Lncrna Dysregulation Essay

Lncrna Dysregulation Essay
Rationale: Our observations in both human neuroblastoma and mouse heart systems advocated that
differentially expressed lncRNAs are a new approach for functional enhancer identification, a
complementary approach to epigenetic enhancer marks (Figs 5B3, 4B). Here, the fundamental
question to ask is the regulatory circuitries impacted by lncRNA dysregulation that cooperate with
other epigenetic regulators. DNA methylation, histone modification, their alterations and cross–talk
have been profoundly described in human cancers to regulate protein–coding gene expression (12,
16, 60). However, a systematic understanding the epigenetic regulatory circuitries in terms of
lncRNA expression is yet incomplete. We will fill this fundamental knowledge ... Show more
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The lncRNAs transcripts will be given by the defined reference noncoding genome (Aim 1.1). An
effect size of differential lncRNA transcript methylation (M_i) will be calculated for reference
region i, similar as in Formula 2.
Third, we will correct the above two effect sizes of MBD by deducting the false positives, which
will be estimated from a comparison between risk–groups using input sequencing rather than the
MDB sequencing for the same cohort (52).
Forth, we will fit the effect size of gene expression by the co–impact of distal enhancer regulation
(β, Aim 1.1), MBD changes at lncRNAs (Mi), and MBD changes at promoters (Mg) by multiscale
network analyses that we have achieved success (9, 20). Specifically, the risk–dependent enhancer–
promoter interactions will be assessed by chromosome conformation capture in human brain tissue
(GSE77565) (33). Our unique "soft–threshold" strategy and PGNet approach will be applied to
discover common oncogenic signatures among multidimensional measures and provide a solution to
the difficult question of the depth of the comparison of multidimensional data.
Aim 1.3 – Determine and evaluate the oncogenic lncRNA landscape with validated activity in the
neural tube.
Rationale: Enhancer function is tissue– and disease stage–specific, thus a proper independent
validation is essential. The neural tube is a tissue raises neuroblastoma with hundreds of enhancers
whose activity in vivo validated (31). The advantage of
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Essay On Risk-Dependent Lncrnas
3) Risk–dependent lncRNAs transcripts significantly recaptured both neural tube–specific enhancers
that were validated in–vivo and the neuroblastoma–susceptibility variations that were found by
GWASs.
In order to discover oncogenic noncoding loci, we first asked whether deregulated noncoding
transcripts between two distinct risk–groups over–represent functional enhancers that have been
evident by tissue–specific enhancer activities and disease–susceptibility alleles in neuroblastoma.
To identify functional enhancers from transcriptome profiling, we have reanalyzed dysregulated
transcripts derived from total RNA–seq data (GSE49711, n=498, tumor cell content >60%)
pertaining to neuroblastoma patients with risk–stratifications (28). To ... Show more content on
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Specifically, over 1400 positively validated tissue–specific enhancers were downloaded from the
VISTA Enhancer Browser (31). These in–vivo validation was tissue–specific, thus an empirical p–
value was also calculated per type of tissue and enriched for neural tube (empirical P<0.005, Fig
3D). We conclude that risk–group dependent lncRNAs are a powerful metric to indicate tissue–
specific functional enhancers. A "risk–dependent enhancer" was hereafter defined from the neuro–
tube–specific enhancers if its locus overlaps with any risk–dependent lncRNAs.
Oncogenic signaling underlying these tissue–specific and risk–dependent enhancers is ready for
interpretation. We identified 37 neural tube–specific risk–dependent enhancers, of which we
observed three strong associations to oncogenesis below:
– We first inquired the TF binding potency, as the binding of sequence–specific TFs to cognate
motifs is typically required by enhancers to regulate gene expression (32). 70 human TFs showed
significant binding potency (odds>1.5, FDR<0.001, with more than 10% instance proportion), with
tumorigenic regulator FoxM1 among the top 5 (Fig 3E).
– None housekeeping genes were captured, agreeing with the idea that housekeeping genes are in
general regulated by simple promoters (1). In contrast, these TFs significantly over–represent
known oncogenes (P=0.01, odds=5) and tumor suppressor genes (P=0.0003, odds=7.5, Fig

Life Of Henrietta Lacks By Rebecca Skloot
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot is a nonfiction book about Henrietta
Lacks, an African American woman living in the 1920's–1950's. When she was thirty, doctors
diagnosed Henrietta with cervical cancer. Doctors at John's Hopkins took her cells without her
permission and used these cells to create the first and most widely used cell line, named HeLa after
Henrietta's initials. Soon after the doctors took Henrietta's cells, she died from her vicious cervical
cancer, however her cells lived on in the hands of scientists around the world. Since then, her cells
have been mass produced and used to test the polio vaccine, research cancer, AIDS, radiation, and
human longevity, and develop drugs for treating herpes, leukemia, and hemophilia. Henrietta's
family did not know anything about the HeLa cell line until twenty–five years after Henrietta's
death, and even after HeLa cells created a multimillion–dollar industry, Henrietta's family never
received compensation. Even now, Henrietta remains widely unknown, and her family can't afford
health insurance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Others include the Tuskegee syphilis studies and Chester Southam's cancer studies. Consequently,
this book has heightened my awareness that many of our medical and research advancements rest on
the backs of those who were less able to protect themselves because of poverty, race, or illness. I
want to help people have equal educational opportunities, independent of their income, race, and
health. While general academic opportunities have hopefully improved since the 1950's, children
from more affluent and educated families still have greater chances for academic success. Realizing
the depth of the inequality between classes has enabled me to enhance the way I engage with the
impoverished children I

The Four Stages Of Mastasis (NHL)
NHL
This disease is usually diffuse vs nodular and dissemination occurs earlier, more often.There are 4
stages of NHL which is localized in the Lymph nodes in stage 1, can spread to any organ which is
stage 4. Prognosis is better for children when diagnosed earlier. Diagnostic evaluation include
surgical biopsy related to staging the disease. Bone marrow aspiration and radiologic studies and CT
to check for the spread of the disease. Therapeutic management include an aggressive approach or
radiation and chemo to stop the spread and to cure the disease. Medications given can include a
combination of cyclic drugs. Medications can be administered for 6–24 months. Management of
nursing is the same for NHL as it is for HD.
Brain Tumors–
Is a solid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A majority of these tumors arise from the adrenal gland. Signs and symptoms depend on the
location of the tumor and the stage of the cancer. Supraorbital eccymhosis and periorbital edema can
be a sign of distant metastasis. Vague symptoms of metastasis can include pallor, weakness,
irritability, tachycardia and diaphoresis. Diagnostic evaluation can be completed by a CT of the
abdomen, pelvis or chest to establish metastasis. Biopsies are completed on bone marrow.
Neuroblastomas from the adrenal gland can excrete cathecholamines epinepherine and
noreprinephines. Neuroblastomas are considered silent tumors and metastasis occurs in almost 70%
before being noted. Staging involves many different levels from stage 1 to stage 4–s. Infants are
considered cured when they do not have s&s after a year. Therapeutic management starts with
staging. Purpose of surgery is removal of the tumor and biopsy. Radiotherapy is unsure to be helpful
in infants and can cause more harm than good. Chemo is the treatment associated for infants.
Nursing care includes the same things that are associated with other cancers for children. Evaluate
the family d/t prognosis not being met with a high survival

