Essay On Lime Disease

Essay on Lime Disease
Lime Disease
Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is a tick–borne spirochete.
The dangers of this disease became more publicised in 1977, where a geographic grouping of
children in Lyme, Conneticut were thought to have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis1. Soon after, it was
discovered that lyme disease was an illness that mainly affects the skin, nervous system, heart, and
joints. The borrelia species is part of the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes. Containted within a
protoplasmic cylinder is a cell membrane, followed by wavy flagella, and then an outer membrane.
The genes encoded within the outer membrane are located on plasmids which allows the organism
to make antigenic changes in these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondary skin lesions may occur but are smaller and migrate less. The main symptoms include
fatigue and excruciating headache, lasting only hours or days. Meningitis, poor memory, mood
change, cardiac problems, and facial palsy are also very common.
They may recur or become chronic1. Six months later (on average), many patients have brief attacks
of arthritis in the large joints, especially in the knee.
Stage 3 is classified as the late persistent infection, where arthritis lasts longer
(ie. months) and chronic arthritis (a year or more of joint inflammation) begins. More than a year
after infection, B. burgdorferI may affect the central and peripheral nervous systems. There has been
a lot of work carried out in this field, particularly where children are affected. For example, the
transplacental transmission of B. burgdorferi has been reported in 2 infants whose mothers were
infected with Lyme borreliosis during the first trimester of pregnancy. Both of these infants dies in
their first week of life. One had encephalitis and the other had congenital cardiac malformations1.
Spirochetes were seen in various fetal tissues.
Studies reviewing lyme disease in pregnant women before knowing the outcome of their
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Research Paper On Lyme Disease
Many people look forward to the spring and summer months because they get to go back out into
nature. Swimming, hiking, and fishing are just some of the outdoor activities that many people enjoy
this time of year. Unfortunately when the weather warms, the deer ticks come out and with them
come Lyme disease.
Lyme disease has been a problem for those living in and around the New England area for the last
few decades. Unfortunately, researchers have just discovered that the deer ticks are expanding their
reach, with a surge over 320 percent. The ticks are slowly branching out into the connecting
counties and states. It is believed that they are branching out due to climate change.
Lyme disease is a disease that is carried specifically by the

The Causative Bacterial Agent For Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative bacterial agent for Lyme Disease, has persisted for thousands of
years. Recently, scientists have found genetic remains of the bacteria from a mummy dating back
5,300 years (National Geographic, 2011). However, Borrelia burgdorferi was not classified and
identified as the putative source for Lyme Disease until the early 1980's.
After mysterious and untreatable symptoms appeared in children and adults of the city of Lyme,
Connecticut, the goal for many clinical microbiologists was to discover the source of disease and
possible cures. It wasn't until Dr. Willy Burgdorfer made a connection between the infected
populace and tick bites when the bacteria was truly discovered (bayarealyme.org). It was then the
bacterium was christened in his name. The bacterium continues to be extensively studied.
Borrelia burgdorferi have many defining characteristics. The spirochete shape distinguishes the
bacterium from other human pathogens. Borrelia burgdorferi is considered a microaerophile–it
thrives in environments of low oxygen. However, it can also be classified as an obligate anaerobe
(wisegeek.org). It is considered a "weak gram negative bacteria," but is better characterized as a
diderm (Wikipedia). This means that the bacterium has two cell membranes, thus making gram
staining difficult. The bacterial genome consists of one linear chromosome with 17 additional
plasmids–totaling over 1000 genes. Most of these genes code for surface proteins

Lyme Disease In The 1970's
Lyme disease was discovered in the 1970's, as any other disease was, by a large number of cases,
with patients having the same symptoms. In Lyme, Connecticut, a doctor was having patients who
were all suffering from the same symptoms that made patients become debilitated. There were so
many cases that the doctor marked it as an unknown disease. It wasn't until later in the 1980's that
there were more widespread cases throughout the north–east. Lyme disease is becoming a serious
problem in the north–east and especially in New York State, given the drastic increase of cases.
Without treatment Lyme disease can result in blindness and in severe cases, death. In the 1970's,
doctors were receiving patients who were having odd symptoms. The symptoms were swollen
knees, paralysis, skin rashes, headaches, and severe chronic fatigue ("History of Lyme Disease"). In
the 1980's a doctor named Willy Burgdorfer was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They contract it when feeding on infected hosts. While deer are most commonly known for giving
Lyme disease to ticks, rodents are the main threat. "Ostfeld's research indicates that white–footed
mice infect 75–95 percent of larval ticks that feed on them, while deer only infect about one
percent" (Mercola). Urban sprawl and hunting has eliminated many of the mice's natural predators
allowing populations to grow and infected ticks to spread.
Chances of being bitten by a nymph (young deer tick) are greater during mid May to mid August.
Generally, they are the size of poppy seeds. Adult ticks are greater during March to mid May and
mid August to November. Once it gets below freezing many of the ticks won't survive. If a tick is
found on the body you must remove it immediately. In most cases the tick must be attached for 36
hours or more before the bacteria can be transmitted ("Lyme Disease (tick borne borreliosis, Lyme
arthritis)"). Contrary to popular belief, Lyme disease doesn't spread from one person to

A Research Study On Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
1. My name is Thomas Porter and I am a rising senior at Hilliard Davidson High School. In the near
future, I hope to attend Ohio State University, Johns Hopkins University, or University of
Pennsylvania and study neuroscience or biomedical engineering. Currently, I am trying to build my
background in biomedical sciences and meet people with similar interests as me through the
Mechanisms of Human Health and Disease class. I hope to someday become a physician–scientist
researching neuroplasticity.
I chose to study Lyme disease because it is a disease that is on the rise in the United States, despite
being somewhat easily preventable. In addition, the disease is very expensive, costing the United
States an estimated 1.3 billion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper will discuss the causes and symptoms of Lyme disease, as well as the molecular pathway
of its progression through three phases: the early localized stage, the early disseminated stage, and
the late disseminated stage.
3. In order to teach young kids about Lyme disease, I would use many visuals (such as pictures and
diagrams) and relatable comparisons.
For the disease background, I would start with a map of the United States and circle the most
common areas for Lyme disease occurrence, as well as Lyme, Connecticut, where the disease was
first discovered. I would then draw out a group of people who appear to be in pain, with swollen
joints and large rashes. These people would be examined by a doctor named Willy Burgdorfer, who
discovers a specific bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, that is causing their suffering
(bayarealyme.org). To conclude the background discussion, I would show the students maps that
indicate the prevalence of Lyme disease, and how they have changed from the 1980s to the present
to reflect an increase in cases.
In order to show how the disease is contracted, I would reference a map of the United States and
review the most common areas for Lyme disease occurrence. I would proceed to discuss various
outdoor activities, which would allow the students to understand that Lyme disease can be picked up
during virtually any activity at the most

