Monitoring The Glucose Level Of Diabetic Patients

Monitoring the Glucose Level of Diabetic Patients
Monitoring of the glucose level of diabetic patients is a cornerstone of diabetes care and management. The reliability of the home based glucose
monitoring devices is critically important because the whole self–care and management of diabetes depends upon it. But there is still a big question
mark on the accuracy of the results of the glucose monitoring devices. The ability of currently marketed glucose monitoring systems to determine the
glycemic status of the patient is not very accurate. The glucose monitors detect less accurately than the clinicians usually think. The need for the
adjustment of the treatment is greatest when the blood glucose level is in the hypoglycemic range and conversely this is the range of glucose level
where the accuracy of the glucose measuring devices falls to the lowest. Various studies have demonstrated the poor performance of the home based
glucose monitors in the hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic range. None of the devices in the market fulfills the criteria of accuracy set by American
diabetes association and other authorities. Several studies have been done regarding the statistical and clinical accuracy of the home based glucose
meters when the blood glucose level is in the hypoglycemic range, during the last two decades. Pohl et al. reported in a study in 1985 that the home
based glucose monitoring devices demonstrate poor accuracy when the blood glucose level is in hypoglycemic range. The study demonstrated that the
correlation coefficient
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Hypomagnesemia Research Paper
Hypomagnesemia Hypomagnesemia is a condition in which the level of magnesium in the blood is low. Magnesium is a mineral found in many
foods. It is used in many different processes in the body. Hypomagnesemia can affect every organ in the body. It can cause life–threatening problems.
CAUSES Causes of hypomagnesemia include: Not getting enough magnesium in your diet. Malnutrition. Problems absorbing magnesium from the
intestines. Dehydration. Alcohol abuse. Vomiting. Severe diarrhea. Some medicines, including medicines that make you urinate more. Certain
diseases, such as kidney disease, diabetes, and overactive thyroid. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Involuntary shaking or trembling of a body part (tremor).

Neonatal Hypoglycemia Summary
Appraise the Evidence: Neonatal Hypoglycemia In 2014, diabetes was responsible for 4.9 million deaths, approximately one death every seven seconds
(Bone, 2015). For some women, pregnancy can precipitate diabetes causing numerous subsequent lifelong complications for both the mother and her
fetus/newborn. The previous shocking statistic is just one of the many reasons why implementing evidence–based practice (EBP) protocols is an
essential aspect in providing great patient care. In addition, EBP is crucial in improving patient outcomes while decreasing negative outcomes that can
result in lifelong complications due to gestational diabetes. The process of establishing an EBP requires research to be critically appraised before it
could be used... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a single descriptive study, this research study stands at the lower end of the continuum regarding strength of research evidence, however, this does
not deem the findings useless. Although, the findings observed may not be immediately applied to clinical procedures and interventions it still brings
light to a phenomenon within clinical practice. According to Grove et al. (2015) "descriptive studies often provide initial knowledge, which serves as a
basis for generating quasi–experimental and outcomes studies" (p. 25). With the new insight gained through the study, future studies could be done to
see if this finding could be manipulated and replicated to produce stronger

Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Cynthia is a 65 year old African American female diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, kidney disease,
hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. She is on glipizide 5 mg po daily to treat her type 2 diabetes. Cynthia revisited the clinic soon after the initiation of
the treatment with symptoms of shakiness, sweating, chills, clamminess, lightheadedness and moderately severe headache. In this case study, Cynthia
is exhibiting the symptoms of hypoglycemia as she is on sulfonylurea therapy. Sulfonylureas, such as glipizide commonly used as a second–line of
therapy in patients with Type 2Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), promote insulin release independent of prevailing glucose value and as a result, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Impaired cognitive function can cause harmful and cumulative long–term effects on intellectual function, particularly in young children. The most
common risk factor for the occurrence of hypoglycemia is the aggressiveness of therapy applied to achieve glycemic control. The other factors
include, antecedent hypoglycemia, alcohol, increased glucose utilization, decreased glucose production, female sex, sleep, duration of diabetes, age
and progressive insulin deficiency were also associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM. Multiple risk factors are
associated with precipitation of hypoglycemia in the general population. When it comes to elderly patients with diabetes, the problem of hypoglycemia
is a major concern. Hypoglycemia is an expected side effect of sulfonylurea. Hypoglycemia unawareness is a major cause of severe hypoglycemia in
patients with T2DM. Hypoglycemia awareness in patients can bring better results in managing hypoglycemic events. Symptoms of hypoglycemia
become progressively less intense over the time or diminish.
Management of hypoglycemia consists of strategies such as prevention of hypoglycemia, use of therapeutic agents with low or no occurrence of
hypoglycemia and treatment of hypoglycemia. It is important for the patient to understand and agree to adhere to treatment plan in terms of both
medication and lifestyle modification. Self–monitoring of the glucose is very

