Are Veeneers Research Paper

Are Veeneers Research Paper
ARE VENEERS RIGHT FOR YOU?
Does your smile need a significant makeover, but you prefer minimal treatment? Veneers are thin, lifelike shells that are
permanently bonded to the front surfaces of your teeth, and need little to no tooth preparation. You might consider
receiving veneers if you exhibit:
Internal tooth discoloration
Misshapen teeth
Slightly crooked teeth
One or more gaps between teeth
Chipped or lightly cracked teeth
Or more than one cosmetic issue at once
WHAT ARE VENEERS MADE OF?
Veneers are typically made from high–quality dental porcelain which is specially–designed to mimic healthy, natural
tooth structure. The material is tinted to the specific shade and hue of your teeth to blend in seamlessly with the rest of
your smile. Also, the porcelain is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Porcelain veneers don't require extensive special treatment to maintain. Simply brush and floss them along with your
teeth at least twice a day, preferably with minimally–abrasive toothpaste. Be sure to attend a dental exam and cleaning as
often as your dentist recommends to ensure that your veneers and teeth remain strong and healthy.
HOW LONG WILL MY VENEERS LAST?
With proper care and maintenance, veneers can last up to 15 years or more before needing replacement. They are also
highly–stain resistant, and are less likely than your natural tooth structure to become dull over time.
Contact Our Santa Clarita/Valencia, CA Office Today!
At Gorman Dental Care in Santa Clarita/Valencia, CA, Dr. Gorman and his talented, dedicated staff are proud to provide
a full range of family and cosmetic dental services, as well as advanced dental implant placement and restorations.
Whatever your dental needs, we have the experience and technology to help you enjoy a bright, beautiful, healthy smile
once again! To schedule a consultation with Dr. Gorman, or for answers to questions about our practice, please call our
dental office in Santa Clarita, CA today at (661)
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Pig Dissection Lab Report
Introduction
Most animals don't have similar structures, but they all have same function to stay alive. All animals have a reproductive
system, digestive system, nervous system
Pig: Our fetal pig which we dissected is a female who was 100 days in the gestation period and has the length of 25 cm.
In the pig dissection, we found the stomach and intestines. By the way it looks it seems to have similar functions of the
human digestive system. The stomach breaks down the food while the intestine absorbs nutrients and water in the food.
We also found the liver, pancreas, and colon. The liver filters the blood for toxin. In the respiratory system, we found the
lungs, diaphragm, and trachea. Air goes into the snout, through the trachea, and into its lungs. The lungs would then
release CO2 back up the trachea, and out the snout. The diaphragm compresses and releases the lungs so that CO2 could
go out your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The paws of the rat held resemblance to hands. The rat was probably around 2 years old. Its facial features and jaw
suggested that its diet is that of an herbivore.
Crayfish: In our dissection of the crayfish we found that it used gills instead of lungs, like the clam. Its gills allow an
exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen. Much like the worm, the crayfish has segments that split its body into several
parts. Crayfish segments often become fused, so parts of the crayfish may be multiple parts. Much like a skeleton the
crayfish has a hard exoskeleton. The structures it uses to capture its prey or securing and eating food are its chelipeds,
mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipeds. Rows of chitinous teeth line its stomach to help further break down its food.
Earthworm: In our dissection of the earth worm we found they belong to a group of animals called annelids. Its body is
segmented into several parts, except for the head and tail regions. Its diet is of decomposed plants and other small
particles in the

The Greatest Science Papers
That's not hyperbole. I really mean it. How else could I react when I open up the latest issue of Bioessays, and see this:
Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules. Just from the
title alone, I'm immediately launched into my happy place: sitting on a rocky beach on the Pacific Northwest coast,
enjoying the sea breeze while the my wife serves me a big platter of bacon, and the cannula in my hypothalamus slowly
drips a potent cocktail of cocain and ecstasy direct into my pleasure centers...and there's pie for dessert. It's like the
authors know me and sat down to concoct a title where every word would push my buttons.
The content is pretty good, too. It's not perfect; the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Movement was no longer by creeping, but used muscular contractions through a siphon to propel the animal horizontally.
Freed from its locomotor function, the foot expanded into manipulating tentacles.
i–a4650a364628b045d3f57a3baf0e7529–monoplacophoran.jpeg
These early cephalopods, which have shells common in the fossil record, would have spent their lives bobbing vertically
in the water column, bouyed by their shells, and with their tentacles dangling downward to capture prey. They wouldn't
have been particularly mobile – that form of a cone hanging vertically in the water isn't particularly well–streamlined for
horizontal motion – so the next big innovation was a rotation of the body axis, swiveling the body axis 90° to turn a cone
into a torpedo. There is evidence that many species did this independently.
i–f8e43ceb7154a2f6b4c1b890e7ac4f64–ceph_rotation–thumb–500x331–67138.jpeg
The tilting of the body axes of extant cephalopods. This was a result of a polyphyletic and repeated trend towards
enhanced manoeuverability. The morphological body axes (anterior–posterior, dorso–ventral) are tilted perpendicularly
against functional axes in the transition towards extant cephalopods.
We can still see vestiges of this rotation in cephalopod embryology. If you look at early embryos of cephalopods (at the
bottom of the

Egg Structure & Its Uses in Bakery
Topic:
Egg Structure & Its Uses In Bakery
Done By:
"Submitted in fulfilment of the required for B.A (Hons.) In Culinary Arts"
University Of Huddersfield
Acknowledgement
I would like to acknowledge and extend by heartfelt gratitude to Chef Anand Marwad and Anant Bhamkar for giving me
this project.
It has helped me a lot in gaining more knowledge about the given topic [Egg structure and its uses in bakery].
I would also like to thank all my friends who have helped me in collecting the topics for this project.
Introduction
Eggs are the backbone of many baked goods and contributes to its structure. Egg's cooking properties are so varied that
eggs have been called "the cement that holds the castle of cuisine together." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
Uses of Eggs in Bakery
Eggs have many uses in baking and cooking. They can bind ingredient, they can also leaven such baked high rises as
soufflés and sponge cakes. Their thickening talent is seen in custards and sauces. Eggs emulsify. They clarify soups and
coffee. Eggs retard crystallization. They also enable coating. In general, eggs add color and flavor.
COAGULATION
When eggs are heated, the protein in the white and yolks starts to coagulate. This means that the liquid egg becomes
firmer. As heating continues the egg eventually becomes solid.
A sauce or custard can be thickened by egg and heating, critical to many recipes.
When eggs are heated, their proteins unwind (called denaturing) and break apart from their tightly bound bundles, bump
up against one another, and adhere to form loose, flat and long strands. These strands are linked together in a three–
dimensional mesh. Example: With egg whites because they turn from clear to opaque, forming a solid gel. Liquid gets
trapped in these strands, and this causes the mixture to thicken.
BINDERS
Whole raw egg adds moisture to a mixture and holds the ingredients together. As the food is heated, egg protein
coagulates, thus binding ingredients together. This is a very useful property for binding in products such as meat loaves,
formed meat and poultry products and for natural thickening of custards and pie fillings. The temperature of coagulation
can be controlled by adjusting pH, adding salts

