Research method chapter three.pptx

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
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3.1.The Research proposal
• A research proposal sets out the broad topic you
would like to research (substance)
• what the research would set out to achieve
(aims and objectives)
• how you would go about researching it
(methodology)
• how you would undertake it within the time
available (outline plan) and
• what the results might be in relation to
knowledge and understanding in the subject
(potential outcomes).
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3.2.Definition of research proposal
1.A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that
provides a detailed description of the proposed program.
2.It is like a blue print of a building plan before the construction
starts.
3. Research proposal is a plan ,and research is action.
4.A prerequisite for Research investigation .Research proposal is
compulsory for approving proposed research.
5.It communicates researcher’s intentions, makes clear the purpose of
intended study, its justification & provides a step by step plan for
conducting the study.
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3.2.Definition of research proposal
• A written Plan of a Study
• The Research Proposal identifies problems, states
questions or hypotheses, identifies variables and
define terms.
• The subjects to be included in the sample, the
instrument to be used, the research design chosen,
the procedures to be followed, how the data will be
analyzed----all are spelled out in some detail.
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3.2.Elements of a Research Proposal
Title
 Table of Content
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Review of the Related Literature
Chapter Three: Methodology
Section D: Time Schedule
Section E: References
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3.2.Elements of a Research Proposal…Cont.
Section A :Introduction
1.1.Background of the Study
1.2. Statement of the Problem
1.3. Research Objectives
1.4. Research Questions
1.5. Significance of the Study
1.6. Scope or Delimitations of the study
1.7. Hypothesis of the Study
1.8. Definitions of key Terms
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1.1.Background of the study
• The problem proposed to be studied is introduced in this
section.
• It should help the reader to acquaint with the topic
• Introduction should be short about one or two
pages.
• The problem should be stated in such a way that
it’s importance and relevance is realized by any
one who reads it
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• The background study for a thesis includes a review of
the area being researched, current information
surrounding the issue, previous studies on the issue, and
relevant history on the issue.
• Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research,
so that readers can understand how it is related to other
research”
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1.2. Statement of the Problem
• A statement of the problem is used in research work as
a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study.
• A good research problem should address an existing
gap in knowledge in the field and lead to further
research.
• To write a persuasive problem statement, you need to
describe (a) the ideal, (b), the reality, and (c) the
consequences.
• The 5 'W's can be used to spark the discussion about
the problem.
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• What you wants to solve and what questions you
wishes to answer.
• A research problem may be defined as an area of
concern, a gap in the existing knowledge, or a
deviation in the norm or standard that points to the
need for further understanding and investigation.
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• Here is an example:
 Part A: According to the XY university mission
statement, the university seeks to provide students
with a safe, healthy learning environment.
Dormitories are one important aspect of that learning
environment, since 55% of XY students live in
campus dorms and most of these students spend a
significant amount of time working in their dorm
rooms.
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• However,
• Part B: Students living in dorms A, B ,C, and D
currently do not have air conditioning units, and
during the hot seasons, it is common for room
temperatures to exceed 80 degrees F. Many
students report that they are unable to do
homework in their dorm rooms. Others report
having problems sleeping because of the humidity
and temperature. The rooms are not only unhealthy,
but they inhibit student productivity and academic
achievement.
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• Part C: In response to this problem, our study
proposes to investigate several options for making
the dorms more hospitable. We plan to carry out an
all-inclusive participatory investigation into options
for purchasing air conditioners (university-funded;
student-subsidized) and different types of air
conditioning systems. We will also consider less
expensive ways to mitigate some or all of the
problems noted above (such as creating climate-
controlled dorm lounges and equipping them with
better study areas and computing space).
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1.3. Research Objectives
• The OBJECTIVES of a research project summaries
what is to be achieved by the study.
• Objectives should be closely related to the
statement of the problem.
• For example1, if the problem identified is low
utilization of child welfare clinics, the general
objective of the study could be to identify the
reasons for this low utilization, in order to find
solutions.
• For example2 ,The aim of this research is to
investigate effective engagement strategies to
increase voter turnout in region X.
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• In general, research objectives describe what
we expect to achieve by a project.
• A well known objective will be SMART
• S – SPECIFIC ,
• M – MEASURABLE.
• A – ATTAINABLE.
• R – REALISTIC.
• T – TIME BOUND
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• TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
a. General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
• The general objectives of the study states what the
researcher expects to achieve by the study in general
terms.
b. Specific objectives are short term and narrow in
focus.
• General objectives are broken into small logically
connected parts to form specific objectives.
• The general objective is met through meeting the
specific objectives stated.
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EXAMPLE
GENERAL OBJECTIVE :
“ The aim of this research is to investigate effects of
poverty on education among selected secondary schools
in Hargesia, Somaliland”.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES :
1. To assess the effects of poverty on education among….
2. To determine the prevalence of poverty among…
3. To identify the relationship of poverty with age or other
selected demographic variables.
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• The list of action verbs to write research objectives are as follows.
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Level Appropriate Verb for Level
Knowledge ● Define ● Memorize ● List ● Recall ● Recognize ● Repeat ● Related ● Record ● Name ●
Identify ● Acquire ● Underline ● Label ● State ● Relate ● Order ●
Comprehension ● Restate ● Discuss ● Describe ● Identify ● Locate ● Report ● Explain ● Express ●
Recognize ● Review ● Transform ● Represent ● Select ● Tell ● Indicate ●
Application ● Translate ● Interpret ● Apply ● Practice ● Illustrate ● Operate ● Convert ● Explain ●
Demonstrate ● Dramatize ● Sketch ● Employ ● Schedule ● Use ● Sequence ● Prepare ●
Predict ● Generalize ● Implement ● Plan ● Show ● Solve ● Complete ●
Analysis ● Distinguish ● Differentiate ● Appraise ● Analyze ● Calculate ● Criticize ● Estimate ●
Discover ● Order ● Compare ● Contrast ● Examine ● Test ● Relate ● Experiment ●
Investigate ● Question ● Detect ● Break down ● Contrast ● Diagram ● Debate ●
● Examine ● Classify ● Categorize ● Determine ● Inspect ● Inventory ●
Synthesis ● Compose ● Plan ● Propose ● Design ● Assemble ● Create ● Write ● Prepare ●
Formulate ● Organize ● Manage ● Construct ● Set-up ● Systemize ● Arrange ● Collect ●
Construct ● Organize ● Systematize ● Argue ● Conclude ● Create ●
Integrate ● Theorize ● Combine ● Improvise ● Manage ● Specify ● Derive ● Set up ●
Evaluation ● Judge ● Appraise ● Measure ● Value ● Estimate ● Choose ● Compute ● Assess ● Test
● Evaluate ● Revise ● Score ● Select ● Rank ● Check ● Defend ● Verify ● Justify ●
Criticize ● Rate ● Support ● Weigh ●

