Forms Of Democracy

Forms Of Democracy
What is Democracy?
A democracy is a system of government where the citizens have the right to elect government
representatives who jointly create a government body for the entire nation. In a democratic
government, people have certain rights that the government can't take away from them; these rights
are guaranteed. The eight main forms of democracy are:
1. Direct democracy 2. Representative democracy 3. Presidential democracy
4. Parliamentary democracy 5. Authoritarian democracy 6. Participatory democracy 7. Islamic
democracy
8. Social democracy
Direct Democracy – Direct democracy is when citizens vote for a policy directly. If the government
needs to pass a law or policy, then it goes to the people. The people place a vote on the issue and
through their vote, they decide the fate of their country. When the country's population is small and
educated a direct democracy is a good idea. Switzerland has had an extensive history of very
successful direct democracy. However, most countries are too big so it makes it too complicated for
a direct democracy to work. In these cases, people choose to elect representatives from their country
on their behalf, instead of voting on every issue.
Representative Democracy– Representative democracy is when the citizens choose to vote for who
will represent them in a parliament. Its reputation relies on defending the rights of most of the
people in the state and also the minorities. Australia and New Zealand are examples of countries
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Modern America And Ancient Greece: Article Analysis
Modern America and Ancient Greece both differ greatly in their democracy. In the article, "The
Democratic Experiment", Paul Cartledge mentions three main reasons why Greece and America
differ in democracies; scale, participation, and eligibility The first difference that Cartledge
mentions is scale; the total population in an area. According to the article, the city of Athens had a
smaller scale than the U.S. estimating about 250,000,000 people. This was "the total population of
fifth century Athens" including "men, women and children, free and unfree, franchised and
disenfranchised" Catledge reports (pg 2). Today, the United States' total population is guessed to be
around 325,000,000 citizens. The second key difference that Catledge found

The Design Method For Older People
2.4 Design Method for Older People
2.4.1 Background
As mentioned in Chapter 2.1, older people are different from younger people in both physiological
and psychosocial aspects. Due to the decrease in somatic capabilities, or common chronic diseases,
older people may not use technologies in ease. In addition, older people's knowledge about
technologies updates not as fast as younger people, which make the problem even worse [5, 9]. For
example, older people's lack of understanding of computer concepts and lack of experience in using
technologies may lead misunderstanding of computer jargons and metaphors [16]. Apart from older
people's special characteristics, Gatto and Tak indicated that insensitive and inappropriate design is
another ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
will be discussed. Newell et al. recommend that design process can be more effective if involve
older people in the design process [3]. And it can be seen that in lots of studies older people played a
important role in design process [2, 8, 22, 25, 27]. This project will also discuss three techniques
commonly used in requirement collection phase, interface design phase and evaluation phase,
including focus group, prototyping, user testing. There were rarely studies involving older people in
requirements analysis phase. Thus, requirements analysis phase was excluded. In addition,
challenges emerged in literature and correspondent suggestions will be listed and discussed.
2.4.2 Participatory Design
From the literature, it can be seen that participatory design method is a common guideline for
involving older people into design process [15, 18, 19, 24, 25]. Prompting can be a major benefit of
participatory design. In Lindsay et al's study, they used a video to prompt older people to talk about
what the possible product could be in user requirement collection phase [25]. In the video, they did
not give the specific feature of the possible product, and they did not give a biased point of view
during the discussion [25]. In another study conducted by Lindsay et al., they used an iPod nano to
prompt older people with dementia to discuss about "futuristic aesthetic" [24]. As mentioned in
Chapter 2.2, older people

Citizen Participation : An Individual Choice
In a democratic government, citizen participation is essential and beneficial in order to ensure
everyone's opinions will be heard and represented. With a wide range of morals, socioeconomic
statuses, personalities, and knowledge existing among the American population, citizens'
participation in the democratic system range from dedicated, involved, and uninvolved. The
upbringing and life situation of individuals directly affects their governmental decisions including
their stances on issues the country faces. Citizens can also make the decision to not contribute to the
democratic process. Either way, the engagement or disengagement of citizens is considered an
individual choice, and both decisions affect the way in which the government is run.
From the time an American is born, his or her attitude towards the government is shaped and
formed. If a child is born to a family who shares a political ideology, then the likelihood the family
encourages and raises the child under their same beliefs is greater than not. For example, if a child's
parents hold more liberal views, then the way the child is raised reflects and encourages his or her
parents' liberal views. On the other hand, if a child is brought up in a household where his or her
parents do not vote or participate in voicing their opinions, then that encouragement of political
engagement is not available. The likelihood of the child engaging in political activity when he or she
is an adult is slim.
Another factor

How Can Madisonian Democracy Prevent Majority Tyranny
Madisonian Democracy has been shown to be a very slow process to enact laws throughout the Civil
Rights Movement. Through cases like Brown V. Board of Education and Plessy v. Ferguson the
Madisonian system proved have its fair share of . The main objective of the Madisonian democracy
serves to protect minority rights and prevent majority tyranny. Another goal of the Madisonian
democracy was to provide equal protection for all and not let the minority faction's rights go
unheard. Madisonian Democracy has helped shape the Civil Rights Movement throughout the last
century by installing competition between factions inside social movements and allowing minorities
to voice their opinions and interests but through the Civil Rights Movement we have ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The larger base of the population has the power to enact a law that could possibly infringe on the
rights of the minority group and ignore the interests of the public good. A benefit of Participatory
Democracy is the rate at which the government can push out policies and the amount of
participation from its citizens in government. The Majoritarian concept of democracy comes with
multiple disadvantages. The voices of the smaller factions do not matter if their opinions did not
reflect the opinion of the majority. Another problem with a Majoritarian democracy is that the
majority of parliament could pass any laws it deemed fit, regardless of the minorities opinion and
the court system had no judicial review. The problem that the Madisonian Democracy faces is the
amount of time that it takes to get results and laws passed through the government. The Madisonian
system did not come without its fair share of mistakes. The Madisonian Democracy is not a perfect
system and even today it still struggles to resolve issues in our society. Currently a struggle that our
government faces is the alarming amount of police brutality that has shaped the quality of the
American government. With such a slow process in the Madisonian democracy an issue like police
brutality may not be resolved for years to

