Refining Solutions Paper

Refining Solutions Paper
Refining Solutions Paper PHL/458 03 September 2012 * Refining Solutions * Refining solutions is the final step used in creative problem solving.
During the refinement process, the creative thinker is required to work out the details that surround the issue, by checking for imperfections, and
comparing the solution against other possible solutions (Ruggiero, 2009). When the thinker arrives at a solution, and has worked through the solution's
imperfections the creative thinker should consider what changes the solution will cause and how the solution affects other people. In week three of the
creative minds and critical thinking class, given through University of Phoenix, I completed an assignment that addressed solving a... Show more
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The solution may cause inconvenience by adjusting my employer's expectations. At first, the implementation may take some time for others to
adjust to, but the solution will create greater efficiency in the office. The solution will only require available resources to implement and will not
require any further expenses. The plan is simple and to the point. Initially, the plan may cause some discomfort to fellow employees. The solution
manifests in the form of a thought and cannot physically break. My fellow employees will understand the necessity for the plan. The plans
compatibility is reliant on all employees understanding the plans origin, and accepting the decision from my employer. The third step in solution in
the refinement process is to compare solutions (Ruggiero, 2009). As stated in the first paragraph I have chosen my first solution, which involves
me solving the problem and not relying on others to present solutions, as would be the case if I self referred to a medical professional. Another
refinement step is to consider the changes that my solution will cause (Ruggiero, 2009). My solution will force my coworkers to increase their
workloads. The last refinement step is to visualize the effects of my solution on other people (Ruggiero, 2009). The effect on others will be an
increase workload as stated in the last step and will cause my employer to build confidence in the other employees. * * Using refinement to adjust the
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Hollyfrontier Case
The HollyFrontier is an independent petroleum refining company located in the United States. The refinery operations of the company serve the
Mid–Continent, Southwest, and Rocky Mountain regions. The company own and operate five complex refineries which have a combined oil
processing capacity of 443,000 barrels per stream day. The company produces high–value refined products, such as diesel fuel, gasoline, jet fuel, liquid
petroleum gas, fuel oil, specialty lubricant products (lubricant products include oil and wax), and specialty and modified asphalt. The company owns
and operates complex refineries and supporting infrastructures including warehouses, office buildings, maintenance shops, laboratories, utility facilities,
and waste water plants; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HollyFrontier compete with a broad range of refining companies, including multinational oil companies including Valero Energy Corporation,
Marathon Petroleum Corporation, Philips 66 Company, Chevron Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell Corporation, Tesoro Corporation, BP Corporation,
and the biggest competitor Exxon Mobil Corporation with a market share of 16%. Because of their geographic diversity, larger and more complex
refineries, integrated operations and greater resources, some of the competitors may be better able to withstand volatile market conditions, to obtain
crude oil in times of shortage and to bear the economic risks present in all areas of the refining industry. HollyFrontier is not engaged in petroleum
exploration and production activities and is not producing any of the crude oil feedstocks at its refineries. Also, the company does not have a retail
business and because of that is dependent upon others for outlets for its refined products. Certain numbers of HollyFrontier competitors, however,
obtain a portion of their feedstocks from company–owned production and have a retail outlets. Competitors that have their own production or
widespread retail outlets, with brand–name recognition, are at times able to

Oil And Gas Industry : Exploration, Drilling, Refining,...
Cross–Cultural Perspectives
British Petroleum or BP is among the six largest oil and gas companies in the world with a large multinational presence. BP is a British multinational
organization with headquarters in London, England, and that pursues commercial interests throughout the world. BP has a strong global presence due
to its production and marketing operations in several regions of the world. The global operations of BP comprise a large geographical area due to the
effective vertical integration of the organization in all sectors of the oil and gas industry. This organization is relatively gigantic as compared to other
organizations of this industry and that is why several stakeholders trust its viability. BP manages operations in exploration, drilling, refining,
production, distribution, and marketing of oil and oil based products including petroleum products. Although BP is a British organization, a large
portion of the revenue of the company depends on foreign locations. BP relies on several international regions for achieving strategic objectives
including the United States, Africa, Middle East, and Asia–Pacific. BP faces several cultural issues due to its interactions with stakeholders in various
geographical locations.
The two most important cultural issues that affect BP include diversity management and global cultural competence. The company has faced several
issues with respect to global competence and the inability of the management to cope with cultural

Refining Whole Food
1.It became such a larger process to the modern diet because, white powder was nutritionally worthless. The history of refining whole food has been
a history of figuring out ways not just make them more durable and portable, but also how to concentrate their energy and, in sense, speed them up.
This acceleration took a great leap forward with the introduction in Europe around 1870 of rollers (made from iron, steel, or porcelain) for grinding
grain. A great deal of modern industrial food can be seen as an extension and intensification of this practice as food processors find ways to deliver
glucose вЂђ the brain's preferred fuel вЂђ ever more swiftly and efficiently. Refining grains extends the shelf life (precisely because they are less
nutritious... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A central purpose from the book is to inform the reader about the biases of the "real world." One event that illustrates Pollan's argument is the
McGovern fiasco, in which senator McGovern in his report, in the second senate hearing of 1977, advised the American public to "reduce consumption
of meat" (Pollan 23). After hearing this, companies of the food/medical industry sought a way to counter and influence McGovern's claim; they hired
lobbyist. Due to lobbying, McGovern's third term ends and is not re–elected for a fourth term. This sent a clear warning to all those who would oppose
the American diet, as described by Pollan, "...the National Academy of Sciences... was careful to frame its recommendations... to avoid offending any
powerful interests" (Pollan 25). This is the bias to which Pollan refers. It also proves to be a central purpose to the

Industry Analysis : Tesoro Corporation Essay
Industry Description
Tesoro Corporation operates in the Oil and Gas Refining and Marketing sector within the United States. This is actually a sub–industry, making up ten
percent of Oil, Gas, and Consumable Fuels, which is–generally speaking–one of several sectors of the energy industry. The industry codes forPetroleum
Refining are 2911 (SIC) and 324110 (NAICS). The way firms generate revenue in this industry is by purchasing crude oil for a low price, refining it,
and then selling the product for a higher price, primarily at gas stations to customers who drive passenger cars (Figure 1). The refining operations are
known as "upstream" processes, while the marketing portion of the firm is its "downstream" operation. Tesoro does not actually proceed so far
"upstream" that they actually drill for oil, however.
In petroleum refining and marketing, firms' costs and profits are very dependent on the price of crude oil, and incumbent companies generally
own a great deal of capital equipment (refineries and gas stations). Tesoro has six of its own refineries, all located in the western United States,
with a total capacity of 850,000 barrels per day. Barrels per day is an important metric in this industry; one barrel is equal to 42 gallons. The largest
market share in this industry belongs to ExxonMobil, a firm that operates 30 refineries worldwide and refines 5.3 million barrels daily. Tesoro
Corporation buys crude oil from both foreign and domestic sources called