Timothy Cripe As A Biologist
Biologists are essential for the progress in many fields within society, especially health related
fields. Biologists are the people who dedicate much of their time and career focusing on the science
of life and living organisms. There are many biologists today but the one who stands out to me the
most is Timothy P. Cripe. Timothy Cripe is currently working in the pediatric department at
Nationwide Children's Hospital as the Chief of Division of Hematology and Oncology and Bone
Marrow Transplantation. He is also a member of the faculty at The Ohio State University College of
Medicine (Nationwide Children's Hospital). He began his education at Princeton University and
graduated in 1982. Following graduation he went to medical school at the University of Iowa and
completed his MD and PhD in genetics and pediatric residency training in 1989 (Nationwide
Children's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After medical school he completed his residency in 1992 at the University of Iowa Hospitals and
Clinics (Nationwide Children's Hospital). After Timothy Cripe's residency he completed two
fellowships in 1993 and 1995 at Boston Children's Hospital and The Children's Hospital at the
University of Colorado, respectively. During his fellowship at Boston Children's Hospital he
focused his studies on pediatric hematology and oncology (Nationwide Children's Hospital). After
completing the fellowships, Timothy Cripe became an assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the
University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, and he was also the
Pediatric Medical Director of the University of Wisconsin's American Red Cross Hemophilia
Treatment Center (Nationwide Children's Hospital). Before obtaining his current position at
Nationwide Children's hospital he was a medical co–director in the Office for Clinical and
Translational Research at Cincinnati

Chemotherapy Persuasive Essay
Surgery. Radiation. Chemotherapy. Repeat. The treatments that are supposed to cure you bring you
closer to the brink of death than you have ever been before. At the final stages, many people pray
for death to relieve their suffering. This high tech form of torture should not be how it ends anyone.
I watched my 79–year–old grandmother endure these treatments over the course of six months as
she slowly slipped into the abyss that is death. By the end, she was no longer the same grandmother
that would wake up early whenever we slept over to make us milkshakes and pancakes for
breakfast, no longer the same grandmother that seemed to know everything there was to know. This
is what people go through every day. Individuals, families, loved ones, they ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I would never wish cancer on even my worst enemy. The night my grandmother passed away, I
made a vow that I would fight this disease with every ounce of my being and I will not stop until
that day when having cancer is the equivalent to coming down with the flu. To know how to treat
cancer you must understand the underlying mechanisms that it presents with. Attending the Honors
College at the University of South Carolina would give me that exact opportunity. As the number
one public honors college in the country the education that I would receive would be topnotch. After
I graduate from the University of South Carolina, I am determined to attend the University of
Pennsylvania Medical School. The rigors associated with attending the Honors College at USC
would far and away prepare me for the challenges I face in my career as a future pediatric
oncologist. If I had the pleasure of being admitted into the Honors College, the Honors College
would gain its most dedicated and hardworking student. One who has been contributing to research
in laboratories at the Universities of Pennsylvania and South Carolina for a year and one who has
already received his first grant to perform research on

Brain And Central Nervous System Cancers
Précis
Brain and Central Nervous System Cancers
By Elissah Granger
In healthy individuals, cells grow, divide and die in a highly regulated fashion. When irreparable
damage occurs to DNA this cycle is interrupted; resulting in apoptosis, programmed cell death, or
uncontrolled cell growth, known as cancer. Cancer is the leading cause of death in Australia,
accounting for about 3 in 10 deaths (Cancer Council, 2014). In 2010; 116, 580 new cases of cancer
were diagnosed and there was a 1 in 3 risk of developing cancer in individuals below the age of 75
(AIHW, 2014). Since 2000, over $1.5 billion in research grants, from the National Health and
Medical Research Council (NHMRC) has gone into cancer and cancer control issues. In 2013, there
were 921 active research grants with $186 million dollars in funding in total (NHMRC, 2013). Of
this funding, only 3% has gone towards brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers, totalling
just under $48 million.
Figure 1: Graphical summary NHMRC research funding from 2000–2013 of Cancer and Related
Malignant Neoplasms.
In 2010, 1680 brain and CNS cancers were diagnosed in Australia and 1250 deaths occurred as
result of brain and CNS cancers. The risk of being diagnosed with brain and CNS cancer by age 85
is 1 in 95 for men and 1 in 152 for women, the risk of death from brain and CNS cancer by age 85 is
1 in 124 for men and 1 in 193 for women (AIHW, 2014). Brain and CNS cancers include primary
tumours, which start in the brain or the

Personal Narrative: Life Threatening Illness
As I look back on my life so far, it is safe to say that my family has had a long history of battling life
threatening illnesses. A year before I was born, my grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer,
and she continued to fight the battle until I was about four years old when she finally came out the
victor. Not long after that, my favorite cousin, who is only a year older than I am, was diagnosed
with leukemia at the age of six. I stuck by her side for four years until her battle was over and she
won. My childhood was a series of visiting hospitals and being my cousin's right hand. I watched
and endured all the pain and grief that my cousin went through and I never left her side. Fast–
forwarding to this past year, my fondest and funniest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kylie was just one year old when I met her and was so vivacious, independent, a free spirit, smart,
happy, smiley d, and a beautiful ray of sunshine. Every day upon awaking, I would reach for my
phone and check what Kylie's mother, named Bree, had uploaded of her little angel because just
seeing Kylie's smile brightened up my day. I watched as Kylie grew to be a healthy 21 months old,
until the gloomy day of December 30th. On that day, I checked my phone to see what Kylie's
mother had uploaded of her this time, and was shocked to find that Kylie had been diagnosed with
stage four neuroblastoma. I felt my whole world shake because I was unable to comprehend how
such a beautiful little girl could be diagnosed with such a catastrophic disease. After finding out
about Kylie's case, I researched the disease because I wanted to believe there was hope for Kylie.
Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that develops on nerve cells found in an embryo, and only affects
infants and young children. I had never heard of such a horrible disease because this one illness
affected the world's innocence that is children. However, after all this research, I still had hope for
Kylie. I watched as she went through many rounds of chemotherapy and numerous surgeries, but to
no avail. Kylie did not survive the battle, and when I found out she did not make it, I shattered. My
whole body went cold and I wept for days on end. I still could not understand how an illness could
affect only children and once diagnosed, they almost never