• METHOD OF STATING OBJECTIVE
• The objective should be presented briefly and
concisely.
• The objective should cover the different aspects
of the problem and its contributing factors in a
coherent way and in a logical sequence.
• The objectives should be clearly phrased in
operational terms, specifying exactly what the
researcher is going to do, where and for what
purpose.
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• The objectives are realistic considering the
local conditions.
• The objectives use action verbs that are
specific enough to be evaluated.
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1.4. Research Questions
• A research question poses a relationship
between two or more variables but phrases the
relationship as a question.
• Examples of research questions
• What is the impact of a study skills program
on student achievement?
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 Specific Objectives
• To identify limitations of the current help desk system.
• To design and develop a prototype web-based help desk system
based on problem tracking technique.
• To evaluate the prototype web-based help desk system based on
problem tracking technique among the users.
 Research Questions
• Based on the problem statement mentioned before, the following
questions are constructed:
• What are the Limitations of the current UUM Postgraduate CAS
help desk system?
• What are the techniques that we are going to use during the
developing stage of the prototype of Postgraduate UUM help desk
system?
• How can we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system?
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1.5.Significance of the Study
• Indicate how your research will refine, revise,
or extend existing knowledge in the area under
investigation.
• Note that such refinements, revisions, or
extensions may have either substantive,
theoretical, or methodological significance.
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1.6. Scope or Delimitations of the study
• Delimitation addresses how a study will be
narrowed in scope, that is, how it is bounded.
• This is the place to explain the things that you are
not doing and why you have chosen not to do them
• The literature you will not review (and why not),
the population you are not studying (and why not),
• The methodological procedures you will not use
(and why you will not use them).
• Limit your delimitations to the things that a reader
might reasonably expect you to do but that you, for
clearly explained reasons, have decided not to do.
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1.8. Definitions of key Terms
• An operational definition is a demonstration of a
process – such as a variable, term, or object – in
terms of the specific process or set of validation
tests used to determine its presence and quantity.
• This section provides operational definition of
terms that are unusual or unfamiliar. It identifies
precisely the names of concepts, tests, or
participants introduced in the Statement of the
Problem and employed in the Hypotheses.
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Section B: Review of the Related Literature
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Section B: Review of the Related Literature
 Theoretical Framework
o Extend the related theories that you might
referred in the background of your study, if any.
 Empirical literature
 Empirical literature is the past studies and their
findings on the thematic area.
 Conceptual framework
 Based on the conceptual framework you
developed, you should operationalize your D.V
and I.Vs by defining how you want to define and
measure your variables.
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Section C: Methodology
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3.1.Design of the study
3.2. Population and sampling
3.3. Research Instruments
3.3.1.Pilot study
• Instrument Reliability and Validity
3.4. Method of Data Collection
3.5.Plan of Method Data Analysis
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3.1.Research Design
• Design – a description of the approach to be
used to reach objectives.
• Clearly indicate the methods of data collection either
within a quantitative or qualitative methodology; as
well as the techniques for data collection, e.g.
questionnaires, and measurement (the validation of the
techniques).
• Indicate whether field workers will be used to collect
data and whether computer programmes will be
employed to analyze the data.
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3.2. Population and Sampling
• A population can be defined as Including all
people or items with the characteristic one
wishes to understand
• Population sampling Refers to the process
through which a group of representative
individuals is selected from a population for
the purpose of statistical analysis.
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3.2. Population and Sampling
• It is important to mention in the protocol what
would be the minimum sample required and how it
is arrived.
• Determination of sample size is a bargain between
precision and the price (Resources & expenses
involved)
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Probability
Sampling
Non-probability
Sampling
Sampling techniques
Simple
Random
Sampling
Systematic
Random
Sampling
Stratified
Random
Sampling
Cluster
Sampling
Convenience
sampling or
accidental
Purposive
sampling
Snowball
sampling
Quota
sampling

