas does not work properly, a person may
be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, which is more commonly known simply as Diabetes (Morris
and Maisto, 2002). People with diabetes suffer from extreme thirst, fatigue, lack of or increased
appetite, and a myriad of other symptoms if their condition is not controlled properly with diet,
exercise, and medications (if needed) (Steadman's Concise Medical Dictionary, 2001).
The gonads are the male and female reproductive organs, the testes (males) and ovaries (females).
The testes and ovaries produce androgens (testosterone) and estrogens, these hormones affect
aggressiveness, mood, and sexual interest and behavior. Higher levels of these hormones have been
shown to promote aggressiveness in both sexes (Morris and Maisto, 2002).
The last glands are the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys, and have an inner core
and an outer layer. The inner core is called the adrenal medulla, and the outer layer is known as the
adrenal cortex.

Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Report
To continue, I then began to examine the endocrine system of the fetal pig. I began this dissection
by finding the endocrine organs that are located in the area of throat. These organs were the thyroid
and thymus. The thyroid's responsibility is to produce amino acids that will help to regulate
metabolism. The shape of the thyroid is oval like, and has a dark brown tint. The second endocrine
organ found in the throat is the thymus. The thymus functions to provide immunity against diseases.
It has a pink appearance, and is long in length. I was successful in finding three endocrine organs in
the abdominal cavity. The first organ found was the adrenal gland. The function of this gland is to
produce various hormones. This gland is identifiable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This complex organ can be found in upper right side of the abdomen. It is unique because it is a dual
functioning organ. The first function is to control the body's blood sugar level. The second function
is to secrete insulin and glucagon. Lastly, I studied the testes of the fetal pig, which I found at the
end of the scrotum under the skin. The teste are a key part in the process of secreting testosterone.
After completing this section I began to dissect the last system of the pig. The final system of the
body I examined was the digestive system. This is known to be one of the most interesting areas of
the body because of the many functions the system is responsible for. This system is also home to
several major organs. One major organ is the salivary gland. This gland is in the lower part of the
face, as well as the side of the face under the ear along the jaw line. The key function is the gland's
ability to produce saliva. These glands are light pink, and have a few possible shapes and sizes.
Following the gland, I began to take a look at the pharynx. This organ can be found posterior to the
larynx, and near the nasal and oral cavities. The pharynx is responsible for assisting with the
passage of food. It is a muscle like tube with the same

Gland Research Papers
Pineal Gland Research Paper
Staysha Baggett
English 12A
Mrs. Gott–Helton
A common question you may hear is "what is the third eye?". The "third eye" is also known as your
pineal gland, which can be located in the midline of one's brain. University of Michigan professor of
physiology and neurology Jimo Borjigin said, "Numerous molecules are found in the pineal, many
of which are uniquely found at night, and we do not have a good idea of what their functions are.
The only function that is established beyond doubt is the melatonin synthesis and secretion at night,
which is controlled by the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and modulated by light. All
else is speculative." The pineal gland is located in the direct center of the human brain, it is a pea
sized gland, with a form similar to a pinus ( ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, calcification of your pineal gland is a different story. Researchers think that the Pineal
gland has the ability to connect us to other dimensions such as the dream world, spiritual realms
l'ike deep meditation and astral travel, near death experiences through the release of DMT.
Dimethyltryptamine is know as a psychedelic compound of the tryptamine family. Your pineal gland
is most likely to become more calcified once you are an adult, but has been found in children as
young as 2 with 40% estimates of americans experiencing heavy calcification symptoms by the time
they are 17. Constant exposure to substances like fluoride cause your pineal gland to calcify.
(Hydroxyapatite crystals) calcified parts of the gland contain the highest fluoride concentrations in
the human body, other than your bones and teeth. Improved sleep and mental health, more vivid
dreams and lucid dreams, astral projection becomes possible, improved immune system, weight
maintenance, migraine reduction, and increased imagination and creativity are all benefits of