Diabetes : The Definition, Signs And Symptoms, Treatment,...
Diabetes 2: The Definition, Signs and Symptoms, Treatment, The Role of a Nursing Assistant.
David Baumann
Blackhawk Technical College
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition, in which the body has problems regulating sugar. People with diabetes have high blood sugar because their
bodies do not produce enough insulin or their cells are non–responsive to insulin. Type 2 diabetes specifically, does not produce enough insulin for
your body to break down sugar. According to the National Diabetes Statistic Report of 2014, over 29 million people that live in the United States
have a form of diabetes. It is more common in men than woman and is most affected in people from the ages of 45–64. Diabetes is a serious disease
and is only increasing in America each year (NDSR, 2014).
Signs and Symptoms of diabetes may include, frequent urination. Your body gathers the excess glucose that was not successfully broken down with
insulin, and turns it into a waste product and is expelled from your body in urine. Since this may cause more of an output than input, the person may
be at risk for dehydration, and would be thirsty more often. A rapid weight loss is a common sign of Diabetes, since your body has difficulty
metabolizing glucose it uses energy from other sources like protein and fat. Other symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision. Type 2 diabetics have
trouble fighting off infection and the healing of soars. There is poor blood circulation so someone may experience

Parental Monitoring Of Blood Glucose
Diabetes is one of the biggest epidemic crises of the 21century. Uncontrolled diabetes is associated with microvascular and macrovascular
complications. Tight glycemic control has been linked to a reduction in the development of these complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The
invention of Glucose Meter has changed the diabetes care by enabling patients to monitor their blood glucose level according to their diet, medications
and activity. control of glycaemia within the established recommended values is a major therapeutic goal for diabetic patients both in the hospital and
outpatient setting. Using of self monitoring of blood glucose 9SMBG0 devices will help diabetic patients detect, prevent or manage of hypo– and hyper
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are no single standard criteria to assess the accuracy of a glucose meter so the measurement of accuracy will vary by region and
recommendation used for judgment. in the past, five sets of criteria for glucose meter`s performance were used in the accuracy assessment. Criteria
which are set by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 1987 and 1996, the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration which are according to either the blood glucose level is <50–70 mg/dl. In 2013 new, tighter accuracy standards (ISO:
15197:2013) were drawn up, requiring that 95% of blood glucose results should reach the following standard: Within В± 0.83 mmol/L of laboratory
results at concentrations of under 5.6 mmol/L (Within В± 15 mg/dl of laboratory results at concentrations of under 100 mg/dL) and Within В± 20%
of laboratory results at concentrations of 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) or more. The 2014 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) draft guidance for
over–the–counter BGMs requires 95% of results within В±15% and 99% of results within В±20% across the whole glycaemic range.
Clinical accuracy
Clinical accuracy compares the medical decisions based on the test result. It depends on how the result will be used in patient care: for screening,
management or diagnosis. For patients and health professionals, it is important to be sure that glucose meter accuracy

Why Do Animals Treat Mental Disorders?
Animals do not only need, us but we need them too. Animals are used mainly as companions, but they can do so much more for us. Animals improve
people's everyday lives by helping with disorders and disabilities.
Dogs are very good at helping treat a disorder called PTSD. Lots of people with PTSD have trouble getting to sleep at night. But dogs are very good at
treating this disorder. It has been said that dogs are able to alert you if you are having a nightmare or are in any real danger. In the article, Why Dogs
Heal PTSD, Tracy Stecker states, "Dogs are vigilant. Anyone who has ever had a nightmare knows that a dog in the room provides information. They
immediately let you know if you are really in immediate danger or if you have just had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been proven that dogs will never judge you, or never not love you. In the article, "6 Ways Dogs Help Ease Depression Symptoms," Therese states
that, "As far as we know, dogs are without opinions, critiques, and verdicts. Even if you smell like their poop, they will snuggle up next to you."
This is very good, because most people who suffer from depression are very sad. But if you have a dog that always cuddles up next to you, you will
not be as sad. Which means that you are slowly being cured of your depression. Dogs also have the ability to alter our behavior, and get our minds
off of the bad things that happened throughout the whole day. Also in the article, "6 Ways Dogs Help Ease Depression Symptoms," Therese says, " I
would come through the door in the evening and I'm annoyed. At what, I don't know. A million little snafus that happened through the day. I am
dangerously close to taking it out on someone. However, before I can do that, my Lab–Chow walks up to me and pats me, wanting some attention. So I
kneel down and pet her. She licks my face, and I smile. Voila! She altered my behavior." This can help you out a lot. If you have depression, and you
have the same attitude every day, nothing is ever going to change. But if you have a dog to get you to forget all the bad things that happened that day,
you will be happy, because your attitude has