Personal Narrative: Refining My Writing Skills
Refining My Writing Skills According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary the word refine is a verb that means "to improve (something) by making
small changes". This word perfectly describes my goals as an out of practice writer and new college student. In order to make improvements as a
writer a person must be willing to make mistakes. They must be open and accepting of any feedback whether it is negative or positive. After all, you
cannot refine your skills and become a better writer if you aren't willing to take the bad with the good and learn from your mistakes. My first
assignment as a college student was to write a self–evaluation paper explaining my experiences as a writer. It had been quite a while since I had written
a paper. Almost... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I try to sum up with bits and pieces from my thesis to bring my paper to a close. However, I never feel confident with how it sounds. In my own
opinion, most of the time the conclusion sounds rushed. I have researched ideas to help with this problem. I found a helpful tip from Lester Faigley's
textbook that I will utilize for writing conclusions in the future. "Restating your thesis usually isn't the best way to finish; conclusions that offer only
summary bore readers. The worst endings say something like "in my paper I've said this." Effective conclusions are interesting and provocative,
leaving readers with something to think about." (Faigley–71) This information will be very useful when I write future

Treatment For Diabetes Requires Refining And Management Of...
Treatment for Diabetes requires refining and management of the patient 's lifestyle . A well developed plan to manage and assess the patient 's
circumstances is necessary. An implication of advocacy is needed in the patient 's everyday life, a strong support system and active engagement can
improve advocacy, and the lives of patients living with diabetes. Reducing the symptom Is sometimes much more than Changing a person 's "bad
habits" it 's fixing the problem at its core. This means extra efforts are needed to address the problems with the disease and change the societal
determinants at the root of these problems. Future plans for diabetes involve, increasing knowledge of the disease and its prevention, creating research
into a cure, and promoting a better system of support for people with the disease. Many health care specialist recommend implementing exercise, and
how it can improve a patient 's symptoms, but what does that really mean? For starters it helps insulin send sugar to the blood. Aerobic exercise, or a
exercise that can be maintained for a prolonged period of time, seems to slightly improve insulin resistance.This is done by increasing the uptake of
glucose into cells. After working out for 20–60 minutes at a VO2 max of (60–90%) for about 3–5 days, insulin sensitivity is visible.One week of proper
training can make an immediate impact, continuous aerobic exercise has the potential to preserve insulin sensitivity. Strength exercises can also help
with

Zipcar: Refining the Business Model
Zipcar Case
Case Analysis Template
Reading: Zipcar: Refining The Business Model
Who: Robin Chase, CEO and Co–Founder of Zipcar
Immediate Issue/Problem Being Faced:
Zipcar needs additional funding if it hopes to survive and expand. In order to gain additional funding they would have to bring in there best
arguements to why they should be funded by outside investors. On pages 1 and 11 it states that Chase needs to work on a pitch that will get investors
to invest. In other words, she needs to look at revising the current business model so investors will want to buy in.
Basic Issues:
Lack Of Experience with start ups and cars has led many investors to dismiss them.
Overhead is growing faster then she anticipated, parking and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Pros: Reduction of expenses may lead to the profitable operation. And improvement in technology will made the business process smoothly and
increase the customer satisfaction level. Pilot approach in developing market helps save costs and accumulate experiences. Finally, letting the person
go as quickly as possible will cut the losses of zipcar.
Cons: The is difficulty in carry out this approach. And it takes long time. The investors cannot see the good performance of Zipcar immediately. Then it
will increase the difficulty of raising fund.
3. Pros: Dissipate suspicion of management's qualification. Then investors will have more confidence of zipcar. Use their good performance to
persuade investors to do more investment.
Cons: There will be more risk in developing market in such a high speed.
Selection of Preferred Alternative:
The second alternative is preferred. Though alternative three is good and in time to persuade the investors to invest more money, it is more risky.
Alternative two is perfect in solving zipcar's current problems and improves the company's operation performance.

Assumptions: * One assumption with alternative two would be that gas expenses stay favorable with the amount of money invested into that portion. *
Anything can go wrong with a vehicle, so if you were going to go with this alternative, you may not be

The Effect Of Process Parameters On Microstructure And...
EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS AND Cr ADDITION ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND HARDNESS OF SURFACE MODIFIED HIGH
CARBON STEEL
Arun Sreenivasan1*, R. Sellamuthu2
1*DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, AMRITA VISHWA VIDYAPEETHAM, COIMBATORE, 641112, arunsreeniz@gmail.com
2DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, AMRITA VISHWA VIDYAPEETHAM, COIMBATORE, 641112, r_sellamuthu@cb.amrita.ed
Abstract
The effect of process parameters on microstructure and hardness of High Carbon Steel (HCS) surface modified with Cr has been investigated in this
study. Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) was used as the heat source for surface modification process. The Carl Zeiss metallurgical optical microscope was used
for the microstructural evaluation and Vicker's microhardness tester ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surface modification process involves melting the surface of a substrate with an appropriate heat source and allowing it to cool so that a modified
layer forms upon solidification. The so formed modified layer exhibits improved surface properties which can be utilized for the industrial applications
Researches were conducted on the effect of surface modification process on various steels and are as follows. Eroglu.M and Zdemir.N.O (2002)
conducted a study on low carbon steel using Tungsten Inert Gas surface alloying. They showed that surface alloying increased the hardness as well
as wear resistance of the alloy. Suleiman et.al. (2013) observed the effect of laser surface melting on the microstructure and mechanical properties of
low carbon steel. A fine structure was observed on the laser surface melted layer and they attributed this to the fast cooling rate after surface melting.
Marek (2003) investigated the Laser surface alloying of medium carbon steel and found that the cavitation erosion resistance increased due to surface
alloying. Kwok.C.T et.al. (2006) observed an increase in hardness on tool steels by laser surface melting process. Shunsuke Yagi et.al. (2008) used
Alternating Pulsed Electrolysis for alloying Fe–Cr to the carbon steel surface. Dyuti.S et.al. (2010) observed an enormous increase in mechanical
properties of mild steel by surface modification technique. Babu.P.D et.al (2012) showed a significant increase in surface

Refining Solutions
Refining Solutions PHL/458 February 27, 2012 Refining Solutions When in search for a viable solution into refining ideas there are three main
steps to follow. According to Vincent R. Ruggiero, the three steps to follow are to work out details by determining exactly how solutions will be
applied. The next step is to examine each detail for imperfections, and the last step is to make any improvements that will eliminate the imperfections.
In week two the original issue that was faced was a computer glitch and improper operations that hindered work deadlines. There were several reasons
to what was causing the computer to act incorrectly. Some of the reasons were viruses, spyware/malware, old system, hard drive being full, and a few...
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How can one prevent any potential computer glitches with the best possible overall outcome for the user? With software that allows IT
departments to see how computers on the network are running, there is more a chance to spot an issue. Having a professional IT performing
regular maintenance checks on the computer systems also allows for new problems to be spotted. If say, there was only software that detected
malfunctions there would be no way to fix the problem immediately. There is also no way for the software to be able to be programed for any and
all computer glitches or malfunctions because there are so many circumstances and situations. By having someone who can fix the potential
problems doing regular checks, the possibility of something unfortunate happening is lowered Having the ability to contact an IT professional
immediately allows for the IT professional to open the software developed and handle any issues that might have come up. The ability to critically
think and problem solve doesn't have to be as stressful as some believe it to be. As long as one is able to develop questions to ask and answer them to
the best ability than the stresses that come with critical thinking and problem solving can be lessened. There is more than just work problems that be
answered with these methods. By knowing the best way to begin, continue and end a critical thinking problem you can apply that knowledge to home
issues and relationships. The potential to