The Investigation Middle Miocene Rocks Of Siwa Oasis...
VI.2 Paleoecology and paleoenvironment: The investigated Middle Miocene rocks of Siwa Oasis contain a rich
macroinvertebrate fauna. A total of 1,618 sample were collected, dominated by oysters (58.03%), pectinids (12.54%),
echinoids (5.68%), bivalves (14.77%), and gastropods (8.96%) (Fig. 39). Instead of their great abundance they
surprisingly show a low diversity, and they are randomly distributed all over the successions (Figs.12, 13, 15, 17). But it
is noticeable that the Oasis and Escarpment Member are more favorable for oysters and pectinids, while El–Diffa Plateau
Member was dominated by gastropods (Fig. 12). In order to understand the paleoecology and paleoenvironment of the
Middle Miocene time of Siwa Oasis a detailed investigation of the abovementioned faunal groups will be discussed.
VI.2.1 Oysters They are the most dominant element of the benthic community in the Miocene of Egypt. Until now,
oysters from the study area were only mentioned in passing by a few authors (Gindy et al., 1969; El–Shazly and Abdel–
Hamid, 2001). Like their modern representatives, oysters cement themselves onto the substrate by their left valves. Most
cementing bivalves are found in shallow water environments having depths of less than 35 m (Kauffmann, 1969).
Modern oysters are typically founded in estuaries, bays, and tidal creeks from brackish water (5 parts per thousand [ppt]
salinity) to normal marine water (35 ppt salinity) (Loosanoff, 1965). They are very tolerant organisms, able

William Golding's Lord Of The Flies: Allegory
Williams Golding's book,Lord of the Flies, is an allegory. An allegory is when a story or poem have a hidden meaning,
usually a moral. A symbol could also be another definition for allegory. One example from Lord of the Flies could be
found in the very first chapter "The Sound of the Shell".The shell or "conch" as the boys had decided to call it is
allegorical because they use it as a way of calling for the other boys after they found out they have crashed and are
stranded at an unknown island. "But there was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out: there was his size,
and attractive appearance;and most obscurely, yet more powerfully, there was the conch.The being that had blown that,
had sat waiting for them on the platform ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We've got to relight that fire....Or don't any of you want to be rescued?"The boys end up turning into savages that have
rule over the island and force their order on the one's that resist. SamandEric are examples of this when they are being
forced to betray Ralph."Eric took up; and then the twins started their antiphonal speech. You'd better go because it's not
safe– they made us.They hurt

Compare The Acidity Levels Of Eggshells
Once the experiment had taken place, I realized that when I compare the acidity levels of the three liquids, the grape juice
is slightly more acidic with an average of 2.92 to 3.53 compared to the 4.7 of the coffee and the 4.9–5.5 of the black tea.
Because of the lower pH, the grape juice moderately softened the eggshell after just 4–5 hours of sitting in the liquid. The
acids in the grape juice broke down the outer part of the eggshell which made it sort of flimsy and soft. The thin eggshell
began to peel layer by layer due to not being able to hold itself together. It should be noted that the eggshells used in the
experiment can stain and weaken faster and easier than real human teeth because the enamel that protects human teeth is
made of

Lord Of The Flies : Symbolism
Babatunde Carter (Jnr)
English 102–0501
Mrs. Geneva Cannon
16th, November , 2015 Lord of the flies : The Symbolism of the Conch For Centuries philosophers and scholars have
bantered about the topic of whether man is naturally fiendish. William Golding offers this conversation starter in his
sensible novel "Lord of the Flies". Set on a tropical island amid World War II, the novel starts when school boys from
Incredible England are being traveled to well being and their plane is shot down. No grown–ups survive, and the young
men are left to administer themselves and get protected. William Golding uses imagery in the type of the conch to speaks
to the idea of society. The young men 's developing association with the conch shows Golding 's subject that people,
when uprooted structure the weights of socialized power, will get to be malevolent.1 In the beginning , the young men see
the conch as a vital image that unites them what 's more, gives them the ability to manage their troublesome
circumstance. At the point when the conch is first discovered and blown, it unites everybody: "Ralph found his breath and
blew a series of short blasts. Piggy exclaimed, 'There's one!" (Golding 16). Here Piggy watches one kid rising up out of
the wilderness however soon young men accommodate all around. Every desires his own reason: some for plain interest,
other for the possibility of salvage. They all structure the in the first place get together on account of the conch. The

White Abalone Research Paper
The white abalone is an invertebrate in the phylum Mollusca and the class Gastropoda. It is a member of the family
Haliotidae and its scientific name is Haliotis sorenseni ("White Abalone – Haliotis sorenseni"). Abalone are large sea
snails prized for their beautiful iridescent shells and have been sought out as food and jewelry since pre–colonial times.
Though abalone have existed since the Precambrian era, the earliest harvesters of abalone were Native Americans who
lived along the intertidal zone in California. Shell pieces found in Indian middens, or old waste piles, along the coast of
California show that it was a common food item for hundreds of years. However, the Natives likely had a minimal impact
on the population of abalone. In the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of these beginning mariculture attempts had little success. At the time, adult animals were quite easy to obtain but
getting them to reproduce was almost impossible. Collecting the sperm or eggs from the abalone killed the adults and did
not produce any fertile offspring. A female abalone can release millions of eggs and a male can release trillions of sperm
during spawning periods. If their external fertilization could be controlled, it would only take one female and one male to
create millions of zygotes. But at the time there was not enough biological research for successful mariculture and the
accidental introduction of parasitic worms and diseases to captive abalone caused several setbacks to the process. After
discovering that hydrogen peroxide induces spawning, abalone farms became fully–functioning in the eighties. Numerous
farms are still producing and selling maricultured abalone to markets and restaurants in southern California ("Abalone
History and Future").
Today, NOAA and several partners are supporting a breeding program at the University of California. After early success
in the early two thousands, the program encountered setbacks related to the health of the captive animals. However, the
program made great advances in disease research and treatment and now there is thousands of juvenile abalone within
their program. In addition to NOAA, there are many other international groups working to

