Investigating Ethical Qualms Of The Modern Toilet

Investigating Ethical Qualms Of The Modern Toilet
Investigating Ethical Qualms of the Modern Toilet
Nina Levison
Initial interest and topic expansion
This paper started as a way to talk about my ethical qualms with the toilet and see if there was a scientific basis to back them up. More than a
history or philosophy of how the modern toilet came to be, I wanted to see if there is scientific evidence to back up my idea of toilets and the modern
sewage treatment systems as wasteful. In order to understand the wastefulness, or efficiency, of the toilet however, I had to answer the question, "what
happens when we flush?" This may not be the most interesting or sexiest information about waste, but it is an important look into a part of the waste
stream we contribute to daily, in fact, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Modern sewage formed in response to the 1858 Great Stink of London. The Great Stink was a product of many factors. The introduction of flush toilets
replacing previously popular chamber pots increased water and waste volume into cesspits. Additionally, these cesspits, once only used for excess
rainwater collection, began to carry waste from slaughterhouses and factories, contaminating the city before its ultimate departure into the River
Thames, which began to overflow with sewage along with its tributaries. All of this combined with an unusually hot summer encouraged bacterial
growth, a rancid odor, and contributed to a cholera outbreak. In response, London built thousands of miles of underground pipe and created the modern
sewage treatment system [3][4].
Two categories of sewage treatment
Sewage treatment can be broken into two categories – storm sewers and sanitary sewers [5].
1.Storm sewers
Storm sewers drain excess rain and groundwater from manmade infrastructure like roads and parking lots. Sometimes the water may be processed to
remove stuff like car oil, but for the most part, they get less treatment than sanitary sewers or sometimes none at all[5].
2.Sanitary sewers
Sanitary sewers are processed to clean up human waste. Although there are many methods of dealing with human waste, the generally accepted method
in North America consists of a three–stage sewage treatment system. In this essay I will

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Methodology For Environmental Assessment Used Here Is Life...
Our aim was to perform a holistic assessment including technical, economic and environmental aspects, in order to assess the overall sustainability of
SBT plant. The methodology for environmental assessment used here is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a useful tool for investigating
environmental impacts associated with a product, service or process from cradle–to–grave perspective. It is becoming increasingly popular amongst
researchers in wastewater treatment field nowadays because of its holistic approach. It has been proved as a useful tool for computation of
environmental impacts of a given wastewater treatment technology (Hospido et al., 2004; Gallego et al., 2008; Li et al., 2013). Table 1 shows review
of studies on CSF technology and table 2 shows literature review on application of LCA to natural wastewater treatment technologies. Only Worli SBT
is monitored and studied in detail i.e. in–depth evaluation for physicochemical parameters, microbial parameters, socio economic aspects and LCA was
carried out. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Soil Biotechnology plant performance (physicochemical and microbial performance) To evaluate
performance of SBT plant we monitored the plant for 24 months (July 2013–April 2015). Samples of raw sewage and treated effluent were collected
from the respective site and analysed during the period from July 2013 to April 2015. Samples were analysed for various physicochemical properties
such as pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),

The Importance Of Public Health And Environmental Problems...
The Tijuana Estuary has been affected for many decades from the pollution that is brought by the runoff from the Tijuana watershed. The Tijuana
watershed is a large watershed with an area of 1,750 square miles. The Tijuana watershed is a unique watershed in San Diego because three–fourths of
the watershed is in Mexico where a majority of the runoff flows across the border into the United States where it is discharged into the ocean. The
watershed is located in a dry environment that is considered arid and only receives 10 inches of rain annually. A majority of the western basin is
made up of developed land while the eastern basin is mostly undeveloped land (The Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve 2014). The
Tijuana watershed has a rapid population growth with a majority of the Mexican residents living with insufficient utilities which causes unsanitary
conditions and accelerated erosion. Public health and environmental problems occur because Mexico does not have strong environmental policies.
Projects to help with these issues have been put into place to help improve water quality. Most of the runoff that is collected in the watershed
eventually makes its way into the Tijuana Estuary and along the coastline which can result in economic problems because of beach closures. These
areas are also home to many endangered species. Many of the endangered birds that live in the Tijuana estuary feed on plants and small fish that are in
and around the watershed. The

Sydney Water Eastern Sewerage Treatment Plant Site Report
Melbourne Water Eastern Sewerage Treatment plant Site Report There are several different technologies used at the Eastern Treatment Plant for
treating sewerage until it becomes Class A treated effluent. An overview of the process can be seen in Figure 1 below: Figure 1: A schematic diagram
showing the overall sewerage treatment process (Melbournewater.com.au nd.) Grit filtration is used to begin the removal of some solids and large
objects and rubbish that end up in sewerage such as plastics, condom wrappers and toys by passing the water through two filters
(Melbournewater.com.au nd.). Sedimentation and flocculation collection begins the remove solids as they settle out under very still conditions and
hydrophobic components which are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The remnant sludge is dried leaving a biosolid high in metals and contaminants which is considered unsafe for human contact and is currently stored
onsite (Melbourne Water 2014). As with most technology the definition of state of the art is incredibly subjective and is rooted in social and economic
issues (Diaper & Sharma 2007). For the treatment of sewerage this is particularly true and it is hard to separate technology from social and economic
issues, as such both will be addressed together. Currently most of the technology used is state of the art based on the on recent implementation of the
new upgrade to the treatment process by the addition of tertiary processing (Melbourne Water 2014). There are always improvements in technology that
could be implemented but when taking in to consideration the low economic viability of many new technologies for a commercial scale at the present
time, the current technology is cutting edge for its purpose and cost (Melbourne Water 2014). As new technology becomes more economical than this
question will have to be readdressed. For example a state of the art water treatment technology that could be employed would be any pressure driven
membrane filtration such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration make the Category A treated effluent in to

The Industrial Waste Management Practices
INTRODUCTION:
Huge plants which operate in the industry of light, chemicals and other heavy industries, although providing substantial employment and improving the
economy, contribute to a lot of aquatic pollution . Unless the industrial waste management practices are regulated and monitored for sensitive water
bodies around them, they pose a significant contamination risk. Locating a resourceful site, providing facilities along with industrial waste and
operational management practices are needed to minimize this risk.
The most commonly affecting industrial waste includes petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, surfactants, toxins and/or salts, which pollute
surrounding water bodies, making them unsuitable for most of the water needs and harming the aquatic life therein. Algal blooms and oxygen deficit
are the result of excessive nutrients found in the waters.
Industrial wastes are also known to pollute underground water too which increase the cost and risk of cleaning/treating sewage. Industrial pollutants
such as oxygen scavengers may corrode pipes and equipment in the sewerage collection system and in treatment plants. Greases and suspended matter
can cause pipe blockages and odors.
Metropolitan Water Supply , Sewerage and Drainage Bylaws 1981 ( as amended ), sewage , drainage, or anything other than unpolluted water business
, industry , warehouse or manufacturing premises from the liquid , solid or gaseous refuse to define it as industrial waste . Industrial