Refining Solution Paper
Refining Solution Problem
As with any other major purchase, to be satisfied, a person must invest time and determination to identify the best opportunity before handing over his
or her hard–earned cash. You haven't divulged the particulars of your situation or budget, but there are some general guidelines to keep in mind. In this
paper, the individual will discuss the original issues, initial solution, and the critical examination of the best solution. Also do an evaluation of the
argument and revise the argument to come up with a better solution to the problem (University of Phoenix, 2013). As a final point I will refine the
solution with an implementation plan and the come up with a final solution to the problem.
First, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Refined solution with implementation plan but I still had to make a decision whether or not I wanted to go through a dealership or private, and
whether to finance the car or pay cash for the car. My plan is to purchase a small compact car so that I will be able to save gas. A car that is the right
size for a family of three and that did not require any maintenance for a couple of years. I had to plan and look at the total cost for repairs if there was
work that needed to be done and how much gas it take to run the car. My final solution was to get a small compact car and pay the car off in full so
that I will not have to worry about paying a car note.
In conclusion, the individual discussed the original issues, initial solution, and the critical examination of the best solution. Also evaluated the
argument and revised the argument to come up with a better solution to the problem. As a final point I refined the solution with an implementation
plan and the final solution. As people know the process of buying a car for the first time can be a tough decision to come up with a solution to because
been young and trying to maintain a good life is not easy. Further than deliberate and remaining inside his or her financial plan, the strategic to
happiness is finding a car that will encounter the requirements now, and

Sample Essay 1000 Words
My name is Karmele Sagarzazu, I 'm the second of a family of three kids. I was born in a hard working Venezuelan–Basque family in Caracas,
Venezuela. In this application I hope to demonstrate not only the academic and professional qualifications that make me an exceptional candidate to
XXX University 's Master 's program in Refinery Design and Operation and to your scholarship, but also the personal characteristics that will allow me
to obtain the most from studying at XXX University.
As mentioned before I was born in Caracas, Venezuela. Aside from traveling abroad on family vacations, I 've had the opportunity to be exposed to
several cultures throughout my life. I lived in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, for 6 years due to my father 's work; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beyond the continued technical learning 's, in my years at Inelectra I have learned about work ethics, working under strict time constraints, visualizing
abstract вЂЋconcepts, and applying concepts to industrial projects in real time. Additionally, I have also gained an in–depth understanding of the
major production processes of an oil field as well as the main problems that an oil field might face.
My main motivation to apply to the Master program in refining is that I want improve my knowledge in refinery design and operations. While
Venezuela provides excellent opportunities for undergraduate studies in oil related fields. At the graduate level, we don 't have the diversity of
opportunities and institutions to acquire the necessary knowledge. Given this reality, I would like to go attend your master program.
Learning doesn 't stop when you graduate it is a process that continues throughout life. I expect that the knowledge I obtain in the master program will
allow me to return home and obtain a job in the oil sector which would allow me to contribute in improving refining and operation processes. I 'm also

Refining Solutions Paper
Refining Solutions
Meghan L Adams
PHL/458
July 16, 2013
David Boswell
Refining Solutions
There are a number of solutions that can be reviewed to solve most any problem and most require a touch of creative or critical thinking. William
Hughes once said, "If we are not prepared to think for ourselves, and to make the effort to learn how to do this well, we will always be in danger of
becoming slaves to the ideas and values of others due to our own ignorance." This quote is one that can be considered as individuals encounter issues
or problems. This paper will discuss the solutions initially considered to resolve the problem of understaffing at a place of employment, and how these
resolutions can be further honed to provide the best ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been determined that the best potential solution for the issue of understaffing would be to cross train the existing employees.
Examination of Best Solution
Cross training can be defined as, "To undergo or provide training in different tasks or skills" ("Cross Training," 2013). Cross training can provide the
most well rounded employees, thus creating more potential for productivity in a business. By cross training there is also more potential for employees
to fill in for other area or department when necessary, thus reducing the possible downtime that a company or vendor may experience. Cross training
has many benefits to the employee as well as the employer and company.
Evaluation of the Argument
Cross training can eliminate the need to hire an additional person to fill the role and job required, which also reduces the cost of labor. The existing
employees may require a slight adjustment to their pay on the days that they are utilized in an "out of normal" job role, but this is minute compared
to the potential of adding an additional salary. These persons who are cross trained also are able to become more mobile as they are now able to
transfer amongst the sites in which they are needed. This also allows for the person who are cross trained to become familiar with

Entrepreneurship : A Worldwide Economic Driver Essay
As a worldwide economic driver, entrepreneurship adds real value through the creation of new jobs and the production of innovative products and
services. In today 's business environment, the concept of entrepreneurship has gained immense importance as the entrepreneurs have revolutionized
the way businesses carry on their operations to compete effectively. Entrepreneurs are individuals who are willing to risk everything in order to create
innovative products or services that will fulfil the many needs of the people. In summary, entrepreneurship promotes the generation of money and
wealth through the creation of products, services and/or startup companies. One good entrepreneur from the nineteenth century and the twentieth
century, and considered the wealthiest American who ever lived, wasJohn D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company, Inc. in 1870.
The company grew so much that at his peak, he controlled 90 percent of oil. His company was at the heart of the American petroleum revolution and its
industry dominance led to the creation of anti–trust legislation and fair competition laws. This research paper will cover the startup, success, and birth
and growth of John Rockefeller's company.
John D. Rockefeller first started saving money when he was a 12–year–old. He had saved 50 dollars from working for his neighbors and raising some
animals for his mother. He then loaned his 50 dollars to a farmer at an interest of 7% a year. When he got paid back by the