Die From Lyme Disease
Can You Die From Lyme Disease?
Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease characterized at first by a fever, headache, chills, and a
rash and later by arthritis, cardiac, and neurological disorders, caused by bacteria that is spread by
ticks. Lyme disease is common in North America, Europe, and Asia and is caused by bacteria called
Borrelia burgdorferi. Infected ticks spread the bacteria by biting people or animals. There are two
kinds of ticks that carry Lyme disease in the U.S.. They are the deer tick, found in the Northeast and
Midwest, and the western black–legged tick, predominantly found along the Pacific coast in
northern California and Oregon.Can You Die from Lyme Disease?
About 200 words
If not treated, Lyme disease can sometimes be

Essay On Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that can be found in Deer ticks.
The disease starts after an infected tick expels its salivary gland and abdominal contents into the
skin of a human. In about 60–70% of cases, a rash may develop at the site of the tick bite. This rash
is most often circular with a clear edge, but oblong and other shaped rashes may occur as well in
response to the tick bite. This rash is known as erythema migrans or EM. This rash usually starts
about 3–30 days after the tick bite. Sometimes this rash is mistaken as a "spider bite". It is called
"migrans" because it grows in size, gradually expanding over several days to greater than 2 inches
across; some rashes can cover very large areas, such as an entire back. If the center of the rash
clears, the rash may take on a bull's–eye appearance. The rash is usually not itchy or painful.
Sometimes, other rashes occur in other parts of the body far away from the initial tick bite. This is
because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a bacterial infection transmitted by a tick. Without prompt
treatment, Rocky Mountain spotted fever can cause serious damage to internal organs, such as
kidneys and heart. Initial signs and symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever often are
nonspecific and can be difficult to distinguish. High fever, Chills, Severe headache Muscle aches,
Nausea, Restlessness and insomnia are the common symptoms patient present with. Rocky
Mountain spotted fever have rash to that varies greatly from person to person in appearance,
location, and time of onset. Most often, the rash begins 2–5 days after the onset of fever as small,
flat, pink, non–itchy spots (macules) on the wrists, forearms, and ankles and spreads to the trunk. It
sometimes involves the palms and soles. (Mayo

Borrelia Burgdorferi: Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi was first diagnosed as Lyme disease in 1982 when the bacteria were isolated by
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The spirochete has been in the United States and
Europe for many years but had gone un–diagnosed because of the limited medical knowledge. It is
named after the leading American bacteriologist, Willy Burgdorfer, after his extensive research
between the arachnid vectors and the human host was acknowledged. He studied many different
diseases caused by animals, but the discovery of Lyme disease gained him recognition around the
world. There are many tick–borne diseases, but Lyme disease is the number one tick–borne disease
in America. The number of diagnoses has increased significantly in the last ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Staying away from areas that have a high risk for infected ticks is the best way to not get the
disease. This, however, can not be avoided when the high risk areas are increasing and that those
areas are inhabited by many animals, insects, and humans. There are ways to avoid getting infected
with Lyme disease such as tick and insect repellant, protective clothing, and proper tick removal.
Tick and insect repellants are effective for keeping ticks away for several hours to several days,
depending on the repellant used. Trans–p–menthane–3,8–diol is a repellant that can last for several
days and is effective for the prevention of tick bites when camping, hiking, living in an area that has
a high risk for Lyme disease. N, N–Diethyl–meta–toluamide, or DEET, is another repellant that
prevents tick bites. It does not last as long, however, and must be re–applied for the best results.
Protective clothing is also important for people who could be bitten by ticks. This decreases the
exposure of a person's skin so that the ticks are not able to latch on and transmit the disease. It is
also advised for people to practice good personal hygiene after possible exposure to ticks. Ticks will
find the warm, moist, crevasses of the skin to latch on, so those areas of the body must be checked
often. The most effective way to remove a tick is with forceps in a swift, smooth motion that pulls
the entire tick

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Research Paper
What's going on? In recent news, there have been a large number of cases associated to Rocky
Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) which have impacted a number of American Indian communities in
Arizona. (CDC/IHS, Newsweek). According to conducted studies, those at greatest risk due to this
emerging public health issue are American Indians within the US population. What is RMSF RMSF
is caused by a bacterium called, Rickettsia rickettsiiand, which is transmitted through tick bites
(CDC). After being bitten by a tick infected with this bacterium it is estimated that the incubation
period can be between 5 to 10 days (CDC) Symptoms A number of symptoms are associated to
RSMF Early onset symptoms such as rash, vomiting, muscle pain, headache, and fever can occur
(CDC) Symptoms may progress to diarrhea, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Average cost per death related from RMSF was an estimated $775,467 in comparison to
pneumococcal disease which cost an estimated $140,862 (CDC) and compared to West Nile Virus at
$293,960 per death (ATJMH). Health administration impact The impact on that of health
administrators is in the understanding that the time that it takes for the patient to visit a healthcare
facility is critical. The complication is that many of the symptoms associated to this illness can be
confused with a number of other conditions early on. The complication associated to RMSF
diagnosis and treatment is as follows: Progressed symptoms may not be present until the first 7 to 10
days. It was noted that 85% of patients did not test positive for RMSF antibodies during the first
week which is needed in order to confirm the diagnosis (CDC). Diagnostic tests which test for
antibodies to confirm presence of RMSF may appear negative within 7 to 10 days of initial
contraction of illness though the condition may be fatal within the first 7 days

Lyme Disease Assignment
For this assignment, I interviewed a close friend, Dana Rivard. Dana is also a first year student; she
is from Massachusetts and majoring in Health Sciences. In a friendly conversation, a few weeks ago
she mentioned having Lyme disease. I grew up in a rural part of Indiana so my childhood consisted
of playing outside almost everyday. My front yard is full of trees, and because I live in a very
forested area right across from a corn field, these trees often have ticks. My parents always warned
us to be cautious of ticks by using insect repellant and making sure we were wearing long clothing if
we were going to be close to the trees. Our dogs would often get a tick here or there that my parents
would have to pull off, but only once or twice do I remember one of my siblings or cousins getting a
tick on them. My parents and grandparents always warned us about Lyme disease, because it was
such a prevalent topic in Indiana. As a child, it seemed as if my parents were overreacting, which is
why it was so interesting to see that Dana had gotten Lyme disease.
According to the CDC, "Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is
transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include
fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. Lyme ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within 12 hours, the rashes covered her body. Dana was rushed to urgent care and the doctor knew
with one look that she had Lyme disease. She was given antibiotics to take twice a day for three
weeks, along with staying out of the sun, wearing long sleeves and a hat. When I asked Dana how
the overall experience was, she said it was very painful and confusing because initially she did not
know why she was hurting. Overall, she is thankful because if it wouldn't have been caught it could
have been