Pearls : The Most Common Pearl Makers Are Oysters
Pearls come from mollusks they are a group of animals that includes oysters, clams, and mussels, among others. Any
mollusk that has a shell can make pearls, the most common pearl–makers are oysters. Pearls have a history in Chinese,
Indian, Persian, Egyptian, Roman, Greek, Mayan, Aztec and Incan civilisations. Pearls have been used and collected for
more than 4000 years, this makes them have the title of the world 's oldest gem in the world.
There are three types of pearls and they are natural, cultured and imitation. Natural Pearls are made when a foreign object
like some dirt or sand gets inside the shell of an oyster by mistake. To protect itself, the creature covers the intruding
object with the same stuff its shell is made of, a mineral known as nacre. The oyster or other mollusk continues covering
the object with multiple layers of nacre, eventually forming a beautiful pearl.
A cultured pearl goes through the same process as the natural pearl. The only difference is that the irritant is implanted a
bead or piece of shell called Mother of Pearl. These seeds are most often formed from mussel shells. Good quality
cultured pearls require a long amount of time like around 3 years to be formed. But Low quality pearls have often been
rushed out of the oyster too early in about a year or less and they have a too–thin coat of nacre.
Pearls are formed either in salt or freshwater. Historically, saltwater pearls were rounder and had better quality than
freshwater pearls,

What Is Darwin's Theory? True Or False?
True or false?
a) Darwin was a crew member of the HSM Beacon – False
b) Darwin was influenced by the writing of Thomas Maithus – true
c) Species whose features make them better able to cope tend to increase over time – true
d) When two features are found together the term used is genetic connection – false
e) If related individuals continue to breed inbreeding problems arise – true
f) Small differences can be found when the same species lives in different environments – true
g) Darwin's theory was published under the title The Original Species – False
Speciation
The term given for the separation of these birds on different islands is called speciation.
The first step of speciation is variation, it is the reason that the beak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The birds on island one and two, have similar beaks as the mainland birds. The beak starts to bend more which allows the
birds to hunt insects and cactus flowers. Island 3 has a slightly smaller beak then the mainland and would be used to hunt
insects and island four has a smaller but stronger beak which means the island would have many nuts and hard shells that
the bird could open with its beak.
Examples that demonstrate speciation and natural selection include the English peppered moths. One species of the moth
survives better in light coloured areas, while the other survives better in dark coloured areas. (Biology, 1997)
Another example that demonstrates speciation is rock mice with different colours. They survived under the exact same
circumstances as the rock English peppered moths. (Pearson Places, 2012)
Comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution because it illustrates the changes that have occurred over a large
period of time. In the example, the feet/leg structure strongly provides evidence for evolution. This is because it is evident
that the structure is changing slightly, this is most likely why there are two feet/leg structures for each fossil. The skull of
is the most obvious piece of evidence and can vary

Evolution Of Nanoscale Science And Technology
In the last twenty years Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies have become more significant and have found a lot of
applications in many aspects; the synthesis making nanostructured materials with helpful and tunable properties is central
to the evolution of nanoscale science and technology. Nanometre scale metal particles exhibit optical, electronic,
magnetic and chemical properties which have wonderful technological and scholar value. Among them silver, copper, and
gold nanoparticles (NP) offer powerful adsorption bands (Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) in the visual
spectrum. The frequency of the LSPR is mightily dependent on various properties of the NP. The optical properties of
metal NP are mightily affected by their composition, shape, size, and concerning climate, like the closeness of other
particles. These nano–particles, in a collective surround the core, will do a shell. Metal nanoshells have shown formidable
troth for systematic engineering of SPR. These are composite nanoparticles that make of a dielectric core covered with a
few nanometers to a little tens of nanometers of a metal, ordinarily gold or silver. The SPR of these nanoparticles may be
alteration over hundreds of nanometers in wavelength, across the visible and into the infrared region of the
electromagnetic spectrum by the relative dimensions of the core and the shell.
Firstly, the fabricated unclosed nanoshell composite SiO2@ Au–Cu was made by chemical methods for different cases.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Silicon Alloy
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aluminium:
Aluminium is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is available in large
quantity. It is combined with 270 different materials. Aluminium is good for corrosion resistance. Aluminium is soft, light
weight and ductile material. It can be easily machined and extruded.
1.2 Alloy:
An alloy is a material formed by two or more chemical elements that has metallic properties, in which at least one is a
metal. Alloys are designed and produced to have some desirable characteristics like formability, strength and corrosion
resistance. Chemical composition of metallic atoms dominate and metallic bond in its crystal structure. Elements
commonly alloyed aluminium are copper manganese, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is commonly used for producing components of home appliances, toys, motors and hand tools. Post processing is not
required as the surface finish and tolerance of die cast part is good. It is an expensive and time consuming process. Fig
1.3 Die Casting Setup
1.5.1.2.4 Centrifugal casting: Centrifugal casting is also called as rotocasting. It is used to form thin walled cylindrical
parts. This is different from most metal casting process. In centrifugal casting process a permanent mould made of cast
iron steel or graphite is rotated at high speed continuously about its axis. This process is carried out on a horizontal
centrifugal casting machine where molten metal is thrown centrifugally towards inside mould wall, where it solidifies
after cooling. Fig 1.4 Centrifugal Casting
1.5.2 Spray

Summary Of Lord Of The Flies, By William Golding
Throughout history, man has followed the rules and laws of leaders in order to maintain civility in their society.
Temptation sometimes leads the society to a path of savagery and ultimately their downfall. William Golding's dystopian
fiction novel, Lord of the Flies, depicts the struggle of a group of young British boys who are stranded on an isolated
island. They adopt a conch shell as a symbol of authority and order. The evolving relationship the boys have with the
Conch illustrates Golding's theme that when humans are removed from a place with and replace the civilized authority,
they will become evil.
The conch begins as a symbol of civilization when Ralph uses it to unify and govern the boys. Ralph blows the conch in
an attempt to bring everyone together. " Ralph found his breath and blew a series of short blasts. Piggy exclaimed, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the book, Jack becomes increasingly power–hungry and realizes that as long as the power of the conch is
honored he will not hold power. This prompts him to say, "We don't need the conch anymore. We know who ought to say
thins... It's time some people knew they've got to keep quiet and leave deciding things to the rest of us." By degrading the
value of the conch, Jack is influencing the boys to lean in favor of Jack's evil intentions and away from civilization. Jack
repeatedly plunges the boys into a deeper state of savagery by dismissing symbols of order. He goes so far as to
completely wipe out all civilization by allowing his most violent hunter, Roger, to destroy the conch and what it
represents. "The rock struck piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white
fragments and cease to exist." With the authority of the conch destroyed, Jack's tribe becomes totally savage after
committing true murder. Without the civilization the conch brought, the boys gave into man's inner evil