What Are The Advantages Of Mechanical Pulping
Mechanical pulping is typically used for softwood.One of the advantages of mechanical pulping is it has a great yield around 95% from dry weight
of input material,however it requires great energy, because the resulted paper are opaque, weaker and easily to discoloration with the exposure to the
light.The mechanical pulps are more weaker than the chemical pulps, however it ia more cheaper to produce (about 50% of the costs of chemical
pulp). Moreover, they gives the yield with the ranging of 85–95%24.
Many methods used in mechanical pulping, the earliest method is groundwood process. This method is pressed length wise against a rough,
revolving grinding stone. Another process, refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) utilizes chips are shredded into fibers between large rotating disks of a
device called a refiner. The objective of refining are to increase contact area of cell wall through increasing flexibility and the second to increase the
total surface area of fiberavaiable for bonding through fibrillitation the external surface
The basic RMP process has evolved to employ thermal and/or chemical presoftening of the chips, which reduces energy use and modifies ... Show more
The weaker paper or paperboard is one of the resulted damage from the fibers separated mechanically. However, this process resulted the yield of
paper per unit volume of wood is still greater than that produced by chemical pulping, because since both lignin and cellulose fibers remain intact. The
Pulp yields from all of the mechanical pulping processes typically are near 90 to 95 percent recovery, which is a much higher yield per unit of wood
than with the chemical pulping methods because of the retention of lignin. However, paper made from mechanical pulp is discoloured and becomes
brittle with age because of its lignin content, which results in a shorter useful life than paper made from chemical

[Fossil fuels are expected to continue supplying much of...
[Fossil fuels are expected to continue supplying much of the energy used worldwide. Although liquid fuels–mostly petroleum–based–remain the largest
source of energy, the liquids share of world marketed energy consumption falls from 34 percent in 2010 to 28 percent in 2040, as projected high world
oil prices lead many energy users to switch away from liquid fuels when feasible. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/more_highlights.cfm]
Competition
Drilling
Price Competition In the gas and oil drilling industry price competition isn't as high as you would think for numerous reasons. Within the industry it is
very monopolistic. In a recent energy article titled Energy Efficiency: May the Cheapest Fuel Win it states that the industry as a... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They were then joined by Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon and Angola. Recently though
Ecuador,Indonesia, and Gabon have suspended or terminated their membership http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm. The mission of the
OPEC is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its Member Countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an
efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers and a fair return on capital for those investing in the
petroleum industry"http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/23.htm. "Fair return on capital for those investing" is a huge understatement being
that the average ROI of these countries is way over fair being that they control over 65% of the worlds oil reserves http://www.api.org/aboutoilgas
/upload/oilprimer.pdf. This is where the competitiveness and disagreeing start between OPEC and Non–OPEC in that Non–OPEC do not agree with
OPEC's stockpile of crude oil not being released to the market. This forces Non–OPEC countries to produce and sell their barrels at full capacity. This
is a problem because once production is slowed down and a shortage occurs the bargaining power of the

In Developing And Refining The Goals Of A Task Such As
In developing and refining the goals of a task such as the capstone paper, one must ensure he or she has a clear understanding of the scope of the
policy issues at hand, along with how such issues will assist or impede the progress of the capstone. For help achieving this level of understanding,
Eugene Bardach, in his book A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, outlines an eight–step process by which one can diagnose the problems with and
begin making changes to existing policy. Bardach further enumerates a number of questions intended to help guide his readers down this eightfold
path. By answering Bardach's questions, I will therefore gain valuable insight into how the agency involved in my capstone project, the settlement
conference... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even the few trial judges that expressed slight misgivings about not hearing their own cases' settlement conferences admitted that the overall monetary
and time savings (if they are indeed occurring) are far better for the court as a whole. This strong level of support has additionally prevented any
competitors from interfering with the scope of the settlement unit, which has enjoyed an all but unobstructed assimilation into the court's operations.
As a result of the high level of support behind the settlement unit, its task environment has also remained relatively stable as the same judges continue
to work within the unit and no significant changes have seen implementation. While the overall budget of the Superior Court of Alameda does continue
to face unpredictable changes, the settlement unit will not likely experience any major disruptions as a result, as this unit is saving money, not
expending unnecessary resources. With the settlement unit's mission and operating environment thusly defined, I can now make an accurate diagnosis
of the problem my capstone will solve, namely, that no court employees have yet undertaken a formal analysis of the settlement conference unit. This is
problematic for the court because, while the settlement unit should theoretically save time and money, the court does not know whether such
theoretical savings have manifested themselves. By analyzing the

Quality Solutions That Arise by Refining Ideas
Quality solutions that arise by refining ideas Original Issue The current issue is the lack of enough storage in the studio apartment. There is a
need to come up with some practical storage solutions as the apartment has two (2) small closets and these are not enough for storing the person's
belongings and possessions. This makes the apartment look too crammed, and there are clothes strewed all over the place, and there is no room
for anything else. One cannot properly sort the dirty and clean clothes as clothes usually get mixed up due to lack of enough storage space. There
is no space for one to keep a shoe rack, and that leads to shoes getting mixed up with the clothes. Initial Solution Screwing hooks on the walls and
running strings or ribbons on the hooks would reduce the clutter of things that are strewn across the floor and would make good use of the vertical
space and one can use the ribbons to hang displays this would add creativity to the whole room. The other idea is to screw hooks on the walls then
attach a net on the hooks that would be used to store more stuff that are not used very often. Using old wine crates, one can have additional storage
space in the apartment. They allow one to make good use of the vertical space without affecting the dГѓ©cor of the apartment. The wine crates would
be mounted on the walls or stacked one on top of the other. Critical Examination of Best Solution Hanging old wine crates on the wall will add
creativity to the room,

Oil Refinery in India
Oil Refinery in India
An Industry Overview
 
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION2
GLOBAL VIEW ON REFINING3
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW4
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK8
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS9
FUTURE OUTLOOK11
REFERENCES12
"THE ONCE RELIABLE CONSTANTS HAVE BECOME GALLOPING VARIABLES"
–ALVIN TOFFLER
India the world's seventh largest country and the second most populace nation has been a destination of unrealized potential. In the recent past it has
seen as stir of economic activity changing the prim face of the nation. The country has had breath taking reforms bringing in foreign direct investments
and foreign institutional investments into the country at a brisk pace. Today India is one of the most exciting emerging markets in the world to be in.
A new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 
ProductMMT%
Diesel40.235.9%
Petrol8.67.7%
LPG10.39.2%
Kerosene9.48.4%
FO/LSHS12.711.4%

Naphtha12.210.9%
Bitumen, ATF, Lubes, Solvents18.516.5% 111.9100%
 
Key Indian Players
Regulatory Framework NELP (New Exploration Licensing Policy) is the new government policy which is to have a direct impact on the E&P activity
in India and an indirect effect on the refining sector. This is to promote the participation of foreign companies in India and have a check on the on the
rising crude bill. In India one of the major problems is the price control that the government has over selling end products what this has done in that
made refining companies less profitable even though this is done in the larger interest of the nation. The government is also planning to put in strategic
petroleum reserve but this on paper as of now. For India to sustain its economic growth this sector is to play a vital role and the government
understands this and doing all to liberalize it the fullest.  
Industry Analysis
This sector has so far been dominated by public sector companies and now is getting a tang of liberalization. The government has spoken about the
export of refined oil products as this provides a value addition in reducing the oil prices on