Piglet And Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia is an expression used to describe a below average glucose level. Due to young age, piglets have trouble walking and feeding off
their mother (or sow) to get essential nutrients. One of these essential nutrients is glucose (or sugar). This nutrient is essential because it give the
animal energy to become mobile. When born piglets already have low levels of glucose; however, the animal body is supposed to compensate by
using the low glycogen reserves located in the piglets liver. The glycogen reserves are supposed to give the piglets a sufficient amount of glucose
until the piglets are able to move towards and to feed off the sow. The piglet is dependent on the sow for energy provided by the lactose in the sows
milk; however, if the piglet is deficient in not getting enough lactose to maintain the piglets energy, the level of the piglet's energy will suffer from
Hypoglycemia because... The piglet body temperature will drop below a stainable level, go into a coma and die.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By doing so the piglet would be getting the energy to continue feeding which in turn will allow growth. However, if the piglet suffers from
Hypoglycemia the piglet is unable to feed off their mother. When a non–hypoglycemic piglet struggles to feed the non–hypoglycemic piglet uses its
low glycogen reserves in the liver which compensates for the non–hypoglycemic piglet to give in enough energy to feed off of the non–hypoglycemic
piglet's mother. If piglets suffer from hypoglycemia the piglet its deficient in glucose and is unable to use it low glycogen reserves. The piglet that
suffers from hypoglycemia will struggle to move and to survive since it the piglet does not have any energy and cannot feed. The piglet will go into a
coma and later

Description Of Pseudoseizures Versus True Seizures
Introduction: Pseudoseizures Versus True Seizures Seizure is the physical finding that occurs after abnormal electrical activities in the brain. Patients
with seizures could have symptoms like changes in one's behavior, drooling, frothing at the mouth, irregular eye movement, grunting and snorting,
incontinence, extreme changes in mood, shakes, sudden falls, abnormal changes in taste buds, clenching teeth, respiratory arrest, uncontrolled muscle
spasms, twitching, and brief blackout follow by period of confusion where they don't remember anything (Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical
Encyclopedia). Seizures also have many underlying etiology such as abnormal sodium or glucose levels in the blood, brain infections, brain injuries,
brain tumor,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the present time, the usage of 24–hour EEG video monitoring have proved many past physicians incorrect about their distinction between true and
false seizures. EEG/video of pseudoseizures has revealed that urination, injury, and drug responsiveness may be part of nonepileptic episodes as well
as epileptic episodes. As a result, EEG/video has become the gold standard for discriminating between epileptic and nonepileptic attack (Bergen,
154–155). Both clinical observation and EEG/video have reveal that long durations of start–stop pattern, direct actions, and situational triggers are more
common in pseudoseizures than in true seizures (Bergen, 154–155). In addition true tonic–clonic seizures with combination of postictal oxygen debt,
accumulation of saliva, and reduce level of consciousness are often followed by deep respirations and snoring or stertorous respiratory patterns,
however, pseudoseizures lack these characteristics (Bergen, 154–155). The eyes remained open in every tonic–clonic and hypermotor seizures, but
were closed in almost 90 percent of pseudoseizures (Bergen, 154–155). The result have shown that it is important to be able to differentiate between
pseudoseizure and true seizure, but it is also crucial that physicians be able to find the underlying cause of the seizure as well.
Mechanism of hypoglycemia induce seizure
Blood sugar, potassium, sodium, chloride, and other electrolytes fluctuate constantly to

Using The Personal Health Manager ( Pdm )
Using the Personal Diabetes Manager (PDM) You want to do what you want to do without worrying. OmniPod can help. You get continuous insulin
delivery and its waterproof, so you never have to disconnect. Even better, it 's totally discreet, with no tubing to tangle or to dictate what you wear.
That 's pretty great. We here at OmniPod are thrilled that you've made OmniPod your choice when it comes to your diabetes management. Now that
you've been screened by your Endocrinologist and you've received your Personal Diabetes Manager or (PDM) in the mail, let's instruct you on how
to set up your PDM. First thing first take a look inside the conversion kit you received in the mail to assure that all the items necessary to get you
started are all... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along with the welcome letter, and the two setup guides your kit will consist of your UST400 or Personal Diabetes Manager (PDM). Your PDM
looks similar to a cell phone, has a built in Freestyle blood glucose meter, a large color screen with bright mode options, a customizable ID screen, a
test strip port light for low–light conditions, a extensive food library with carbohydrate counts, calculates how much insulin is in your POD, has a
port to download your stored records into clear reports and charts, as well as intuitive prompts, like "Are you going to eat now?" This device is
responsible for communicating wirelessly and tells the POD which is attached to either the front of your upper thigh, the back of your arm, or on the
right or left side of your lower back how much insulin to deliver based you're your personal settings. The last thing that your conversion kit should
consist of are the POD's themselves. Each POD contains a built–in 200–unit insulin reservoir, angled infusion set, automated inserter, delivery
mechanism, and power supply. Should you find that you are missing any items mentioned in the above please contact your representative that got you
started with the pump. If you do not have his or her information contact your Endocrinologist and he or she will have that information. Remember that
your OmniPod is a two part system. Your PDM is what stores all of your information and communicates delivery instructions to the POD. The POD is
the insulin