Sewage Wastewater Treated Data The Treatment Capacity Of...
Looking at the Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data the treatment capacity of the plant exceeded the design capacity at
least 5 times in last 8 years highlighted in red text in the "Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data:
2008–2015".
Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data: 2008–2015
Using the 2015 flow in MGD data, plot a line graph between weekly flows in million gallons per day. The peak capacity reached on 6/20/2015
exceeding design capacity of 19.1 million gallon per day as shown in the "Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly sewer flow 2015".
When we compare the historical average, it is less than the dry weather capacity of 8.9 million gallon per day and much less than the design capacity
of 19.1 million gallon per day.
Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly sewer flow 2015
Similarly, using above 2015 weekly data, plot a line graph for BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen. The peak value of the "Suspended
Solids – in" is 4 times the average values as shown in the "Figure – Weekly BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen 2015". The peak "BOD–
in" is about 2 time of the average and all other BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen weekly values are closer to the historical average.
Figure – Weekly BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen 2015
Finally, plot a line graph using above 2015 weekly

Wastewater In Canada
Montreal plans to shut down a pipe, which feeds water from the sewers into a treatment plant. Therefore the city's strategy is to dump the eight billion
liters of raw sewage into the St Lawrence River [1]. The procedure is going against the fisheries act, it will have negative consequences for
communities downstream, and it will also damage the river's ecosystem. In brief that scheme has several negative impacts on the river's ecosystem and
the city should invest in alternative procedures.
The procedure of dumping mass amounts of wastewater into the river is going against the fisheries act if not given authorization [3]. Environment
Canada is researching the implications of the plan and exploring options to prevent this release, while studying ... Show more content on
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Dr. Grant Brow who is a Concordia University biologist that specializes in aquatic behavioral and chemical ecology, claims, "The untreated effluent
could cause harm to a number of aquatic species"[2]. The fish rely on chemical cues to help it survive, such as finding food, shelter, detecting and
avoiding predators. On the other hand, the city's spokesman Philippe Sabourin, says that "the contamination is not a big concern due to the sheer size
of the river and how quickly it flows – at a rate of 6,000 to 7,000 cubic meters a second, compared to the flow rate of the wastewater, expected to be
13 cubic meters a second" [2]. However, it would be devastating if the city proceeds with their plan since the chemical and bacteriological mixture of
wastewater must be observed at all times to ensure public health. In wastewater there are oxygen–consuming materials, which needs to be minimized
to protect from low dissolved oxygen conditions since it can be harmful to aquatic species [4]. Many nutrients found in wastewater, such as nitrogen
and phosphorus must be removed to prevent high level of nutrients, which can cause the ecosystem to have hypoxia and the increase of pollutants in
the waterways [4]. The city has examined alternative methods, and the mayor claims that, "They have consulted with experts around the world and
that every option has been explored" [5]. The city has probe to put in mobile tanks or installing a $1–billion diversion system to collect the raw sewage
and send it to the treatment plant, which would be safer and more ethical

Essay On St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant
1. Brief history of the plant(s) including design capacity and future expansion
1.1 Introduction
This report will cover the history, operations and future potential for the St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant and St Mary's Water Recycling Plant,
which located in an industrial area in St Mary's, a western suburb of Sydney.
A group of subject 48350 Environmental and Sanitation Engineering students visited both plants, and observed the operations and maintenance of these
wastewater treatment systems.
1.2 St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant
In 1939, the Sewage Treatment Plant was first commissioned at St Mary where it serviced a government facility nearby using a trickling filter system –
obviously a small scale operation.
The Plant was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
St Marys Sewage Treatment and Recycled Water Plants are not planned for explanation in next few years. However, there is a plan in general that are
to construct more sewage treatment plants and implement more recycled water processing plants around Sydney where the population is predicted to
increase significantly in next 5 years period (from 4 to 6 million).
More urgently however, is the need for infrastructure rejuvenation, prompting the SewerFix program, which has been operating since 2008 to repair
leaks, clear blockages and refurbish old sewage piping and pumping infrastructure to improve overall system efficiency and minimise the possibility
of spills. An estimated $560 million will be invested into the project over the course of 4 years from 2008 to 2012.
Moreover, at this time, it is importance to rejuvenate infrastructure and prompt the SewerFix program. Since 2008, those has been operating to repair
leaks, clear blockages and refurbish old sewage piping and pumping infrastructure to improve overall system efficiency and minimise the possibility
of spills. An estimated $400 million will be invested into the project over the course of 4 years from 2012 to 2016 (sewerFix Program, 2012).
2. A schematic diagram and a

Global Water Crises Around The World And The Effects They...
2800 Kensington Drive
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304
December 09, 2016
Minister Sushri Uma Bharti
6, Akbar Road
New Delhi, Delhi 110011
Dear Minister Sushri Uma Bharti,
My name is Vynateya Purimetla, and I am an eighth grader currently attending East Hills Middle School, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Presently, we
are in a hydrogeology unit and we have been researching global water crises around the world and the effects they have on people who inhabit those
regions. I am writing this letter to address the issues of inadequate sanitation, untreated sewage in groundwater, and holy rivers being polluted due to a
host of reasons. These problems are occurring in both rural and urban areas, and are affecting more than 80% of the Indian population who depend on
water polluted with untreated sewage, nitrate, and agricultural runoff for basic survival needs, (The Huffington Post). As the leader of the Ministry of
Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, I hope that some of the solutions outlined in this letter could be helpful to you in solving
India's water crisis.
A problem that affects the daily life of more than a hundred million people is inadequate sanitation and a lack of proper sanitation facilities. For
example, only 87% of Indians in urban areas have access to a sanitized latrine, while only 33% of Indians in rural areas have access to a toilet, (The
Guardian). This statistic is alarming, as it increases the susceptibility to diseases such as