Current Status Of The Refining Industry Essay
The refining industry is a massive global industry that brings in billions of dollars every year. Millions of Americans use gasoline and petroleum
products in their daily lives but rarely give much thought to how these fuels get refined, or which states or nations do the majority of the reining. Even
fewer people give thought to the impact that the lack of refineries has on oil–producing states, and/or oil–rich nations. This research paper examines the
current status of the refining industry, the domestic and global locations of oil refineries, the impact of the aging domestic refineries, as well as
considering if/where the U.S. should build new refineries to keep up with the growing demand. An analytical look into the status of the refining
industry reveals that this billion dollar industry is relying on aging refineries, why refineries are located where they are and the impact that not having
a refinery has on both oil–producing states (in America) and on oil–rich nations around the globe. Oil refineries are dispersed throughout the world and
throughout the United States, but what makes one location better suited for a refinery than another? Many refineries are located close to crude oil
production centers such as the Gulf Coast (which has significant volumes of crude oil produced both onshore and offshore); near destinations for
importing crude oil; or near major population centers where much of the refineries ' output will be needed (e.g., California and the areas near

Indian Oil Industry Is The Backbone Of A Modern Economy
The oil refining industry is the backbone of a modern economy (Senevirante, 2006). Refined petroleum product remain fundamental to our economic
life – in everybody's daily life and economic activities of a nation (Wauquier and Favennec, 2001) ranging from domestic cooking to transportation,
employment, etc. In terms of the refining capacity India ranks eighth in the world (U.S. EIA 2009). The private sector owns about 38% of total
capacity while the public sector owns the rest. End of 2013, India has 4.35 million bbl/day of refining capacity, making it the second largest refiner
in Asia after china. There are projections that there would be an increase in the refining capacity to 6.3 million bbl/day by the year 2017. Indian oil
Corporation Limited is the major company which controls most of the refineries in India. In total there are 22 refineries in India. The total refining
capacity of India has increased from 175.9 Million metric tons (MMT) in 2007 to 215.06 Million metric tons (MMT) in the year 2014. Reliance
industries a private owned petroleum company has the largest refining complex in the world and it is located in Gujarat in India. It has a capacity of
1.24 million barrels per day. Based on the current proposed growth and projections India plans to add 1.6 million bbl/day of refining capacity by the
end of 2015. India is steadily emerging as an international destination for oil refining as the investment is less compared to other Asian counterparts.
According to

Analysis Of Transcanada's Proposed Keystone Xl Pipeline
IntroductionTransCanada's proposed Keystone XL pipeline would move oil sands from Canada and shale oil produced in North Dakota and Montana
to Nebraska for further delivery to the Gulf Coast where many refineries are located. This pipeline would be 875 miles of 36–inch pipe with the
capacity to transport 830,000 barrels per day. Since the pipeline would cross the US border from Canada to the United States, the pipeline requires a
Presidential permit from the state department. This decision is based on whether the department determines that the project would serve the nations
best interests, which includes environmental impacts. Our main focus coming from the Keystone XL pipeline is the environmental impacts that come
along with it.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The shallow deposits are scooped up by electric shovels and then taken away to separate the bitumen from the sand. The waste is then dumped into
lakes of pollution. When the oil sands are near the surface it leaves the area completely treeless and when it is harder to extract numerous steps
like, steam plants are required to extract. The tar sands oil that they plan to extract is under the world largest intact ecosystems. This area is the
Boreal forest in Alberta. The Boreal spreads over continents and many counties. It plays a significant role in the planet's biodiversity and even its
climate. The Boreal represents around 29% of the worlds forest cover and is home to 85 species of mammals, 130 species of fish, 32,000 species
of insects, and 300 species of birds. This forest is not only an important part of the natural ecosystem but it as serves as an important carbon sink.
The process that goes along with digging up tar sands oil the forests will be destroyed. Since the crude was discovered in 2000, nearly two million
acres of this ecosystem have be clear–cut, and if the Keystone XL pipeline is approved much more of the forest will be lost. Not only will the world
be losing a precious ecosystem, but it will also lose a significant carbon sink and biodiversity loss. Pipeline Spills The second major environmental
impact that will come from the Keystone XL pipeline is the chance of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mechanical Pulping
Mechanical pulping is typically used for softwood.One of the advantages of mechanical pulping is it has a great yield around 95% from dry weight
of input material,however it requires great energy, because the resulted paper are opaque, weaker and easily to discoloration with the exposure to the
light.The mechanical pulps are more weaker than the chemical pulps, however it ia more cheaper to produce (about 50% of the costs of chemical
pulp). Moreover, they give the yield with the ranging from 85–95%24.
Many methods used in mechanical pulping, the earliest method is groundwood process. This method is pressed length wise against a rough, revolving
grinding stone. Another process, refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) utilizes chips are shredded into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chemical thermomechanical pulping involves treating softwood chips with mild sulfite solutions to modify the lignin and partially delignify the wood
prior to grinding in a refiner. High tear resistant paper is resulted from "sulfonation" treatment compare with thermomechanical, refiner, or stone–ground
pulps. Chemical thermomechanical pulping results the decreasing of pulp yields between 85 to 90%, however, these yields are still higher than
chemical pulping (40 to 56 %). Chemical thermomechanical pulping is commonly used for manufacture printing & writing papers, tissue and
packaging boards
Alkaline and peroxide are commonly used in Chemical thermomechanical pulping. The Alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP) gives had
several advantages, such as give a good pulp quality, eliminate a bleach plant, and energy savings compare to the conventional chemical
thermomechanical pulping process. Therefore, APMP is a good pulping method for low–density hardwoods such as for aspen and eucalyptus28,

1. Introduction. 1.1. Definitions Of Crude Oil And Refining.
1. Introduction
1.1. Definitions of crude oil and refining
Crude oil is the raw material in petroleum industry which contains variable and complex hydrocarbons mixture. Oil refinery is a process where the
complex mixture of hydrocarbons in the crude oil is separated and broken down in to standard fuels and non–fuel products. These products are diesel
oil, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), heavy fuel oil, lubricants and bitumen. A refinery is a highly complex plant as it requires many auxiliary
facilities, including large storage facilities for feedstocks and products and on–site services such as electricity, heat and cooling. Small refineries may
produce only diesel, gasoline and heating fuels while large refineries produce the full ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fig 1: Typical layout for anoil refinery
2. Wastes and emissions
2.1. Refineries Refineries are a potential source of atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) including hazardous substances such as benzene , sulphur, reduced sulphur compounds, oxides of sulphur, ammonia,
oxides of nitrogen, heavy metals, particulate and odour.
2.1.1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) The main sources of CO2 emission in a refinery are; power plants (producing steam and/or electricity, process furnaces
and boilers, flares and process vent emissions.
2.1.2. Methane (CH4) Methane is an important greenhouse gas. Sources of methane emission in refineries include power generation, process heaters,
flares, process vents and fugitive losses.
2.1.3. Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide contributes to global warming in an indirect way as it is oxidized into CO2. CO is an intermediate
product of combustion processes and is also produced by some refinery processes. CO emission sources in refinery include power generation, process
heaters, flares, catalytic cracking, vaccum distillation, thermal cracking and blowdown systems.
2.1.4. Sulphur compounds (SO2 and SO3) They can both be