Analysis Of Wattenburg 's Book ' Wattenburg '
Wattenburg 's book is one which discusses the many facets which encompas the issues found in
several democracies where young people as a whole are failing to vote. The main thesis is placing
voting in the province of the old and as a pattern not unique to Americans but found many
democracies. I believe Wattenberg's thesis is valid on multiple occasions although at times he may
assume a bit much about how one variable may indicate other factors when it comes political
participation of various groups.
The Introduction of this book is over how young people are often being dismissed when it comes to
politics, while as they age they eventually become much more aware of politics and participation
increases at a higher rate. As with lack of of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His style is direct and abundant in studies and other research.
The topic of the first chapter is about newspaper and their history throughout America. Among the
many facts stated in the chapter, Wattenberg states that the popularity of newspapers has been
dwindling. To drive this point even further he goes about telling a time where President George
Bush Jr. remarked he did not read the newspaper and later tried offset the controversy by saying he
received his information by way of daily briefings (Wattenberg 9). As the chapter continues tables
and others statistics are shown with a mass decrease in newspapers subscriptions and how the
industry as whole represents an interests in American politic or critical events among Americans. He
then brings up that surveys which indicate young adults do read, just not (Wattenberg 24) He
concludes with saying newspapers ' decrease in popularity in indicative of young people apathy
towards day to day events.
The first chapter is very detailed and thorough in contrasting how newspapers and the perceptions
surrounding them have shifted substantially. Wattenburg goes supporting several of his arguments
by citing examples from across the world, using surveys and statistics, and by comparing the
outlook on newspapers from previous to its status as of the current age. Wattenberg presents the
decline in newspapers as a decline participation among younger Americans. With this in

The Theory Of Power And Leadership Ideas
Ideas are beliefs and desires constructed in organized pattern with its creation, components and
impact that define the political structure and bind the ruling authority in a set of complying
characteristics of that idea. There are unexplained varieties of Ideas – great ideas, scientific and
moral ideas, realist and fantastic ideas, political, economic or religious ideas. Democracy, power,
freedom and rights, citizenship and protest, social justice and equality are all ideas based on which
institutions make policies and rules. As abstract and non–specific element of thought it may be, it
forms essential bases of formational philosophy and politics. It is important to understand, in
relation to power and leadership ideas are examined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In today's world, it has to be admitted that more and more power is being given to the people and the
hypothesis that power belongs to the people, and they govern themselves has undoubtedly
established liberal democracy as the most appropriate form of governance. Ideas of equality, justice
and freedom are secured by democratic regimes and therefore over centuries, from French
revolution to Arab springs in 2010. Today's governments are liberal but modern democratic
territories. They preach supremacy and freedom of individuals provides fundamental rights, rule of
law and security but at the same time the system representing people takes the leading role. Modern
states have to incorporate various interests, requirements and political requirements and thus look at
collective interests idealizing stability, international image, and maintaining balanced political
structure.
The constitutional framework of a state bases its policies, decisions on the ideas and ideologies
enshrined by the supreme law of the land– constitution. All political, social and economic laws,
policies are formulated due to the ideological guidelines and principals inculcated by states. The
ideas of freedom, security, justice, rule of law, peace, protest, etc. are the building blocks of
governance, though ever changing in their meaning. Berlin, discussing J.S. Mill, distinguishes
between negative liberty,

Participatory Democracy In The United States
No matter how small a nation may be, it certainly will not allow a type of participatory democracy.
It is critical for governments to have a way of knowing what the people want, and making those
wants into ideas. Many nations want democracy and in order to have an efficient democracy it is
necessary to have a sort of representative government. In a representative government the people
vote and elect whom they want to represent and express their concerns and ideas. Instead of people
voting on the laws or debates the people whom they elected will meet and discuss the peoples
concerns which will then lead to making laws. In order for a more effective democratic government
it is crucial to have institutional mechanisms to convert public opinion into government policy. Two
types of democracy are Majoritarian and pluralist, they basically stand as an outline of how they will
attain a democratic government.
A majoritarian democracy is based on what the majority vote on, they always take into consideration
what is fair and they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
national government system is much like a majoritarian democracy because there is more unity
between republicans and democrats, there is way less overlap between these too, less than there has
been throughout modern history. In the united states we have the freedom to elect whom we want.
We decided who we want to represent our opinions and ideas, we the people have a say so in many
things that occur. Therefore, we are considered a majoritarian type of democracy. Although having
this type of democracy seems like a great idea, it may not always be the most efficient. It is in fact a
brilliant idea but many people tend to not give their opinion. A way this type of democracy can be
improved is by getting the people to take advantage of the fact that they have the option to give their
own opinion by voting which can affect their society. Therefore, it is extremely crucial that the
people realize the great importance and opportunity that this

Are Americans Too Individualistic?
"Are Americans too individualistic?" is a question asked that can be found among popele in the U.S.
and it can understandable to respond with a "yes". People in all over the United States prefer
gossiping these days about Brangelina or what creature is captured in their Pokémon Go app rather
than discussing about the chaos in this year's American general election and what can be done
within the next four years to come. In today's U.S. modern society, the problem with being
infatuated with egoism is damaging this country by isolating the people from their democratic roles
that have a voice in what happens in the United States. For this reason, everyone in the U.S.,
including the government, must find a proper model that can guide America in the right direction.
There are four kinds of democratic models that were explained by William E. Hudson in his book,
American Democracy in Peril (i.e. Protective, Developmental, Pluralist) but only one that appears to
accept and perceive our present day and its challenges of getting more people being involved in
what is happening in this country: Participatory Democracy. To save the future of America, everyone
must follow the model of Participatory democracy by being more proactively involved in society,
including U.S. politics.
In the United States, democracy can be perceived as a government being ruled directly by its
citizens meaning they are proactively involed in governmental descions; this definition can be found
under Participatory

The Movement Of Participatory Design
Abstract
This report seeks to understand the movement of Participatory Design (PD) and how it has
influenced Information Systems Design since the 1990s. Has the body of knowledge around
Participatory Design made an impact on how organisations today approach the design of
information systems? Can it work in a global context? What tools have been developed as a reaction
to this movement? Can we ever really design a system that meets the needs of all stakeholders due
to those at the heart of human centred design all providing unique perspectives? These are some of
the questions we asked while trying to understand this subject.
Having undertaken a detailed literature review of the subject we identify the key success factors
involved in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to him Participatory Design (PD) leads to hybrid practices that can take place neither in
the user's base, nor the technology developer, but the "in–between" region . He calls this a "third
space"– a fertile environment in which participants can combine diverse knowledge into new
insights and plans for action.
Participatory Design was born in Scandinavia with its heart originating in Industrial Relations.
Originally it was known as cooperative design. Later when it was introduced to the US community,
the name cooperative was changed for participatory to resonate better with strong separation
between workers and managers. (Wikipedia, 2015).
PD research began in the mid 1970's as a reaction to the ways in which computer–based systems
were introduced in the workplace and to the deleterious effects these systems were having on
workers (dislocations, deskilling, etc.) (Kening & Blomberg, 1998). The authors stress there were a
lot of debates taking place at the time in Scandinavia and Germany about the introduction of
computers at work. The main discussion point was that technology neglected workers' interests, and
it was just another management tool to control workforce but not toimprove working conditions.
Workers and their unions were concerned that the introduction of computers would reduce their
control over their immediate work situation as well as the overall planning and administration of
production (Kening & Blomberg, 1998).
The