Importance Of Perioperative Glycemic Control : A Report...
Importance of Perioperative Glycemic Control in General Surgery: A Report from the Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program Summary:
There is an evidence to show that poor preoperative and postoperative glycemic control is associated with poor surgical outcomes. Controlling the
patient glucose levels to an acceptable range is liable to reduce the risk of developing complications. The clinical goal is to optimize metabolic control
through close monitoring of patient, appropriate fluid intake and caloric repletion, and judicious utilization of insulin. Patients with diabetic require
surgical procedures at a higher rate and have longer hospital stays than those no diabetics. The presence of diabetic and/or hyperglycemia in surgical
patients also leads to increased morbidity and mortality, with perioperative mortality rates higher than the non– diabetic population. Reasons for these
adverse outcomes are included failure to identify patients with diabetic and/or hyperglycemia; insulin prescribing errors; incremented preoperative and
postoperative infections; incremented morbidity and mortality and include incremented wound infection rates. Blood glucose should be monitored
regularly during the preoperative and postoperative procedure to sanction early detection of any alterations in metabolic control. All patients receiving
insulin before admission require insulin during the perioperative period. Box 9.1 1. This was a quasi–experimental study. The purpose of the study was

The National Institute Of Health
The National Institute of Health (2014) listed the most common form of familial hyperinsulinism to be an autosomal recessive genetic defect that is
common among the Ashkenazi Jewish population. This condition affects 1 in 66 carriers who are Ashkenazi Jews since they have reported
consanguineous marriages (NIH, 2014). Among Ashkenazi Jews, two single ABCC8 mutations account for 90 percent of cases of familiar
hyperinsulinism (Mazor–Aronovitch, et al, 2007). The incidence of FHI in individuals of northern European descendants is approximately 1:30,000
live births. The incidence is increased in genetically isolated populations with a high prevalence of consanguinity (UpToDate.com). Phenotypes
/ Genetic tendencies identified (Converse, 2014)
FHI is a clinical and genetical disorder which can be inherited in an autosomal dominant(less common) and autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance.
In this cases, the pancreatic beta cells over–produce insulin. The condition is characterized by inadequate suppression of insulin secretion in the
presence of severe, recurrent, fasting hypoglycemia (Nestorowicz, et al. n.d.). The clinical manifestations range from life–threatening hypoglycemia
presenting in the first days of life to only mildly symptomatic hypoglycemia in an adolescent that may be difficult to identify. The response to medical
and surgical therapy also varies between affected individuals. Normally, insulin is secreted in response to the amount of glucose in the

Hypoglycemia Research Paper
Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized with abnormally low blood sugar. Some symptoms include: nervousness or anxiety, shakiness, sweating,
chills, clamminess, impatience or irritability, confusion, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, hunger or nausea, impaired or blurred vision, headache, weakness
or fatigue, lack of coordination, and if severe enough unconsciousness and seizures. (diabete.org) This condition is also known as hyperinsulinism,
which is caused by "excessive insulin secretion, resulting in low blood glucose levels." (Marieb pg. 624.) For those with diabetes hypoglycemia can
"result if a person takes too much insulin, does not eat enough food, or the right kinds of foods." (Smith, pg. 264) This condition, for both diabetic and
non–diabetic, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fasting hypoglycemia causes can be from "salicylates (a type of pain reliever) sulfa drugs (an antibiotic), pentamidine (to treat a serious kind of
pneumonia), quinine (to treat malaria) Alcohol, especially with binge drinking, serious illnesses, such as those affecting the liver, heart, or kidneys, low
levels of certain hormones, such as cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon, or epinephrine, and tumors, such as a tumor in the pancreas that makes insulin
or a tumor that makes a similar hormone called IGF–II" (hormone.org) Reactive causes are "having pre–diabetes or being at risk for diabetes, which
can lead to trouble making the right amount of insulin, stomach surgery, which can make food pass too quickly into your small intestine, and rare
enzyme deficiencies that make it hard for your body to break down food." (hormone.org) For someone within the pre–diabetes range their bodies are
beginning to become unresponsive to the insulin amounts produced, or are producing the wrong amounts. This is due to over stimulated insulin
receptors trying to keep up with the balancing of the blood glucose

List Of Potential Sources And Guide Essay
Group 1 HTrack List of Potential Sources and Guide Part 1 Document Reference:List of Potential Sources and Guide Document Version:1.0 Date of
Issue:11–Sep–16 Table of Contents 1PURPOSE3 2OVERVIEW3 3PRE–REQUISITES3 4DEFINITIONS3 5ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES3
5.1PROJECT TEAM3 6PART 1– PROJECT PROPOSAL4 6.1OVERALL DESCRIPTION4 6.2SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SYSTEM4
6.3BENEFITS/ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM..........................................................................5 6.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND
MODULES............................................................................5 6.5 DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZARION OF THE
SYSTEM.............................................6 7PART 1– LIST OF POTENTIAL SOURCES7.1 Mr. Amit Mistry (CTO, India)
Advisor................................................................................. 7.2 Mr. Smiten Mahidadiya (Software Engineer) Advisor 7.3 Dr. Vinod Ramanuj (Professor,
India) Professor 7.4 Rhonik Reddy (System Analyst, Qualcomm) Friend 7.5 References 8PART 1– 5 8.1LIST OF QUESTIONS5 9GROUP DIARY
AND WORK COMPLETED7 9.109/07/2016 – 09/11/2016:7 10LESSONS LEARNED7 10.1UNDERSTANDING,PLANNING AND DESIGNING
OF THE SYSTEM:7 10.2MANAGEMENT AND LEARNINGS:7 11REVISION HISTORY7 1Purpose The purpose of this document is to list down
all the details about HTrack and its scope, benefits of the system, limitations, system components, information about development and
commercialization of the system. 2Overview The analysis and design project is a group assignment to analyze and