Pituitary Gland: A Great Pal
The Pituitary Gland: A GreaT PAL The Pituitary is crucial as it regulates the function of many
endocrine glands, including the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. Additionally, it
regulates homeostasis and promotes the release of many essential hormones.
The Pituitary releases hormones that promote the production of other endocrine hormones. These
hormones are Growth hormone, TSH, Prolactin, ACTH, LH, and FSH. Prolactin is released three to
four days after a woman gives birth and regulates the level of milk in the breasts. Another essential
hormone released by the pituitary is the growth hormone, which has many roles. These functions
include controlling childhood growth, cell reproduction, and maintaining muscle and bone mass

Adrenal Glands
Adrenaline is a hormone that the adrenal glands produce. They are produced during times of stress
or excitement. This is a powerful hormone that is a part of the body's flight or fight response. It
works by diluting air passages, contracting blood vessels and stimulating the heart. This helps
supply the lungs with more oxygen and increase blood flow to the muscles. What Are The Adrenal
Glands? The adrenal glands can be found above the kidneys. They are about three inches long.
Adrenaline is one of the hormones that these glands release. Dopamine, adrenaline and
norepinephrine are catacholomines which are hormones that the body releases during times of
stress. These hormones affect different tissues in the body. They prepare the body to react ... Show
The body reacts shortly, which gives a person a boost that is nearly instant. Speed and strength
increase. Pain response decreases. This hormonal surge is often called an adrenaline rush. Side
Effects Not only does a person notice an increase in performance and strength, but he or she will
also experience increased respiration and heightened awareness. The person may also feel dizzy,
lightheaded and experience vision changes. The effects may last up to one hour. If a person is
stressed but not actually in danger, then he or she may feel irritable and tired. This is because
adrenaline stimulates the release of glucose and raises blood sugar. Many people find that working
off this adrenaline rush is beneficial after a stressful situation. In the past, people would handle
stressful situations by fighting. However, stressful situations in the modern world may not involve
physical activity. Extra energy can be used up through exercise. Even though adrenaline can be
useful for helping a person survive, it can be harmful over time. This hormone can put a lot of stress
on the heart. Excessive adrenaline can lead to heart failure. High levels of adrenaline can also cause
insomnia and a jittery

Pituitary Gland Disorders Case Study
Anterior pituitary gland disorders Pathophysiology
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain in a protective pocket of the sphenoid bone.
The pituitary gland is about 1 cm in diameter and is divided into the anterior lobe and posterior lobe.
The anterior lobe is responsible for secreting major hormones that regulates most body functions.
Their secretion is regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory factors delivered via portal
capillaries, and by negative feedback inhibition of the cognate hormones produced by target
endocrine glands such as the thyroid and adrenal cortex (Lewis, 2011). Etiology
The pituitary regulates and controls the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands, which
in turn regulate many body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypophysectomy which is that surgical removal of the pituitary gland is mostly used for treatment.
This procedure is also used to treat tumors and to treat Cushing's syndrome related to pituitary
edema. You would want to explain to the patient that Hypophysectomy decreases hormone levels,
relieves headaches, and may reverse changes in sexual functioning. Body changes, organ
enlargement, and visual changes are not usually reversible. Advice the patient they will receive
general anesthesia and may have to be in ICU postoperatively for up to 48 hours. Explain to the
patient that they will have a nasal catheter and packing in place for at least one day after surgery.
Appropriate testing would have to be done such as labs, ekg and hormone level checks. Patient
should have a visual field test for a base line. Check the patient's medication list and review if they
are on any hormone replacement such as for hypothyroidism, so the patient may need

Thyroid Gland: Endocrine System
The thyroid gland is a part of the endocrine system. This gland is responsible for the production and
regulation of thyroid hormones (TH), which plays vital roles in most if not all the bodily
mechanisms. This essay would firstly describe and explain the normal physiology of the thyroid
gland and its hormones. Then, it would move on to explain the pathophysiology of a thyroid
diseased condition called hypothyroidism. Finally, it will then portray the treatment using
levothyroxine (levo isomer of thyroxine) and the response the drug has in the body.
The thyroid gland sits on the larynx with each of its two lobes equally placed around the larynx. The
gland mainly produces two hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). ... Show more
There are mainly two types of hypothyroidism in adults, primary hypothyroidism and secondary
(central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid tissue gets affected and losses
functionality leading to diminished production of TH. Some causes of primary hypothyroidism are
endemic iodine deficiency, autoimmune Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), loss of thyroid
function due treatment of hyperthyroidism, medications and radiation therapies around head and
neck. On the other hand central hypothyroidism is caused by pituitary malfunction and
hypothalamic malfunction. Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in newborns where they lack the
presence of thyroid gland or has genetic disorder in TH synthesis. If not identified and treated this
can severely effect child's