The Benefits Of Participatory Democracy
Several forms of government have been formed since the development of centralized power. The
form of government that has showed the most international growth in the last century is democracy.
There are currently over 160 democracies in the world today. These democracies, however, are not
complete democracies. They are representative democracies that have been created by the leaders of
our predominantly patriarchal international system. Due to this, many citizens of these democracies
are considered second class citizens and their views are not heard by their supposedly democratic
society. A solution to this problem is participatory democracy. Participatory democracy is better than
the existing patriarchal society because it allows the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a patriarchal system is in charge, the abuse of women and minorities rises substantially. This
is in direct correlation with the fact that when a certain group of people are in charge, those who are
not in charge are valued as lesser people who do not deserve the same treatment and luxuries as
those who are above them. In such a society the progression of the civilization only favors the one
group that is in charge, leaving no room for people to work themselves out of the lower classes and
into the group in charge. A society where this occurs is prone the internal destruction because it
eliminates hope for improvement of oneself and therefore hope of the improvement of the society.
As this is a characteristic of patriarchal democracy and not participatory democracy, it is less likely
for women and minorities to be abused in a participatory democracy.
Women in a patriarchal democracy are often forced into nothing more than a reproductive role.
When women are treated like this their opinions, ideas, and personal wellbeing are held at having no
value to society, while their bodies hold the only thing they are valued and overall kept in the world
for. In a participatory democracy this would not happen because women have just as many rights as
men and these rights are enforced by the government. As in our patriarchal driven world today
women are too often oppressed and mistreated and this treatment would not

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Representative Democracy
A democracy is a system of government where the citizens directly exercise their power, and have
the right to elect government representatives who jointly create a government body for the entire
nation, for example: parliament. In a democratic government, people have certain rights that the
government can't take away from them, and these rights are guaranteed.
Types of democracy
The main forms of democracy are:
1. Direct democracy
2. Representative democracy
3. Presidential democracy
4. Parliamentary democracy
5. Authoritarian democracy
6. Participatory democracy
7. Islamic democracy
8. Social democracy
Direct Democracy
A direct democracy is when citizens get to vote for a policy directly, without any intermediate
representatives or houses of parliament. If the government has to pass a certain law or policy, it goes
to the people. The people vote on the issue and decide the fate of their own countries. In a direct
democracy taxes cannot be raised without the public support.
When the population is small and educated a direct democracy is a good idea. Switzerland, for
example, has had a long history of a successful direct democracy. This model of democracy drives
people to form parties for their own agendas.
However, most countries are too large which makes it too complicated for a direct democracy to
work within their political borders. In those cases, people prefer to elect representatives on their
behalf, rather than vote on every single issue.
Representative Democracy

The London Off Of A Global Movement
On October 15, 2011, Occupy London included almost three thousand people gathered outside of
the St Paul's Cathedral. This paper will address how the London off shoot of a global movement,
Occupy London (OL), addressed social and economic inequality within England. It will also discuss
how OL has tried to revolutionize the social and economic inequality. Then, the paper will address
an overall evaluation of the movement as a whole. The paper will argue that Occupy London is a
part of a successful movement.
"Occupy London is part of a global movement that has brought together concerned citizens to fight
for a new political and economic system that puts people, democracy and the environment before
profit (An Introduction to Occupy London). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Five hundred members at the start of the movement in October agreed upon the initial statement.
Throughout the movement a multitude of consensus agreements were produced including: United
for Global Democracy, Safer Spaces Policy, Corporations Statement, International Statement, City
of London Demands, Statement of Autonomy, Economics Statement, and Online Safer Spaces
Policy.
I. Specific ways group attempted to bring relief to the group they represent
The group originally wanted to camp at the London Stock Exchange, but then was prevented by the
police. The police blocked off the entrance of the London Stock Exchange, which forced the
activists to change location of the camp to the St. Paul's Cathedral. Two weeks later, the camp was
then moved because the cathedral was closed until further notice. After, the camp moved to Finsbury
Square. Over the course of almost a year, the group stuck together despite the constant movement.
The movement also had to overcome police interference throughout their movement. The police first
interfered when members wanted to start camp at the London Stock Exchange. Then in December of
2011, the police referenced group members as potential terrorist threats.
The movement specifically uses the encampment tactic. This tactic allows members of the
movement to take over a place of significance and create their own community.
Another strategy used by Occupy London was the use of activism

Pros And Cons Of Participatory Democracy
CDM Essay: Prompt 2 – Participatory Democracy
In recent decades, well–established, conventional methods of political participation in the United
States have begun to be uprooted and replaced by new forms of interaction between the government
and the American people, accompanied by changing trends in which groups of Americans seem to
most participate and influence our political system. An increase in media coverage of politics, as
well as vast expansion of social media networks, have resulted in more youth participation and
discussion of current events in politics. Unfortunately, online interaction seems to replace more
effective means of political participation, and the media in general has a tendency to cause
Americans to lose trust in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At times, this misinformation and one dimensional coverage drives away potential voters who give
up on trying to make a decision in an environment where they are presented with unnecessary drama
rather than actual viewpoints of the candidates (Nti–Asare). Second, with easy access to mountains
of information, many believe they are doing their civic duty by reading the news and keeping up
with current events, however it is important to note the difference between participatory politics and
simply staying informed. "Watching a televised presidential debate in one's living room by oneself is
not an instance of participatory politics. Watching that same debate and then writing a letter to the
editor or Tweeting about it is. [That is], while seeking out political information is important, we do
not regard consumption of information as a form of participation" (Kahne, 10–11). Many, perhaps
without realizing it, are not actually participating in our political system, which is the essence of a
participatory democracy. Lastly, even those who do participate with politics in some way, such as
tweeting their opinions after watching a presidential debate, are not necessarily guaranteeing their
influence on the political

To Build Or Not To Build: Examples Of How The Urban...
To Build or Not to Build: Examples of how the Urban Environment gets chosen
While, in his article Building Landscapes, Lebbeus Woods looks at the idea of reconciling nature
with architecture, he also says that 'in our contemporary urban world, with its aggregates of
buildings that become ... artificial landscapes and contexts – entirely displacing the natural – the
architect 's role would seem to inevitably expand beyond designing built single objects. ' Creating
this artificial environment has impacts in smaller and larger scales. It might >simply< change the
living environment of the few, have social repercussions, or create urban microclimates.
This essay will explore some approaches to choosing the environment, by briefly looking at ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When disputes arose, or one group became too dogmatic and fixated, Kroll re–organised the teams
so that each one became familiar with the other's problems. Not until a possible solution was in sight
did he draw up the plans to make it workable. The resultant buildings show a complexity and
richness of meaning, a delicate pluralism that reflects the codes of the inhabitants and builders (the
contractors were actually encouraged to participate as well, hence such things as the undulating
stone walls).'
1 Facade of the Louvain University building showing the personalised character
While the intentions behind this approach might be commendable, in reality, the question of
sustainability and longevity become apparent. As was the case with the faculty buildings by Kroll,
the individualisation, which made the project such a great success for the people involved, only
lasted one generation – in this particular case only four years. Though a more extreme example, as
the degree of participation was unusually high and the span of occupancy relatively low, it shows
the potential problems with participatory design approaches.
Standardised Design Approaches
If individualisation is considered as a strategy for designing the environment, its counterpart needs
to be examined too. As the opposite, standardised housing creates a uniform environment that
eliminates the problem of fitting in. Pre–fab housing of the post WWII era, such as the Airey House