Ehrlichiosis Research Papers
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are diseases caused by bacteria and carried by ticks. Other names for
these infections are:
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME).
Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis (HGA).
CAUSES
These diseases are caused by a bite from an infected adult tick.
RISK FACTORS
These diseases are more likely to occur between late spring and early fall. This is when ticks are
active.
SYMPTOMS
Many infected people have no symptoms. For those with symptoms, HME and HGA cause similar
illnesses. Symptoms typically begin one week or more after a tick bite and may include:
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is based on a physical exam, medical history, and blood tests. Your health care provider
may suspect HME or HGA:
If you have recently been bitten by a tick.
If you have been in areas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be aware that most ticks live in shrubs, low tree branches, and grassy areas. A tick can climb onto
your body when you make contact with leaves or grass where the tick is waiting. Take these steps to
avoid tick bites when you are outdoors:
Wear protective clothing. Long sleeves and long pants are best.
Wear white clothes so you can see ticks more easily.
Tuck your pant legs into your socks.
Put insect repellent on all exposed skin and on your clothes.
Use tick prevention products on your pets, such as shampoos or tick collars.
If you go walking on a trail, stay in the middle of the trail to avoid brushing against bushes.
Avoid walking through areas that have long grass.
Check clothing, hair, and skin repeatedly and before going inside.
Check family members and pets for ticks.

Brush off any ticks that are not attached.
Take a shower or a bath as soon as possible after you have been outdoors. Check your skin for ticks.
The most common places on the body where ticks attach themselves are the scalp, neck, armpits,
waist, and

Black Legged Tick Research Paper
Species Profile of the Black Legged Tick (Ixodes scapularis)
Introduction One of the more common pests located in the Northeastern United States is the Black
Legged Tick (Ixodes scapularis). More commonly known as the "Deer Tick" this animal primarily
inhabits wooded areas populated by warm–blooded wildlife. Specifically the temperate Pine Barrens
in Southern New Jersey, which hosts the 2nd largest tick population in the country (CDC, 2010), the
black legged tick is a common pest that spreads lyme disease. This disease is a bacterial infection
caused by the tick latching onto a host and feeding for an extended period of time. These ticks attach
to most warm blooded woodland creatures and any human beings unfortunate enough to get close
enough. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(CDC, 2015) Female ticks will die in the spring when her eggs burst from her body. These eggs will
litter the forest floor and eventually hatch into 6 legged larvae in the summer. These larva then
attach to much smaller mammals, such as field mice or small birds. Ticks spend as long as it takes,
usually a few days at most, finding the perfect spot to latch on and begin feeding. The larva feed for
a few days or until they are full and eventually drop off the host. With their appetite sated, larval
ticks will now prepare for their next stage of life. This occurs over the course of the fall and winter
time period as ticks burrow underground to retain warmth. They emerge in the spring, this time as 8
legged nymphs and the feeding cycle begins anew. This is also the period where lyme disease
becomes an issue. While feeding on smaller animals, ticks contract the disease and they become
carriers. They will transmit the disease as nymphs. Like the larvae, a nymph attaches to a larger
mammal ranging from squirrels to human beings. Over the course of a few days, the nymph finds a
spot to attach and feed. This happens over Spring and Summer. If they wait too long, the nymph will
die of starvation. When sated once again, the nymph falls to the forest floor and prepares one more
to proceed to the next stage of life. By Autumn, nymphs will have grown into adults. This is one of
the more important stages simply because reproduction can now occur. Females will find a host in
order to feed. Males find a host and a suitable mate. The male, once a mate is found, will fertilize as
many females as it possibly can before dying. The females will continue to feed until they are full
and eventually drop off. Once she is ready to lay eggs in the spring, her body will burst and the eggs
distribute along the forest floor as the cycle begins

Lyme Disease Research Paper
Lyme disease is also called Lyme borreliosis. It is caused by a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi,
and transmitted by the black–legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, in the nymph stage (J.F. & Magnarelli,
1993). Therefore, the infected nymph's density is the most specific ecological indicator of the risk of
Lyme disease (J.F. & Magnarelli, 1993). It is an enzootic disease, although humans have been
infected as accidental hosts, making it a zoonotic disease (G. & Fish, 1993).
The Peromyscus leucopus, the white– footed mice, is the principle reservoir for the disease
transmission to the black–legged tick (Krohne, D.T., & Hoch, 1999). Where the disease originates
from, why it has emerged so rapidly and what can be done to reduce the risk of exposure ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nymph density was 0.1/m2 in average in the four smallest fragments and decreased to an average of
0.03/m2 in the larger fragments. NIP and DON were significant negative functions of the patch area.
The infected nymph's percentage decreased from 70% on average in smallest fragments to 48% in
average in larger fragments.
Discussion
In highly fragmented landscapes, the nymph's infection prevalence, the density of infected nymphs
and density of nymphs were correlated inversely with forest patch area (Nupp, T.E., & Swihart,
1998). These metrics of the population of nymph stages of the ticks are ecological indicators of the
risk of Lyme disease (Ostfeld, R.S.., & Keesing, 2000).
The elevated exposure risk in the smallest patches results from two phenomena. Firstly, biodiversity
loss that accompanies fragmentation of forests decreases the tick host's abundance that is poor
reservoirs for the B. burgdorferi. Low biodiversity reduces the tick meal's fraction taken from the
poor reservoirs and increases NIP (M' Closkey, 1999). Secondly, from the smallest fragments, the
vertebrate species lost are competitors and predators of the main reservoir host, white–footed mice
(M' Closkey,