Symptoms Of Hypoglycemia
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can be very subtle and difficult to recognize. Many people with hypoglycemia have become so used to their symptoms that
often, they don't even recognize their own abnormality. This is especially true when it comes to behavioral changes.
There is a whole variety of symptoms that can be caused when the body cells are deprived of sugar or when blood sugar drops too quickly. The most
common symptom of hypoglycemia is fatigue. When referring to fatigue, the normal kind of fatigue that occurs after hard work or exercise is not
what is being discussed. Hypoglycemic fatigue affects the muscles and nerves and usually can't be relieved with rest or sleep. The brain is extremely
dependent on glucose for its energy source. Once ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By simply switching for a diet that is high in refined carbohydrates to one that is comprised of protein and complex carbohydrates, one can bridge the
gap between a dysfunctional life and a rich one. In order to determine whether you have hypoglycemia, you must first examine your eating habits.
Simple facts like what and when you eat can directly affect how you feel. Anyone who has unexplained fatigue, depression, crying spells, anxiety, or
apprehension should investigate low blood sugar levels as a potential culprit. You should also look into your family history, as hypoglycemia tends to
run within families.
Those people who are chronically stressed and often find themselves on a roller coaster of blood sugar going up and down are especially prone to
dips in energy at certain times of the day. These people have adrenals that are not functioning optimally, causing them to want sugar when they hit a real
low point. Usually, in the mid–afternoon, adrenal glands are at their lowest level of functioning. If you do, in fact, suffer from hypoglycemia, you will
feel good right after you eat and then your mood and physical status will deteriorate from two to six hours after

What Is Reactive Hypoglycemia?
According to the textbook, Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 5th ed., by Linda S. Williams and Paula D. Hopper, "reactive hypoglycemia,
also called postprandial hypoglycemia, occurs when the blood glucose drops below a normal level following meals, usually below 50 mg/dL.
Hypoglycemia is most often a complication of diabetes treatment, but at times, it may occur without the presence of diabetes. It may be a warning
sign of impending diabetes" (Williams, Hopper 2015). In other words, it is an abnormally low blood glucose following eating when blood glucose
would typically rise. This can be caused by many different reasons, not solely because someone is a diabetic exhibiting complications. Symptoms are
very similar to those of regular... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Williams and Hopper state that reactive hypoglycemia "may be due to abnormally high levels of glucagon, or alternatively, to high levels ofinsulin.
Other causes include previous GI surgery, enzyme deficiencies, and pregnancy, among others" (Williams, Hopper 2015). In the medical research
community supporting this condition, it seems as though the cause is largely still up for debate. The NIDDK says "Some researchers suggest that
certain people may be more sensitive to the body's normal release of the hormone epinephrine, which causes many of the symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Others believe deficiencies in glucagon secretion might lead to reactive hypoglycemia. A few causes of reactive hypoglycemia are certain, but they are
uncommon. Gastric–or stomach–surgery can cause reactive hypoglycemia because of the rapid passage of food into the small intestine. Rare enzyme
deficiencies diagnosed early in life, such as hereditary fructose intolerance, also may cause reactive hypoglycemia" (NIDDK 2008). Sometimes thought
to be a warning sign of impending diabetes, reactive hypoglycemia can be indicative of pre–diabetes, so a follow up with a physician after an episode
of reactive hypoglycemia is strongly advised. If not to diagnose and start treating symptoms of diabetes, then to rule out other possible

Essay On Fish Food
According from (Edwards et al, 1985) 8 feeding method were figured utilizing possibly composted alternately dried water hyacinth, Eichornia
crassipes joined under a routine pelleted tilapia bolster in an straightforward relocation procedure: 100. 75, 50 Furthermore 25% composted water
hyacinth: 100, 75 what's more 25% dried water hyacinth; and a control diet for 0% uprooting of the routine encourage. The test eating methodologies
were nourished done copy medicines to Oreochromis niloticus to an arrangement for 16 open air 4–m3 tanks supplied with eight fish/tank for 84 days.
Handy development Also encourage usage efficiencies were acquired for eating methodologies holding dependent upon 75% composted water hyacinth
with no noteworthy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A 3 weeks feed trial was made to assess the evident edibility Coefficients (ADCs) from claiming dry matter, protein, terrible energy, nitrogen, rough
lipid Also fiber from claiming Water hyacinth (WH), Echhornia crassipes supper consolidated Previously, pelleted test encourages (0, 10, 15, 20 Also
25%, dry matter basis) for red tilapia fingerlings. (E.A.T. Mubarak et al, 2011)Eichhornia crassipes is an obtrusive weed referred to with out–compete
local plants and negatively influence microbes including phytophthora infestans. The spread Also populace thickness about e. Crassipes will a chance
to be favoring by worldwide warming. That point here might have been to distinguish exacerbates that underlie those impacts with respect to microbes.
Those whole plant from claiming e. Crassipes might have been gathered from el Zomor canal, waterway nile (Egypt), washed clean, after that air dried.
Plant tissue might have been concentrated three times for methanol also fractionated toward dainty layer chromatography (TLC). Those rough
methanolic extricate Also five portions starting with tlc (A–E) were tried for antimicrobial (bacteria Furthermore fungal) Furthermore anti–algal
exercises (green microalgae and cyanobacteria) utilizing paper circle dissemination bioassay. Those rough extricate and in addition every one five tlc
portions exhibited antibacterial exercises against both the Gram certain bacteria; bacillus subtilis Also streptococcus faecalis;