Re-Interpreting Internet Activism: A Study of Its...
With the increasing number of protests mobilised through social networks, the Internet is coming to
be seen either as a force of liberation or as the new generation's "cyber–utopia", creating unfounded
optimism and hopes of emancipation. The former view claims that social networks play a key role in
shaping debates about protests and in spreading democratic ideas around the globe (especially in the
case of Arab Spring).The latter view advocates that the role of internet has been exaggerated in the
narratives of these protests because the very working class which fuelled the revolution did not have
access to these technologies. This view suggests that it is not Facebook or Twitter that has brought
about these revolutionary changes but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Considering the political climate and the nature of public participation before and after the advent of
internet activism, this paper suggests that there is a strong correlation between the nature of the state
(comprising of the ideologies of the regime and its people), internet activism and its outcomes.
Drawing from theoretical frameworks and linking it to incidences of digital age protests around the
world, this paper argues that the question of internet activism contributing to the evolution of the
process of public participation can be answered holistically only if the nature of the state is taken
into account.
Middle East
It is with the Arab Spring that the advent of internet activism was acknowledged worldwide. For the
first time, the internet was used in mass mobilization of the citizenry
To illustrate further, in countries like Egypt and Tunisia, citizens have made effective use of social
networks to catalyse the revolution. The success of the Egyptian revolt should also be attributed to
the lack of opposition from the military and the elite (who succumbed under the social and
economic pressure) in addition to the

Fairness Is A Fundamental Aspect That Our Law System
Fairness is a fundamental aspect that our law system in based upon. Courts hear numerous amounts
of cases and determine the outcome of the situation in a fair manner. To achieve this gaol many
procedures are put in place. In administrative law there is an interest in the decision making process
and if it is fair or not. The term fairness is a broad concept as one can question to whom is it being
fair too. Ultimately, one might assume the individual who won the case is more inclined to believe
the procedure and the ruling is fair (Module 4). However, administrative law is more concerned if
the procedure is fair versus if the decision itself is. There is no definite definition of procedural
fairness as it is complex on many levels and is subject to interpretation depending on the context and
elements of each case. Although, it can be seen as being open and clear, providing an opportunity
for those inflicted by the outcome to address one's arguments while producing evidence that
supports it; which are then determined by the decision–maker (Module 4). Back in 2007 the Ontario
government released a statement stating that it would raise the minimum wage. Following that in
March 2009, Premier McGuinty met in private, behind closed doors with business leaders about
cancelling the remaining increase of minimum wage due to economic conditions. After learning
about this, citizens of Ontario were furious with the lack of transparency of the meeting. This lead
Premier McGuinty to state

Action Research Literature Review
Executive Summary
Action Research believes that "Human organizations can only be understood as whole entities"
(Baskerville, 1999) and that social processes are best to be studied when change is introduced to
observe the effects of these. Furthermore, It makes use of a cyclical approach in order for an initial
holistic understanding of a social setting. The action research literature has strongly challenged the
character of positivism. It is believed that this type of research is derived from a different
ontological basis; it tends to a humanistic social practice rather than a traditional natural science.
Lewin started with the term ‘action research'. His approach to the process is composed of a circle
of planning, action and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interpretivism beliefs that the world is socially constructed and subjective, that the observer is part
of the what is observed and that science is driven by human interest. Furthermore, interpretivism,
like action research, tries to understand what actually is happening by looking at the totality of each
situation.
Positivism is a "research philosophy that involves working with the observable social reality. The
emphasis is on highly structured methodology to facilitate replication, and the end product can be
law–like generalisations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists" (Saunders,
2003). The basic beliefs are that the world can be seen as an external and objective object where the
observer remains independent. The action research literature has strongly challenged the character of
‘positivist' research (Waterman et al, 2001; Hart, 1996; Susman and Evered, 1978).
These can be summarised as follows:
§ The impossibility of achieving the assumption of objectivity in research findings and outcomes as
well as the ability to control a limited number of research variables.
§ A critique of the notion of researchers attaining a detached/value free/neutral position and a
recognition of the existence of oppressive ideologies and vested interests;
§ A questioning of a ‘scientific' approach and the features of generalisability,

Disadvantages Of User Centered Design
Introduction
'User–centered design' (UCD) is a broad term to describe design processes in which end–users
influence how a design takes shape. (Abras, Maloney–Krichmar, & Preece, 2004) Getting the
opinions and input from the end–user in the design of an information system. Also getting
requirements from the users about what they want the system to do and then meeting those
requirements in the design and development of the system.
During which stages of SDLC is UI most effective?
There are many different opinions on whether users should be involved in the in the development of
an information system also, there are also many different ways in which they can be involved. There
are different parts in the development of an information system including: ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are different methodologies on the Software Development Lifecycle, including the Waterfall
Method and the Star Method. Some user–centered design approaches such as the participatory
design and the star lifecycle, focus on including users in all phases of design. (Preece, Rogers,
Sharp, Benyon, Holland, & Carey, 1994) In participatory design, users become members of the
actual development team. In the star lifecycle, users get to evaluate each stage of development.
(Lazar, 2011)
So when using a lifecycle like the participatory design or the star lifecycle, users are very involved
in the design of the information system, resulting in making usage easier and more understandable
for the users when the information system gets placed into production. Another advantage in having
the users involved in the every step of the development would be that the information system will
meet exactly the requirements that the users have specified and thus making the system more stable
and productive. Knowing where to include users in the design process is very important and can
make the information system design process faster and better or cause conflict, problems and result
in the design and development running over the allocated