Lyme Disease Essay
A disease caused by the bacterium which is belongs to the class of Spirochaetes which implies
cockscrew–shaped. This bacterial infection is caused by four species. Borrelia burgdorferi and
Borrelia mayonii cause the disease in the United States, while in Europe and Asia it is Borrelia
afzelii and Borrelia garinii.
A person can acquire Lyme disease by the bite of an infected tick. This disease is transmitted by deer
ticks or black–legged ticks. Ticks are tiny in size and as their bite is painless, people might not even
realize that they have been bitten. Once an infected tick attaches itself to the skin, it is able to
transmit the bacteria. This bacteria eventually ends up in the bloodstream. The duration of
attachment necessary to transfer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, anti–infections treatment is given for a duration of 14–
21 days. Adults and children above 8 are recommended doxycycline, while cefuuroxime and
amoxicillin are given to younger children and breast–feeding women. The infection can be totally
eliminated if a person is treated at the early stage. If Lyme disease is persistent in a patient, then they
will be treated with intravenous antibiotics. When the disease is treated at a later stage, the infection
will be stopped, but the curing of the symptoms will happen at a slower rate. A patient left untreated
could face problems with the nervous system, muscle and joints and the digestive system.
Prevention of Lyme disease lies in avoiding contact with ticks and removing ticks that attach to the
skin. Avoiding grassy and woody areas is one way. Dressing defensively to cover up the skin
available for the tick to attach is another way prevents the disease. Using repellants on exposed skin
or checking for ticks regularly are other methods.
A decade long research that ended in earlier months of this year has sequenced the genome of the
tick that causes Lyme disease. This allows researchers to understand how ticks acquire and transmit
pathogens allowing them to design a strategy to control

Papers On Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is a tick–borne illness, a disease caused by a bacterium borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia
mayonii, borrelia afzelii, and or borrelia garinii. The bacterium borrelia burgdorferi is the causative
agent in the United States. There are fifty–two known types of borrelia and twenty–one of those are
the lyme disease group. Borrelia is from an infected tick bite by a blacklegged tick. The infection
from the bite will enter through the skin through that bite and it will make its way to and through the
bloodstream. To get the infection, the tick must be attached to you for thirty–six to forty–eight
hours. The disease will spread through an infected blacklegged or also known as a deer tick bite.
They are brown or red and it has a hard body. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms of lyme disease is normally a fever, headache, chills, fatigue, and a rash. Early
symptoms might include a rash that is an expanding red area, it forms center of a bulls eye pattern
type. Sometimes it is called 'erythema migrans', which refers to a rash. The later symptoms will
include joint pain, swelling, vomiting and nausea. It might also cause some neurological problems
like inflammation surrounding the brain. There is a treatment for lyme disease. Normally it is
antibiotics for two to six weeks or oral antibiotics with a course of fourteen to twenty–one days. If
the disease gets into your nervous system, you would have to get intravenous, or IV, antibiotics for
fourteen to twenty–eight days. The type of antibiotic you are prescribes depends on what you are
allergic to, your age, the stage of the disease, and the symptoms you have. If you are not treated for
having lyme disease, the infection may cause some wild symptoms depending on the stage of the
disease. The infection can spread to your heart, joints, and nervous system. The complications of
lyme disease can be chronic. It will cause joint inflammation, normally in the knee. It can aso cause
neurological problems like facial palsy, neuropathy, impaired memory, and can cause your heart
rhythm to

Borreliosis: Lyme's Disease
Borreliosis
Borreliosis, also known as Lyme's disease, is a disease that is transmitted to humans by blacklegged
ticks. The first case of Lyme's disease was first reported in Old Lyme, CT, hence the name. A tick
picks up the virus from biting deer and mice infected with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. White
footed mice are the most common carriers of the disease. The virus is then transferred from tick to
human through the bite from an infected tick. Generally the tick must remain attached to the human
for 36–48 hours for the bacterium to be transmitted. The best way to prevent this disease is to try
and avoid tick bites. You can do this by using repellent on the skin and gear your using, treating your
animals with tick medication, shower

Lyme Disease Analysis
What is Lyme Disease? By definition it is an inflammatory diseased noted by its symptoms of
rashes, headaches, eventual arthritis, cardiac disease, etc, caused by bacteria.
In the study "Lyme Disease in Outdoor Workers", by Schwartz and Goldstein, they performed a
statewide cross sectional study allowing them to understand and evaluate the many risk factors
associated with Lyme Disease by measuring the levels of antibodies to B. Burgodferi (a bacteria).
Outdoor workers are known to have an increased risk of illness because of the various exposures
present around them. This makes them especially susceptible to Lyme Disease. Schwartz and
Goldstein performed their study in four divisions of employees, within those sections, there were
about

Symptoms Of Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is an infection that affects many parts of the body, including the skin, joints, and
nervous system. It is a bacterial infection that starts from the bite of an infected tick. The infection
can spread, and some of the symptoms are similar to the flu. If Lyme disease is not treated, it may
then cause joint pain, swelling, numbness, problems thinking, fatigue, muscle weakness, and other
problems.
CAUSES
This condition is caused by bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi.
You can get Lyme disease by being bitten by an infected tick. The tick must be attached to your skin
to transmit the infection. Deer often carry infected ticks.
RISK FACTORS
The following factors may make you more likely to develop this condition:

Lyme Disease Research Papers
Although most people don't realize it, one of the world's most debilitating diseases can often be
found in their very own backyard. Lurking in the tall grass or dangling from the end of a branch, just
waiting for you to walk by. Barley bigger than a poppy seed, they're almost impossible to notice. But
these tiny black–legged ticks are no joke and if you've been bitten, you're at risk. These nasty little
ticks pack a big punch, carrying a very serious life altering disease. This disease, which can change
a life forever is known as Lyme disease.
All diseases have a causative agent, a biological pathogen that causes the disease. In Lyme disease,
the causative agent is a harmful bacteria called Borrelia burgdoferi. That being said, every disease is
transmitted in one way or the other. In this case, Lyme disease is transmitted through a vector. That
vector being a deer tick or in the Western United States, a black–legged tick. In order to contract
Lyme disease, the tick must imbed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It shows no mercy and can affect multiple parts or organs simultaneously. The disease can damage
the joints, leading to Lyme Arthritis. Lyme disease is known to cause serious neurological problems,
which could lead to unannounced mental disturbances. Facial paralysis is another one of the
devastating effects. More seriously, Lyme disease can damage the liver and eventually will lead to
liver disease. It can cause encephalitis, which is inflammation of the brain. Most importantly, the
disease can cause severe heart complications. Such as, heart palpitations or an irregular heartbeat.
Keep in mind, I have only listed a few of the horrible effects that Lyme disease has on the body. The
effects of the disease on so many body systems, and the debilitating impact on the life of the
infected patient, have triggered a crisis that has far–reaching implications for public health and