Essay about Hbs Case Study
Midland Resources 1.How are Mortensen's estimates of Midland's costs of capital used? How, if at all, should these anticipated uses affect the
calculations? The cost of capital is the minimum acceptable rate of return for new investments in the corporation. Estimates of Midland's cost of capital
are used in many analysis within Midland, including asset appraisal for both capital budgeting and financial accounting, performance assessments,
M&A proposals, and stock repurchase decisions. These estimates are used at the divison or the business unit level and also on the corporate level.
When asses the cost of capital on different levels of business, managers must invest in new ventures that have an expected rate of return higher than...
Should Midland use a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in all of its divisions? Why or why not? Each division has
different business operations which has different risks. 4.Compute a separate cost of capital for the E&P and Marketing & Refining divisions. What
causes them to differ from one another? Assume the business is on–going for a long period of time. We use 4.98% rate as Rf from 30 years U.S.
Treasury bond. Rd=Rf+Spread to Treasury Cost of Debt:: E&P: Rd=4.98%+1.60%=6.5 ,8% Refining & Marketing: Rd=4.98%+1.80%=6.78%
Cost of Equity: For EMRP, Midland adopted the estimate of 5.0%. We assume the Beta for Exploration & Production and Refining & Marketing is
the average of the companies listed in Exhibit 5, which are 1.15 and 1.20, respectively. We also ass`ume the company's Beta is the weighted average
of the three operations an assets level, which is 1.25. Then the Beta for Petrochemicals is calculated to be 1.91 Exploration & Production:
Re=4.98%+1.15(5%) =10.73% Defining & Marketing: Re=4.98%+1.20(5%) =10.98% WACC: Exploration & Production: WACC=6.58%*46.0 %*(
1–40%) +10.73 %*( 1–46.0%) =7.61% Refining & Marketing: WACC=6.78%*31.0 %*( 1–40%) +10.98 %*( 1–31.0%)

Rising Gas Prices
No Room Equals Big Bucks There are many different elements that contribute to rising gasoline prices. The major cause for increasing gasoline
prices has to do with refining capacity. Even if oil were inexpensive, we would still have a problem converting it into the gas that fuels our
economy. That is what keeps the gas prices high. When gas supplies are short, due to an "inability to refine crude oil into gas efficiently," prices
increase. This is a component of supply and demand economics. In a positive aspect, rising gasoline prices do serve a purpose; they curtail usage so
that we do not eventually run out of fuel. If gasoline continued to retain its cheap price, despite how much was available, people may pull up to... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's like pouring oil into a funnel; a fixed amount will come out the skinny tube no matter how much oil one pours into the wide opening.
Rosenberg presented a puzzling question on this matter: "Why was the national average for a gallon of gasoline in 2007 $3.25 when a barrel of oil
cost $60 and now that oil is $100 a barrel the price for a gallon of gasoline is $2.80?" (Para 2, Rosenberg). The answer is consolidation. Consolidation
is when two or more companies or corporations merge together. Consolidation in the refining industry has limited America's refining capabilities. The
three biggest American oil companies ExxonMobile, ConocoPhillips, and ChevronTexaco were once six individual companies. There was a time when
the oil industry was not making an astronomical amount of profit, like they do now. When they merged, they also bought out some of the smaller
refiners. The top refiners now control more than half of the refining capacity in the United States. Unfortunately, this has allowed the big oil refiners to
tightly control gasoline reserves, thus greatly affecting availability and prices. Without a competitive market the consumer will continue to suffer
because there is no incentive for big oil refiners to increase refining capacity when there is a shortage. Spending millions to construct new refineries to
produce gasoline faster will only lower their profit margins. Big oil companies made multi–billion dollar profits in 2005 with

Exxon Mobil On The World 's Premier Petroleum And...
Exxon Mobil Corporation is a leading company in the world. It is one of American's best employers and a world leader for valuable brand products.
The company markets and operates products throughout the U.S. as well as most countries of the world. Exxon Mobil produces several different
products for consumer use. Exxon Mobil is the leader over three different brands: Exxon, Esso, and Mobil. These three different brands are leading
producers in the world's fuels, services and lubricants for both private and commercial sale. The corporation produces different fuels, petrochemical
materials, and motor lubricants. According to the corporate Exxon Mobil website, their guiding principles is "Exxon Mobil Corporation is committed
to being the world's premier petroleum and petrochemical company. To that end, we must continuously achieve superior financial and operating
results while simultaneously adhering to high ethical standards." While Exxon Mobil was founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1882, the history of oil
began in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania by Colonel Edwin Drake and Uncle Billy Smith. Those two men are credited with drilling the first
successful oil well. From that point forward the Standard Oil Company began and started producing oil related products such as gasoline, engine oils,
and other motor lubricants. As the years progressed, the company began expanding to several locations in America with different brands such as Esso,
Mobil and Exxon. In 1926, the Standard

Crude Oil Refining or Petroleum Product Importation: Which...
CRUDE OIL REFINING OR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IMPORTATION: WHICH IS ECONOMICAL FOR NIGERIA?
ABSTRACT: One of the most crucial challenges facing Nigeria is being able to meet the energy need of the energy hungry populace; the exponential
population growth makes it even more challenging. The approach adopted to meeting this need has impacted severely on the economy of the nation as
reflected in the year–on–year economic figures. This can be attributed to her choice of net importer of petroleum products status to the much more
economic domestic refining option. This paper analyses the best economic option between refining crude oil and importing the products in Nigeria, at
the end making probable suggestions.
TABLE OF ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the production of 229,008,126 barrels of crude oil and condensates increased in the third quarter of 2010 with an average of 2.49 million barrels
per day of domestic production in recent years, four refineries of 445,000 b/d refining capacity, the issue of meeting domestic oil demand should have
been substantially addressed. However, with the 0 – 15% refining capacity in 2009[2], which is often the case over the years, importation became the
only available alternative. Hence, Nigeria though a leading exporter of crude oil in the world is also, ironically, a net importer of petroleum products.
This paper is divided into four chapters; chapter 2 looks at crude oil refining in Nigeria, offering an overview and challenges that confronts it. In
chapter 3, crude oil refining and petroleum products economics is examined and chapter 4 looks at the implications of both crude oil refining and
importation vis – Г – vis the economy. The chapter 5 concludes the paper with few suggestions as to what the best economic option should be in
meeting the petroleum products demand in Nigeria.
2. CRUDE OIL REFINING IN NIGERIA
2.1OVERVIEW
The petroleum products consumed in Nigeria had been imported from refineries abroad; this continued even a couple of years after the discovery of
crude oil in a commercial quantity in the country. However, as the demand for the products increased and with the availability of