Civil Society And Its Prospects For A Democratic Transition
Civil Society in Cuba and Its Prospects for a Democratic Transition
4/23/12
Although evidence has shown that civil society is developing in Cuba, the country will probably not
undergo a democratic transition in the near future. Civil society is still repressed by the government,
independent media is mostly silenced, and many of Cuba's citizens appear understandably apathetic.
Cuba will only transition to democracy, develop a democratic political culture, and consolidate its
democracy only when civil society develops to a position of organization, strength, and mass
support. This essay seeks to analyze the major impediments in Cuba's prospects for democracy.
Political History
Cuba was one of the last Latin American nations to gain independence. The island won its
independence from Spain in 1898, but was taken over by the United States after its victory in the
Spanish–American War. In 1902, Cuba won its independence from the United States. In 1940,
Batista was elected president but was voted out of office in 1944. From 1944 until 1952, the country
was ruled by civilian presidents who had the support of political parties. In 1952, Batista
orchestrated a coup after being out of office for eight years and presided over a seven–year military
dictatorship. Batista's anti–communism won him the support of the United States, but his
administration was extremely corrupt and his closeness with the United States angered many
Cubans. In addition, under Batista

Federalists Vs. Anti Federalists
In early 1788, Federalists and Anti–Federalists held fierce debates over how the state of Rhode
Island would vote on Constitutional ratification. Two models of democracy were contested: the
Anti–Federalists argued in favor of mass participation in the form of a state referendum, and the
Federalists argued in favor of elite representation in the form of a state convention. On the whole,
while the state referendum model used in the debates in Rhode Island allows for greater
participation and an opportunity for equal representation, it also leaves policy decisions vulnerable
to public ignorance. At the same time, the state convention model provides an inherently
undemocratic solution to the problems presented by mass participation by allowing ... Show more
Federalists in Rhode Island argued against these Anti–Federalist notions of democracy by basing
their opposition around the idea that the general public could not be trusted to make policy
decisions. Mankind, James Madison argues in The Federalist No. 10, is too susceptible to
factionism. Once divided into factions, men were "inflamed... with mutual animosity" that rendered
them "much more disposed to vex and oppress each other." Instances like Shay's Rebellion, in which
overtaxed farmers violently rose up against the government, validated arguments presented by those
like Madison and Joseph Schumpeter, who held negative views of the general masses. Both rejected
the beliefs of the Anti–Federalists on the basis that the public was easily swayed by "unfriendly
passions" and "primitive impulses".
This Federalist arguments on the limitations of mass participation also has its merits in a modern
context, where voters are often indifferent, uninformed, and easily manipulated in an increasingly
technological world. What Fishkin defines as "rational ignorance," in which citizens are not
motivated to go out of their way to learn and form rational opinions on policies, supports Madison's
fears. One aspect of rational ignorance illustrates the tendency of voters to vote only on policy
issues relevant to them. For instance, farmers under a mass participatory system may vote only on
issues related to agriculture, while remaining ignorant on other issues

The Art Of Resistance Hidden Transcript
James C. Scott The art of resistance: Hidden transcripts explains the modes of discourse employed
by the power holding groups of society. The public transcript describes the dominant groups policies
and how the oppress groups feel about them. The difference in these two groups is the dominance
that one places over the other in society. The oppress feel as if they don't have power to act or
change what the "powerful" dominant groups hold. The hidden transcripts are created from those
who find themselves subjects of the social, political and economic classes that dominant their
society. The purpose of the hidden transcripts take up a model of communication in the public
atmosphere that address the individuals who struggles with disparity, power and privilege in their
communities and societies overall. According to Scott "The highly charged atmosphere created by
the open declaration of the hidden transcript may produce social effects that bear the marks of
collective madness" (Scott 222). By opening the hidden transcript it could led you to more
individuals who share similar views as you do. Sometimes when it looks like nothing is happening
sometimes is happening. However, in the groups of the offstage individual there is very much a
change happening amongst the conversation that are had but they is no action to enforce that
change. The only thing that is lacked in these transcripts is the confidents to act upon what the ideas
in those conversation create. Ultimately, there is

American Lip Project Analysis
I entered the delicate balance project process with the intention of continuing the American chestnut
restoration project that I initiated last semester. I was enticed by the appeal of bringing a lapsed
keystone species back into the forests of Vermont, and the romantic legacy it might provide for my
project. Unfortunately, I encountered a few challenging roadblocks in the American chestnut
project's early stages of implementation, such as lack of availability of blight resistant seedlings and
the reality that non–blight resistant seedlings would most likely die as they did at Sterling College.
Although I was enthusiastic about the hands–on physical element of my original project, I did feel
that it lacked an element of social justice that I hoped to convey through my project.
Given the lackluster social implications of the chestnut project, combined with its high likelihood of
failure, I decided to look for a worthy past delicate project to continue or for a current project to
join. Ultimately, I wanted to find a project that combined my passion for political activism with
meaningful, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the course of several meeting with senate and specific senate members, it became clear that
senate was fully aware that something had to be done to involve students in campus wide decision
making and provide a forum where students' needs and concerns could be shared.
We ended up collaborating with senate in presenting the first community conversation to the student
body. Although this proto–community meeting didn't follow the structure of future community
meetings, it served to gauge student interest and exceeded our project proposals "ideal results" with
a turnout of over forty students (10% of the on campus student body). The feedback session we led
the following week was also a success, although, as expected, it did not generate the same level of
participation that the original community meeting

The Report : Crisis Of Democracy
The report: "Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracy to the Trilateral
Commission" by Crozier, Huntington and Watanuki is not a crisis theory in the classical sense. Far
below the level of abstraction of Habermas's "theories of legitimation," the three authors of the
report do not begin with theoretical considerations or normative explanations, but with a question:
"Is political democracy, as it exists today, a viable form of government?" (Crozier et al. 1975: 2).
The answer can be boiled down to the following lines: As a result of rapid growth of social
complexity, proliferation of pluralist private interests, erosion of traditional values, and in particular
increasing demands of citizens democratic governments are losing their ability to formulate the
common good or to effectively implement and enforce their policies. "The system becomes one of
anomic democracy, in which democratic politics becomes more an arena for the assertion of
conflicting interests than a process for the building of common purposes" (ibid: 161). Democratic
governments
P a g e | 6 lose the ability to govern and face a bleak future. The authors of the Trilateral Report, see
four frontal attacks on the continued existence of effective governance and thus to democracy itself:
1. Delegitimation of political authority
The relentless pursuit of equality and individualism leads to a loss of public confidence in the
authority of political leadership. But a trusted political leadership is