Imagine someone who loves the outdoors and loves life. While they are out and about doing what
they love, they are unknowingly bitten by a deer tick. They start to develop a few symptoms and get
diagnosed with Lyme disease some time later. Their whole life will be different forever. How does
this happen? What is Lyme disease? Lyme disease is classified as a zoonosis, a disease that is spread
from animals to humans. Humans acquire this disease through the bite of contaminated deer ticks.
The tick contracts different kinds of Borrelia bacteria by feeding on deer and mice. Any human that
the tick bites afterwards may be at risk for developing the disease. Once the Borrelia enters the
human bloodstream, the bacteria begins attacking body systems. Some of the organs include the
brain, heart, and joints, but all organs are at risk. Symptoms include aches anywhere on your body;
joints, head, stomach, heart. Some people have also experienced memory loss or confusion, shaking,
and flu–like symptoms. Different people have different symptoms. It's crazy to think that one ...
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What we eat affects how our body works. When it comes to diet, there is no specific diet that has
been scientifically proven to completely diminish the symptoms of Lyme disease. However, there
are a few dietary restrictions that have been known to reduce severity or prevent certain symptoms.
These dietary restrictions include avoiding sugar, gluten, and dairy. Sugar weakens the immune
system, and those who have Lyme disease are not strong enough to handle this weakness which
leads to new symptoms such as shakiness. "Gluten is the protein found in wheat and is directly
responsible for causing inflammation in the body...Dairy contains a protein known as casein which
is also responsible for causing inflammation in the body"(Lyme Disease Diet). Gluten and dairy
induce inflammation which will add to the aches and pains already associated with Lyme

Borrelia Burgdorferi Research Paper
Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorfer, this bacterium is transmitted to humans
through ticks. Borrelia burgdorferi is a gram negative bacterium that belongs to the spirochetes
class, its usually 1um wide but can be up to 10–25um long. Some of the structures that Borrelia
burgdorferi have are the flagellum, which allows the bacterium to migrate through viscous fluids
(i.e. blood) and burrow through tissues, the bacterium also has outer surface proteins that are OspA
and OspC which play a direct role in the transmission of the bacteria into the host cell. Bacteria in
general do not have the limitations that viruses do, viruses must have a living host in order to
reproduce. Most bacteria are able to grow on non–living surfaces and live intercellularly. Lyme
disease is easy to identify because of the bullseye that results from the tick bite infected with
Borrelia burgdorfer. Viruses are extremely unique to the microbial world they are the smallest and
simplest microbe. Virions are only 20–400nm in size, and they do not have any way to replicate
outside the host cell. Viruses do not have a cell wall, instead of a cell wall ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A possible alternative diagnosis to the hikers' ailments could be measles virus, or shingles virus. The
symptoms of measles consist of high fever, runny nose, rash and could be a possible diagnosis and
the proper ELISA assays would need to be performed on the hikers to determine this. Shingles virus
occurs when the virus that causes chickenpox reactivates. The symptoms of shingles include
headache, flu–like symptoms, and a painful

Borrelia Burgdorferi Research Paper
In 1981, a spirochetal bacterium was discovered in a nymphal tick, Ixodes scapularis and named
Borrelia burgdorferi. This species has now been divided into multiple species, three of which cause
human infection. Agents belonging to the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes, which are bacteria
shaped like corkscrews and are actively motile, cause Lyme borrelioses, also called Lyme disease.
As discovered from its sequenced genome, B. burgdorferi depends entirely on its host for nutrients.
Another unique characteristic of these bacteria is that it does not require iron for growth in vitro,
which helps the parasite overcome a common host response of limiting iron. This pathogen causes
infection not through toxins but through migrating through the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One example of this is in the primary vectors, which vary by geographic location. In the western
U.S., the main vector is I. pacifus, and in the northeastern and north central U.S., the vector is I.
scapularis. In Europe the sheep tick, I. ricinus is the primary vector and in Asia, the vector species is
I. persulcatus. Horizontal transmission occurs in the northeastern and north central U.S. among both
larval and nymphal ticks and rodents such as white–footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and
chipmunks (Tamias spp.). White–tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) are the preferred host of
ticks in this region and play a critical role in their survival. In the western portion of the U.S., two
cycles promoting transmission are found to intersect. Here, different species of wood rat are either
bitten by ticks that do not usually bite humans or they are bitten and infected by Borrelia bissettii,
which is non–pathogenic. In the southeast portion of the U.S., lizards are commonly fed upon by
nymphal ticks but are resistant to the infection due to complement–mediated killing of the
spirochete. In Europe and Asia animal hosts range from small and large mammals to birds and
reptiles with immature ticks in Asia preferring smaller animals and adults preferring larger animals.
Different species of Borrelia have different

Lyme Disease: Observational Study
Lyme disease is vector borne disease that is caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. It is
transmitted to humans by the nymphal stage of scapularis ticks (Levi et al, 2012). It is widespread in
North America, and is often times discussed about in relation to deer population. While ticks use
deer often as a reproductive host, this article discusses that deer are not the only factor that affect the
prevalence of Lyme disease. Small mammals and predation play a major role in the emergence of
this Lyme disease.
Three hypotheses the article discusses are the "deer hypothesis", "small mammal hypothesis", and
the "predator hypothesis." The first of these three appears to be what was commonly thought of
when thinking of ticks and Lyme disease, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data found showed that Lyme disease had in fact practically no correlation with deer abundance
(Levi et al, 2012). It also showed that there was a negative correlation with foxes, which makes
sense given the predator hypothesis; if there were many foxes, then there would be less small
mammal hosts (Levi et al, 2012). Data also showed that coyote abundance was positively correlated
with Lyme disease incidence (Levi et al, 2012). Again, this supports the predator hypothesis. As the
coyote becomes the main predator in a location, as long as it continues to not prey on the small
mammals, the Lyme disease incidence will increase alongside coyote abundance. As far as cause
and effect in this study, the effect is the continuing emergence of Lyme disease. Given the data that
has been found, the cause appears to be in the increase in coyote abundance, reducing fox
abundance, and resultantly, allowing for increase in small mammal

Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete– spirochete is a corkscrew–shaped bacterium called Borrelia
burgdorferi. A group of children in Old Lyme, Connecticut, had mysterious arthritis–like symptoms
and led to being identified in 1975. Because Lyme Disease symptoms copies many other
diseases,Lyme Disease is also known as "The Great Imitator,".
It is important to this course because it affects any organ of the body, including the brain and
nervous system, muscles and joints, and the heart. Lyme disease is a tick–borne illness caused by the
bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class of
the genus Borrelia. B. burgdorferi which resides mostly in North America and Europe and is the
creator of Lyme disease. If the disease is left untreated an infection can spread to joints, the heart,
and the nervous system. The bacteria often is found in the skin, after the infected tick has been in
place for 36 to 48 hours. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the fact that it originates through different forms of tick, not all ticks that are infected with
the bacteria can cause Lyme disease. The infected tick that transmit Lyme disease can occasionally
transmit other tick–borne illnesses as well. A medical organization dedicated to ongoing research
and increasing public awareness of this devastating illness. "Lyme disease is a major problem yet,
tragically, many people fail to receive the proper treatment," says Bernard Raxlen, MD, a
Greenwich, CT, psychiatrist and secretary of the International Lyme and Associated Diseases