Case Study: The Arizona Cancer Foundation For Children
The Arizona Cancer Foundation for Children is a non profit organization that supports children with
cancer. The founder, Chrisie Funari, lost her daughter, Ava, to cancer. at only 18 months, Ava was
diagnosed with Stage 4 Neuroblastoma. For 3.5 years, Chrisie and her family traveled across the
country searching for the best care for her daughter. Ava had gone through many toxic treatments
than most adult cancer patients. Due to all the aggressive treatments, her teeth slowly disintegrated,
she lost her hair, and her kidneys failed. at the age of five, Ava lost her life to cancer. After the death
of her daughter, Chrisie did not lose hope. Till this very day, Chrisie assists in funding research
programs that will help children and help families

Neuroblastoma Essay
What would you do, how would you react, if you were told that your child had the most
heartbreaking childhood disease? Just the word 'cancer' is enough to scare anyone. The thought that
a loved one could have something so terrible happen to them is hard to bear. Cancer can happen to
anyone though, even in those we think it would be impossible. There are many signs, symptoms,
treatments, and follow–ups that go along with cancer. There also are a lot of different types of
cancer that a person can have. Children under the age of two have the chances of getting a type of
cancer that is most common at this age but still very rare, and adults have a slim to no chance at
having. This type is called Neuroblastoma, which is a tumor that can be located in the adrenal
glands of the kidney, the neck, the chest, or the spinal cord of the patient. Neuroblastoma can be a
very dangerous type of cancer depending on whether it actually is cancer or just a benign tumor, its
ability to affect babies, and the risk of surgery that goes along with it.
Neuroblastoma can either be benign, which means the tumor is not cancerous and it just needs to be
removed, or it can malignant, which means the tumor is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These symptoms can be caused by intense pressure from the tumor or if the cancer has spread to the
bones, the symptoms can be caused by bone pain. Sometimes though, these symptoms don't show
up or they may be caused by another medical condition. The most common symptom is a lump
located in the adrenal gland (abdomen), the chest, the neck, or the spinal cord. Some other
symptoms, though, include skin lesions, bulging eyes, pain in the chest, difficulty breathing,
persistent cough, pain in the arms, legs, or back, fever, diarrhea, or high blood pressure from
hormones being released by the tumor. If your child is experiencing any of these symptoms, seek
medical attention as soon as

College Admissions Essay: Homozygous Type B Blood
As the only the person with a type O blood in my family, I naturally questioned why I was different.
Surrounded by parents and a brother with type B blood, they often joked that I was actually adopted.
Although they meant it as a harmless joke, it left me with a question – what made me so different
from them?
Biology was the first class that helped me understand this phenomenon. Through genetics and
Punnett squares, biology explained that my parents had heterozygous type B blood. I was different
because I ended up receiving a homozygous type O blood from my parents. But as I explored
genetics, I became engrossed by the process of inheritance and how genes are passed down to the
next generation. Although some genetic mutations like the different blood types cause little to no
harm, I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With its liberal arts and interdisciplinary foundations, University of Pennsylvania will allow me to
combine my interest in science with a variety of interesting courses like Spanish for the Medical
Professions or attend interesting BFS seminars. University of Pennsylvania offers a unique freedom
to not only explore academics, but to also explore the world through different perspectives found at
Philadelphia.
As a member in multiple volunteer groups, I not only wanted to help, but to also understand the
people I worked with. Whether this meant writing holiday cards in Spanish, teaching robotics to
elementary students, or performing at food kitchens and senior homes, I strove to comprehend their
experiences and environments – to broaden my views of the world. At Penn, I plan to broaden my
perspectives by participating in pre–health organizations like Penn Pre–Medical Association and
volunteering through opportunities found at the Civic House or the Netter Center for Community

Coming Out: A Short Story
I shuffled through the door, and an overwhelming flow of tension engulfed me. Wherever my eyes
turned there were scientific tools that I've never recognized before. The Associate Professor and I
quickly exchanged greetings, and he immediately asked me the reason for volunteering at the
University of Chicago's Department of Medicine. The response that came out was just that I had
some enthusiasm for mathematics, biology, and chemistry. That was it. Flashforward a few weeks
later, and I was scurrying around the lab to grab materials for my assignments with the other
employees. Everyday I went through that door, there was instead an overwhelming flow of
unknown information that I wanted to obtain. The feeling that awakened from participating in

Neuroblastoma Biology Essay
A major player in neuroblastoma biology is MYC, it is normally contained within our cells and is a
large protein that functions as a transcription factor. MYC is known to be a proto–oncogene which
normally activates gene expression, it can also repress it depending on what gene it sits on.
Myc belongs to a family of related human genes which are known through (Hart et al 2010) to have
evolved from primordial myc–like genes found in Drosophila and Hydra, these include; c–MYC,
MYC–N and MYC–L. The expression of c–Myc is seen in all tissues whereas MYCN is expressed
in the nervous system and MYC–L is found initially in the lungs. Myc proteins are basic helix–
loop–helix (HLH) leucine zipper transcription factors by which MYCN and c–Myc share ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inhibition of this pathway was seen to decrease the neuroblastoma tumour mass as well as the
oncogene MYCN protein expression, and in neuroblastoma cells lines the use of AKT specific
inhibitors induced apoptotic cell death. Another pathway relevant to MYCN is the glycogen
synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) pathway which is known to be involved in a large number of signalling
pathways [e.g., Wnt, PI3K/Akt, mitogen–activated protein kinase (MAPK), and p53], many of
which are associated with the neural crest. Wnt signalling is known to be crucial in the induction,
delamination and differentiation of the neural crest and GSK3 is seen to be a negative mediator of
this pathway. Mammalian GSK3 is generated from two genes GSK3α and GSK3β, GSK3β
phosphorylates and stabilizes the MYCN protein, this in turn can enable the dephosphorylation of a
different site that can lead to MYCN degradation.
The cell cycle and cell differentiation are processes where they appear to be regulated by sensitive
molecular mechanisms such as cyclins. Cell division mechanisms involve protein kinases and their
activators which are necessary for the cell cycle to proceed. The protein kinases are modulated by
signals that involve changes in the expression patterns of these kinases, post–translational
modifications and