Pituitary Gland
The function of the Pituitary gland is to produce critical hormones that are chemical substances that
condor various bodily functions. It is situated at the base of the mind underneath the hypothalamus,
with a pea–sized structure. The hypothalamus is the main center for control of the internal
environment. It lies deep inside the forebrain and connects, structurally, and functionally with the
pituitary gland. It also signals the pituitary by way of neurosecretory neurons, specialized neurons
that release hormones into the blood. Some portion of the endocrine framework. It is joined to by
means of nerve strands. The pituitary is divided into three segments.
The anterior lobe is basically included by adding to the body, sexual development and generation.
When stimulated by a releasing hormone, a target cel secretes an anterior pituitary hormones into
the blood. Anterior lobe produce hormones for to regulate growth, stimulate the adrenal and thyroid
glands. Hormones from the hypothalamus control their secretion. It also regulate ovaries and testes.
New mothers produce milk by era prolactin. It likewise impacts digestion system ... Show more
To make this keep on beginning back working, HGH injections are the one but thing can offer
assistance. Some cases that may stop them from working appropriately is grown–up development
hormones insufficiency, or diabetes. It additionally can create lot of one or more hormones. Another
reason is your pituitary gland is altered in shape or size. HGH stand for Human Growth Hormone. It
is a peptide hormone that has numerous qualities including regenerative properties. At this point
when the body is working appropriately it produces HGH. It additionally seek to build the
generation of human growth hormone in the body. HGH infusions is the answer for the problem
from a

Description Of The Pituitary Gland And Its Function
Figure 4: Hypothalamic and anterior pituitary glands (right)
Description of the pituitary gland and its function
Use both the flat and 3D models to visualize the following characteristics of the pituitary and its
location
Morphology mechanisms
A tiny–almond sized organ
The pituitary gland is composed of three lobes: Anterior, intermediate (smallest) and posterior (see
the figure on the right)
Anterior pituitary (AP): Hormones (up regulation and down regulation) are controlled by the
hypothalamic hormones. The AP is divided into three parts or pars: the pars tuberalis, pars
intermedia and pars distalis.
The posterior pituitary develops as an extension of the hypothalamus and its cells (known as the
magno–cellular neuro–secretory cells have its cell bodies in the hypothalamus and its axons
projecting into the posterior pituitary.
The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) arises from the oral ectoderm while the posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis) originates from the neuro–ectoderm.
The following diagram shows the location and histology of pituitary gland
Figure 5: the location of the pituitary gland (upper left) and its anatomy (upper right). The middle is
a schematic drawing of the pituitary and the lower (from left to right) are: histology of the anterior
pituitary, the pituitary histology, pars nervosa and distals and at far right is a section in the posterior
pituitary.
You should be able to:
Draw a schematic drawing of the pituitary gland both location and its