3.3.Data collection instruments
• In this subsection of the method section you describe
any instruments you propose to use in your research
study.
• Select appropriate instruments for collecting primary
data. Commonly used instruments include
– Questionnaires
– Interviews (Personal or telephone)
– Focus group discussion
– Observations
• Most important issue to remember is the need
for justification.
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• General description of the instruments.
• Variables measured by instruments.
• Reliability and validity of instruments.
• Why the instruments are used.
• Reference indicating where instruments can
be obtained.
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3.3.1.Data Collection Procedures
• Outline the general plan for collecting the data.
• This may include survey administration
procedures, interview or observation procedures.
• Include an explicit statement covering the field
controls to be employed.
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3.4. Method of Data Analysis
• Collected primary data and secondary data are
presented using any data presentation tool.
• Common data presentation tools include Tables, pie
charts, histograms etc.
• Indicate briefly any analytic tools you will have
available and expect to use (e.g., SPSS, Excel or SAS ).
• Provide a well thought-out rationale for your
decision to use the design, methodology, and
analyses you have selected.
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 3.5. Ethical/ Legal Consideration
Human research participants need:
• Informed consent
• Voluntary participation
• Restricted use of deception
• Debriefing
• Confidentiality
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Section D: Time Schedule
• This section indicates exactly what will be done, the
sequence of the various activities, and the products of
deliverables that will be prepared.
• Specify the tasks, deliverables, and schedule in
some detail.
• It can be presented in tabular or graphic form
(Gantt chart)
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Section F: References
• Rules of referencing & citation (APA/Harvard System)
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1.Book(Single Author)
Title: Anthropology
Author: Ahmed Hassan
Publisher: National Printing Press
Year: 2011 City: Hargeisa Edition: 3rd
In-text citation Corresponding Bibliography
Beginning of sentence---
Ahmed (2011). End of
sentence (Ahmed,2011)
Ahmed Hassan(2011),Anthropology,
3rd ed. National Printing Press,
Hargeisa.

Section F: References… cont.
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2. Book (Two Authors)
Title: Anthropology
Author: Ahmed Hassan and Yasin Omer
Ahmed & Yasin (2011). End
of sentence (Ahmed &
Yasin, 2011)
Ahmed Hassan and Yasin Omer (2011),
Anthropology, 3rd ed. National Printing
Press, Hargeisa

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3. Book(Four Authors)
Title: Conflict Analysis and Resolution
Author: Ahmed Hassan , Yasin Omer, Hodan Nour & Asma Hussein
Ahmed et al(2011). End
of sentence (Ahmed et
al ,2011)
Ahmed Hassan, Yasin Omer, Hodan Nour
& Asma Hussein (2011), Conflict Analysis
and Resolution, 3rd ed. National Printing
Press, Hargeisa

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4. Journal article(Single Author)
Article title: Factors affecting residents in the slums of Somaliland
Journal Name: Journal of Social Work
Author: Abdirahman Jama Year: 2011 Pages: 5-10
Volume: 4 Issue: 16
Abdirahman (2011). End
of sentence
(Abdirahman,2011)
Abdirahman Jama (2011), Factors
affecting residents in the slums of
Somaliland, Journal of Social Work,
4(16),15-40.

3.6. What makes a good proposal?
 Quality of proposed research
 Significance and importance of the project and the
contribution it will make.
 Appropriateness, effectiveness and feasibility of the
proposed research methods
 A realistic timetable.
 Ability of researcher to bring the project to
completion
 Dissemination methods.
 Will the outputs and outcomes be highly valued and
widely exploited?
 Proper writing methodology.
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Group Discussion
1.What is research proposal .
2. List elements of research proposal.
3. Briefly explain elements included under
introduction , literature review and methodology
parts of research proposal.
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Group Assignment and Presentation
(15%)
• Chapters
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1.Background of the study
1.2.Statement of the problem
1.3. General Objectives of the study
1.3.2.Specific objectives
1.4.Research Questions
1.5.Scope of the study (Content, time and
geographical)
1.6.Significance of the study
1.7.Definition of Terms
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Group Assignment and Presentation
(15%)
Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature
2.1.Theortical literature
2.2. Empirical literature
2.3. Conceptual Frame work
Chapter Three: Methods and Materials
3.1.Study area
3.2.Research design
3.3.Target population
3.4. Sampling Design ( sample size , sampling techniques,
3.5.Methods of data collection
3.5.1.Instruments of data collection
3.6.Methods of data analysis
3.7.Ethics, consent and permissions
3.8.Budget breakdown
 Time frame
3.9.References/ Bibliography
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