Neuroblastoma Research Paper
1.0 Introduction.
This paper explores Neuroblastoma, a cancer commonly found in children. It will look at the
prevalence of Neuroblastoma in Australia and Germany, strategies to prevent Neuroblastoma, and,
various methods of treatment against Neuroblastoma.
2.0 Definition of Neuroblastoma
"Neuroblastoma is a developmental tumor of young children arising from the embryonic
sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest. Currently Neuroblastoma is the primary cause of death
from pediatric cancer for children between the age of 1 and 5 years and accounts for approximately
13% of all pediatric cancer mortality" (Louis & Shohet, 2014, p.1). Neuroblastoma occurs when
neuroblast cells ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neuroblastoma makes up about 15% of all cancers found in children, making it the most common.
An average of 40 Australian children between the ages of one to five are diagnosed with
Neuroblastoma each year. There is a high risk of 1 child in every 100'000 children being diagnosed
with this disease in Australia alone (Neuroblastoma Australia 2016). In the USA, an average of 700
people are diagnosed with Neuroblastoma each year (Cancer.Net, 2015).
1
3.1 Prevalence in Australia
On average, 40 Australian children are diagnosed with Neuroblastoma every year in Australia,
between the ages of one and five. There is a major risk of every 1 in 100'000 children contracting
this cancer between the ages of one to five. It is very uncommon to see Neuroblastoma found in a
child over 10 years old (Neuroblastoma Australia 2016).
3.2 Prevalence in the USA
In the USA, an average of 700 people are diagnosed with Neuroblastoma each year (Cancer.Net,
2015).
4.0 Prevention and treatment strategies for

The Science And Nature Of The Disease
Cancer is defined as a disease caused by uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the
body. These cells can form a tumour that is either malignant (cancerous) or benign (non–cancerous)
(Pierce et al 1971). The focus of this paper will be childhood cancer, in particular Neuroblastoma,
which will be examined with reference to three main areas: the science and nature of the disease, the
social context with relation to funding, and finally the contribution of Australian scientists into
childhood cancer research.
Childhood cancer, also known as paediatric cancer, occurs in children under the age of 15 years old.
The three most common form of childhood cancer are: Leukaemia (31%), Brain tumour (21%) and
Neuroblastoma (7%)(Haber et ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The social context of childhood cancer has greatly impacted the level of recognition the disease has
had in society over the years, resulting in funding by the National Health and Medical Research
Council (NHMRC), and in turn the extent of the research conducted by Australian scientists.
Public awareness of Childhood Cancer has increased due to advertising and initiatives implemented
by charities, organisations and governments. Initiatives such as Bandanna day – run by camp quality
assist in raising public awareness for young people living with Cancer. The funds that are raised are
put towards providing support for patients and their families, as well as funding research into
childhood cancer and diagnosis (Canteen 2014).
The Children's Cancer Institute is a research organisation that is run by Professor Glenn M Marshall
(who has received NHMRC funding), and is dedicated to finding a potential cure or drug for cancer
treatment. This organisation works closely with the Kids Cancer Alliance, which is another research
organisation.
Children's Cancer Centre Foundation organises many fundraising events to raise both money and
awareness for Childhood Cancer (Children's Cancer Centre Foundation 2014). They have a range of
organisations that support them in their fight to help those

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common type of cancer in the early stage of childhood life, more
specifically; it is known to be a disease of infancy. It is closely associated with a defect in the
neuroblast differentiation process, as it plays a role in developing tissues. One of the most
challenging aspects of treating NB is the variation in response to therapy among patients. This is, in
part, due to the heterogeneity of the disease, which presents phenotypic differences in patients
ranging from spontaneous regression of NB with unnecessary therapy to successful therapy to a
more aggressive form with unpredictable outcomes. Much of the focus on understanding reasons for
treatment failure has been directed toward a subgroup within the aggressive

Jennifer Watson Case
Jennifer Watson was in her third trimester about to give birth. When she arrived to the hospital with
her husband Steven, Jennifer delivered a beautiful daughter in which she named Katie. Steven and
Jennifer couldn't have been any happier upon Katie's birth, especially since their fertility rate had
been low. After hours in the hospital, the Watsons returned to their home in the East Hamptons.
Tired and hungry, both Jennifer and Katie rested up while Steven left for work since he had a case
for the Law Firm later that day. After a two week period of joy and happiness in the Watson family,
Katie began to catch a fever. Her mother believed it was a common reaction to a vaccination but
soon became concerned when Katie started to develop lumps in her abdomen. Concerned Jennifer
made an appointment with her family doctor and contacted her husband on his way to work.
Arriving at the doctors in tears, Jennifer walked into the office and sat down to see the doctor. Dr.
Thomas brought Katie into room 8 and conducted an examination. Dr. Thomas walked Jennifer to
the back room with a concerned look.
"Dr. Thomas, these past few weeks I have been terribly exhausted, I'd hate for my daughter to
become ill, is there anything I can do?" Jennifer says.
"Mrs. Watson, let me show you something." Dr. Thomas says.
The doctor walked the mother over to her daughter and showed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"I've only noticed a fever, I thought it was nothing to be concerned of!" Jennifer exclaims"
"She has an average heart rate of 50 beats per minute. The average newborn heart rate is from 70–
190 beats per minute." The doctor explains.
"So what does she have doc?" Jennifer asks.
"With these symptoms it looks to be a cancer called neuroblastoma, it is rare but comm–."
"Is there a cure?"
"With treatments and surgery, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Rockville Centre
should be able to assist Katie with all her medical

Alexa Michelle Nawrocki Research Paper
On September 14, 2002 a beautiful little angel named Alexa Michelle Nawrocki was born. Her first
year of life was healthy, but when Alexa turned 17 months she began to develop a cold along with a
low–grade fever. Within a couple of days, her cold disappeared. However the fever worsened, and
upon examination at the Doctors office a mass on her kidney was discovered. She was taken straight
to the emergency room and it was advised they she receive a stage IV Neuroblastoma (the cancer
had reached her bones, bone marrow, and into her lungs and liver). Alexa tolerated the
chemotherapy well and the mass on her kidney seemed to be retreating. By June, Alexa had
completed 3 rounds of chemotherapy and was now gearing up to have it completely

Summary Of The Book 'Unbroken'
"Unbroken" is about a teenage girl named Lauren Bendesky. Lauren was a very active girl until May
27, 2012, Lauren found out that she had Neuroblastoma, which is a type of cancer. During the
journey she had to say a temporary goodbye to her classmates and friends. The chemotherapy made
her feel very sick and she could not walk more than a few steps or she would be out of breath. The
chemotherapy made Lauren's hair fall off in chunks. She wanted no one to see her bald head so she
asked her grandma and her aunt she picked out a wig. She would wear the wig all the time but,
realized that it is okay not have her wig so she took it off and started to rock her bald head. Lauren
faced challenges when she was dealing with cancer but, no matter how