The Endocrine System Is Made Up Of Cells And Glands That
The endocrine system is made up of cells and glands that make hormones and release them into the
blood. These hormones help to regulate reproduction, sleep, metabolism, cell growth, and
development. The word endocrine is a derivative from two Greek words: "endo", which means
within or inside, and "krinis", which is a verb for secrete. In the endocrine system, there are different
glands that each excrete different hormones. All of these glands are ductless, and secrete their
hormones straight into the blood stream. Some of these glands are the pineal gland, the thyroid and
parathyroid glands, the pancreas, and the thymus. These glands are located in various parts of the
body. This systems works with other systems to maintain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The pituitary gland is also known as the master gland, as its hormones control other glands. It
produces growth hormone, which helps the body grow its tissue and bone, and also helps with
taking care of the body's nutrients, prolactin, which is a milk–producing hormone in females,
thyrotropin, which sends signals to the thyroid to produce hormones, and corticotropin, which also
sends signals to produce hormones, but to the adrenal gland. The hypothalamus produces anti–
diuretic hormone, which raises up the water absorption in the blood in the kidneys, oxytocin, which
aids in the contraction of uterine smooth muscles and contraction of mammary gland cells, or
lactation. The pineal gland produces one hormone, called melatonin. This hormone is dedicated to
sense light. The islet cells in the pancreas are shared by both the digestive system and endocrine
system. The pancreas produces insulin, which helps the body to use and absorb glucose, and
glucagon, which help the other hormone, insulin, to keep a normal blood glucose level. The kidneys
are both included in the urinary system and the endocrine system. On top of the kidneys are the
adrenal glands, which produce the hormones hydrocortisone and corticosterone. Hydrocortisone
keeps track of how the fats, carbohydrates, and protein turn into energy for the body. Corticosterone
works with the other hormone, hydrocortisone to maintain immune system responses. The
reproductive system and

Taking a Look at Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma most often begins in early childhood. It usually affects children under the age of
five. It is found when the tumour begins to grow and cause symptoms. Sometimes the tumour forms
before birth during the growth of the fetus whilst in the womb. This tumour is found during a fetal
ultrasound. Neuroblastoma often begins in the abdomen affecting the nerve tissues of the adrenal
gland. There are two adrenal glands, positioned one on top of each kidney in the back of the upper
abdomen.
The adrenal glands produce and secret important hormones that help control heart rate, blood
pressure, blood sugar, and the way the body reacts to stress or danger. (National Cancer Institute,
2014)
They also control the function of other tissues, organs and glands in your body to maintain
homeostasis during stress. Although the adrenal gland is the most common area of the body
neuroblastoma begins at, the tumour may also grow and spread to other part of the body, such as the
bones, liver, and skin. The tumour is spread through the blood and lymphatic system.
The adrenal gland has two part of the organ which consist of the outer cortex and the inner medulla.
The cortex is the main part of the adrenal gland and the medulla is about ten percent of the adrenal
gland.
The cortex is divided into three zones which consists of the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata
and the zona reticularis.
The cells of the glomerulosa are structured into small rounded groups of curved column. The cells

Mucus Essay
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in the gastrointestinal tract
Mucus is a thick secretion made up of water, electrolytes, and a mixture of several glycoproteins.
The Glycoproteins are made up of large polysaccharides which are bound with much smaller
quantities of protein.
Mucus is slightly different in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It has numerous important
characteristics applicable everywhere that make it both a superb lubricant and a protectant for the
wall of the gut. These are as follows:
1. It has adherent qualities – it adheres tightly to the food or other particles to spread as a thin film
over the surfaces.
2. It has sufficient body – the wall of the gut is coated by the mucus and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It causes fecal particles to adhere to one another to form the fecal masses that are excreted during a
bowel movement.
5. It can't be easily digested by the gastrointestinal enzymes (very strong resistance).
6. The glycoproteins of mucus have amphoteric properties (they are capable of buffering small
amounts of either acids or alkalies) and mucus regularly contains moderate amounts of bicarbonate
ions, which particularly neutralise acids.
Mucus allows easy slippage of food along the gastrointestinal tract and to prevent abrasive or
chemical damage to the epithelium. When the salivary glands does not secrete saliva you very
quickly become aware of the lubricating qualities of mucus, as it is then difficult to swallow solid
food even when it is eaten while drinking large amounts of water.
Lubricating and protective properties of mucus and its importance in other parts of the body
The mucus secreted by the epithelial cells within the linings of the respiratory and upper
gastrointestinal tracts also contains antimicrobial chemicals. As mucus is sticky, particles that stick
to it are prevented from entering the blood. In the upper respiratory tract they are swept by ciliary
action up into the pharynx and then swallowed, or are phagocytosed by macrophages in the various

Adrenal Gland Essay

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