Confronting the Challenges of Sewerage Management in...
Master of International Studies
95.803 Business, the Environment and Social Responsibility Lecturer: Rashid Ameer
Discussion paper
Confronting the challenges of sewerage management in Island of Barbados
Name: Tsoy Evgeniy
ID: 2122207
Due Date: Thursday, 14 June, 2012 An exotic and dwelling place of unique phenomenon attracts millions of tourists every year. This is Caribbean,
island of Barbados, paradise in the seventh heaven. The idea that the flowery island is under threat of sewage and waste water management beats
everyone's imagination. "Contamination of coastal water and deterioration of coral reefs have been linked to inadequate disposal of waste water" and
poor sewerage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Settled sewerage for example, is appropriate for middle–income or upper–income areas which already have septic tanks, but "where the soil can no
longer accept all the septic tank effluent"; this system is being used in Australia, United States, Colombia and Nigeria. "Simplified sewerage system is
most suitable for high–density, low–income areas"; this method is now used commonly in Brazil and in some countries of Latin America, Pakistan,
and Karachi. (Mara, 1996, pp. 249–256) However, these data are too old now, and we cannot rely on already infirm experience. Nowadays we are able
to use state–of–the–art technologies and more effective approaches to solve sewage problem. There are two sewage treatments: anaerobic methods and
aerobic methods. "Anaerobic Treatment is the most appropriate technology for tropical areas like Brazil, India and Columbia". This concept uses
specially cultivated bacterium (OS1). Meanwhile, "aerobic technologies are designed keeping in mind the conditions of countries with lower
temperature. Also aerobic treatment plants are dependent on continuous power supply and are extremely costly." (Organic solutions, para.1). UASB
(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) for instance, a notion for sewage treatment, was launched in India two decades ago and today has extended over
the other developing countries with similar climate. "India is one of the leading countries in term of amount sewage volume treated by

Water Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment
Water covers almost 75% of the earth's surface and is undoubtedly our most precious natural resource that exists on our planet today. There won't be
any living organism on our planet without water. Water Pollution occurs when a body of water is severely affected due to addition of large amount of
materials to the water.[Missouri Botanical Garden] Pollutions such as sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high
levels, nutrients can over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our
waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.[David Krantz] This could be very harmful to aquatic
organisms as it affects the respiration ability of fish and other creatures of the sea. Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids,
such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains.[David Krantz] Pollution in the
form of organic material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and
pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water.
Many types of fish and bottom–dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this
occurs, it

Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant Essay
Background
Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant is the biggest advanced wastewater treatment plant in the world, which covers 153 acres. The
facility is operated by District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DC Water). It provides wastewater collection and treatment services to more
than 2 million customers in Washington, USA. The treatment plant can treat up to 370 millions of gallons per day in Maryland, the District, and
Virginia suburbs, with a complete treatment peak flow of 740 mgd, and an excess flow of 336 mgd (Eckert et al., 2010).
Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant received awards from the National Association of Clean Water Agencies for having a peak
performance for more than 10 sequential years. In the year 2003, the plant also received an excellence in management award. In the previous years, the
plant has successfully upgraded and improved its liquid processing systems. There is little doubt that DC water has been a champion of protection and
restoring all their waterways.
To provide a reliable supply of consumable water from the Potamic River to the city, the congress commissioned the construction of an aqueduct system
in the year 1852. Washington Aqueduct was designed and constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The operation began in 1864. In the 20th
century, filtration plants were added to the system.
A sewage treatment plant was constructed in the Blue Plains area, at the southernmost tip of DC in 1938, which costs

Long Island Sound ( Lis ) Essay
Long Island Sound (LIS) is a major urban estuary located along the east coast of the United States. It is semi–enclosed by states and islands in all
directions. LIS is bordered by the State of Connecticut to the north and Long Island, New York (NY) on its southern shore. To its west it connects to
the NY metropolitan area and to the east it is closed off by Block Island and Fishers Island Sounds. Due to the restricted transport and dispersal of
contaminants, LIS is susceptible to enhanced anthropogenic impacts. Sewage effluent, industrial discharge, agricultural and urban runoff, atmospheric
deposition, combined inputs from major rivers, and disposal of dredged material are the major routes of contaminants into LIS (1). There is a
correlation that the number of marine systems that become exposed to both treated and untreated wastewater discharges increases, as there are
concurrent increases in population around coastal areas. The environmental quality of receiving waters may be compromised due to thousands of
different chemicals released via sewage inputs. Over the last decade there has been a growing interest on a specific chemical known as
pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Antimicrobials, fragrances, therapeutic drugs, some polymers, and surfactants are all categorized
as PPCPs. In developed countries, most wastewater are treated in order to ensure that the majority of the chemicals, or a very significant portion of the
chemicals, are removed

The Sources, Environmental Impact, and Control of Water...
Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental challenges. It occurs when water is contaminated by such substances as human and animal
wastes, toxic chemicals, metals and oils. Pollution can affect rain, rivers, lakes, oceans and the water beneath the earth, called ground water.
Polluted water may look clean or dirty, but it all contains bacteria, viruses, chemicals or other chemicals than can cause illness or even death.
Impurities must be removed before such water can be used safely for drinking, cooking or washing. Some industries must clean the water before it can
be used in their manufacturing processes.
Water pollution has become a serious problem in most countries. As a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some industries pollute water in yet another way. they use large quantities of water to cool certain equipment. Heat from the equipment makes the
water hot. The industries then discharge the hot water into rivers and lakes, heating those bodies of water. Such heating that harms plants or animals is
known as thermal pollution.
В· Sewage consists of human wastes, garbage and water that has been used for washing or bathing. Most of the sewage goes through treatment plants
that remove solids and such dissolved substances as the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous.
В· Agricultural chemicals and wastes. Water from rain or melted snow flows from farmland into streams, carrying chemical fertilisers and pesticides
that farmers have used on the land. Animal wastes also can cause water pollution, particularly from feed lots with many animals. Cattle, sheep and
poultry raised on feed lots do not distribute their wastes over widespread pastureland. Instead, much of their wastes runs off into nearby streams. Water
used for irrigation also may be polluted by salt, agricultural pesticides and toxic chemicals on the soil surface before it flows back into the ground.
Effects of water pollution
В· Health. Water polluted with human and animal wastes can spread typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery and other diseases. Though

Safe Water with Adequate Sanitation
1–Introduction
Accessing safe water with adequate sanitation has been a crucial problem for billions of people around the world (1). Most of them are in the
developing countries and this problem seems to increase in the following years (2). One of the renewable sources of freshwater which has sufficient
sanitation is rainfall. Globally precipitation generates supply of 40000 to 45000 km3 per year (3). However, there is not a uniform rainfall for
different areas of the world. Developed countries are mostly located in the temperate or tepid latitudes, hence they have more precipitation. On the other
hand, developing countries have mostly arid and semi–arid climates which they lack in the sufficient rainfall. Imbalance between water needs and its
resources has been a crucial issue for these countries. It has been expected that by the year 2025, 34 countries most of them developing nations will
experience water scarcity (2) (3). This situation is more critical in the North Africa and in the Middle East (4).
In addition to the scarcity of fresh water which is a major concern, nowadays for both developed and developing countries, the quality of water has been
deteriorated due to the pollution, particularly in the developing nations. The major causes of the contaminated water resources are the inadequate
wastewater treatment, non–optimized landfill construction, leaking from sewage systems, and unauthorized agricultural, municipal and industrial
wastewater discharge into aquatic