Nashi: Pro-regime Youth Groups in Russia
Type "Nashi" into any search engine and you will come across videos of uniformly clad youth
chanting in unison, evoking bygone images of Komsomol or Hitler's Youth. Indeed, Nashi, a pro–
regime, state–supported youth organization, has often been likened to these organizations by the
media and scholars alike. Yet, is this simplistic comparison an accurate one? Are state–led youth
organizations in Russia merely puppets of the regime, lacking their own will or motivation? In the
following pages I trace the origins and purposes behind the organization of pro–regime youth groups
in Russia, arguing that while these movements undoubtedly perform many of the same functions as
youth groups of the past, they do have some measure of autonomy and ... Show more content on
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In authoritarian regimes, on the other hand, political participation is heavily restricted. In a system
where the rule of the regime is paramount, competing discourses and dissenting voices are heavily
constrained. Independent political and civil organization is pursued at extreme peril; active dissent is
weak and essentially non–existent. Political participation is co–opted by the regime and subject to
strict control and oversight. Authoritarian governments attempt to annihilate autonomous
organizations and replace them with organizations which are state controlled, whose activities are
closely monitored, and whose goals are prescribed by the regime. As such, society plays a limited
role in policymaking and control of information, repression, and censorship enforce "passivity and
conformity" (Evangelista 1995, 11). Komsomol, the state–sponsored youth organization of the
Soviet Union, and Hitler's Youth, a parallel organization under Nazi Germany, are two oft cited
examples of state–controlled participatory organizations in authoritarian systems. Both
organizations were founded for the purpose of socializing youth according to regime philosophy,
creating and mobilizing support for the regime, controlling opposition, and providing a pool from
which the elite could replenish their ranks. The desire of authoritarian regimes to co–opt civil
society and social organizations is facilitated by a range of controls aimed at stifling the

The Importance Of Democracy
Democracy, in essence, is the governance of and by the entirety of the population. In a democracy,
the citizens exercise their power directly or through an elected representative. Democracy is ideally
a structure of governance that is by and for the people. These definitions represent democracy in its
most pure unadulterated sense, true direct democracy (or participatory democracy). James N.
Danziger in Understanding the political world expresses that "[...] participatory democracy [...] is
when all the citizens are active, direct participants in making public policy decisions. Realistically
[there is no true form of this political system]." (Chapter 7, Page 170) As inevitably experienced
with any political system, some are more equal than others. Though. in contrast to other forms of
governance, such as federalism, republics, monarchies, dictatorships, etc., democracy has been
proven to be the most efficient. As Winston Churchill famously said, "Democracy is the worst form
of government, except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time." Democracy
should be promoted in its purest form, despite knowing that true democracy is an unreachable and
unrealistic goal. Promoting true democracy is not naive, although it may be idealistic. Focusing on
the basics provides a platform where every person, despite their views or role in society, can partake
in creating a fair and equitable social order. Democracies can develop and become corrupt because
people can become

Responsabilites that are Required from an Individual Essay
From past to present human beings have been living under determined laws and patterns and
consequently the state exists necessarily. It has particular responsibilities such as promoting the
welfare of the individual or protecting citizens from jeopardy toward the citizens who live in there.
However, these responsibilities are not unilateral. In other words, as a member of community,
although the citizens have a certain privileges, there are also liability that are required from citizens
toward the state. There are three main responsibilities that are required from each individual to be a
good citizen: Civic responsibilities, cultural responsibilities and moral responsibilities.
First of all, a good citizen is required to fulfill civic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this condition, the people must resist the state in order to be a good citizen. For example, the
babies and children are killed by Israeli soldiers in Palestine. Although those children have no
blame, they murdered in a coldblooded. In this situation, we should stand in front of state as a good
citizen. In short, being a good citizen means doing civic responsibilities at the right time.
Participatory responsibilities are another branch of the civic responsibilities. In democratic systems,
the citizens can participate internal policy by voting in elections. The people elect more suitable
ruler and the good citizen play active role in this process. Candy (2004) pointed out For some, good
citizens in a democracy volunteer, while for others they take active parts in political processes by
voting, protesting, and working on political campaigns. However, participatory responsibilities is
more than voting and obeying laws. It requires giving back Secondly, keeping the state in check is
important participatory responsibility for good citizen. It is not enough to elect ruler and let it go.
Being aware what is happening with in your community and trying to figure out what your
community needs are also essential points of being a good citizen. An ideal citizen is an informed
member of a society and they have to regulate government in order to institute better place to live.
So, people have to find out invalid part of

Participation In Democratic Political Participation
The question why nonprofit organizations exist can be answered in various forms, depending on
which disciplines and orientations one has adopted. In political theory, for instance, nonprofit exists
because of its partnership with the government sector in financing a variety of public services. The
political scientists view both existences in relations to providing opportunities for civic participation
in the pluralistic and political system of a heterogeneous society (Wikipedia, 2017). In order to
respond to the above question, we first and foremost defined democratic political participation. The
democratic political participation is a means by which a person contributes to a political process by
making his or her opinion and beliefs known (Wikipedia, 2017). In addition, it originates from the
freedom to speak out, to assemble, and to associate (Boris, 2017). In assessing the role of nonprofit
in democratic political participation, Elizabeth Clemens considers nonprofit organizations as an
entity for building relationships that holds communities together and provides opportunities for civic
participation (Otto & Dicke, 2015). Obviously, nonprofit organizations are renowned for thriving
and successful democracies. Essentially, they assist to build the networks of trust and reciprocity, the
social capital that allows democratic societies to function effectively (Putnam 1993; Walzer 1991).
Citizens, on the other hand, participate in democratic governance by joining together to

Populism In Latin America
Rather than exemplary admired meanings of direct participatory democracy, the perplexing
frameworks of our cutting edge social orders supported the improvement of stand out type of
democracy, that based upon representation. Under democracy, voters endow to their delegates the
guard they could call their own advantage and those of the nation (Brennan and Hamlin 1999;
Manin 1997). In Latin America, political gatherings are a decent cure to the presence of populist
initiatives. Since the first a large portion of the twentieth century, populism has turned into an
intermittent trademark in the equitable encounters of the district (Cammack 2000; Di Tella 1997;
Weyland 2004). In addition, populism has been related to the shortcoming of majority rules system,
either as a reason or result of its debilitating (Conniff 1999; Dugas 2003; Hawkins 2003; Weyland
2001). Appropriately, seeing that political gatherings are constituted satisfactorily to speak to the
different strata of society adequately there will be a lessened plausibility of Latin America's keeping
on encountering the multiplication of populism. (Navia 2003; Walker 2006a). 3) ... Show more
All together for their agent parts to work agreeably, democracies need general decisions. Albeit there
exists an expansive accord on the need of holding free, democracies that have sensible qualification
prerequisites for competitors and systems for ensuring general suffrage and also anticipating
extortion, there is less agreement on the instruments that perform these targets. In any case, despite
the fact that a widespread recipe for arranging honest to goodness races does not exist, the nature of
decisions can be agreeably assessed a posteriori. After a race has been held, acknowledgment of the
outcomes by both champs and failures is the best proof of the authenticity of the appointive