Part of being a good parent is not only administering love, discipline and providing for the physical
needs of a child, but also being alert to anything that may negatively affect their child's welfare.
Typically caused by the bite of a tick in a grassy area, or perhaps lurking in a pet's fur, Lyme Disease
is very difficult to deal with and recover from.
This disease, which is similar to other illnesses with the same symptoms, can be dormant in a host
body until it is properly diagnosed by medical authorities. However, this is not always the case.
Many times, victims suffer for years before a proper diagnosis is made.
Lyme Disease bacteria is transmitted by infected black–legged ticks. However, not all ticks are
infected. Rodents, small

Borrelia Burgdorferi
Abstract: Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus are the two species of blacklegged ticks that act as
vectors of transmission of the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi to small mammals or
human host, which cause Lyme disease in humans, also known as Lyme borreliosis (cdc.gov 2016;
Qiu et al. 2002). After the pathogen's initial entry through the skin, it proliferates in the blood and
cerebrospinal fluid; Borrelia burgdorferi has also been seen in much smaller quantities in the
following locations: 'myocardium, retina, muscle, bone, spleen, liver, meninges, and brain', which is
the primary cause of more severe secondary symptoms of untreated infection (cdc.gov 2016; Steere
2004).
What are the requirements for survival and reproduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
burgdorferi populations in the Mid–West and Northeast share a fairly recent common evolutionary
ancestor despite geographic separation. The previous inference is supported by several contributing
factors: both tick–borne populations of B. burgdorferi have very little genetic variation due to the
minimal number of observed polymorphic sites present in each population, and both populations
have similar linked allele combinations. More than likely, the above information suggests small
population sizes and a recent common ancestor for both Northeast and Mid–Western populations of
B. burgdorferi. However, Brisson et al. also noted that the independent populations have begun to
minimally diverge from one another. The small evolutionary divergence between the two
populations is not responsible for the higher rate of infection in the Northeast. Host populations in
the Northeast encounter a different set of circumstances than hosts in the Mid–Western populations
such as: host life–style and environmental factors, including closer proximity and different pathogen
reservoirs, causing more frequent host–pathogen interactions, and thus a larger percentage of
infected individuals in the Northeast than Mid–West

Borrelia Burgdorferi Essay
Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease uses a verity of the outer surface proteins
to establish the infection. There are two different mechanisms in which Borrelia uses to enter a host.
One of them is when Borrelia feeds on blood, it regulates OspC, which inhibits antibody–mediated
killing and CD4 T cell activation. Upon Borrelia reaches dermis it expresses adhesins, which are
binding proteins to facilitate Borrelia dissemination. Another way is to penetrate the matrix and the
endothelial monolayers via plasminogen. Borrelia lipoprotein OspA induces the innate immune
response via TLR2. It proved that TLR2 is important during the course of the infection via studying
mice lack of TLR2. The mice were unable to induce an immune response when it was infected with
the Borrelia lipoprotein OspA. Moreover, other innate responses are found in patients sera such as
CD14 which is the co–receptor of TLR2 and TLR4, TLR5 which recognizes flagellin and induce the
pro–inflammatory response. Besides, the adaptive immune response to B. burgdorferi evokes both
T–cell–independent and T–cell–dependent B cell responses. Furthermore, a recent study shows ...
Beginning with the first approved vaccine, which was called LYMErix and was a recombinant
vaccine against OspA, the outer surface antigen, with three dosages. However, later there were
adverse reactions. Then, 2009 was a vaccine similar to the first one, but it took back for unknown
reasons. The recent vaccine has a different direction. Dr. Marconi's is working on a vaccine based on
OspC, not OspA. It was identified that OspC is necessary for establishing infection and innate
immune resistance in mammals. Moreover, this antigen is not standing throughout the course of the
infection. It is only during early infection, around 48 hours. Thus, timing to give a vaccine is

The Three Stages Of Lyme Disease
What is Lyme Disease?
Lyme Disease is a bacterial infection primarily transmitted by lxodes ticks or deer ticks. The disease
is caused by a bacterium called Borrelia burgdoferi. Lyme is named "The Great Imitator," as its
symptoms mimic other disease that affect the brain and nervous system, muscles and joints, and the
heart.
How do People Get Lyme Disease?
Lyme Disease is spread through the bite of a tick. Due to its size, many people do not realize they
have been bitten because most are as tiny as a poppy seed. Once the tick has attached to its host, it
will transmit the Lyme and pathogens to the bloodstream.
Three Stages or Lyme Disease
The progression of Lyme Disease is marked by three stages:
Early–localized stage: A red spot can

Borrelia Arthropod Vectors
There are four different strain of the Borrelia genus that is known to be found in arthropod vectors.
The Borrelia bacteria is a spirochete bacterium that is located in the gut of the infected vector.
Borrelia afzelii is commonly found in Asian and European countries, Borrelia garinii is found
throughout Europe, Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii are both strains that are seen here in
the United States. Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii are both found in the vector, a deer
tick, or Lxodes Scapularis. However, the strain Borrelia mayonii is found in the nymph stage of the
tick instead of the adult stage like the strain Borrelia burgdorferi.
Tick are not bugs, but they are small arachnids, that are part of the parasitiform. Ticks in these cases
are considered arthropod vectors which are an arachnid that can transmit the disease–causing
organism from themselves to the host that they are feeding on. Ticks are external parasites, and they
live by feeding on the blood of a mammal, bird, reptiles, and amphibians. Tick pick up the disease–
causing bacterium from a reservoir host that they are able to feed off. A reservoir host is a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That means that one–point–two to one–point–four percent of ticks are already carrying the bacteria
that is known as Lyme Disease. Another way of thinking about how many ticks have this bacterium
already is that fifty percent of the deer ticks in the eastern United States are infected with either
Borrelia burgdorferi or Borrelia mayonii. One thing that is interesting is that ninety–five percent of
the cases only occur in fourteen states, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont,
Virginia, and Wisconsin. There are also neighboring areas that infected ticks have become a problem
are those are Northern California, Oregon, and Washington