Urinogenral System: The Urinary System And The Loetal System
Urinogenital system comprises urinary system and reproductive system.
Urinary system – * The urinary system is concerned with the body's waste removal system. The kidneys' main function is
to process and remove wastes (created from cell metabolism) and excess ions from the blood, regulate blood volume and
maintain electrolyte balance. The urinary system consists of paired kidneys and ureters. Kidneys – *Kidneys are
metanephric and paired. *Each kidney is dark brown, flattened, three lobed structure (Fig. 20.25) and remain fitted into
the dorsal wall of the pelvis. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
*Each kidney is divided into three lobes. *Each lobe is divided into many lobules. *A small, elongated and yellowish
adrenal gland is present attached to the anterior lobe of each kidney. *Each kidney is composed of a large number of
nephrons

Structural Suitability and Modelling of Glass Fiber...
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two
decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D
modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis. The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in
the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials
such as steel and concrete. This has therefore created a need to investigate the suitability of alternative building materials
such as glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) to structural design. In construction, geometrically complex free form
shapes are realised by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being a composite material, the properties of the GFRP are determined by: the choice of resin and glass type, the volume
fractions of the fibres and the matrix, the manufacturing techniques employed and the material properties of its
constituent parts. Much of the current literature describes and highlights the variability in GFRP properties owing to the
above [3][4][5]. The most commonly used resins in the production of GFRP are polyester and epoxy resins, which are
both thermosetting polymers. This means that high temperature and pressure are not required in the manufacturing
process, making GFRP a versatile material, albeit a relatively expensive one. Both of these resins were investigated here,
with the focus eventually shifting towards polyester resin. The two most common reinforcement layouts used in the
manufacturing of GFRP are woven rovings and chopped strand mat. Woven rovings are made up of long glass fibres
aligned in the resin matrix and interwoven in two perpendicular directions, resulting in an in–plane orthotropic material
of increased specific stiffness in the directions of the glass fibres. Chopped strand mats are made up of randomly
distributed discontinuous short fibres which form a quasi–isotropic layup of

Pipe Bend Literature Review
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Pipe bends are used in power plants, oil refineries, petroleum pipelines, chemical industries, pharmaceuticals and food
industry. The main purpose of bend pipe is to change the direction of substance in the piping system and it is considered
as one of the critical components in the piping systems due to its flexibility. The piping system carry substances from one
point to another point. The carrying of substance in pipe system will be done by applying pressure, temperature etc. If the
piping system in an industry fails, company have to stop the running process and it's directly loss to company. The
company have to do maintenance of piping system and cost is increased. Therefore, the piping system have the
importance in the industry. The safety of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4) The thickness at crown of the bend is the average of maximum and minimum thickness (¼t).
5) Under torsional moment loading, the pipe bend was assumed to behave like a straight pipe, keeping a circular cross–
section
A.Buckshumiyan (2013) analyzed the plastic collapse loads in shape–imperfect pipe bends under in–plane opening
bending moment. In this paper, one half of the pipe bend with straight pipe attachment is used for analysis. Symmetry
boundary condition was applied as one half of section is used for analysis. Using Multipoint constraint, one end of pipe
bend is kept constant and to the other end rotation is applied to obtain moment–rotation curve to find out the collapse
load. The moment–rotation curves were plotted for each model to obtain collapse load. Finally concluded that thickness
variation in the cross section of pipe bends on account of thinning and thickening produces negligible effect on collapse
moment. The effect of ovality on collapse moment is

Epoxy Lab Report
Various methods are utilized to modify epoxy resins to improve their toughness. Based on the structure–property
relationships, the traditional chemistry approaches have been: chemical modification of a given rigid epoxy backbone to a
more flexible backbone structure; lowering the crosslink density by increasing the molecular weight of the epoxy
monomers and/or decreasing the functionality of the curing agents. The most common approaches are the incorporation
of dispersed toughener phase(s) in the cured epoxy matrix. The second phase includes rubbers, thermoplastics, block
copolymers and hard inclusions such as silica, glass beads, etc.
1.2.1 Modification by Rubber
A common method employed in improving the fracture resistance of epoxies is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Another reason is the low glass transition temperatures of the rubbers that lower the maximum use temperature and the
modulus of the epoxy resins. The high performance engineering thermoplastics such as poly(ether sulfone)s, poly(ether
ketone)s and poly(ether imide)s were used as toughener for epoxy resins [34–36]. The major advantage of these
thermoplastic modifiers is that their incorporation into epoxy resins does not result in reduction in modulus and glass
transition temperature. In comparison with rubber modified systems, the use of tough thermoplastic polymers offers
better improvement in fracture toughness for higher crosslink density epoxy systems. The advantages of thermoplastic
modified epoxy systems lie in the fact that the modulus and the Tg of the modified epoxy can be maintained, and the
fracture toughness can be improved in direct proportion to the amount of thermoplastic added. The use of reactive
thermoplastic modifiers provides good adhesion between epoxy and thermoplastic phases. Several toughening
mechanisms that have been proposed for the thermoplastic modified epoxies [37]. These mechanisms are illustrated in the
Figure

Egg Diffusion
Eggs are one of the well–known natural food resources that consist more than 50 nutrition's that are essential for our
lives. Out of the 50 the most well known nutritions in a egg are calcium and protein. (Egg Nutrition center page 1) Even
Though the anatomy of the egg seems simple and straightforward, it is actually more complex than what can be observed
with human eyes. The hard outer shell is made up of mostly calcium, and the inner structures are mainly liquid solution
that contain protein and water. Between the shell and the liquid, there is a thin transparent protein membrane which
protects bacteria from entering the cell.(Exploratorium page1) Based on what is known about diffusion and osmosis,it is
able to easily infer that the egg membranes are semipermeable; that the membrane specifies which particles to let through
in the solution and which particles cannot. 'The acid in the vinegar will dissolve the calcium that makes up the eggshell,
respectively it would become water–soluble' (Sophisticated Media LLC page 1) Although, the eggs' protein membrane
will not be dissolved by vinegar. Instead, it becomes selective and will evenly distribute water molecules to 'move' from a
low to high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Active transport 'Active transport is the unnatural movement of the substances from low to high concentration gradient
across the membrane, in order to move against the concentration gradient requires some kind of energy source. For
instance, sodium–potassium pump requires ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) to function.(Scagliarini page8) 'Passive
transport is the natural movement of the substances from high to low concentration gradient across the membrane, and
does not require any energy source nor help to move.' (Scagliarini page 9) For instance, Simple Diffusion including
osmosis and diffusion, and facilitated diffusion allows molecules to move without any