Blood Glucose Monitoring, Adult
Blood Glucose Monitoring, Adult Monitoring your blood glucose (also known as blood sugar) helps you to manage your diabetes. It also helps
you and your health care provider monitor your diabetes and determine how well your treatment plan is working. WHY SHOULD I MONITOR
MY BLOOD GLUCOSE? It can help you understand how food, exercise, and medicine affect your blood glucose. It allows you to know what your
blood glucose is at any given moment. You can quickly tell if you are having low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) or high blood glucose
(hyperglycemia). It can help you and your health care provider know how to adjust your medicines. It can help you understand how to manage an
illness or adjust medicine for exercise. WHEN SHOULD I TEST?

Essay On Glimepiride
Fixed dose glimepiride/metformin was available in normal and sustained release tablet. A multicenter randomized study reported similar efficacy,
hypoglycemic events and compliance between these two formulations. Mean HbA1c reduced by
0.59% and 0.61% in sustained release group and normal group respectively. Besides, fixed dose glimepiride/metformin was as effective as
glibenclamide/metformin in reducing HbA1c but more patients achieved HbA1c<7% at 12–month of treatment with glimiperide/metformin (44.6%
versus26.8%).
................................g56
A different study by Roberts et al (2005) evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of glimepiride in patients with type
2 diabetes mellitus that were inadequately controlled with a combination of immediate– or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This study showed that in these patients with type 2 diabetes not adequately controlled by dual combination therapy with metformin and a
thiazolidinedione, the addition of glimepiride improved glycemic control compared with placebo with an acceptable tolerability profile. Although there
were signifi – cantly more episodes of hypoglycemia with triple therapy than with dual therapy and placebo, the risk for severe hypoglycemia was low.
This study again supports the use of glimepiride in conjunction with TZD combination therapies.
...........................................g69
The central event in these diseases is the conversion of a host encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC) into abnormally folded,disease–associated isoforms
(PrPSc) in the brains of infected animals. In this study we report that treatment with glimepiride reduced the amount of PrPC expressed at the surface of
primary cortical neurones, neuronal cells and prion–infected neuronal cells. Subsequently, glimepiride treatment significantly reduced the amount of
PrPSc within 3 prion–infected neuronal cell lines (ScGT1, SMB and ScN2a cells) and glimepiride treated cortical neurones showed increased
resistance to the toxic effects of PrP82–146. The protective effect of glimepiride was accompanied by reduced binding of PrP82–146 to neurones,
reduced activation of cPLA2 and PGE2 production. These effects of glimepiride were observed at physiological concentrations, however they were not
shared by 2

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( T1dm )
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from a defect in insulin secretion in the body. T1DM may happen at any age and it is one of the most
common chronic diseases of childhood and adolescents (Misso, Egberts, Page, O'Connor, & Shaw, 2010). Long–term complications of T1DM include
retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. There is no prevention or cure for T1DM, and the treatment is a life
–long insulin
replacement regimen. Proper and accurate glycemic control is critical to the management of this disease (Misso et al., 2010, Pankowska, Blazik,
Dziechciarz, Szypowska, & Szajewska, 2009). "Optimal metabolic control requires replacement therapy that mimics the insulin profile seen in
non–diabetic people as closely as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clinical guidelines are in place for directing treatment of T1DM with either CSII or MDI but there is no clear support for either. This lack of
definitive treatment plan prompted the authors of this paper to explore this gap in literature. Earlier studies do not show benefits of CSII over MDI
primarily because they compared MDI programs to relatively early pumps. These pumps did not afford the advances of technology seen today.
Currently there is greater access to cutting–edge technology in the form of smaller, more advanced pumps, hence providing for a more user–friendly
experience. There is a scarcity of literature regarding the comparison of newer pumps to MDIs (Fatourechi, et al., 2010). Recent studies were identified
and they indicate a preference for CSII therapy. The tools used to measure the effectiveness of therapy were glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), severe
hypoglycemic events, daily insulin requirement, and a quality of life survey. According to Misso et al., (2010), "Both CSII and MDI are forms of
intensified insulin treatment, however; due to its continuous basal insulin substitution, CSII can better mimic a physiological situation."
Aim
The purpose of this paper is to assess and synthesize recent data to help identify the better treatment therapy between CSII and MDIs. As mentioned
earlier there is a lack of support for either regimen from a practitioner standpoint. One could argue that medical practitioners prescribe insulin regimens
based on

