The document discusses standard costs and variance analysis. It begins by defining standards as benchmarks for measuring performance, including quantity and cost standards. It then provides examples of calculating variances for direct materials and direct labor. For materials, it calculates a price variance and quantity variance using an example where actual costs differed from standards. For labor, it similarly calculates a rate variance and efficiency variance. The document provides details on setting various types of standards and how managers from different departments collaborate on the process. It also explains how variances are analyzed and how that cycle works.