Waste Water Treatment
Sewage treatment
The objective of sewage treatment is to produce a disposable effluent without causing harm to the surrounding environment and prevent pollution.[1]
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff
(effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce an environmentally–safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or
reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced technology it is now possible to re–use sewage effluent for drinking water, although ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.
Process Flow Diagram for a typical large–scale treatment plant
Process Flow Diagram for a typical treatment plant via Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SFCW)
[edit] Pre–treatment
Pre–treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary
treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc.).
[edit] Screening
The influent sewage water is screened to remove all large objects carried in the sewage stream.[5] This is most commonly done with an automated
mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants a manually cleaned screen may
be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The
solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimise solids
removal. If gross solids are not removed they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant and can cause substantial damage and
inefficiency in the process.[6]:9
[edit] Grit removal
Pre–treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the

The Huang He River
Esteemed members of the UNESCO Board. The Huang He River, commonly referred to as the Yellow River is a riverine landscape that flows from
the West of China to the East, through nine Northern Provinces. (Huang He Britannica, 2011) The rivers source (the Kunlun Mountains) are located at
36В°N and 84В°E and its mouth (the Bohai Sea) is located at 38.7В°N and 119.9В°E. Located in China, this river should be under the state of
investigation by UNESCO due to the bad pollution the region is receiving. The area's climate is cool winters, with temperatures dropping below 0В°,
and short dry summers. Created by progressive erosion, the Huang He River Valleys give insights into Ancient Chinese Civilisations. The River is
affectionately named "The Cradle of Ancient Chinese Civilisation." (Yellow River WWF, 2013). The Riverine Landscape was formed by water flow
erosion from its source; the Kunlun mountains. This erosion has created valleys where the water currently flows downstream to the Bohai Sea. The
water's colour is yellow because of the masses of the fertile Loess sediments deposited there, but often seen other colours due to pollution. This fertile
soil has meant the land and banks is traditionally excellent for crop farming for the locals, but in modern times, excessive pollution has devastated this
ability to farm freely. The river is known as having three main sections, the upper reaches, the middle reaches, and the Lower reaches. (China Travel,
2009) The image below shows that

The Effects Of Sludge Sewage On The Waste Water Treatment
The usefulness of sludge sewage also known as bio solids in the environment can't be overemphasized. According to Renner, millions of tons of
sewage sludge is produced each year[1]. Land filling, incineration and land application are the possible options for the disposal of the bio solids
resulting from the waste water treatment. Approximately six million tons of treated sludge produced annually in the U.S is applied to the farmland[6].
This method of disposal is favored above the other methods because it is used as a form of amendment for the purpose of improving the condition of the
soil. The treated sewage sludge or bio solid is rich in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus and organic content which make it useful as fertilizers to
stimulate the growth of plants as well as enhance and maintain productive soils[5]. In addition to the nutrients contained in the bio solids, there is
also the presence of a multitude of metals, contaminants and pathogens. This caused the issue of the bio solids application in the agricultural lands
to be a disputatious issue globally right from the time the Clean Water regulations were enacted since the late 1980's[1]. Sewage sludge or Bio solids
are the byproducts of domestic and industrial waste water treatment processes. According to Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 503,
sewage sludge is regarded as the solid, semi solid or liquid remains that results from the treatment of sewage produced industrially and

The Effects Of Exposure On Male Fighting Fish, Betta...
A)The purpose of this article is to explain an investigation attempting to correlate negative behavioral effects observed in adult male fighting fish, Betta
splendens, with exposure to waterborne phytoestrogens. The phytoestrogens the B. splendens were exposed to were genistein, equol, ОІ–sitosterol, and
17 ОІ–estradiol. Behavioral effects of exposure were analyzed by monitoring spontaneous swimming movements, amount of time it took to react to an
alleged intruder, amount of aggression toward that alleged intruder, likelihood of building a nest whilst among a female B. splendens and the area of
said nest. This study was conducted given there has been no research done on the behavioral biomarkers resulting from waterborne phytoestrogens as
an environmental contaminant to aquatic species, even though these animals are the highest probability of experiencing phytoestrogen exposure in
their natural habitats. Additionally, when considering phytoestrogens' ability to cause reproductive and developmental malfunction in fishes,
waterborne phytoestrogen's presence in sewage treatment plants' liquid waste, runoff from agricultural areas utilizing manure and wood pulp mills '
liquid waste is concerning.
B)Behavioral effects of exposures to short term genistein, equol, ОІ–sitosterol, and 17 ОІ–estradiol on B. splendens were analyzed by observing
impulsive actions, latency to react to a suspected invader, amount of aggression toward that invader, likelihood of building a nest while in the

Water Pollution And Its Effects On Aquatic Life
Water Pollution and its Effects on Aquatic Life
Charles Darwin, the father of evolutionary biology, states in his theory of evolution that only organisms better fit to survive in their environment will
survive. Based on his theory and research, it can be concluded that challenges to the environment directly affect the organisms. Research shows that in
particular water pollution; hospital wastewater and sewage wastewater, is shown to cause antibiotic–resistant microorganisms, excess nutrients such as
nitrogen and phosphorus as well as heavy metals that harm the aquatic life present in the body of water. Antibiotic–resistant microorganisms refer to
organisms that cannot be killed by antibiotics such as penicillin or ampicillin. The heavy metals referred to are, mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic
(As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb); these metals mainly impact fish.
As mentioned above one of the key sources of water pollution is hospital wastewater. It has been reported that local wastewater treatment plants are
unequipped to treat the wastewater completely (Nielsen) and therefore hazardous to the environment. Part of the hospital wastewater are antibiotics
that come out in active form because it has not been completely metabolized. (Ahmad, M., et al.). This means that the antibiotics have not been
completely broken down and can still kill bacteria present in the water body. The presence of antibiotics would not be a critical issue if it was simply
killing off