Reflection Paper On Diabetes
In the spring of 2008 I was sent to the hospital. I was sent to hospital because my parents had been concerned about me losing a lot of weight and
also I did not want to eat anything because I kept getting sick from it . After all the testing that day ,the doctors later told me that I had type 1
diabetes . At first when they told me, I was in shock because I had no idea what diabetes was . My mom had went out to talk to the doctors and
when she had came back in she told me that I had to spend a week at the hospital to get a feel for what diabetes was and ask the doctors any
questions about what I was not sure about . My first night in the hospital was the doctors constantly having to wake me up to test my blood sugar and
having to take insulin whenever I would have to eat anything . Insulin is a hormone in your body that allows you to store glucose for future use .
Every time I eat or drink something with carbohydrates I have to take an insulin shot. The doctors came into the room every hour to educate me
more on diabetes. Even with all the doctors by my side telling me I would be okay, I still was worried about going back to school and getting judged by
everyone and that the nurses office was going to be my new place to visit everyday .
The next few nights in the hospital was a routine. The first night I had learn that I would not be able to eat as much sugar as I did before . Also that I
may have diabetes for the rest of my life. Specialist have been working on a cure

Essay On Neonatal Hypoglycemia
The neonatal hypoglycemia mechanism occurs when maternal diabetics' mother gives birth to newborns. Glucose is the main nutrient source for
newborns received in the maternal placenta. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are difficult to treat in newborns. If untreated, the hypoglycemia can lead
to brain damage or seizures. The most common symptoms are coma, apathy, jitteriness, and inadequate feedings. Infants born with small gestational
age (SGA) or large gestational age (LGA) can be susceptible to hypoglycemia. Maternal diabetics secrete extra insulin which causes neonates to have
low blood glucose levels. Zhou et al conducted a study of 668 neonates who were admitted to the Pediatrics Center Hospital at Shanghai for
hypoglycemia (Zhou et al, 2015). After being admitted, maternal diabetics were separated from neonates and inhibited from breastfeeding. Neonates
with hypoglycemia were monitored on a regular basis on their blood glucose levels. Results show that 113 out of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Breastfeeding is strongly recommended for maternal diabetics after giving birth feeding their baby every 3 hours. Dextrose gel is considered an
effective and inexpensive to treat newborn infants. According to the Harris et al article, the use of dextrose gel prevents hypoglycemia and brain
injury in newborn infants (Harris et al 2012). Babies with hypoglycemia of <2.6 mM/L low blood glucose concentration were recommended to
consume 200 mg/kg dextrose gel through feeding. After attempting treatments, the intensive care unit provided infant formula and dextrose to maintain
blood glucose levels (Harris et al 2012). Hypoglycemia is an important factor in preventing neurological problems in newborn infants. In addition, the
previous study of Harris et al found that dextrose gel is beneficial for treating newborn infants after birth and no adverse effects observed (Harris et al,

The Effects Of Diabetes And Driving Ability
There have been a variety of studies performed trying to determine the effects of diabetes and driving ability. The possible negative effects on top of
preexisting concerns about the safety of the elderly driving only adds to the seriousness of the situation. Driving under the influence is illegal because
it is not safe, and Cox, Fonder–Frederick, Kovatchev, Julian, and Clarke's study (2000), – "Progressive Hypoglycemia's Impact on Driving Simulation
Performance," proves there to be potential serious harm because of impairment. The researchers hypothesized that low blood sugar, also called
hypoglycemia, could impair one's driving ability.
The study consisted of 37 adults with type 1 diabetes. All participants have had diabetes for a minimum of two years, have taken insulin, are current
drivers, and not be taking any medications that influence hypoglycemia or driving factors. There were 16 men and 21 women. On average, the
participants have had diabetes for 17.5 В± 10 years. There were three general issues investigated. First, was the blood glucose levels where driving
impairment was first observed. Second, the blood glucose levels at which the person detects impairments and whether or not they take corrective action
by pulling over or drinking soda. And lastly, the actual underlying mechanisms related to the awareness and corrective behavior. They conducted the
study by closely monitoring many factors while they participated in a realistic driving simulation course. The

Reflection Paper On Diabetes
In the spring of 2008 I was sent to the hospital . I was sent to hospital because my parents had been concerned about me losing a lot of weight and
also I did not want to eat anything because I kept getting sick from it . After all the testing that day the doctors later told me that I had type 1
diabetes . At first when they had told me I was in shock because I had no idea what diabetes was . My mom had went out to talk to the doctors and
when she had came back in she told me that I had to spend a week at the hospital to get a feel for what diabetes was and ask the doctors any questions
about what I was not sure about . My first night in the hospital was them constantly having to wake me up to test my blood sugar and having to take
insulin whenever I would have to eat anything . Insulin is a hormone in your body that allows you to store glucose for future use . Every time I eat
or drink something with carbohydrates I have to take an insulin shot . Also doctors came into the room every hour to educate me more on diabetes
.Even with all the doctors by my side telling me I would be okay I still was worried about going back to school and getting judged by everyone and
that the nurses office was going to be my new place to visit everyday .
The next few nights in the hospital was a routine like the first night I had learn that I would not be able to eat as much sugar as I did before . Also
that I may have diabetes for the rest of my life because they had been working on a