Australian Institute of Petroleum
Australian Institute of Petroleum – Submission to the Inquiry into Australia's Oil Refinery Industry пЃ®Global market refining trends 1."Global oil
production will continue to grow as conventional supplies are increasingly complemented by unconventional sources to meet demand. Physical
production limits (soвЂђcalled 'peak oil') are unlikely to be reached before 2035." 2.Asian excess supply capacity "this excess refining capacity helps
provide a buffer against unexpected demand or supply shocks" "surplus capacity does, however, place competitive pressures on refineries globally, and
there will remain a risk of further rationalization in the Australian refining industry as Australia's relatively small refineries continue to struggle to
compete against megaвЂђrefineries in Asia." 3.Structural change in refining Based on the IEA's latest Medium Term Market Outlook (October 2012),
structural change is largely the market response to: Excess capacity in Asia and Middle East changing demand patterns and the makeup of the
demandвЂђbarrel (including due to fuel efficiency) New sources of supply including unconventional supplies Shifts in regional storage, distribution
and trade. In the context of a global surplus of refining capacity, weak demand and tight refining margins, refiners are lowering refinery utilization (as
they have done globally to historically low levels) and are closing more marginal refineries. Refinery rationalization since the GFC in 2008 has been,
and

Chalcopyrite Synthesis Lab Report
The process of extraction of copper varies depending of what ore, copper is being extracted from. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is a sulphide ore and it is one
the most common ores of copper. The process of extracting copper from chalcopyrite is a quite complex procedure in which both physical and
chemical processes are involved.
As chalcopyrite is around 0.5% copper and 99.5% "unwanted rocky material", the first step to extract copper from chalcopyrite is to increase the
concentration of copper in the ore to high enough levels by getting rid of as much of the 'unwanted rocky material'. This can be done by a physical
process called 'froth flotation'.
The process of 'froth flotation' is quite simple and requires little energy. The process is as follows:
1.The ore is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A substance is added to the crushed ore. This substance attaches only to the metal compound particles and gives them a hydrophobic (water repellent)
property. For copper, this substance is often pine oil.
3.The ore is then put into a large bath containing water and a foaming agent. Air is blown inside to make bubbles.
4.Because the compound's particles are hydrophobic, the bubbles will be able to catch them and bring them afloat where they can flow out from the
bath while the unwanted rocky material stays in the bath.
5.The ore now contains around 30% copper and it is ready to be smelted. This ore is called "concentrated ore"
Once the ore has been concentrated it is put inside a furnace where it is mixed with sand and oxygen. The temperature inside the furnace is risen up to
around 1000oC and oxygen is blown inside. Due to the intense heat inside the furnace, the following things happen:
пѓ The copper(II) ions in the chalcopyrite are reduced to copper(I) sulphide
пѓ The iron in the chalcopyrite reacts with the sand and it is converted into an iron (II) silicate slag which floats on the copper (I) sulphide and is
discarded.
пѓ Most of the sulphur in the chalcopyrite is converted into sulphur dioxide

The Oil And Natural Gas Sector
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The oil and natural gas sector is constituted of three major components – upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream industry includes
exploration and production, midstream includes processing, storing and transporting while the downstream industry includes oil refineries and
distribution. It provides consumers with various products like petroleum, gasoline, diesel, lubricants. The purpose of our project is to study the
downstream oil and natural gas sector industry environment, that is, oil refining and distribution in India. The Indian oil and gas sector is one of the
six major industries in India that have a huge impact on the country's economy. We, in this project, have made an attempt to identify... Show more
Conclusion
Presently the oil refining and distribution sector is dominated by public sector and as the per capita consumption is increasing in India there is a need
to add new capacity to meet demand. Globalization had a huge impact on this sector as it bought technological advancements which improved the
recovery rate substantially.
Through our studies we came to a conclusion that there is a vast opportunity to increase domestic oil refining which will eventually be a boom for
refineries and distribution companies. This could be achieved through following strategic actions like approving 100 percent foreign ownership,
promoting the involvement of private organizations and joint–ventures. Tax holidays to new investors and advancing technology are another measures
to enhance the oil refining and distribution industry in India.
INTRODUCTION
There are number of agencies in Indian government that oversees the energy policies of India & they include
The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas,
The Ministry of Coal
The Ministry of Non–Conventional Energy Sources,
The Ministry of Environment and Forests,
The Department of Atomic Energy,
The Ministry of Power
The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) and the Oil Coordination Committee comes under the scanner of the Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas. These (DGH) were established in 1993 to see the working of various petroleum exploration

Nursing Philosophy And Experience Paper
How My Nursing Philosophy and Experience Will Continue Evolving and Refining Through the Program A philosophy refers to a set of values,
attitudes, and beliefs that an individual or group have. I think my nursing philosophy and experience will continue developing and refining through this
nursing program by reviewing philosophical persuasions that include realism, idealism, existentialism, and experimentalism. The program provides a
platform of exercising the persuasions, therefore, helping in the development of my nursing philosophy. This program helps in evaluating the
philosophical categories that assist in utilizing the knowledge they offer, therefore changing the philosophy of an individual, improve its development
and refinement. Alpers,

PHL 458 Complete Class Week 1
PHL 458 Complete Class Week 1– 5 – All Assignments, Presentations, DQs– A+ Graded Course Material
Click on the Link Below to Purchase A+ Work for PHL458 http://hwminute.com/downloads/phl–458–whole–wks–1–5–dqs–assignments–amaterial
/ Week 1 Individual Critical Thinking and Society Exercise
Write 150– to 200 words on each of the following topics:
Describe a situation in which critical and creative thought could have been used for a better outcome. Describe why it is important to think critically and
creatively in similar situations.
Define free will, truth, knowledge, and opinion. Explain how we use them to form thoughts.
Identify three hindrances to the critical thinking process. Determine methods for overcoming these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Week 5
Learning Team
Persuasive Communication Presentation
Use the issue addressed in your previous Learning Team Activity and Assignment. Select the most appropriate format to persuade your intended
audience of the resolution to your issue. Possible formats include a political campaign, a city council proposal, an editorial article, a commercial, a
radio–style podcast, a comprehensive political pamphlet, an interactive game, a website, and so forth. Explain why you chose your format for your
intended audience. Create a presentation of your message as you would present it to your intended audience. Include the following in your presentation:
Consider possible reasons your audience might reject your ideas. Address anticipated audience objections to your proposal.
Devise strategies for persuading your audience to accept your proposal and incorporate that persuasion in your presentation of the message.
Strategically organize your material to deliver your message with the ultimate effect.
Online Campus: Post your Persuasive Communication Presentation in the Main forum to allow your classmates to review it.
Review the Persuasive Communication Presentation

