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Construction u101 ppt_3
1.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 1 of 16 City & Guilds Construction PowerPointpresentation Presentation 3: Types of foundations Unit 101: Principles of building construction, information and communication
2.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 2 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Aim Introduce learners to foundations and their uses. Objectives • List at least two types of foundations. • Explain one method on how foundations work. • Link at least two buildings to the foundations they will require. • State and explain a foundation that can be used on poor ground.
3.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 3 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Foundation types Before foundation types are decided, a number of factors regarding the structure and the site it is to be constructed on will have to be considered. These include the: • weight of the proposed structure • purpose of the proposed structure • soil composition of the proposed site (soil mechanics) • history of the proposed site • feasibility of costs.
4.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 4 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Weight of the structure The weight and distribution of loads of the proposed structure will have a direct impact on the loads undertaken by the sub-strata. For example, a six-storey building will apply a greater pressure than a two-storey building.
5.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 5 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Purpose of structure The applied weights of the structure will also be affected by the proposed use of the structure. For example, the foundations at the Nissan car plant would be under more load than that of a office building. However, many buildings have mixed-use requirements. Some structures, for example, have an office block attached to a factory which may house heavy machinery.
6.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 6 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Soil on site Aspects that determine the soil type are: • greenfield site • brownfield site • water table.
7.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 7 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Greenfield sites Greenfield sites are areas which have never been developed (built on). They are highly sought after by developers as they are often easier and cheaper to construct on than brownfield. There may be planning restrictions on greenfield sites.
8.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 8 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Brownfield sites Brownfield involves land that has either been developed or is currently in use. The redevelopment of previously developed land often incurs higher build costs due to: • demolition • decontamination • site clearance • proximity of adjacent structures • traffic problems.
9.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 9 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Make-up of subsoil material Different soil structures have differing loading-bearing abilities. For example, when you walk on a beach you will sink partially into the sand. If you are walking on a footpath, the slab is able to bear your weight. The same principal applies when putting structures on different soil types.
10.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 10 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Types of foundations There are three main types of foundations commonly used within the construction industry: • strip foundation • raft foundation • piled foundation.
11.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 11 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Task Sketch and label each foundation.
12.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 12 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Strip foundation Strip foundations are arguably the cheapest form of foundation available to designers and constructors. Strip foundations involve the removal of a strip of land to a set depth and width. Concrete is then poured into the strip/trench and tampered level. Strip foundations can only be used on firm, good load-bearing strata, and economically to a depth of no more than 1.5–2.0 metres. Traditional strip foundation Trench fill
13.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 13 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Raft foundations Raft foundations are often used where the ground has poor load- bearing capacity. Again, using sand for example, if you were to poke your fingers into sand they would sink to a certain depth. However, if you were to hold your hand flat across the same sand, the sand would offer more resistance due to the load being applied across a greater area. This is the principal of a raft foundation.
14.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 14 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Piled foundations Piled foundations are frequently used on large, heavy buildings, or where the ground has poor load-bearing capabilities. However, piled foundations are more expensive than both strip and raft foundations.
15.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 15 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Tasks List at least two types of buildings and the foundations they will require. State and explain a foundation that can be used on poor ground.
16.
© 2013 City
and Guilds of London Institute. All rights reserved. 16 of 16 City & Guilds Construction Any questions?
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