Judicial Accountability Essay
In the United States, justices are both appointed and elected based on the state they represent and the
level of court. During the colonial era, between 1492–1763, the King appointed all state justices.
This appointment system continued until after the Revolution in 1783. With appointment, justices
were often viewed as corrupt and incompetent, resulting in the adoption of an electoral judicial
system (Berkson, 1980). Not all states adopted this new form of judicial selection. Today, 31 states
appoint judges based on the advice presented by the Governor and help from a nominating
committee. In some states, judges will actually appoint their colleagues, this form of appointment
occurs mostly in Hawaii and Illinois (Berkson, 1980). Some states, ... Show more content on
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Being able to elect judges to the bench provides judges to be more accessible to its citizens. This
also allows for citizens to vote for a judge who share their own political and philosophical views
(Souders, 2006), which can be beneficial to them. Partisan and non–partisan elections highly favour
judicial accountability. Judicial accountability is where judges are held accountable for their
decisions and actions, while also being accountable to its citizens both on and off the bench.
According to Souders, "making judges directly accountable to the people allows the electorate to
define the limits of acceptable judicial conduct, and promotes discussion about evolving standards
of judicial conduct" (Souders, 2006). Accountability then creates a more democratic judicial system.
This democratic judicial system allows for citizens to directly vote for the removal of a judge, and
for a judge to be voted onto the bench based on a majoritarian vote (Souders, 2006). Both partisan
and non–partisan judicial elections are beneficial to democracy, by promoting a more participatory
democracy, meaning citizens participate in political decisions and policies directly. Unfortunately, a
more participatory democracy impacts judicial voting pattern. Judges at the State Supreme Court
level are a complete separate entity from all other levels of government in the United States due to
the fact that they are elected into judicial position, but they are not independent from the citizens the
court serves (Souders,

Freedom: Sharon and Port Hurom Statement Essay
How did the young conservatives who wrote the Sharon Statement understand freedom?
The Young Americans for Freedom was from a conservative point of view. It affirmed they
considered to an affirmation of God's' will, affirming their beliefs in individual free will and liberty;
the inextricable bond between economic freedom; the purpose of the government protecting
freedom through preservation of internal order, national defense, and the administration of justice;
the genius of the Constitution (especially the clause reserving power of the states); and the market
economy as the single system compatible with freedom . . .Communism is named as the named as
the greatest threat to democracy. (1) Despite the libertarians eventually being ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not easy, and it is unpleasant, to adduce statistics evidencing the cultural superiority of White
over Negro: but it is a fact that obtrudes, one that cannot be hidden by ever–so–busy egalitarians and
anthropologists."(4)
"National Review believes that the South's premises are correct... It is more important for the
community, anywhere in the world, to affirm and live by civilized standards, than to bow to the
demands of the numerical majority."
"The South confronts one grave moral challenge. It must not exploit the fact of Negro backwardness
to preserve the Negro as a servile class... Let the South never permit itself to do this. So long as it is
merely asserting the right to impose superior mores for whatever period it takes to affect a genuine
cultural equality between the races, and so long as it does so by humane and charitable means, the
South is in step with civilization, as is the Congress that permits it to function." (5)
What do the authors of the Port Huron Statement appear to mean by participatory democracy?
The SDS wanted to participate in their own destinies, and to get away from what they saw as serve
limitations in an undemocratic society. They wanted "simplicity in registration and voting,
unfettered dominance of wealthy, property requirements, literacy tests and poll taxes." (6))
Individual people were no dependent solely on themselves, but as part of community, and being part
of

The First Wave Of Democratization
My reflection paper will focus on the two articles assigned during Week 7: Democratization 1. The
two articles are 1) Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th
century. Norman: University Oklahoma Press. Selected pages and 2) Lipset, Seymour M. 1994."
The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited." American Sociological Review, 59,1: 1–22.
Samuel P. Huntington scrutinizes the Third Wave of Democratization in four parts: 1) The Start of
the Third Wave, The Meaning of Democracy, The Waves of Democratization, and The Issues of
Democratization. The coup d'état of April 25, 1974 started the Democratization crusade amongst the
world's nations at that time. Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Greece were amongst those who steered
towards democratic practices and views. Samuel defines democracy and democratization using
several different concepts. He divides democracy's definition into three parts "1) sources of
authority for government, 2) purposes served by government, and 3) procedures for constituting
government". He then provides several examples of how democracy worked in different countries in
terms of democratic or undemocratic status (variances amongst democratic political systems) and
how it finally became accepted as a legitimate system. Once defined, he was able to discussed the
different waves that occurred and how and why they arose and failed. A wave of democratization
was well–defined as a "group of transitions from nondemocratic to democratic

Social Awareness : Understanding The Emotions Of Other...
Social awareness – our ability to understand the emotions of other people (what others are thinking
and feeling) Self–management – our ability to use awareness of our emotions to stay flexible and
direct our behavior positively and constructively Relationship management – our ability to use our
awareness of our own emotions and those of others to manage interactions successfully. 6. Ability to
change other 's perception by democratic means––Women must have that much capability to change
or mold other 's opinion by democratic means. She should possess not only their own voice and
feeling about particular issues, but also they need to enhance their own efforts to convince others by
peaceful and democratic means. 7. Positive thinking about the ability to make a change–– Nothing
could be changed in the society unless until the oppressed section of women will not push
themselves towards achieving the ability to make a change in the society. We have so many glaring
examples of women who have the capability to bring changes in the society with their own positive
attitude, i.e. Indira Gandhi, Mother Terasa, Kasturba Gandhi, Kiran Bedi, Sushma Swaraj and many
more. Dimensions of empowerment Figure 8.5 Dimensions of empowerment Economic
Household––Women's control over income; relative contribution to family support; access to and
control of family resources. Community–– Women's access to employment; ownership of assets and
land; access to credit; involvement /or

The Problems Of The Democracies
Peter Guresky
Dr. Wysocki
Honors Constitution
12 December 2015
Tocqueville describes the problems which arise in the democracies, which in his time have begun to
emerge in the world. For Tocqueville, the most serious threat to democracy is individualism, and the
solution to this problem is self–interest well understood. Though individualism causes citizens to
focus on a small circle of interest and sever himself from society at large, self–interest well
understood teaches citizens about the advantages which civil and political associations have to offer;
namely a broadening of one's interest beyond oneself and the positive effects this will have on
society.
According to Tocqueville, the inclination of democratic citizens to retreat from public affairs is a
cancerous and disastrous propensity. He writes, "Individualism is a mature and calm feeling, which
disposes each member of the community to sever himself from the mass of his fellow–creatures; and
to draw apart with his family and his friends; so that after he has thus formed a little circle of his
own, he willingly leaves society at large to itself" (618). As the results of this propensity,
Tocqueville foresees the fate of America and other democratic nations as a world in which, "an
innumerable multitude of men all equal and alike, incessantly endeavoring to procure the petty and
paltry pleasures with which they glut their lives. Each of them, living apart, is as a stranger to the
fate of all the rest . . . Above this