Analysis Of Wrinkles On Kapton, Mylar And Kevlar Membrane
FEM analysis of wrinkles on Kapton, Mylar & Kevlar membrane with different types of shapes and different load
condition (Numerical)Finite Element Analysis of Buckling and wrinkling of prestressed membranes Kapton, Mylar &
Kevlar with different types of shapes and different load conditions Abstract: This paper presents a detailed Finite Element
Analysis study of the formation and evolution of the buckle & wrinkle pattern that form in large, ultra–lightweight
(minimal mass to achieve high acceleration), flat thin inflatable membrane structures (use as novel reflectors in space–
based telescopes) under the various load conditions, thickness, variation of element size and α (l/b) . The analysis was
carried on different types of shapes (square, rectangle and triangle) with assuming imperfections in the structure with the
ABAQUS finite element package. Wrinkling patterns are presented to show how buckle & wrinkle formation with
increasing tension loads, membrane thickness and number of elements. Introduction: Over the past decades, new
structural concepts for space missions (acting as sunshields, solar arrays and solar sails, space radars, and inflatable
antennas) involving thin film surface and high–accuracy membrane structures have been designed. Compared to
traditional space structure, a gossamer structure (membrane structure) has lower mass and package volume. But the
materials used in gossamer structure cannot support compressive stress because of their small bending

The Chemical Elements Hydrogen And Oxygen
Approximately 75 percent of the Earth's surface is comprised of water. Formed by some of the tiniest know elements that
can be found, and yet water shapes and is a vital part of the biological processes on Earth regardless on which phase of
matter, namely solid, liquid, or gas, it is in. Therefore, scientists and chemists always search for water, especially liquid
water, first in other distant planets considering that finding water on other planets is a major development in the search of
life.
Water is a substance that is composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen. A molecule consists of two
hydrogen atoms, each linked by a single covalent bond to an oxygen atom. However, only two of the six outer–shell
electrons of oxygen are used for this purpose, leaving four electrons which are organized into two non–bonding pairs.
These pairs surrounding the oxygen have a partially negative charge mainly through electrostatic attraction increasing its
electronegativity, which tend to arrange themselves as far from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsions. In
turn, makes the hydrogen atoms to have a partially positive charge, and therefore making the two non–bonding pairs
remain closer to the oxygen atom, which exert a stronger repulsion against the two covalent bonding pairs, effectively
pushing the two hydrogen atoms closer together. This electronic structure of water makes it possible for the molecule to
bend on a special way, shown through the figure:

Description Of A Family Sporolithaceae Verheij
Family Sporolithaceae Verheij, 1993 Genus Sporolithon Heydrich, 1897 (Former name: Archaeolithothamnium
Rothpletz, 1891) Sporolithon sp. Morphology: Encrusting thallus of 170 – 190 µm in diameter. It is rarely recorded as
fruticose growth forms. Vegetative anatomy: Crustose dorsiventeral and monomerous thalli with rounded protuberance
measuring 150µm in height. The core filaments is commonly thin plumose with cell filaments measuring 13 – 27 µm in
length and 10 – 15 µm in diameter. Cell fusion are scarce. Tetra / biosporangial conceptacles arranged in sori , the sori
consists of 12 – 29 tetra / biosporangia that sometimes arise from layer of elongated cells. The shape of conceptacles are
elongated ellipsoidal measuring 140 – 160 µm in height and 60 – 90 µm in diameter. This species is also common in the
Miogypsina bioclastic algal packstone facies and coral algal rudstone facies (Pl. 2, Fig. 5) of Early Miocene Sadat
Formation. Subfamily Corallinoideae Foslie,1898 Genus Corallina Linnaeus, 1759 Corallina sp. (Pl.1, Fig. 8)
Morphology: Arborescent to branching growth form with dichotomous thalli. Vegetative anatomy: few fragments of
segmented (geniculated) thalli without genicula, stems are observed (140µm thick) composed exclusively of core
filaments, cells are 34 – 45µm in length and 9 –10µm in diameter. No cell fusions were recorded. Conceptacles are not
observed in the present specimen. This genus is recorded in bioclastic algal Packstone facies of the Early Miocene

The Burning Of Petroleum Based Fuels
Can you see the light? As the burning of petroleum–based fuels, natural gases, and coal continues, smog will continue to
cover the sky. Pollution from said burning occurs as greenhouse gases and chemicals. Specifically, petroleum–based
fuels, natural gases, and coal release energy when heat breaks the bonds between hydrogens and carbons, generating
energy and releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. This energy often originates from stored energy preserved
in organisms that eventually died and lingered in the crust. The byproduct carbon dioxide is the most dominant of the
greenhouse gases, which are gases that absorb and release thermal energy from the Sun. These gases trap thermal energy
in the atmosphere while releasing a small amount into space. Global warming occurs due to the trapping of this heat.
Their covering of the sky and Sun reduces the amount of sunlight that can reach the Earth. In addition, these energy
sources are also bulky and inefficient. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (2014), producing even
one kilowatt–hour of energy (one kilowatt of electricity expended in one hour), 0.08 gallons of petroleum–based fuel,
1000 cubic feet of natural gases, and 1.09 pounds of coal ("How much coal, natural gas, or petroleum is used to generate
a kilowatt–hour 1 of electricity?"). Despite the availability of alternative energy sources, most people prefer these "dirty"
energy sources.
Solar power shows promise as a potential alternative.

The Great-Barrier Reef Acidification
As corals also use calcium–carbonate to build their structures, ocean acidification will also impede their growth by
corroding pre–existing coral skeletons, whilst simultaneously decreasing the growth of new ones (Smithsonian, 2016).
When the pH is lower, the corals have to use more energy to bind the carbonate building–blocks, hence the calcification
rate is lower, and they lay down weaker skeletons (EPOCA, 2008). One study showed that, in acidifying conditions,
coralline–algae, which build calcium–carbonate skeletons and help stabilise coral–reefs, covered up to 92% less area
(Andersson, 2007). It is also predicted that by 2100, 70% of all cold–water corals will live in under–saturated carbonate
waters (ESF, 2009). Coral forms a barrier that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mussels and oysters are projected to have decreased shell–growth by 25% and 10% respectively by the end of the century
(Fabry, 2008). Whilst urchins and starfish, which build their shells from magnesium–calcite, a form of calcium–carbonate
that dissolves faster than aragonite, will have frailer shells. Apart from shell–building, Mussels' byssal threads, which
they use to attach onto rocks in the pounding surf, cannot cling on well in acidic water. Meanwhile, oyster–larvae fail to
begin growing their shells. During the first 48 hours of their life, oyster–larvae have a massive growth spurt, building
their shells quickly so they can start feeding, however, acidic–seawater dissolves away their shells before they can form
(Smithsonian, 2016). In 2008, this caused oyster die–offs in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, posing a threat to an industry
worth $270 million, employing 3,200 people (Iaea, 2016). Ocean acidification is expected to impact several economically
important marine resources, including fish stocks, shellfish, and coral reefs. The effect on human populations will depend
on their vulnerability, resilience and adaptation capabilities (ESF, 2009).
Furthermore, 38% of global fish production is harvested by small–scale fishers, of which 95% live in developing
countries (FAO, 2011). Therefore, ocean acidification will have a proportionately greater negative impact on