Microbial Fuel Cells use bacteria to convert waste into...
Microbial Fuel Cells use bacteria to convert waste into electrical energy. These bacteria break down almost any biodegradable organic waste including
sewage and water waste and use it as fuel to generate power. Places like Penn State University and The Biodesign Institute in Arizona State University
are already testing and improving this new alternative energy. According to Penn State University they have achieved in producing 1.5 watts per
meter squared of amount of waste water taken in and believe that a large industrial plant will be able to produce near 0.8 watts per meter squared and
will be able to support about 500 homes (9). This is a new technology that is being avidly researched, however it is not currently used in large ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This cell uses bacteria like Shewanella oneidensis and Rhodoferax ferrireducens and many labs are attempting to find better strains of bacteria
more suited to the process (3). This fuel cells work in two parts. Basically, the microbial fuel cell has two halves, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic
means with presence of oxygen, anaerobic means a lack of oxygen. When bacteria consume their "food" in aerobic conditions they produce carbon
dioxide and water, however when it's in an anaerobic condition they produce carbon dioxide, electrons and protons. The MFC has the bacteria put in
the anaerobic chamber of the cell and decompose water material that contain glucose and/or acetate. The bacteria also free hydrogen ions and
electrons. The electrons flow from an anode into the cathode. The hydrogen ions however just pass through the barrier; soon the electrons and
hydrogen ions are in the aerobic chamber and combine with the oxygen forming h2o. The H2O is released and electrical energy is produced from the
transfer off the energy between the Anode and Cathode (or Anaerobic and Aerobic chambers).
Microbial Fuel Cells have a large variety of benefits due to its versatility and choice of fuel.
Firstly it can use most biodegradable organic matter including human and animal waste, sewage, etc. This is great as there is no limit to the fuel and it
is easy to find. Secondly, it reduces cost

Chemical Pollution
Biological, Chemical, and Physical Agent
Water pollution is caused when water contains excessive amounts of biological agents & microorganisms, such as bacterial species, viruses, worms, and
/or algae. This type of pollution is caused by decaying organic material in water, animal wastes, as well as improper disposal of human wastes. Chemical
pollution is defined as the presence or increase in our environment of chemical pollutants that are not naturally present, or are found in amounts higher
than normal. Most of the chemicals that pollute the environment are man–made, resulting from the various activities in which toxic chemicals are used
for various purposes. The impacts are normally identified with the introduction to high measures of chemicals. Chemical contamination prompts
different valid sicknesses, by and large by devouring toxic food, drinking exceptionally tainted water, or breathing poor quality air.
Sewage Treatment Septic systems and advanced onsite wastewater treatment technologies rely on soil to treat sewage and sanitary wastewater (EPA,
2017). Sewage is the term utilized for wastewater that regularly contains excrement, pee, and clothing waste. There are billions of individuals on
Earth, so treating sewage is a major need. Sewage transfer is an issue in developing countries and a large number of individuals in these territories
don't have access to sanitary conditions and clean water. Untreated sewage water in such territories can degrade the earth and

Building A Conventional Sewage Treatment Facility
As in the case of rural non–point source pollution; urban areas are not likely to fix all contamination problems with one system. While it may be
possible to build a conventional sewage treatment facility that can handle any storm condition it is not likely that this will ever be cost feasible to do.
One type of larger combined sewage system that is being tried in several locations around the county where proper topography allows is the aquatic
marsh system. In this type of system sewage still goes through the primary treatment of separation out the larger solids. Once these solids have settled
out it move on to the secondary treatment where it undergoes another process to remove biochemical oxygen demand. This is done through introducing
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the wet–land treatment system is very effective in treating large quantities of sewage it still falls short of the large problem. It still is not treating
the problem at its source. There are other options and systems that are in place to deal with urban pollution issues and flooding. Some example of
systems that have the potential to mitigate urban at their source are implementing low impact development, installation of sand filters, infiltration
trenches permeable pavers, storm water planters and green roofs. Low impact development (LID) is not a new concept but is still considered innovated
when being discussed. LID is a storm water management program that manages storm water on site compare to conventional systems that pipe it off to
a central treatment facility or directly into local water ways. Storms waters in the natural environment normally soak into the ground and are filter by
the soils and vegetation. When areas are urbanized the water now running off taking contaminate with them. These waters can flow at fast rates causing
increased flooding. The goals of LID are to lessen the impact storm waters on the natural environment, use land more efficiently, and help to lower cost.
Site planning includes, "minimizing areas of disturbance, maintaining, and restoring natural buffers, minimizing impervious cover, disconnection
impervious cover and minimizing soil compaction." Examples of

A Brief Note On The And Its Effects On The Wastewater...
Executive Summary Severodvinsk has its economy based on industry, mainly in shipbuilding yards, civilian vessels construction and repair,
manufacture of marine tools and the most important submarine, nuclear submarines and military equipment. Severodvinsk is situated on the shore of
two different water sources: White Sea and Northen Dvine River. There are around five months with relative high temperatures when the snow will
melt, raising the volume of river and sewage. Saying that separate system is useful to guarantee a low variation of flow into the sewage. The unit will
be based on a preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments as for this project the pre–treatment for industrial wastes will not be considered,
even though... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Saying that, some assumption must be taken. The design is supposed to meet the demand of whole year with low variation of efficacy. Waste water
treatment plants consists on a series of processes and units to produce a specific effluent of known composition and flow rate. These treatments are
essential to deal with domestic, industrial and agricultural contaminations and pollutants mainly considering solids of organic nature. The main focus
on this design will be organic compounds in the domestic waste water – BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids).
Based on the Royal Commission for UK and Ireland the concentrations of effluents to be disposed on receiving water are 20mg/L for BOD5 and
30mg/L for TSS as theses parameters apparently would not cause any harm and will not be favourable for other process such as eutrophication.
Considering that Severodvinsk is situated close to the Dvina River and White Sea these concentrations does not need to be highly restricted once that
there is plenty of water available for further dilutions. Is important to have in mind that low parameters involves high investments in processes and
equipments. Before start designing the processes itself is essential to understand the flows and concentrations of BOD5 and TSS that are running into
the units. Some

Water Recycling Reduces Drinking Water Scarcity Essay
Water Recycling
A Regional Administrator named Felicia Marcus once stated, "Water recycling is a critical element for managing our water resources." Her statement
symbolizes modern technological ideals to increase the reuse of water. Also known as water reclamation, water recycling is the process of extracting
previously used water and treating it for reuse. Currently, modern technologies have allowed the application of recycled water to enter many different
areas. Reclaimed water is cleaned and redistributed for land irrigation, to recharge ground water, for industrial applications (cooling the water for power
plants and oil refineries), for toilet water, to irrigate golf courses and to create artificial snow. By utilizing the many... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Recycled water not only helps decrease human habitat destruction, it also is considered more effective than natural water for agricultural irrigation. At
first, farmers were skeptical of using a previously 'contaminated' water to irrigate their food crops. However, when studied in further detail it was
determined that reclaimed water actually contributed to plant growth. The added nutrients in the recycled water improve crop quality and
development, without polluting the crops themselves. Farmers and others that use recycled water regularly also appreciate the dependability of
receiving the reused water. Use of reclaimed water decreases the chance of future drought and insures farmers a more stable source of water than ever
before.
In contrast, there are also many problems and questions linked to the reuse of water. Economically, the initial installation to supply recycled water to
an area can be expensive, and complicated. Separate pipes and specific labeling is required for all reclaimed water distribution. Another concern in
using recycled water is its potential health risks. A study done by three Bay Area scientists was conducted to search for Salmonella, Cyclospora and E.
Coli 0157:H7 within water after it had been disinfected in the tertiary stage of recycling. Fortunately the scientists did not find any of the three bacteria
within the reclaimed water, further

