1861-1865

1. 1861-1865

7. 1. South Carolina—Dec. 20, 1860
2. Mississippi—January 9, 1861
3. Florida—January 10, 1861
4. Alabama—January 11, 1861
5. Georgia—January 19, 1861
6. Louisiana—January 26, 1861
7. Texas—February 1, 1861
Meeting at Montgomery, AL leads to creation of CSA

8. Seceding states secured federal property within their
boundaries
Lincoln’s Inaugural Address:
States could not leave
Government would hold federal property in seceded
states
Fort Sumter, SC becomes point of contention

9. Rebels stop supplies from reaching Union troops
Anderson & Union refuses to surrender
Rebels fire on Union troops—April 12, 1861
April 14, 1861—Union surrenders fort
No casualties

11. Virginia—April 17, 1861
Arkansas—May 6, 1861
North Carolina—May 20, 1861
Tennessee—June 8, 1861
Slave states with the Union
Maryland
Delaware
Kentucky
Missouri

13. Union
Population, RR mileage, industry, farm production
CSA
Cotton, commitment to the cause
* See chart on p. 377

14. Legislation passed by Republican Congress:
Homestead Act (1862)
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
Pacific Railway Act (1862)
National Bank Acts (1863-1864)
“Greenbacks”

15. In 1861 the U.S. Army consisted of 16,000 troops
2 million served by end of war
Congress authorized enlistment of 500,000 volunteers
in 1861
National draft law passed in 1863
Could avoid being drafted w/ $300
Draft riot in NYC in 1863
Irish workers; aimed at African Americans

16. Lincoln’s biggest problem=opposition from “Peace
Democrats”/ “Copperheads”
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus (right to a speedy
trial)
Pro-war pamphlets, posters, speeches, songs
Photographs
Mathew Brady
Images of death led to negative attitudes towards war

18. Lincoln defeats McClellan easily
Aided by Sherman’s capture of Atlanta

19. Immediate abolition vs. gradual abolition
1862—slavery banned in Washington, D.C.
1863—Emancipation Proclamation
Freed slaves in Confederate areas
Ending slavery became a goal of the war
Freed slaves were considered “contraband”
1865—13th
Amendment ended all slavery in U.S.

20. Roughly 180,000 served Union during war
Participation increased significantly after
Emancipation Proclamation
Most notable all-black unit=54th
Massachusetts
Led by Col. Robert Gould Shaw
High casualties at Ft. Wagner, SC (1863)
Movie=Glory (1989)
If captured—executed or returned to slavery

22. New roles
Nursing (had been typically a male role)
U.S. Sanitary Commission led by Dorothea Dix
Gave supplies to hospitals
Organized large number of nurses
Encouraged sanitary conditions

23. Confederate constitution
similar to the U.S.
Constitution EXCEPT
Emphasis on sovereignty of
the states
Made abolition of slavery
difficult
6 yr terms for president
President=Jefferson Davis of
Mississippi
Had been Secretary of War

24. Most wealth was invested in slaves & land
Taxation created limited revenue
Paid for much of the war through creation of paper
money
Led to drastic inflation (9,000%)

25. First relied on volunteers
Later a draft
Ages 18-35
Owner of 20 slaves exempted
“Rich man’s war, but poor man’s fight”
900,000 soldiers served over course of the war
Desertions were high; esp. at end of war

26. Southern economy devastated
Loss of northern markets
Loss of male workforce
Nearly all battles fought on southern soil
Production reduced by 1/3

27. Taking over farms/plantations
Teachers, nurses, government jobs
Postwar—thousands more women than men
Large numbers of unmarried & widowed women

28. Abraham Lincoln
Little previous military
experience
Took advantage of
material advantages
Struggled to find
generals that would
implement his plans

29. Winfield Scott
Mexican War hero
Elderly (70s)
Retires in November, 1861
George B. McClellan
Young, brash, well-liked by troops
Too hesitant
Ulysses S. Grant
Grant made war on armies & resources, not enemy territory
Persistent, unrestrained attacking
Worked way up ladder, made name for himself in western
theater

30. Jefferson Davis
West Point grad, Mexican War, Secretary of War
Robert E. Lee
Secretly opposed secession, chose to represent home
state of Virginia
Much respected
Symbol to the Confederates
Much success despite being outnumbered

31. Union had advantage in numbers
Blockade along coast & take control of Mississippi
River
Rebels countered with blockade runners & ironclads
Union built ironclads of their own
Monitor v. Virginia (1862)

33. CSA hoped for European allies
“Cotton Diplomacy”
French were waiting for a British decision
Britain had abolished slavery in 1833
Became increasingly sympathetic to Union after
Emancipation Proclamation
Additionally, Brits had a surplus of cotton at start of
war

34. Intense fighting in Missouri & Kansas
Guerilla fighting
Confederates attempted to ally with 5 Civilized Tribes
Living in Indian Territory @ time
Tribes never formally allied
Some fought for both sides

35. Repeating revolver—Samuel Colt
Repeating rifle—Oliver Winchester
Improved cannons & artillery
Ended days of fighting with standing infantry
Fortifications, earthworks, trenches
Hot-air balloons for reconnaissance
Railroads—Transporting supplies & troops
Telegraph—Limited impact—Allowed commanders
to communicate with one another during battles