The genetic disorder I chose for this project is Neuroblastoma, which is responsible for 50% of all
tumors in babies, and is most common in children, but very rare in adults. I chose neuroblastoma for
my project because my twin brother, Luke, was diagnosed with it. This inspired me to learn more
about neuroblastoma, and this is what I have learned so far.
Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer where neuroblasts, which are a type of nerve cell, fail to mature
and become Neuroblastomas, which can be cancerous. Susceptibility to Neuroblastoma can be
inherited through your parents and through the PHOX2B gene. Although, there are suspicions that
the ALK gene might contribute to the disorder as well as the PHOX2B gene, but scientists are still
not sure. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tests include CT/MRI scans (using x–rays, magnetic fields, and radio frequencies to get a
detailed image of your organs and body parts), MIBG scans (scans that try to locate
metaiodobenzylguanidine or MIBG, which is a substance that builds up in tumors like
neuroblastoma ), biopsy (sampling of body tissues in a lab), urine testing, and a bone marrow
aspiration and biopsy (removing bone marrow and sending the bone marrow to a lab to see if cancer
is present ). If these tests reveal that a patient has neuroblastoma, then doctors will try many
treatments to get rid of the tumor. These treatments include surgery (directly removing the tumor),
chemotherapy (anti–cancer drugs), radiation therapy (high energy rays used to kill cancer cells),
retinoid therapy (chemicals that try to convert cancer cells to normal cells), immunotherapy
(medicines that help your immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells), and stem cell
transplant or bone marrow transplant (replacing worn out bone marrow cells that produce blood
cells that were destroyed during radiation therapy and chemotherapy) . Scientists today think that
neuroblastoma is not caused by any environmental factors, but they are still not sure. While
scientists do not know if environmental factors are present, they do know that susceptibility to
neuroblastoma can be inherited through the

Neuroblastoma Case Study
Therefore, it is imperative to develop more effective therapeutic strategies aiming at inhibiting or
deregulating the expression of MYCN to further improve long–term survival of patients. In
neuroblastomas about 30% of tumours have multiple copies of MYCN, genomic amplification of
this proto–oncogene is key in high–risk neuroblastoma contributing towards the aggressiveness, this
is usually associated with poor–outcome thus having a malignant phenotype. According to various
genome sequencing studies of the neuroblastoma tumour tissue by (reference), a low mutation rate
in a small number of individual genes is seen. Recurrent changes in the genes; ATRX, MYCN and
anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) were identified to be of biological ... Show more content on
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The PHOX2B gene encodes a transcription factor that is crucial for the early steps of the
autonomous nervous system development, and its mutations are responsible for the autosomal
dominant Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS). The functional role of PHOX2B
is to control important differentiation steps such as the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells into
chromaffin cells and neuronal cells. Chromaffin cells function to produce high levels of
(nor)adrenalin for secretion into the circulation. However, in neuroblastoma pathogenesis through
missense and frameshift mutations occurring in the PHOX2B gene, the interaction of the PHOX2B
protein with the calcium sensor HPCAL1 is compromised and unusual expression and arrest of the
normal maturation of the sympathetic neurons can occur, leading to immature cells. They are also
therefore resistant to drug–induced differentiation and may also be susceptible to secondary
transforming events, such as the amplification of MYCN. Therefore, PHOX2b can be said to act as
an oncogene in the very early stage of the disease. Moreover, (reference) has demonstrated that
PHOX2B is a transcriptional regulator of the ALK gene, implying that overexpression in
neuroblastoma could be dependent on the deregulation of the PHOX2B gene. Cheung et al. 2012,
used whole genome–sequencing to identify that mutations on the α–thalassemia/mental

Receptor Antagonists : Modulator Of Abuse Potential Of Drugs
5–HT3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS:
MODULATOR OF ABUSE POTENTIAL OF DRUGS
Abstract
Serotonergic system in brain creates an important network for proper functioning of brain. It plays
an integral role in regulating A9 as well as A10 dopaminergic neurons in basal neuronal circuit. The
5–HT3 receptors are found to be the only ionic receptors in serotonergic family of receptors
regulating several important functions of brain. The abuse drugs lead to dopamine increase in
nucleus accumbens. This paper reflects on role of 5–HT3 antagonists in modulating the abuse
potential of drugs. Among all the abuse drugs, 5–HT3 receptors are found to be most effective in
condition of alcoholism. Moreover, there are evidences of neuroadaptive changes in brain after
chronic use of 5–HT3 antagonists. All these studies led to identify site of action of alcohol and other
abuse drugs on 5–HT3 receptor which is found to be different than the orthosteric site.
CONTENTS
1. History of 5–HT3
2. Discovery of 5–HT receptors
3. Structure of 5–HT3 receptor
4. Mechanism of action of 5–HT3 receptor
5. Distribution of 5–HT3 receptor
5.1. Mesocorticolimbic pathway
5.2. Prefrontal cortex
6. Alcohol and 5–HT3 receptor
6.1. Electrophysiological Analysis: Potentiation of 5–HT3 activity by Alcohol
6.2. Inhibitory activity of Alcohol
6.3. Alcohol binding site on 5–HT3 receptor
7. Role of 5–HT3 antagonists
7.1. 5–HT3 antagonists and Dopamine
7.2. 5–HT3 antagonists: Abuse potential
7.2.1. 5–HT3 antagonists and Alcohol
7.2.2.

Screening Of Infants And Mortality Essay
Screening of Infants and Mortality Due to Neuroblastoma This paper focuses on Neuroblastoma in
infants and toddlers. The title is Screening of Infants and Mortality Due to Neuroblastoma. The
focus of this research paper and main hypothesis is to determine if early detection of neuroblastoma
can decrease the mortality rate in infants (Woods et al., 2002). The research was conducted by the
Quebec Neuroblastoma Screening Project (QNSP) from Quebec, Canada. The screening covered a
five year period for infants born in Quebec from May 1, 1989 to April 30, 1994 (Woods et al.,
2002).
There were approximately 476,654 babies born during that timeframe, however only 92%
participated in the study (Woods et al., 2002). 73% of the participants choose the six month
screening, whereas 89% of participants agreed to be screened at three weeks (Woods et al., 2002).
The study focused on the comparison of the death rates of neuroblastoma in screened and
unscreened participants born during May 1, 1989 to April 30, 1994 (Woods et al., 2002). The study
used specific catecholamine metabolites markers that measured urine in infants to detect
neuroblastoma in the preclinical stages (Woods et al., 2002). The parents of the participants were
asked to send in urine saturated filter paper at three weeks and six months to detect the cancer early
(Woods et al., 2002). There were other control areas such as Ontario; Canada, Florida and a 31–
county area with the largest cancer registry for pediatrics