Sewage Treatment Of Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Dr.Marion D Schafer
Mahdi Almuhri
11/16/16
Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
The increase in the number of individuals in the planet has established a boom in technology, and industry, which advances the problems in the
economy, and contributes to the degradation of the environment. Evidently, the treatment and collection of thewastewater in urban areas poses a
critical problem especially in developing countries. Wastewater is a practice that has been taken on especially in urban areas where the domestic
effluent pollutes surface water bodies creating health problems for the public. In another word, any water that has been affected by anthropogenic
influence. And Wastewater can produce a group of activity that consists of domestic activity, industrial activity, commercial activity, surface runoff or
storm water, and from sewer inflow or infiltration. Wastewater is the most important thing that can help people moving comfortably for example
when it is raining. Especially, when vehicles move around the city this Wastewater can reduce the hazards of sliding vehicles at road. Also,
wastewater can avoid wastefulness of water and can help the agriculture environment by irrigation. On the top of that, the wastewater will help grow
the lands when planet growing that will reflect to the air and will get pure air. And all people can get purified water from waste water by

Living Machines, Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable...
Living Machines, Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Water Resources
Thesis: Conventional waste treatment plants, Living Machines and constructed wetlands can all be used for water purification, but only living
machines and constructed wetlands will provide the human race with a sustainable future.
Introduction Our liquid planet glows like a soft blue sapphire in the hard edged darkness of space. There is nothing else like it in the solar system. It
is because of water (Miller 311).
– John Todd
Water is the most important resource on the planet. Absolutely no life could exist with out the presence of water. Humans use water to cook, clean,
bathe and drink. However it seems that humans as a race have extremely little ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conventional waste treatment plants, Living Machines and constructed wetlands can all be used for water purification, but only living machines and
constructed wetlands will provide us with a sustainable future.
Design and Funciton of Treatment Systems
Conventional Sewage Treatment.
Conventional Sewage Treatment plants are the most common system for wastewater treatment in the United States. These systems are found in all
urban communities but only in a few rural communities. This complex system is responsible for processing of the waste of the majority of the people
in the United States yet few of them understand the scientific principles involved with treatment. In addition many people are even unaware of where
their wastewater goes after it has been flushed down the toilet or disappear through the bath tub drain. I will attempt to describe the biological, chemical
and physical process involved with the treatment of wastewater through the use of conventional sewage treatment.
The first step involved with wastewater treatment is the transport of the wastes from houses and industry to the treatment plant. This is done through a
complex matrix of pipes and lift stations. All sewage goes to the treatment plant using the laws of gravity. Since the flow of gravity requires the sewage
to head continually

Common Sense Restructuring Of Public Services
The siting of the SSTP in London, Ontario offers an excellent case to examine the ways in which Harris's "common sense restructuring of public
services, including the repeal of numerous land use planning requirements and the authorization of waste disposal sites without public input, work
simultaneously to create new forms of white privilege and environmental racism in Southwestern Ontario" (Mascarenhas, 2012, p. 128). To meet the
infrastructural needs of London's rapidly growing population, London's Planning Department proposed to build the SSTP along its southwest border.
The plant is scheduled to be built by 2020 at a cost of approximately $80 million (DeBono, 2014). The story of the SSTP originated in 1996 when the
City of London... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, the rezoning of the land, the deregulation of the waste industry, and the newly created markets in unwanted land uses have all enabled
the development of reverse–NIMBYism, where urban 'white' residents can oppose having their unwanted land uses located near them (Ollevier &
Tsang, 2007). Additionally, the restricting of public services has "endorsed a narrow market
–based solution to the growing waste problem in [Ontario],
which sanctions the morality of the marketplace over public dialogue and public safety" (Mascarenhas, 2012, 130). For example, a member of the
Oneida First Nation illustrated that "to the east we have the landfill, to the west we have the potential sewage treatment plant, and the line of
electromagnetic field towers" (Mascarenhas, 2010, p. 57). Therefore, the ethics of the marketplace has led to a more elusive form of racial inequality,
one where ideas of choice and freedom in the siting of waste industries have taken precedence over environmental justice (Giroux, 2003; Jayasinghe et
al., 2013).
In hoping to prevent the placement of the sewage treatment plant near their traditional territory, the Oneida First Nation community approached the
provincial government, the federal government

Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants ( Uwtps ) Essay
Abstract:
Visakhapatnam city has two Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWTPs) in the city, located at 1 town and Mudasarlova (Arilova) village, Andhra
Pradesh, India. These plants are planned and built with an intend to oversee wastewater in order to minimize and/or expel organic matter, solids,
nutrients, disease–causing organisms, pollutants and different toxins, before it re–enters a water body. The concentrations were assessed from two
sewage treatment units; the largest STP situated at 1 Town with handling capacity of 38 MLD took after by Arilova STP of 13MLD capacity. It was
uncovered from the execution, examine that effectiveness of the two treatment plants was poor concerning expulsion of total dissolved solids as
rather than the evacuation in different parameters like total suspended solids, BOD and COD. In 1 Town STP,TDS, TSS, BOD and COD removal
efficiency was 2.6, 97.71, 95.18, 80.54 % and respectively, while in Mudasarlova STP,TDS, TSS, BOD and COD removal efficiency was 1.0, 90.89,
89.5, 75.18 % and respectively. The order of decrease efficiency was TDS < COD < BOD< TSS and TDS < COD < BOD < TSS respectively in
1Town STP and Mudasarlova STP. Furthermore, the issues connected with the operation and support ofwastewater treatment plants is examined.
Keywords: Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical oxygen demand, Mixed liquor suspended solids,
Sludge volume index
INTRODUCTION
One–fourth of the world 's population is