Building Materials : Concrete Building Material
Concrete is known for being an enticing building material because of its economic availability. While steel and wood can
be expensive, reinforced concrete has consistently proven to be cheaper and efficient. When forms go beyond rigid
structure, reinforced concrete provides the next level of opportunities blurring the line between structure and architecture.
This gray zone is where the capabilities of structural art falls. Within reinforced concrete building, pre–fabricated systems
link the desire to economically create sculptural design that continues a relationship with classical architecture.
Reinforced concrete holds the potential to bridge the expressiveness of design with the functionality of monumentality.
Today, thin shell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While his first all–concrete building was only a small theater in Naples, Italy in 1927, it received plenty of attention from
critics and the public alike. Many saw the building collapsing due to lack of proper support. Despite these original
pessimistic opinions, the cinema has made it through years of weathering and the shelling during World War II. It wasn 't
until a year later he was commissioned for his first major project. The Italian royal Air Force contracted the structural
engineer/architect to build a set of six airplane hangars. The program called for a series of ribbed vaults with a geodetic
structure to house military equipment. Nervi's solution called for a number of overlapping arches that spanned the length
of 50 meters. The results were impeccable. An entire hangar could stretch the length of 330 feet by 130 feet with no
supporting pillars. Nervi had devised an experiment that mirrored the initial schemes for the Ciampino Airport in Rome,
and tested the overlapping arches strategy. By fully researching the building method through drawings and scale models,
he was able to efficiently approach construction of the structures. This included pre casting a majority of the forms on site
which cut back on material waste. The building yard had become a prefabrication work area for the lightweight joints of
the ribs so the limited resources could be given to the load bearing bases. By

The Cathedral Of Intercession Of The Virgin By The Moat
The structure we chose to do is the Saint Basil's Cathedral , which is located in Red Square, Moscow. It was built from
1555–61 on orders from Ivan the Terrible to celebrate the capture of Kazan from Mongol forces. The Saint. Basil's
Cathedral is officially called " The Cathedral of the Intercession of the Virgin by the Moat". The Cathedral is now a
museum. One service a year is held in the Cathedral, on the day of Intercession in October. This structure's type is a
combination of a frame structure and a shell structure. The architects who designed and built this building were named
Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Barma. There is a legend that said Ivan the Terrible was so impressed with the design he had
both architects blinded so that they could

The Functional And Chemical Properties Of A Meringue
To investigate the functional and chemical properties of the ingredients used in a meringue, I will research the different
ingredients used to make a meringue and how they affect the physical and chemical properties of the meringue. I will
particularly focus on the properties of eggs and why egg yolk cannot be used to make meringue. Meringue can be made
in different ways with different types of ingredients. The basic ingredients needed to make a meringue is egg whites and
sugar. However you can add other ingredients to change or stabilize the meringue. After doing some basic research, I will
carry out practical investigations and experiment the functional and chemical properties of a meringue.
Prior Learning: Function of the ingredients in meringue
Eggs – eggs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The proteins in the egg are broken down physically by denaturation which "breaks the chemical bonds that hold the
chains in their tangles, allowing them to uncoil into long strands"(source:
https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0078616441/student_view0/food_science_activities/demystifying_meringue.html).
The strands then start to coagulate which links the proteins together and stabilizes the meringue. Once the egg whites are
light and frothy, sugar is added to stabilize the meringue by gathering proteins on the surface area of the air bubbles and
to make it thick and glossy. Once the meringue is whisked to the point where it forms stiff peaks. The meringues are then
piped onto a baking tray and baked in the oven for around 40 minutes to an hour, until they are pale, dry, puffy and
delicate. Meringues are generally bakes at around 325 F so that the "air bubbles expand, the water evaporates and the
proteins coagulate at an even rate throughout the meringue"

What Is Covalent Bonding?
Covalent bonds define the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons (The
Covalent Bond). The atoms are unstable because their outer rings of electrons aren't filled up. By sharing electrons with
other atoms, these atoms can fill up their outer rings and become stable (Carr). Having a full outer shell of electrons is
called an octet. Covalent bonds are durable and are tough to make unstable again (Carr). Molecules that attach with
covalent bonds aren't very attracted to each other so they move freely around each other (Carr). That means that most
molecules that form covalent bonds make either liquids or gases, like water and carbon dioxide (Carr). Atoms connected
by a double bond cannot rotate freely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carr, K. (n.d.). What is Covalent bonding? – Chemistry – Quatr.us. Retrieved from
http://quatr.us/chemistry/atoms/covalent.htm
2. The Covalent Bond. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/valenceframe.html
3. CK–12. "Metallic Bonding ( Read ) | Chemistry | CK–12 Foundation." Free Online Textbooks, Flashcards, Practice,
Real World Examples, Simulations | CK–12 Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2016.
http://www.ck12.org/chemistry/Metallic–Bonding/lesson/Metallic–Bonding–Chemistry–Intermediate/
4. Library and Archive Catalogue. "Metallic Bonds." ChemTeacher. N.p., 2 Nov. 2010. Web. 3 Feb. 2016.
http://chemteacher.chemeddl.org/services/chemteacher/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36
5. NDT Resource Center. "Atomic Bonding Metallic Bonds." N.p., Web. 3 Feb. 2016. https://www.nde–
ed.org/EducationResources/ CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/metallic.htm
6. W. H. Freeman and Company. "Covalent Bonds – Molecular Cell Biology – NCBI Bookshelf." National Center for
Biotechnology Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2016.

A Paper Battery Is An Electrical Battery
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to paper battery A paper battery is an electrical battery designed to use a spacer fashioned mostly of
polyose (the major Constituent of paper). It incorporates nano scale structures to act as high area electrodes to enhance
physical phenomenon. additionally to being remarkably skinny, paper batteries ar versatile and atmosphere friendly,
permitting integration into a large vary of merchandise. Their functioning is analogous to traditional chemical batteries
with the vital distinction that they 're noncorrosive and don 't need intensive housing.
.A paper battery is associate immoderate skinny atmosphere friendly and versatile energy memory device (battery). that is
product of carbon nano tube and paper (cellulose means that the fabric that is obtained from tree ). The functioning of
paper Batteries is analogous to the conventional chemical battery
A paper battery is basically a tool that behave as a capacitance and as battery. it 's a flexible, lightweight weight device
created from carbon nano tubes daring on paper(cellulose). It 's primarily designed by combination of PAPER with
carbon nano tubes. It consists of infusion of carbon nano tubes with paper consisting of associate ionic liquid as associate
resolution.
There possesses to be a compromise between the charge manufacturing device (Battery) and a charge storing device
(Capacitor). Batteries (whether primary or secondary)