The Effects Of Lyme Disease On The Geographical...
Introduction
Statistics obtained from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention show that there are
approximately 300,000 cases of Lyme Disease reported in the United States annually (CDC, 2016).
The above data categorizes Lyme Disease as the number one animal carried and vector–borne
disease. Vector is a term used to describe a living organism able to carry and spread an infectious
disease from either animal to human or human to human (WHO, 2016). Surprisingly, it was not until
1982 that the CDC placed Lyme as an official disease category. Even though the awareness of the
Lyme disease increased throughout the years, many people are still unaware of the symptoms,
transmission methods as well as the underlying cause of the disease ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
14).
Yale scientist Allen Steere is credited as being the first to recognize, name, characterize and treat the
affliction that became known as Lyme Disease. The disease was named after the town of Old Lyme,
Connecticut, where an outbreak of arthritis and juvenile arthritis led two women to seek assistance
of medical professionals. Steere was particularly interested in rheumatology. Once he learned about
multiple cases of affected patients displaying similar symptoms to those of juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis, he immediately questioned the diagnosis. He decided to conduct a phone survey among
other young affected patients. Upon collecting data, he noticed that these symptoms were also
accompanied by a red circular rash. He concluded that the above health issue was caused by an
infectious agent (Yannielli & Alcamo, 2004, p. 18). Since the city of Old Lyme was established near
the Connecticut River, Steere, along with other scientists, initially suspected that the drinking water
might have contained an infectious agent. However, he soon realized that his hypothesis was not
true, since not every member of a family was experiencing the symptoms. Further research found
that most cases occurred between spring and summer. He later recalled that some patients reported a
tick attachment prior to the

Infectious disease information table – ASHLEY THAPA
Name of infectious disease
Lyme disease
First discovered or described (name of person and date)
First discovered or described (name of person and date)
Lyme disease is an infection caused by a bacteria known as Borrelia. In the early 1970s, a group of
children and adults were suffering from some puzzling health issues. Though they were unsure of
the cause. Finally, in mid–1970, researchers found out it was the Lyme disease but still was unsure
of what caused it. In 1981 scientist, Willy Burgdorfer found a connection between the deer tick and
the Lyme disease. He discovered that spirochete was causing Lyme. Later on, 1982, the medical
community honored Dr. Burgdorfer's discovery and named the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. In ...
The pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi is the spirochete that causes Lyme disease.
The exact mechanisms for its pathology are still trying to be understood. Although according to the
Center for Disease Control, Lyme disease caused by B. burgdorferi has become the most common
bacterial disease in the world.
Bacterium Borrelia Burgdorferi is a highly specialized, motile, two–membrane, spiral–shaped
bacterium that lives primarily as an extracellular pathogen. The bacteria is 0.2 to 0.3 micrometers
wide, though the cell length may exceed 15 to 20 micrometers.
Mode(s) of transmission
The Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, is spread through the bite of infected ticks. Ticks
can attach to any part of the human body but are often found in hard–to–see areas (eg. the groin,
armpits, and scalp). The tick has to be attached for 36 to 48+ hours before the Lyme disease
bacterium can be transmitted. Most humans are infected through the bites of immature ticks called
nymphs. Nymphs are tiny and difficult to see, and spring and summer is the time they

The Lyme Disease
Lyme disease has been identified as an infection surrounded by complications, starting from its
discovery to diagnosis. The Lyme infection was discovered first during the mid–1970, following the
attribution of juvenile arthritis outbreak to this disease near Old Lyme, Connecticut. The naming of
the disease was established in 1977, although the complications of the causative agent lasted an
additional five years, after which medical scientists identified the deer tick midgut Borrelia
burgdorferi spirochete as the supposed causative agent (Lyme Research Alliance, n.d.).
In the US, the illness is the most prevalent of all tick–borne infections. The disease has been termed
in New York, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New
Jersey, Minnesota, and Maryland an endemic infection. As of 2009, provides the most useful data
regarding the infection, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recorded an
approximation of confirmed Lyme disease cases ranging up to 30,000 new cases. The basic
complication of Lyme disease possesses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disseminated Lyme disease symptoms are most prevalent in victims of either misdiagnosis or total
lack of prior diagnosis. The difficulty at this stage prevails with the nature of the symptoms, which
could be confusing because of the nature of being persistent or transient (California Lyme Disease
Association, n.d.). The disease finally sets in the chronic stage, characterized by a late infection that
is persistent. However, the complication of the Lyme disease at this point is connected to the lack of
universal recognition of the condition, even by experts in infectious disease. Thus, the diagnosis of
Lyme disease becomes a controversial presentation (Lyme Research Alliance, n.d.). The chronic
stage notably takes up to months and at times years to appear following initial bites by a

Anatomy Of The Bacterial Spirochete
Borrelia burgdorferi Inner Membrane Protein BB0173
Christina Small1, Manuel Bano2, Ismael Mingarro2 and Maria Esteve–Gassent1
1Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical sciences,
Texas A&M University, College Station TX. 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
ABSTRACT
The bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of the most commonly reported
arthropod–borne illness in the United States, Lyme disease. Select proteins produced by B.
burgdorferi contain the von Willebrand Factor A (VWFA) domain, which is responsible for cell
adhesion via interaction with the extracelluar matrix (ECM), glycoproteins, and metalloproteases.
Such interactions are often an integral part of the infection process and may be especially important
for B. burgdorferi, which relies on environmental changes in both the vector and host to colonize,
transmit, and infect. BB0173, a VWFA domain containing protein, has been evaluated based on
topology and adherence to human ECM proteins and integrins, to evaluate its role during the
infection process. The confirmation of protein localization was performed by cloning the each of the
three BB0173 transmembrane domains upstream of the luminal P2 domain of the integral membrane
protein leader peptidase found in Escherichia coli. Gene expression was investigated via
immunoblot assays using lysates from B.

Lyme disease is an infection produced by bacteria called Borrelia Burgdorferi. This bacteria or germ
is ordinarily found in shrews, deer, mice, and squirrels. Ixodes bugs, normally called deer ticks,
often feed on the blood from an infected animal. When this happens, the tick then becomes a carrier
of the bacteria that causes Lyme disease and can infect you with this germ through your skin.
Infected deer ticks are normally found in the northeast and upper Midwest United States because of
the climate and humidity levels, and become more active in the late spring and early summer
months after the birth of new larvae. Lyme disease is known to cause a skin rash called erythema
migrans and can leave you problems with your joints, brain, heart, and nerves. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease may occur within a couple days after being bitten, but it can
also take up to a month before symptoms develop. Your family caregiver should diagnose you Lyme
disease, they will begin by asking you about your signs and symptoms. They will then check your
skin for any unusual rashes and or attached ticks. During this you should make sure you tell your
caregiver if you have removed a tick or have been in an area that ticks may live, such as sagebrush
or wooded areas. Your caregiver may diagnose you with Lyme disease on the spot, but chances are
you will have to be put through further testing. Testing can range from blood tests, lumbar puncture
commonly known as spinal taps, and synovial fluid tests, which is the fluid that surrounds your
joints. After being diagnosed, treatment for Lyme disease can be simple as taking medicine.
Medicines can include antibiotics that kill the germs that causes the disease, anti–inflammatories
that decrease pain and swelling, or steroids that can also reduce pain, redness, and swelling in your
joints and or