Analysis Of The Story 'Unbroken'
Unbroken essay In the inspirational true story Unbroken, a teenage girl named Lauren is battling her
way through neuroblastoma, a type of cancer that generally originates in the spinal cord. Although
she survived and is well, the cancer has drastically changed her life by how she views the world ,
even though, she dealt with her issues, by staying optimistic. To start off, neuroblastoma has
changed the way she views the world. Throughout her story, Lauren endures an immense amount of
physical pain, therefore she will never see anything as painful again. For example, in the passage it
describes the effects of chemo on Lauren's body, it states "She persevered even when the chemo
made her so sick she couldn't walk more than a few steps without

Sam Ferris Research Paper
The story of Sam Ferris, an eleven year old boy who was diagnosed with neuroblastoma.
Neuroblastoma is "a life threatening cancer that affects the nervous system (Make–A–Wish 2012)."
Sam always has this passion for baseball and his wish was for a baseball field to be built in his
backyard, which would allow him to play with his friends whenever he wanted. Make–A–Wish
knew that this was his one true wish, so they asked help from volunteers and donors to make his
wish come true. The University of Mississippi and Itawamba Community College's ground crew
decided that they would contribute to building the baseball field. Those in the community
generously donated the materials needed to build the baseball field such as "fencing, backstop, sod,
clay,

Neuroblastom A Tumor That Is Most Commonly Found Within...
Zammaripa, Pegler, Paz, Jensen
Professor Bonome
Health Science
30 November 2014
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a tumor that is most commonly found within infants. Age, stage, and biological
features encountered in tumor cells are an important prognostic factors. The differences in outcome
for patients with neuroblastoma are striking. Unfortunately, approximately 70–80% of patients older
than 18 months present with metastatic disease, usually in the lymph nodes, liver, bone, and bone
marrow. Less than half of these patients are cured, even with the use of high–dose therapy followed
by autologous bone marrow or stem cell rescue. The root word neuro derives from the latin dialect
meaning nerves, and blastoma meaning cancer that is on going, ... Show more content on
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Because these cancer cells attack the bodies system it often leads to outer signs of the sickness
taking control and creating nervous system dysfunctions.
The response stage is when the body reaches its point of showing visible signs. Neuroblastoma in
fetus' can be detected though ultrasounds, and toddlers and young children have a greater chance of
developing this disease. Because the disease forms in early development within nerve cells children
have a greater chance of being effected by this cancer. Some of the visible signs that can lead to
indications of this disease are often found in the abdominal area, inflammation in the stomach,
darkening of the eyes, bruising on the bodies integumentary system, lack of appetite, nervous
related signs like weakness, bodies numb feelings, vertigo, and inner bone pain. When the body
begins to develop visual signs it is most likely that the cells have developed into tumors within the
nerve tissues. The fact that the disease travels in nerve tissues it is hard for doctors to locate where
the origination took place, and it is likely for the disease to go undetected in early stages of
formation.
The cancer cells that develop in the nerve tissues may vary and require different forms of treatments
depending on its location and stage. After the detection of Neuroblastoma, various methods of
testing are performed to identify where the cells have caused dysfunction and where they have

The Case of Nick Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Smith bring their son Nick to the clinic a few weeks early for his 12 month follow up.
The nurse, Joel, measures Nick's height, weight and vital signs. Joel notices that his weight is only
around the 25th percentile for his age. After a brief screening with Joel, Dr. Mike Leonard, the
pediatrician, enters the room for the appointment. He greets the family cheerfully and asks how
Nick is doing. Mr. and Mrs. Smith express concern. Nick has been finicky about eating since the last
appointment and does not seem to have gained much weight. In addition to that, Nick is frequently
cranky and no longer likes being picked up and held. He has also been displaying less activity lately.
He just doesn't seem to have the energy. He is not the sweet, sociable, enthusiastic child they are
used to. The doctor comments that he had noticed that Nick did not seem as alert and cheerful as he
had on previous visits. The parents are especially distressed that Nick has still not yet begun to
crawl at an age when many children are already walking. The doctor examines Nick. The child's
skin appears pale. Dr. Leonard discovers a small lump on Nick's abdomen. Nick does not appear
distressed when the doctor examines the lump. He also tests Nick's reflexes and motor coordination.
They are not as good as they should be. What might be causing Nick's pallor? What are some
possible causes of Nick's weight loss? What might Dr. Leonard suspect is wrong with Nick? What
tests should Dr. Leonard

Kalel Santiago Mulael Rico Case Study
10 months time, Kalel Santiago Muelle Rico was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer called
neuroblastoma. This person underwent surgical treatment, chemotherapy and radiation therapy for 2
years and survived. Then, after being diagnosed with something permanent: severe autism
weakening talk.
"Although, after being in the hospital, we note that not speak in any way and had some models that
were not right, like clapping and stepping on toes, inches his father Abiel Gomez Santiago yahoo
told the media. " But we waited until he was 3 and monitor their behavior without cancer. "
Regarding Yahoo, "he and his wife Gladys – also parents to two older boys, now 18 and 20 – make
an educated cram course on autism were treated to several colleges and therapies and finally found
the success with an impressive school. surf therapy only around your house. " ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
With a fundraising program, they were able to receive a bottle of gasoline. dental Kalel dose was
given twice a day.
In just two days and nights, he is to have been finally able to speak. "It surprised us to school,
saying the vowels AE. – OR This was the first time, said Abiel." You can not think emotions get to
hear the voice of Kalel for the first time. It was incredible. Teachers registered and sent to my wife
and me and said, well, the only other thing we have done recently used the CBD. "
Soon after, he began with rhyming also talk that their parents never thought possible. "He said, 'I
love mama', 'I love my mom,'" said Abiel. "I how to start how to thank [the CBD oil manufacturers]
Very well.
Kalel history is an additional piece of data is driven in a large lot of support for hash oil and the
legalization of cannabis complete. Please share with many people as