Graphite Research Paper
Carbon is a light atom with 6 protons and usually 6 neutrons in its nucleus. Sometimes Carbon can contain 8 neutrons but
in that form the nucleus is unstable. With the nucleus being unstable, the element falls apart through radioactive decay.
This rate of decay is consistent over long periods of time. Because this certain type of carbon (Carbon–14) is in many
materials, measuring the amount of carbon–14 in that material lets us figure out that material's age. This is known as
carbon dating. (Miodownik, 2013) The six electrons that are around the nucleus are very important. 2 of the 6 electrons
are deep at the inner core and don't have an effect on the interaction with other elements. The 4 electrons on the outermost
layer are active. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chemical bonds in graphite are stronger than those in Diamond. Diamonds have 3 layers of carbon sheets and
graphite has 2 layers. With each layer of Graphite, the carbon atoms contain strong bonds. The layers slide across each
other making the graphite softer. Out of the different forms of Carbon, Graphite is the most stable under different
conditions. (Thadani, 2012) Chem Class: Relating this back to our unit of chemistry, learning about properties of
substances, you can see how you can go from your everyday ordinary pencil to a crystal clear diamond. Each Specific
aspect is different, even if it's only a slight difference, that's how you create these different substances from Carbon. The
different shapes and properties allow us to have completely different properties. History of Graphite: Roughly in the
1500s, English people discovered black rocks. The villagers saw that these rocks would mark the sheep, so they began to
break off sticks of it so they could use it to mark their sheep. From this, this eventually ended up in the pencils that we
had today. In 1795, Nicholas–Jacques Conte discovered mixing clay with graphite to make pencils. Today, this mixture is
still used in our pencils.

The Future of Solar Technology
The future of solar technology clearly lies away from the expensive rigid structure of extensive silicon crystalline
structures, and towards the non–silicon based technologies. Governments and private firms must continue to invest the
capital needed to fund research and development in these fields of more flexible and versatile solar cells in order to
acheieve higher efficiencies and improve the manufacturing process of these technologies; as currently they remain in
their infancy.
3.4 Non Silicon Based Polycrystalline cells
Research into non silicon based solar cells is an exciting stage, with labs all over the world making advances in this field.
It has been hypothesized and proven that other semi conductor materials can be doped to provide the conductive layer
necessary for a solar cell to work. Copper oxide was used, but it was found to not retain the doping agents well; to
overcome this a new type of cell called screening–engineered field–effect photovoltaics (SPFV's) were produced. These
require a small electric field to be present in order to keep the p–n junction functioning, this electric field is far less than
the electricity that can be generated from the cell, and the reduced cost of not having to use silicon makes this a more than
viable resource. (Anthony, 2012)
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide cells (CIGS) are another branch of thin film photovoltaics being researched, with
laboratory prototypes achieving efficiencies of approximately 18%. CIGS cells have a huge

Solar Cell And Its Industry
Solar Cell and Its Industry The conversion of the sunlight directly into electricity by using the electronic properties of
various suitable materials appears to be an attractive energy conversion process and more or less an ideal alternative to
available conventional energy sources. The solar cell technology has developed enormously over the last four decades,
initially for being used to provide electrical power for spacecrafts and also more recently for various terrestrial
applications. The main reason for this technological development lies in the realization that traditional fossil energy
resources like coal, oil and gas are not just rapidly depleting, but they also contribute to unpredictable and probably
irreversible climate changes in the approaching future through the extreme high emission levels of greenhouse gases (e.g.
CO2, CO, SO2 and P2O5) and also due to acidification. The photo voltaic source of energy that is solar irradiation, has
the major advantage of being widely distributed over the world. The solar irradiation falling on the earth's surface is not a
limiting factor and also supersedes our needs by far. Photovoltaic industry has leapfrogged the barriers over the last three
decades from merely being a conceptual industry to a full–fledged commercial industry. Recent major investments and
the on hand manufacturing facilities are only mainly for silicon based technologies, with more than 93% market share,
mainly due to its maturity, growth and huge

Trans World Airlines Terminal / Eero Saarinen
ARCHGEN 300 TRANS WORLD AIRLINES TERMINAL / EERO SAARINEN / NEW YORK / 1956–1962
 Designed by Eero Saarinen in 1956–1962, the TWA Terminal was a very powerful building and
certainly one that had a revolutionary architectural statement. It was built for the increasing demand of air travel for the
early 20th Century where the majority of airports were nothing more than plain rectangular structures with watchtowers
that had failed to captivate people's urge to travel. Idlewild Airport in New York was an airport where each airline had
their own terminal and so it was important that Saarinen would design a public building that would not only
accommodate the activities intended but also become a powerful symbol for Trans World Airlines. The airline president
wanted a building that would capture 'flight' and envisioned for his company "a building in which the architecture itself
expresses the drama and specialness and excitement of travel". The TWA Terminal is one of his best and publicised work
and it gave him the opportunity to express his talents as a sculptor, planner, interior designer and architect. He worked
through the design process in a very cautious way, especially in the design of the exterior form and the interior
atmosphere which both captured the essence of flight and movement. During the design process of the terminal, he tried
to find a way to make people move smoothly through the Terminal, taking note of the activities within and around the

Thin Shell Design Essay
Jessica Mandrick E90 Project Proposal Swarthmore College Department of Engineering
Thin Shell Concrete Structure Design and Construction
1
1
Introduction
The ACI code defines a thin shell as a: "Three–dimensional spatial structure made
up of one or more curved slabs or folded plates whose thicknesses are small compared to their other dimensions. Thin
shells are characterized by their three–dimensional loadcarrying behavior, which is determined by the geometry of their
forms, by the manner in which they are supported, and by the nature of the applied load." Concrete shell structures are
able to span large distances with a minimal amount of material. An arch, spanning tens of feet, can be mere inches thick.
In maintaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 3 is a diagram indicating the application of this method to a hyperbolic paraboloid.
4
Figure 3: Hyperbolic Paraboloid modeled as a space frame. 2.2 Materials Testing and Selection There are two
directions in which the materials for this project could be chosen. The first direction derives from the fact that these
structures use very little material. They are therefore well suited for third world countries where resources are limited but
manual labor is abundant. The formwork used for these structures is often reusable and could be used to make several
structures of the same form. In the case that this technology was developed for third world locations, low technology
materials would be used. This would include utilizing cheaply obtained steel reinforcement and a standard cement mortar
mix without additives. The second direction for materials selection would be to explore new technology products. This
would include the use of additives in the concrete to increase its strength and therefore reduce its thickness and stresses.
Lightweight concrete may also be used reducing the weight of the structure. Swarthmore alumnus John Roberts, class of
1939, owns Solite Corporation which specializes in lightweight concrete expanded shale aggregate. He may be consulted
for information regarding the use of this