A Study On Refining Organizational Training Essay
I. INTRODUCTION In today's global economy the role of training employees goes beyond providing traditional instruction to meet organization
training needs. Developing new hires and managing their full capabilities is at the core front of any organization. This capstone literature review plan
focuses on refining organizational training research, demonstrating an understanding of current organizational environment and limitations, and how
the capstone project can fit in the global context of training. II. Describe a plan to collect and organize literature that explains the history of the
topic. This capstone project literature review will consist of historic and present studies of employee training. This capstone project is compiled of
literal evidence on employee training from primary and secondary literal findings. According to Gills and Johnston, (1997) as cited by Saunders et
al., (2007) the fact that, knowledge does not exist in vacuum has made the researcher visit as much literature on sited research problem. The
secondary research is collected from peer reviewed articles; published books, library, online databases, and validated websites. There are several
theories that the capstone will help future research by in–depth analysis of study outcome. The capstone focuses on past research work to gain better
understanding of the framework for organizational training. The following Literature Review publications two of three are areas of strength as it
relates to the

The Potential Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Oil Industry
The Potential Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Oil Industry Question A Crude price differentials refer to the differences which are seen in the
prices of the different types of crude oil (Oosterman, 2013, para. 2). Sweet crude, such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), tends to be favored over
sour crude as it has a higher yield, requires less refining to meet sulfur content standards, and has fewer environmental issues (Oosterman, 2013,
para. 4). Therefore, the sweet crude tends to have a higher price compared to other types of crude. If a technological breakthrough occurs, making
electric vehicles popular and cheap to purchase resulting in 50% of consumers switching to electric vehicles this will have a significant impact on
the demand for the gasoline, which would see a decline of 50% (assuming that all consumers use the approximately the same level of fuel). If there
is a decline in the demand for the gasoline, this will result in a demand for the oil used to make the gasoline, as shown in figure 1 below. If the
supply remains the same but the demand decreases the price will decrease (Nellis and Parker, p119). Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1; Decrease in
demand INCLUDEPICTURE "../../../../AppData/Local/Temp/scl3.PNG" * MERGEFORMAT (Adapted from Nellis and Parker, 2006, p27)
However, this is the overall position of the oil, as there are some oils that are in a greater demand than others, it is likely that the price equilibrium will
move at a different rate, as

How External Factors And The Economic Environment Affect...
All businesses, including those found in the engineering industry (e.g. 'Britannia refined metals'), need to pay attention to factors outside of the
organisation, which are beyond their control. These factors can potentially have a large impact on business – thus, enforcing the need for management
and control measures regarding such external influences.
The recognised acronym which spells P.E.S.T.L.E (political, economic, social, technological, legal and ethical/ environmental) highlights some of the
key contributing external factors which can affect a business directly or indirectly. Proactive analysis and solutions to each external factor found in the
acronym can prevent unwanted outcomes and potential 'pests' for any organisation.
(P4) Explain how external factors and the economic environment affect the way in which an engineering company operates.
Britannia refined metals (BRM) operates on a single site which manufactures/ refines metals such as lead and silver (base and precious metals) for
various different customers. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Glencore plc. – One of the world's largest natural resource companies with
production and trading facilities located worldwide, supplying metals, minerals, crude oil and related products. Due to the large scale of operation, the
following external influences must be considered by Glencore– as well as Britannia metals;
Political
Political factors affecting business are of a paramount importance, as aspects

The Effects of Fracking on the Environment Essay
While it is true "fracking", a procedure to obtain natural gas removal from shale formations, it is also true there have been infrastructure security
issues associated with this practice. Furthermore, there have been ecological considerations from fracking brought to the forefront by countless
environmentalists. Indeed, hydraulic fracturing, as it is referred to, is a process by which shale gas and oil is uprooted from a depth far below the
earth's exterior. The process of extracting shale gas and oil is employed aggressively while water is forced deep beneath the earth surface through a
geological arrangement. From this arrangement, oil and gas is exerted back to the earth's surface. Moreover, once the hydraulic fracturing process is...
Where this agreement usually ends, however, is with the question of quality control refining processes from my viewpoint. Anotherwords, what control
measures are enforced to ensure all contaminants are entirely removed to guarantee a high level of quality assurance and security of the petroleum
sectors within the nation's infrastructures? Are there residual contaminants affecting the quality of fuel supplied to the nation's energy consumers?
From a preceding viewpoint, it can be related to the Colorado Floods that occurred in September 2013. Even the prevailing thought of hazardous waste
introduced to the Colorado geographical landscape does not eliminate the second and third order affects imposed on the nation's petroleum pipeline
infrastructure by way of corrosion, introducing chemicals into the pipeline arteries through small cracks that may extend beyond Colorado, an
implication that cannot be ruled out. Water contamination prevention–or across the board programs–from the negative effect of hydraulic fracturing
should be an expectation from petroleum energy producers. Moreover, it reminds us of an infrastructure security vulnerability, which is not often
specified, when hydraulic fracturing is correlated to the role water functions through the conventional petroleum refining process, along with vast
arrays of petroleum pipelines that exist across the nation's geographical landscapes. These concerns should be brought

Risk Analysis in Oil Refining Sector
Topics Covered
Overview of the oil industry Major companies in oil sector & their briefings Some statistics regarding oil sector in India Challenges faced by the oil
sector in India ONGC Limited 1. Introduction 2. Composition 3. SWOT Analysis of ONGC 4. PEST analysis 5. Matrix showing the risks
Conclusion References
Overview of the Oil Industry
In current scenario there is one section in economy which is really hot and boiling and it is oil sector. With crude oil at $146 per barrel and raring to
cross $200 per barrel this sector is suddenly giving sleepless nights to all the major economies of the world & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
в–Є Cairn India Limited в–Є ONGC Limited в–Є Reliance Petroleum Limited в–Є HPCL в–Є Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited в–Є Essar Oil
Statistics regarding Oil sector in India
Growing dependence on oil reserves & thus leading to more imports
[pic]
The gap in demand and output will lead India to become No. 1 in Asian continent in imports of oil & natural gas.
Key challenges/ risks faced by Indian Oil sector
в–Є Energy Security
в–Є Absence of independent regulatory framework in the upstream industry
в–Є Incidence of low price charge due to social obligations

в–Є Human Capital Deficit
в–Є Worsening Fiscal Terms
в–Є Cost Control
в–Є Supply Shocks
в–Є Climate Concerns
в–Є Energy Conservation
в–Є Uncontrollable price fluctuations
в–Є Risk of fire, sea storms & failure in machinery
Basic diagram of a refinery operation
[pic]
Michael Porter's Five Force Model: [pic] DEGREE OF RIVALRY: MODERATE
The country produced about 37 MMT of crude oil and total crude processing was at 127 MMT. Thus, 90 MMT of crude oil, representing nearly 70%
of the total processing, was imported. The refining industry is fairly consolidated and the country had a surplus in refining capacity and various
refineries resorted to exports. High spreads between crude oil and products have made exports a viable option.
A considerable growth in the automobiles sector, both

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