Summary Of The Ixodes Ricinus Tick
Spatial distribution of the ixodes ricinus tick was studied over three different habitats; woodland,
woodland edge and grassland of Dolebury Warren Hill Fort. This species of tick carry the bacteria
responsible for Lyme disease and therefore transmit this disease to numerous vertebrate hosts which
they choose to feed on. Ticks were sampled using a blanket drag method for 10 metres over three
different habitats and the results were collected and recorded in a table, then used for statistical
analysis to aid the understanding of the distribution of the I.ricinus tick species. All life stages of
ticks were counted, including larvae, nymphs and adult ticks. As many of ticks as possible were
collected using tweezers and then placed into collecting

Lyme Disease Essay
Lyme disease is an illness that is caused by a Borrelia bacteria. This disease is spread to humans
through the bite of an infected tick that carries the pathogen. The main reservoir of the Lyme disease
pathogen is usually a mouse, but any small mammal can act as the reservoir if it has been
contaminated by the infected tick (either in the larval or nymph stage). The bacteria can then be
passed on to a human host. Transmission of the pathogen could occur with as soon as twenty–four
hours after the bite takes place. There are many signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, and the most
common sign of the disease is a round expanding region of redness that occurs at the initial bite site
("bull's eye rash"). Other lesions also may appear, secondary, once the initial mark has grown in
size. Some of the initial symptoms that are associated with the disease include: fever, fatigue,
headaches, and sore muscles. After a longer period of time, other signs and symptoms may appear.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means avoiding ticks, the organism that is most responsible for spreading this disease to
humans. Long sleeved clothing, wearing hats, and tucking pants into one's socks are all common
preventative measures. Another way to prevent the spread from tick to human, is to remove the tick
as soon as it is found on the skin so that there is less time to actually transmit the disease.
Aenishaenslin et al. claims that Lyme disease is very often an endemic species, and only two cases
must be confirmed in a county in order for it to become an endemic county. Antibiotics are most
commonly used in order to treat Lyme disease. However, the vigor with which drugs are used
depends greatly on the stage of the disease that the patient has progressed to. Treatment may last
several weeks; if symptoms persist, or return, another round of medication will be

Lyme Disease Analysis
Lyme disease or Lyme Borreliosis is a vector–borne disease that is caused by spirochaete Borrelia
burgdorferi bacteria (WHO, 2016). These bacteria are transmitted through the bites of infected deer
ticks (WHO, 2016). Symptoms of the disease include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and
joint pain (WHO, 2016). Often a rash appears at the site of the tick bite and may gradually expand to
a ring around the bite. Lyme disease was first observed in the State of Connecticut in 1975.
Currently, the disease may be found in forested areas of Asia, Europe and the United States. In these
areas deer ticks feed on mice and rodents, which serve as a reservoir for this bacteria
(MayoClinic.org, 2015). Then in adult hood deer ticks feed on white tailed and other targets of
opportunity. Individuals who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, for individuals in the developing world resources are lacking. It is individuals in
these situations that are extremely vulnerable to potential exposure. Climate change is also
impacting disease transmission. Large environmental areas are shrinking due to urban sprawl which
is leading to increased populations density's, increased pathogen load, decreased distributions, and a
greater prevalence of disease (Mills, Gage, Khan, 2010). Thus, larger numbers of individuals are
living in close proximity of disease vectors. In this paper I have discussed the vector borne disease
of Lyme disease, and the zoonotic disease of Rabies. Both of these diseases are preventable and
treatable but they do present public health hazards. Climate change is adversely impacting
environments and humans are now living closer than ever to the boundaries of these diseases. In
fact, in greater densely populated areas more and more individuals are coming into contact with
such diseases. Prevention requires resources which many developing countries are lacking which
leads to inadequate treatment for those whom are

Nikhat Parveen is an incredibly accomplished doctor in the Department of Microbiology,
Biochemistry along with Molecular Genetics at the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School located in
Newark. Her primary field of research and study lies in infectious diseases such as Lyme Disease.
Lyme Disease is caused by deer ticks which have three developmental stages of larva, nymph, and
adult. The nymph is the main developmental stage were the tick can take the blood from in organism
and transmit pathogens into its bloodstream leading to infections. The main and causative pathogen
given in cases of Lyme Disease is known as Borrelia Burgdorferi. Borrelia Burgdorferi is a spiral–
shaped bacteria called a spirochete. Lyme spirochetes can cause a horrible multisystemic

Annotated Bibliography On Relapsing Fever
Annotated Bibliography Dworkin MS, Schwan TG, Anderson DE, Borchardt SM. Tick–Borne
Relapsing Fever. Infectious disease clinics of North America. 2008;22(3):449–viii.
doi:10.1016/j.idc.2008.03.006. Systematic Review
This journal article gives a broad overview of tick borne relapsing fever. It explains the causative
agents and here they are respectively found and as well as the vectors and their environments. The
article also shows an epidemiological spot map of the U.S. and TBRF cases.
Christensen AM, Pietralzyck E, Brooks C, et al. An interstate outbreak of tick–borne relapsing fever
among vacationers at a Rocky Mountain cabin. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998:58(6):743–7. doi:
10.4269/ajtmh.1998.58.743
Case series investigation
This article i a case ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 13 year old boy had been to a summer camp along the Frio river shortly before developing
symptoms of TBRF. The boy was referred to the infectious disease unit of SAMPC in San Antonio
for diagnosis and treatment. Due the exposure to various insect and tick bites that the boy
encountered while camping along the frio river, medical experts determined that they boy likely had
TBRF, not Lyme Disease. The boy was treated with antibiotics and recovered successfully with no
Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction.
Billings A, Rawlings J, Walker D. Tex Med. 1998:94(12):66–76. Doi:
Systematic review
This journal article gives a broad overview of the different tick borne disease that are endemic and
occur throughout Texas as well as their characters. The article discuss Lyme Disease, Tularemia,
Ehrlichiosis, TBRF, and RMSF. The ability to discern between illness is important for diagnosis and
epidemiological studies due to the similarity between tick borne disease. Christensen AM,
Pietralczyk E, Lopez JE, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Borrelia turicatae Infection in Febrile
Soldier, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(5):883–884. doi:10.3201/eid2305.162069.
Case

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