Dr. Hale 's An Retired Pediatric Oncologist
Dr. Audrey Evans, a now a retired pediatric oncologist, is known for developing and founding many
treatment plans against neuroblastoma and as well as co–founding the Ronald McDonald house. Dr.
Evans was born in 1925 in York, England, and would later attend medical school in Edinburgh,
England. She graduated in 1950 at the age of 25 and following her graduation, she came to America.
Here she studied pediatric care at the Children's Hospital in Boston for two years and then at John
Hopkins Hospital for another year. During her training, she was faced with much adversity, due to
the fact that she was a female. During this time, most medical professions were predominately male
careers, and she was made very clear about this when she arrived in America. Evans was faced with
large amount of sexism during her time studying to become a doctor. For example, she was told that
many of the positions for pediatric care would be filled by males and along with that she was given
poor living conditions, completely separate from her male counterparts. However, all of these things
lead her to the Children's Hospital in Boston where she became a senior resident on the Oncology
floor and worked under a man named, Dr. Sidney Farber. This is where Evans said, "She discovered
her true passion: treating childhood cancer." Neuroblastoma was Dr. Audrey Evan's main point of
medical research, which is one of the most common cancers in children and the most common in
infancy. Neuroblastoma is a

The Physiology Of The Blood
Hematology and oncology are most always paired together in a hospital setting. Hematology and
oncology teams will collaborate together to assist both children and their families through their
hospital stay. Hematology is the study of the physiology of the blood. By studying the blood,
healthcare providers are able to better understand childhood illnesses involving the hematological
system. Oncology is the study of cancer. Cancer is the leading cause of death in disease in young
children. Learning more about oncology and hematology can provide us with knowledge to be able
to help more young children in the fight for a healthy life. With this, we will look more closely at
hemophilia and neuroblastoma. Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder ... Show more content on
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This type occurs in one in every ten–thousand births. This disease is due to a deficiency of factor
VIII. Hemophilia B is also known as factor IX (FIX) deficiency or Christmas disease. This disease
is due to a deficiency in factor IX. Hemophilia B effects one in fifty–thousand people, ("Types of
Bleeding Disorders," Nation Hemophilia Foundation for All Bleeding Disorders). Type A is much
more common than type B. Hemophilia is caused by a defect in one of the genes that determines
how the body makes blood clot. The two blood clotting factors that are affected is factor VIII and
IX. Each of these blood clotting factors are located on an X chromosome, which means hemophilia
is passed on by the mother. A male who has hemophilia on his X chromosome will have hemophilia.
A female who has hemophilia on her X chromosome will be a hemophilia carrier. For a girl to
develop hemophilia, she must have hemophilia on both X chromosomes. Very rarely is a girl
diagnosed with hemophilia. There are some cases in which a boy is born with hemophilia even
though his mother was not a carrier. These cases are due to a mutation in the gene during
development. Some of the signs that your child has developed hemophilia is bleeding excessively in
the mouth from either a cut or losing a tooth, random nosebleeds, heavy bleeding from a small cut,
and bleeding that begins again even after stopping previously. Internal bleeding may also be a sign
that your

Neuroblastoma Description Neuroblastoma is the condition of presence of extra–cranial solid tumor
that develops in childhood. It is a common embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous
system that develops from immature nerve cells found in several areas of the body. Neuroblastoma
most commonly arises in and around the adrenal glands, which have similar origins to nerve cells.
However, it can also develop in other areas of the abdomen and in the chest, neck and near the
spine, where groups of nerve cells exist. The occurrence of neuroblastoma is not well understood. In
most of the cases, it occurs as sporadic and non–familial. Only sbout 1–2% of cases are documented
to be run in families (heriditary). Unfortunately, no standardized screening ... Show more content on
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Diagnostic tests A range of imaging techniques like MRI scan, CT scan, X–ray, Ultrasound, bone
scans or PET scans can be used for the diagnosis of neuroblastoma, however, most importantly it is
done using MIBG scan. A chemical called MIBG with radioactive iodine is injected into a vein. As
it moves through the body, images are taken with a special camera. Others Bone marrow aspiration
or biopsy is done in order to confirm neuroblastoma, if a tumor is seen on imaging

Blood And Cancer System Essay
Cancers of Blood and Lymph Systems
Leukemias
Leukemia is a group of malignant diseases of the bone marrow and lymphatic system. It is a
complete and heterogeneity the subtype of leukemia has a therapeutic and prognostic implications.
The French American British have further conducted studies on (ALL) acute lymphoblastic
leukemia and found that (FAB) system which consists of subtypes are conducting morphology
structure reactivity of leukemic cells. Chromosome analysis has shown that children with more than
45 chromosomes have a better prognosis for example, children with trisomies of chromosomes 4
and 10 have a good prognosis and low risk of treatment failure. T cells B cells and non–T/ non–B
cells are three immunologic subsets that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This malignancy present with side and symptoms of abdominal tumors most commonly from non–
tender irregular masses in the abdomen that crosses the midline compression of the kidneys ureter
bladder that may cause increased urinary frequency or retention neurological impairment in the
tumor sites. The diagnostic evaluation consists of a CT of the abdomen, pelvis, or chest. Bone
marrow aspiration or biopsies of these evaluations are aimed at locating the primary site and areas
affected by metastasis. Staging and prognosis is difficult with neuroblastoma due to it being the
silent tumor. Therapeutic management depends greatly on accurate staging to establish the initial
treatment purpose of surgery is both to remove as much of the tumor as possible and obtain a
biopsy. The tumor neuroblastoma carries a poor prognosis, it is essential that the nurse
communicate, evaluate and address the needs of the family that involves coping with life–
threatening

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer. Cancer is when cells grow out of control, join together, and form
a tumor. Neuroblastoma tumors start in cells in the nerves. The cancer can then spread to other parts
of the body. Most often, tumors are found in the abdomen, the glands that make hormones, and on
top of the kidneys (adrenal glands).
CAUSES
The cause of this condition is not known.
RISK FACTORS
This condition is more likely to develop in:
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of this condition vary depending on:
The size and location of the tumor.
Whether the cancer has spread or not.
Possible symptoms include:
Swelling of the abdomen.
Abdominal pain.
Bone pain.
Limping.
Being unable to walk or to use an arm or