Sewer: Sewage Treatment and Septic Tanks
CASE STUDY
Drainage and Sewerage System for the Municipality of Kabute
You are part of the team planning for the drainage and sanitation/sewerage system of the Municipality of Kabute.
The present number of inhabitants of Kabute is about 320,000. An increase is expected at a rate of 2.5% annually at least for a period of 10 years to
come. After that a certain leveling off must be realized. A map of the municipality is presented in Annex 1.
The map indicates the presently sewered zones of the municipality A and Band the places where they discharge into the sea and the harbor. The
neighborhoods have been named A, B, C, etc.
These sewer discharge the wastewater of about 45,000 inhabitants plus sewage from public and commercial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|Neighborhood |Inhabitants |Connected to sewers |
|A |30,000 |15,000 |
|B |45,000 |30,000 |
|C |35,000 |nil |
|D |190,000 |nil |
|E |20,000 |nil |
Questions:
1. How would you deal with the problem of pollution of the beaches of municipality of Kabute? What effects do you expect from indiscriminate
discharge of raw sewage?
2. Indicate the locations of future sewage treatment stations. Give your arguments justifying the location or locations.
3. Given the chance and resources, which type of

Is China A Water Solution?
China has faced this water crisis for decades yet have not anything extremely effective to combat the turmoil as a result of a corrupt government,
political issues and lack of money in cities needing help the most. The state have made evident effort to combat water shortages yet limited efforts have
been made to improve their water quality, consequently resulting in the water pollution worsening. The Chinese government, to reduce the amount of
toxic waste and sewage polluting drinking sources, has built water treatment facilities. However, these have not worked as these facilities are
abandoned by their local operators because of the high cost of operating them. The Chinese civilians have been alarmed by the amount of pollution in
its rivers, that the government have started enacting new environmental regulations and laws and taking more action to clean up its rivers. Beijing is
closing polluting factories, building new sewage treatment plants and changing agricultural practices. By placing these regulations all the government
must do is ensure that they are followed to see a positive effect, however these laws are widely ignored. Money set for wastewater projects is often
re–appropriated to build power plants. The Chinese government have admitted that China has serious water pollution problems and designated $132
billion for cleaning up and improving China 's water supply. Allocations included $30 billion for urban water supply projects and $50 million in
wastewater

Will Sewage Treatment Plants Have Effect On Water Birds '...
Will sewage treatment plants have effect on water birds' persistence and distribution?
Longji Deng, 100189430, Group 8
Introduction:
Anthropogenic climate warming has elevated the global temperature, and it has risen faster during the last 40 years. There is no doubt that the
temperature change has affected the biological process of birds such as wintering, migration and breeding. (K Meller 2016) Also the increasing
temperature can cause a poleward geographical distribution.( Rachael H, et al, 2006)
It is certain that artificial ponds have positive effect on water birds ' breeding and migration as ponds can provide more food and a safe space, these
factors finally result in changing the distribution. (SГЎnchez–Zapata J A, AnadГіn J D, Carrete M, et al. 2015) .
Sewage treatment plants are really common and important infrastructures as they play a significant part in daily life. Almost every river people can
find at least one plants. Due to they can be considered as special artificial ponds, they may have effects on distribution and persistence of water
birds. According to some article, we find that they do have effect of shorebirds (Jose A. Alves, et al, 2012) However, there are no articles about if
the sewage treatment plants have effect of water birds ' distribution and persistence. If they do have effect, we still try to find out it 's a negative effect
or a positive effect. We also try to find is there any different effects between the secondary plants and the

Can The Effective Treatment Of Wastewater In Developing
Can the effective treatment of wastewater in developing countries have an impact on the development of antibiotic resistance?
Introduction:
The emergence of resistance in bacteria is primarily related to human and agricultural use of natural and synthetic antibiotics. Most antibiotics aren't full
metabolised and together with resistant bacteria are excreted where they can reach sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants. (Luczkiewicz et
al., 2011). Standard wastewater treatment conventions have not been shown to be fully effective in reducing the number of resistant bacteria.
Unfortunately, some have been shown to positively select for resistant isolates. (Luczkiewicz et al., 2011). Current treatments in developed countries
are quite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, recent research into the use of constructed wetlands has provided developing countries with a more suitable alternative to treating
wastewater. Additionally, these wetlands may provide a solution to the spread of antibiotic resistant isolates by removing antibiotics from the
wastewater. (Standard For Sewage Treatment Plants In Developing Countries., Humans and the natural environment–slides).
Wastewater is a potential source of antimicrobial resistant pathogens:
As mentioned previously the treatment of wastewater in developing countries is not very common due to the expense, resources, and time required to
treat wastewater effectively. (figure 1) (kaur 2012) And for some areas these wastewater treatment plants are just not viable, and much of the waste is
discarded into waters where not only pathogenic bacteria can disseminate but also resistant bacteria and genes. However, in areas that are fortunate
enough to have sanitation facilities and conventional treatments such as activated sludge method, drying beds technology and ozonation or chlorination
as a disinfection method, they have not been shown to be completely effective in the removal of antibiotics and resistant varieties and even promote
resistance in some cases. Evidence for this is

New Approaches And Education For The Success Of...
7New Approaches and Education for the Success of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
There is a common thinking in the academia and professional arenas that the solution to the untreated wastewater discharges into our water bodies can
be prevented or mitigated mainly with the construction of wastewater sewer collection systems and wastewater treatment plants. Part of the purpose of
this research is to revisit and analyze the benefits of using decentralized wastewater treatment technologies and evaluate the latest wastewater treatment
technologies available.
7.1Overview of Centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems Infrastructure
It is also of common knowledge that our nation's wastewater treatment infrastructure is widely recognized to be in serious overhaul, if not outright
replacement. (Crawford 2011). Also it is known that wastewater management does not figure among the environmental legal and regulatory matters
that command public attention, despite the direct human and environmental health impacts of wastewater infrastructure failures, to say nothing of the
unsavory nature of ruptured sewage lines and massive sewage spills, with their attendant harms for both land and water pollution (Crawford 2011). This
is due to a lack of knowledge and education to the public concerning this serious threat. A serious national wastewater treatment crisis is imminent. The
need to address our wastewater infrastructure deficiencies is urgent and not only for the centralized

What are Antiniotics?
Antibiotics are the most successful drugs used for the human treatment and they have proved as a very effective weapon against infections, but they are
considered as important pollutants also. Antibiotic pollution is increasingly being accepted as a promoter of antibiotic resistance that may include
over–prescription and mishandling of antibiotics. Researchers have found out this fact that when an antibiotic is consumed; up to 90 percent passes
through a body without taking part in metabolism. Antibiotics are used broadly in human and veterinary drugs, as well as, in aquaculture to check or
treat microbial infections. In addition being used for human treatment, antibiotics are widely used for animal farming and for rural purposes. Residues
from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can pollute accepted environments. The clearest
outcome of antibiotic release in usual environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. The identical resistance genes found at clinical settings are at
this time distributed among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination Antibiotics can go through the atmosphere by way of
waste water treatment plant effluents, hospital waste processing plant effluents, farming waste, and outflow from waste–storage and landfills. Pollution
from total municipal sewage may be correlated to the rise in bacteria resistant to the most powerful antibiotics. Water discharged into lakes