Using Rigid Panels Like Plywood
Concrete has no opinion about its shape; a gloppy material, it will take any shape give it, as long as it's given time to cure.
Traditionally, concrete is cast using rigid panels like plywood. Although reinforce concrete become the standard in the
last decades, few of its potentialities have been fully exploited. "Apart from the unconquerable inertia of our minds,
which do not seem to be able to adopt freely new ideas, the main cause of this delay is a trivial technicality: the need to
prepare wooden forms" (Nervi, 1956, p. 95). Most industrial material are produced through single axis mills. This
produced uniform surface. The obvious exceptions are cast materials such as concrete. But if concrete is cast into molds
made of rigid, flat material produced by milling, the result will likely be flat and straight forms. Fabric formwork is a
building technique that uses structural membranes as the main material for concrete molds. Unlike traditional formwork,
fabric formwork is highly flexible and can deflect under the pressure of concrete. The results are variety of shapes that are
not normally associated with concrete. As buildings become more complex, there is an increasing demand for molding
creative and organic forms. Concrete, theoretically, is the perfect material to make a variety of shape. Fresh concrete can
be shaped in different types of formwork. "The visual appearance and effect of fabric–formed concrete is strikingly
different from that of conventional concrete

Environmental Effects Of Ocean Acidification
The effects of pollution and plastics have caused and will continue to cause a major problem for the ocean's wellbeing
and health: in regards to the ocean pH levels changing, acidification's effect on the oceans, and the improvements to
plastic management in the past decade.
By observing ocean life, the effects of ocean acidification show likely risks for sea life. A species that demonstrates the
possible signs of damage from ocean acidification are Pteropods.
Due to the thin soluble shells of Pteropods, they have been used to foretell the possible effects of ocean acidification (Orr,
et. al. 1).
Research tells that anthropogenic acidification may change the mortality rates for pteropod larvae and a decrease in size
of the creatures over time (Gazeau 2207).
In another study done by Comeau, it was reported that the shells of the larvae of the Pteropods seem to have less of a
shell when exposed to high CO2 levels. (Siebel 5).
Ocean acidification has the ability to affect the growth of sea life shells due to the decrease of density of carbonate ions.
These shelled creatures are an important part of the ocean ecosystem due to the structures they create, water purification,
and they are also food for predators. (Gazeau 2207).
Coral reefs are also being observed and evaluated for ocean acidification and effects of plastics.
Water acidification, from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere being absorbed into the oceans, is one of the reasons creating
difficulties in the

Corrosion Performance Of New Anticorrosive Pigments For...
Corrosion performance of new anticorrosive pigments for corrosion protection of concrete reinforced bars exposed to
marine environment
Abstract
Core–shell hybrid structures have an important research value due to the novel properties offered by these composites.
Thus, it is promising to use the core–shell structures to change a lot of materials properties such as the surface
modification through the shell building. In the organic coatings manufacture, core–shell technology is classified as one of
the most modern methods in preparing new trends of eco–friendly and more economic pigments. These new types of
pigments are based on using core of waste material comprising about 80% of the new compound covered with
precipitated thin shell of commercially used materials comprising 20%. This technique is used to produce new hygiene
compounds which gather the properties of both core and shell materials. In this work, anticorrosive pigments were
prepared by using a core of silica fume which is well–known industrial waste and a shell of different types of metal
phosphates which are commercially well–known anticorrosive pigments. These prepared pigments were incorporated in
epoxy–based paints to protect the concrete reinforced bars from corrosion which were exposed to chloride medium. Steel
bars coated with paints containing the prepared core–shell pigments have been reinforced in different types of concrete
and immersed in 3.5% NaCl to evaluate their corrosion protection against

Everlasting Matchbox Research Paper
The Everlasting Matchbox The matchbox from Chicago's World Fair in 1934 was a matchbox built to last as a reminder
of the "Century of Progress". The use of formal qualities of the matchbox play a strong impact on keeping the matchbox
as a memory. The material qualities of the matchbox would help keep the matchbox protected from harmful damage
throughout the years. The formal and material qualities help keep the matchbox alive in memory and physical form.
Together, the formal and material qualities help preserve the matchbox for years to come. One of the first examples of the
matchbox being built to last is due in part because of the formal qualities of the matchbox. One of the formal qualities of
the matchbox is the metal having a colored picture on it. The colored picture on the matchbox makes the metal that is not
painted on catch the viewers' attention because the metal appears very bright. This combination of colored and non–
colored metal helps create a mental image easy to remember. Whenever the viewer thinks of the matchbox they
immediately think about how shiny the metal was upon first seeing the matchbox, keeping the mental image rooted in the
viewer's memories. Another formal quality of the matchbox is the metal itself that makes the matchbox feel like a
valuable piece of history. The different images portrayed on the various matchboxes portray different parts of the world
serve as a token ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The formal qualities preserve the matchbox by keeping it rooted in the memories of the viewer and make it easy to be
remembered. The material qualities of the matchbox preserve it by making it very durable to be able to withstand being
crushed and battle through the elements. The matchbox will last for years to come both in memory form and in physical
form as a token of the "Century of

Firenze, Filippo Brunelleschi: The Mystery Behind The Dome
Brunelleschi: The Mystery Behind the Dome
Italy is the country of the culture, in fact the art, the innovation and the genius have always found a rich soil in it, Italy
gives space to every kind of arts or science: Galileo Galilei, Dante Alighieri, Cristoforo Colombo, Michelangelo
Buonarroti, Leonardo Da Vinci, Filippo Brunelleschi and many others.
Firenze has always been the city of the artists, many of the most famous genius came from Firenze, Filippo Brunelleschi
is one of them. Brunelleschi was a metalworker but the world knows him as one of the greatest architect, he was the one
who designed the dome of the Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore of Firenze. It is important to specify that today this dome
remain one of the biggest masonry dome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[...] The eight webs consist of two concentric shells. The dome can be envisioned as the composition of an inner thick
shell, visible from within the cathedral, nested inside an external thin shell, wider and taller, with a gap between the
extrados of the former and the intrados of the latter which varies from the springing to the crown, whose average value is
1.23 m.
[...] The two shells are also connected to one another by some brickwork rings in the webs, which are hidden between the
two shells as well. Thus, the dome can also be envisioned as a sandwich structure, whose skins are the two brickwork
shells and whose connecting core consists of the eight stonework ribs, the sixteen brickwork ribs and the brickwork rings.
The dome does not include any flying buttresses. However, the side chapels and the nave exert a certain buttressing
action on the drum, which boosts the buttressing action exerted by the piers."
The mystery of Brunelleschi's dome is that he hadn't knowledge about how to build a dome, but he invented a new way,
new tools and machinery to accomplish this glorious work. Modern experts suppose that maybe he found inspiration in
different buildings, but he never wrote annotation of his work.

Are Veeneers Research Paper

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Are Veeneers Research Paper

Similar to Are Veeneers Research Paper (11)

More from Kelly Flores

More from Kelly Flores (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Are Veeneers Research Paper