Adverse Effect Of Isotichiin
Indications for use – "a reason to prescribe a medication or treatment, also known as drug
indication" (Mosby's, pg 916, 2017). High–risk neuroblastoma is an indication of use for Unituxin
(dinutuximab) (FDA, 2015). Desired effects – "the ability of a drug to achieve the desired effect,
also known as efficacy" (Mosby's, pg 593, 2017). Unituxin in combination with interleukin–2 (IL–
2), granulocyte–macrophage colony–stimulating factor (GM–CSF), and 13–cis–retionic acid (RA)
showed that 73 percent of the participants who received this combination were alive compared to 58
percent of those receiving the oral retinoid drug, isotretinoin (RA) (FDA, 2015). Side Effects – "any
reaction to or consequence of a medication or therapy" (Mosby's, pg ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Signs or symptoms could include lumps in the abdomen, bone pain, bulging eyes, dark circles
around the eyes, swollen stomach, trouble breathing, weakness or paralysis. Once neuroblastoma
has been diagnosed, it has usually metastasized to the lymph nodes, bones, bone marrow, and liver
(NIH, n.d.). The therapeutic classification of Unituxin (dinutuximab) is a monoclonal antibody,
which is a type of immunotherapy drug. Unituxin helps the body's immune system find and destroy
cancer cells. It is used along with other treatments, which include chemotherapy, surgery, and
radiation for children who have responded to previous treatment (Simon, 2015). The indications of
use for Unituxin are used in combination with granulocyte–macrophage colony–stimulating factor
(GM–CSF), interleukin–2 (IL–2) and 13–cis–retinoic acid (RA), for the treatment of children with
high–risk neuroblastoma who achieve at least a partial response to prior first–line multi–agent,
multimodality therapy (United (c), 2017). The available form of Unituxin is 17.5 mg/mL (3.5
mg/mL) in a single–use vial. Children and Adolescents – 17.5 mg/m2/dose as an IV infusion over
10 to 20 hours on scheduled days for 5 cycles in combination with isotretinoin, sargramostim, and
aldesleukin. On cycles 1, 3, and 5: give sargramostim 250 mcg/m2/day subcutaneously (or as an IV
infusion over 2 hours) on days 1 to 14; dinutuximab on days 4, 5, 6, and 7; and isotretinoin 160
mg/m2/day PO in 2 divided doses rounded

Jacob Thompson's Neuroblastoma
Jacob Thompson is your any ordinary, American kid. He obtains an obsession with 'Star Wars' and
enjoys spending time playing on 'Minecraft'. He is talented as well. His talents range from singing to
photography. Additionally, Jacob is quite the comedian. However, one thing is a clear difference
among any other nine year old boy, Jacob only has one month to live. Jacob Thompson has
neuroblastoma, stage 4 high risk. According to the American Cancer Society , neuroblastoma is " a
type of cancer that starts in certain very early forms of nerve cells found in an embryo or fetus. (The
term neuro refers to nerves, while blastoma refers to a cancer that affects immature or developing
cells). This type of cancer occurs most often in infants and young

Neuroblastoma Case
Neuroblastoma is the most common solid extracranial cancer in children under the age of five.
Mainly a neuroendocrine cancer, neuroblastoma is prevalently found in neuronal tissue of the
adrenal glands as well as the ganglia in the spine. It is believed that neuroblastoma arises from
neuronal crest cells; immature cells that branch off the neural tube in embryonic development
(Roberts et al., 1998). Though 98% of all neuroblastoma cases are sporadic, there is a small
percentage of the cancer that is inheritable. One of the genes believed to contribute to familial
neuroblastoma is MYCN. MYCN, which encodes a transcription factor, is observed to be duplicated
multiple times through out the genome of neuroblastoma cells, both familial and sporadic. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The MYCN gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 2, which therefore suggests that
possible gene duplications may predominately be present throughout the short arm. Though when
the chromosomes of neuroblastoma cells were stained to look for gene duplications, none of the
extra duplications were present on chromosome 2 (Kohl et al, 1983). The duplicated copies of
MYCN were found to not be present on certain chromosomes, but rather dispersed unevenly
throughout the genome (Kohl et al, 1983). Gene duplications in this case can arise from many
mechanisms, like nondisjunction, or the unequal crossing over during meiosis 1 between tow
misaligned homologues chromatids. This increase duplication of the MYCN gene was found in no
other cancer besides retinoblastoma (Kohl et al, 1984). Due to MYCN duplication being present
mainly in neuroblastoma cells, MYCN duplication is used as a biomarker to determine if the cancer
is aggressive and will respond to

Taking a Look at Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma most often begins in early childhood. It usually affects children under the age of
five. It is found when the tumour begins to grow and cause symptoms. Sometimes the tumour forms
before birth during the growth of the fetus whilst in the womb. This tumour is found during a fetal
ultrasound. Neuroblastoma often begins in the abdomen affecting the nerve tissues of the adrenal
gland. There are two adrenal glands, positioned one on top of each kidney in the back of the upper
abdomen.
The adrenal glands produce and secret important hormones that help control heart rate, blood
pressure, blood sugar, and the way the body reacts to stress or danger. (National Cancer Institute,
2014)
They also control the function of other tissues, organs and glands in your body to maintain
homeostasis during stress. Although the adrenal gland is the most common area of the body
neuroblastoma begins at, the tumour may also grow and spread to other part of the body, such as the
bones, liver, and skin. The tumour is spread through the blood and lymphatic system.
The adrenal gland has two part of the organ which consist of the outer cortex and the inner medulla.
The cortex is the main part of the adrenal gland and the medulla is about ten percent of the adrenal
gland.
The cortex is divided into three zones which consists of the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata
and the zona reticularis.
The cells of the glomerulosa are structured into small rounded groups of curved column. The cells

Taylor Swift Research Paper
Taylor Swift Research Paper
Taylor Swift set her goals high on becoming a professional songwriter and singer. She started young
and determined. Setting her goals and approving them higher than ever. Taylor
Swift has impacted society with donating to charities in need, giving back to the community, and
increasing awareness for important causes.
Taylor Swift was born on December 13, 1989, in Pennsylvania. In Swift's really stages in life, she
had a feel for music. Swift's grandmother was an opera singer and she followed in her footsteps.
Before Swift was a teenager, she had numerous accomplishments with local contests.
She also sang "The Star–Spangled Banner" at the Philadelphia 76ers game, which she was only
11 years old at that time. Swift ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Taylor Swift is changing society with her donations and support in the community. She created a
campaign to help children from cyber bullying. ("Taylor Swift charity Work, Events and Causes")
Swift is an inspiration to many, a role model to people, community, and society.
Taylor Swift is helping increase awareness for important causes. Taylor Swift is helping to advocate
and also helping organizations. She is going above and beyond with the help she is giving. For
instance, she is helping many different grassroots efforts for social change. (Couch).
Also she "has supported Feeding America, UNICE [United Nations Children's Fund] and Habitat for
Humanity. (Couch).
Taylor Swift is also advocating and supporting cancer research. So Taylor Swift teamed up with
Ronan's mother, Maya Thompson to spread cancer research and awareness to the public
(Parker–Pope). Ms. Thompson describes what she feels as why nothing gets done with pediatric
cancer research because it seems that some people are not educated enough to understand that
childhood cancer is bad. (Parker–Pope). Taylor Swift was so affected on what Ms. Thompson's
blogs really mean that she stood up and reached on what the blogs mean by writing that

Lncrna Dysregulation Essay

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