Wastewater Technician
Not many people know where the water that we use in our everyday lives goes to and how it gets treated and comes back to us. Wastewater
technicians are specialized technicians who treat wastewater or process or dispose sewage. These technicians are very important to the environment
because they purify the water and bring it back to the environment making it a healthier and cleaner place. One of the most popular cities for wastewater
technicians is Providence,RI. Wastewater technicians are needed we depend on them to help clean the water. Employment rate for wastewater
technicians is projected by 8% from 2012 to 2022 about as fast as the average for all occupations. These men have many other duties than just clean
wastewater they inspect their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you are willing to relocate you could be moved up in a higher position same thing with continuing your education it will improve your chances on
moving up. If you're improving your education trying to get higher licenses you could work in bigger plants and maybe be in control of it. In this
career one being is your mechanical skills. Wastewater technicians operate a lot of machinery everyday so that skill that they use not only it could
relate to their job but in their life if they quit that job they already have some experience with machinery. Another great thing working in this career
you will become a good observer these technicians observe many data they observe a lot of the water doing a lot of testing and see the progression
of wastewater and look at a lot of meters and gauges. Becoming a wastewater technician you will become more detail oriented you manage to
monitor everything and pay close attention to some things and they learn how everything works. Like all jobs there are pros and cons but becoming
a wastewater technician you will have to sacrifice some things first is your health. In the a plant where these technicians work in an area where its
easy to get injured and get a high chance of getting ill. These technicians are surrounded by loud noise and dangerous gases the hallways might be
slippery and you could fall as well. Another sacrifice you will have to make is your time. Wastewater

Pharmaceutical Drugs
Introduction Pharmaceutical drugs have been beneficial to our modern society, but a consequence of their manufacturing is that numerous
pharmaceutical industries are simultaneously releasing toxic compounds in the environment. Due to the manufacturing of several pharmaceutical
industries, it generated huge quantities of wastes in the water, which directly affected the aquatic organisms (Patneedi et al. 2015). It has been over
four decades since the discovery of pharmaceutical drugs in the water, but only in the last decade has there been increasing concerns about active
pharmaceutical contaminants in waste–water effluents (Patneedi et al. 2015). Pharmaceuticals are one of the emerging organic contaminants (EOCs)
detected in water systems... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the HQ calculated is less than 1 (HQ < 1), there will be no anticipated adverse effects as a result of exposure, however, the study indicated how the
hazard quotient (HQ) of 50% of the 2986 different pharmaceutical compounds in the water exceeded the value of 1 (HQ > 1) (Sanderson et al. 2004b).
Also, the study determined that pharmaceutical compounds such as cardiovascular, anxiolytic sedatives hypnotics and antipsychotics, gastrointestinal,
antiviral and corticosteroid, had high HQs in which it would exceed the value of 1 even without the assessment factor of 1000 (Sanderson et al.
2004b). Combination of the frequency and toxicity of the different classes indicated that the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and anxiolytic sedatives
hypnotics and antipsychotics, were the three most hazardous classes based on predicted toxicity (Sanderson et al. 2004b). Since there are
pharmaceutical chemicals that exceeded the HQs, aquatic organisms such as fishes were susceptible to the adverse effects and the high toxicity of the
pharmaceuticals in the water (Sanderson et al. 2004b). A more recent study by Carlsson et al. (2006) depicted how nine out of twenty–seven APIs
selected in Sweden identified as a danger to the aquatic

My Ethical Qualms With The Toilet
Initial interest and topic expansion
This paper started as a way to talk about my ethical qualms with the toilet and see if there was a scientific basis to back them up. More than a
history or philosophy of how the modern toilet came to be, I wanted to see if there is scientific evidence to back up my idea of toilets and the modern
sewage treatment systems as wasteful. In order to understand the wastefulness, or efficiency, of the toilet however, I had to answer the question, "what
happens when we flush?" This may not be the most interesting or sexiest information about waste, but it is an important look into a part of the waste
stream we contribute to daily, in fact, according to the American Water Works Association, an average of five... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Modern sewage formed in response to the 1858 Great Stink of London. The Great Stink was a product of many factors. The introduction of flush toilets
replacing previously popular chamber pots increased water and waste volume into cesspits. Additionally, these cesspits, once only used for excess
rainwater collection, began to carry waste from slaughterhouses and factories, contaminating the city before its ultimate departure into the River
Thames, which began to overflow with sewage along with its tributaries. All of this combined with an unusually hot summer encouraged bacterial
growth, a rancid odor, and contributed to a cholera outbreak. In response, London build thousands of miles of underground pipe and created the modern
sewage treatment system [2].
Two categories of sewage treatment
Sewage treatment can be broken into two categories – storm sewers and sanitary sewers [3].
Storm sewers
Storm sewers drain excess rain and groundwater from manmade infrastructure like roads and parking lots, get less treatment or sometimes none at all.
Sometimes it may be processed to remove stuff like car oil [3].
Sanitary sewers
Sanitary sewers are processed to clean up human waste. Although there are many methods of dealing with human waste, the generally accepted method
in North America consists of a three stage sewage treatment system. In this essay I will look at this three step method system as well

Wvsa Case Study
When was the WVSA constructed and how was it modified? The WVSA was built in two phases around 1967. WVSA went online for primary
treatment plant in 1968. In 1988, the WVSA decided to add the second treatment plant. The modification occurred when the second treatment plant was
built. The second treatment plant allowed the removal of organic matter to reach 97%. What is the source of the sewage and from what communities
does it originate? The source is a combination of sanitary and storm sewages; majority of the combined sewage water comes from the Wilkes–Barre
area. In addition, other communities that contribute to the sewage water source are places like Dallas PA, Lehman township, Hanover township, and
more. How does the sewage arrive at the WVSA? Sewage arrives at the WVSA by pumping all the waste water from the combined/ storm sewers and
collecting it in the wet–well then transferred to the influent pumps. Another place the sewage can arrive at WVSA is from other places who decided
not to upgrade like, Lehman Township, that has the WVSA treat their waste for them instead. Describe the treatment process in detail. The treatment
process is broken into four treatment trains in the secondary plant, which are viewed as four different treatment plants... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The new total maximum daily limit of nitrogen, phosphorus, and total dissolved solids would force WVSA to upgrade to a 25–million–dollar system.
Instead of doing the expensive upgrade, the WSVA decided to fix the problems in house by using biological nitrate removal. The biological nitrate
removal cost WSVA 400 thousand dollars which was paid by fundraising. Any other upgrades or advances to the biological removal would be paid by
fundraising, complete funds from the WSVA, or the state would give WSVA half of the money while WSVA would pay the

Investigating Ethical Qualms Of The Modern Toilet

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