Hart's Ladder of Participation
Critically analyse Hart's Ladder of Participation.
What are the types of decisions children and young people can be involved in, and what is the link
between the children and the adults when the participatory approach is put into practice? When
should adults be more active in guiding children, and when should they step back and allow the
children to work autonomously? Roger Hart (1992) developed a model, the Ladder of participation,
which is made up from eight steps, each step indicate increasing degrees of pupil participation and
dissimilar forms of cooperation with adults. The three lowest steps on the ladder of participation are
called the "non–participation" steps , and they strongly state that many projects claiming to engage
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout group working and appropriate support of facilitation, children may be able to negotiate
'new kinds of relationships and partnerships' as suggested by O 'Kane (2002).
Cases involving children as participants enjoy better efficiency and effectiveness. Children's
participation is considered to lead to better decision–making, whether this is in relation to projects
that are interested on issues of specific concern to the children (Lansdown, 2003) or within
development processes in the wider society (Phillips, 2000).
Additionally, in some people's view, functioning with children may be the most successful way of
bringing out issues of concern within the society as a whole since the young are less self–conscious
in their discussion of matters. It is usually supposed that the Unite Nations Convention on the Rights
of the Child (UNCRC) provides an apparent support for children 's participation.
Actually, this issue has been questioned by quite a few commentators. It is pointed out, for instance,
that the reference in Article 12 to children's developing capacities and the proclamation in Article 3
about children's 'best interests' both offer valuable grounds for adults to take priority over the
expressed ideas and wishes of children ( Cantwell, 1998; Liebel,2000). It can be said that the
UNCRC provides 'a new vision of children'. It combines the recognisable view of the

Dictatorship And The Concept Of Good Government
Dictatorship and the Concept of Good Government Introduction The government form of
dictatorship (literally, 'a chief magistrate' from Latin ) is a form of government in which one person
or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations , and is often
stood in direct contrast to the government form of democracy (literally, 'rule by the people' from
Latin ), a system of government in which all the people of a state... are involved in making decisions
about its affairs, typically by voting to elect representatives to a parliament or similar assembly.
'Good government' is the description of how a government is supposed to be constituted and run,
under the principles of good government. To be classed as a ... Show more content on
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Promising to uphold the tenants of democracy after the political instability of a military coup had
subsided, Amin's legitimacy as third president of Uganda began to be cemented in the United
Kingdom, among other parts of the western world whilst these aforementioned crimes against
humanity continued. It would not be until 1977 when the UK would officially sever diplomatic ties
with the dictator8. Consensus Oriented Consensus decision–making is a group decision–making
process in which group members develop, and agree to support, a decision in the best interest of the
whole . This is displayed within the context of Australia's representative democracy in two steps;
first, via the delegates/representatives who stand for the will of the people are elected via consensus
at an election, where the elected are those with the popular vote; and secondly, via the
delegates/representatives standing for the will of the people during parliamentary hearings, where,
once again, the popular vote is taken as the choice that will be enacted. Contrastingly, in dictatorial
Uganda, these group decision–making processes are completely ignored. The will of one man – Idi
Amin – is viewed as that of the people, who will then be forced into submission or face threats of
thuggery, extortion, or public execution . This breaches the tenant as this is not the will of popular
opinion of the people, however, a subset of the people who have the power (the dictator

Essay On Empowerment
II. The first dimension to Empowerment: the materialistic component The problem with categorising
the poor in the context of participation is that the poor are often fragmented – geographically,
economically and socially – and the preferences within the poor vary vastly (Emmett, 2000).
Additionally, one must not forget the existing inequalities between the members within a
community; one has to be cautious of the spatial politics of the poor. Hence, external actors (such as
NGOs) must be careful not to reinforce existing ethno–nationalist and gender dynamics
(Ruwanpura, 2007). Historically, the nature of the NGO sector to specialise – on an issue or on one
community– has had positive and negative implications. The positive aspect of this specialisation is
that it is easy to implement, monitor and report. The negative aspect of this specialisation is that it
can create tension/spite between the affected party and the excluded party (Ruwanpura, 2007). This
makes employing an approach that solely focuses on mobilising a challenging task to do. This
magnifies the attraction towards a market–orientated approach. Paying for a service can be
empowering. It derives a feel good, uplifting utility. Some projects in Bangladesh experienced
success that justifies the utility derived from the ability to pay for something. Women felt
empowered because they were making money; they no longer need to ask their husbands for money
(Bebbington et al, 2007). This utility derived by women implies

Relationship Between Citizenship And Citizenship
In every form of government system we have two sides of the same equation, (people and power).
The kind or form of the democracy depends how these two sides are balanced. The more democratic
a democracy becomes the more and the better the two sides of equation will be balanced which
means people which is the source of power in a democracy will have less propensity of their rights
to be violated. There are two main concepts which are very important in a democracy and especially
in a liberal form of democracy; the first is membership of the political community and second is the
concept of citizenship which arises in relation to the membership of political community. This paper
attempts to examine this relationship and argues that; first, citizenship ... Show more content on
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Some scholars such as Russel. J. Dalton argue that the way citizens are participating in politics has
changed from what he calls it duty based, for example voting which is mainly the old version of
political participation in a democracy, to more engaged forms of political participation, for example
different kinds of activism such as human rights, animal rights, environmental, and engagement into
politics has become more direct than before (Dalton, 1996 & Dalton, 2008 & Hooge & Osser 2015).
With this trend of change in political participation and citizenship we are no more dealing with
thinking of local politics, but more global. For instance environmental activists care about global
warming rather than some specific country. However the framework of the political participation is
still the same and therefore needs to be more up to date for the current

What Features Of American Society Seem Most For Trouble...
1. What features of American society seem most to trouble the authors of the Port Huron Statement?
When writing the Port Huron Statement, its authors explicitly mentioned two key features of
American society that they found troubling. First, they considered the presence of racism and overall
bigotry in the American South as "...the permeating and victimizing fact of human degradation"
(Foner 283). The authors acknowledged the presence of practices that essentially dehumanized
African Americans in the South, claiming that its existence is what "...compelled most of us from
silence to activism" (Foner 283). In addition to this, the authors of the Port Huron Statement were
also troubled by the existence of the atom bomb and the possibility that an all–out nuclear war could
break out at any given moment. It is stated that the presence of the bomb brought awareness that
"...we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of 'abstract ' others...might die at any time" (Foner
283). While contemplating the aforementioned problems in American society, the authors of the Port
Huron Statement also began to rethink the American ideal that "all men are created equal", finding
paradoxes between the claim and what was really occurring in American society. They stated that
the declaration "...rang hollow before the facts of Negro life in the South" (Foner 283) and was
contradicted by the United States ' "...economic and military investments in the Cold War status
quo" (Foner 283). These two

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