Hyperglycemia Vs Diabetic Ketoacidosis Protocols Clinical...
Hyperglycemia VS Diabetic Ketoacidosis Protocols Clinical Paper
Lindsey Tesorero
Sacred Heart University
April 22, 2015
NU–395–A
Instructor: Professor Yost
Introduction
At Yale New Haven on the medicine floor SLA 4, the nurse manager identified the need of education on both thehyperglycemia and diabetic
ketoacidosis protocols. The nurses and doctors were not aware of the steps outlined in the protocol that needed to be followed. There have been
several incidents across the hospital of orders not being correctly prescribed by physicians and nurses following through with these incorrect orders,
therefore seriously effecting patient outcomes. Specifically on SLA 4 there was a recent incidence of a patient coming off of an ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the instance on SLA 4, the orders were not correct for switching the hyperglycemic patient coming off the insulin drip to subcutaneous insulin. It is
stated in the protocol that a patient must always be transitioned to subcutaneous insulin when coming off of an insulin drip; however, the protocol can
be difficult to follow causing information to be missed. Since the nurse did not catch the mistake in the doctor's order the patients' blood sugar ended
up shooting up to a very high level again. This adverse effect easily could have been prevented if the nurse realized that since the patient came off an
insulin drip he needed to be getting insulin shots. Even though it is the physician's job to write the orders, the nurse always has to double check them
because they are the last line before the orders are followed through. If these orders are not correct then it is not only the fault of the physician, but
of the nurse as well. This tool will help to prevent adverse effects in many ways. The protocols for both crises are long and information can be lost
or easily overlooked. By having a tool that clearly states the important orders that need to be followed in a clear step by step course of action
eliminates this factor. In a study of patients who were in a hyperglycemic crisis, it was found that when a protocol for hyperglycemia was used to treat
the patient there was a 9.2 hour decrease in the amount of time it took to resolve. In comparison, the

Dr. Sakel: Harlem Valley State Hospital
Sakel was born on June 6, 1900, in Nadvirna. He studied Medicine at the University of Vienna from 1919 to 1925, specializing in neurology and
neuropsychiatry. In 1936, after receiving an invitation from Frederick Parsons, the state commissioner of mental hygiene, he chose to emigrate from
Austria to the United States of America. In the USA, he became an attending physician and researcher at the Harlem Valley State Hospital.
Dr. Sakel was the developer of insulin shock therapy from 1927 while a young doctor in Vienna, starting to practice it in 1933. It would become widely
used on individuals with schizophrenia and other mental patients. He noted that insulin–induced coma and convulsions, due to the low level of glucose
attained in the blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shepard Ivory Franz while attending George Washington University.
In 1911, Kent received her Ph.D. at George Washington University in Psychology, her doctoral dissertation was entitled, "Experiments on Habit
Formation in Dementia Praecox".
She went on to work at various hospitals and State mental institutions: (1911–12) Warren (Pennsylvania) State Hospital, (1918) Foxboro State Hospital
in Massachusetts, (1920–22) worked with retarded patients at State Training School in Clinton, South Carolina, (1922–26) inaugurated the first
Psychology department in State hospitals and worked as Psychologist at Worcester (Massachusetts) State Hospital.
In 1928, she took on what was to be her major position by joining the staff of the Danvers (Massachusetts) State Hospital as Psychologist under Dr.
Bonner (Shakow 276). She stayed there until 1946, after establishing a successful psychology department. The responsibilities she set up in the
department primarily took care of all the psychometric work, such as the preparation of case studies, writing of clinical papers and the training of
different teaching groups consisting mostly of

Hyperkemia Vs Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia vs. Hyperglycemia
Whether it's low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), or high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), both are bad for your overall health, and either may cause major
complications that if left untreated, and could be potentially life threatening. Generally speaking, these conditions are common among diabetics.
However, they may also affect non–diabetics as well. What are the differences between hypoglycemia vs. hyperglycemia, and are there any early
warning signs or symptoms when you have these conditions? Consider the following chart:
A Comparison Chart of Hypoglycemia vs. Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
DefinitionHypoglycemia is defined as a blood sugar (glucose) levels below 4 mmol/L, with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That's because your brain needs glucose to function properly.
Recognize the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia early because untreated hypoglycemia can lead to:
Severe confusion and disorientation
Unconsciousness
Seizures
Coma
DeathUntreated hyperglycemia can cause long–term complications, including:
Diabetic Retinopathy, or damage to the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to blindness
Cataracts, or clouding of the normally clear lens of your eyes
Problems in your feet due to poor blood flow or damaged nerves that may lead to serious infections, and in severe cases, amputation
Tooth and gum infections
Bone and joint problems
Skin problems, including fungal infections ,bacterial infections, and non–healing wounds
Nerve damage (neuropathy)
Cardiovascular disease
Kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) or kidney failure
Hypoglycemia vs. Hyperglycemia: How to Beat Them?
Treatments of Hypoglycemia

200–220 words,
If You Have Low Blood Sugar
Then eat or drink any of the following items:
Four to six pieces of hard candy (not

Two Versions of To Build a Fire by Jack London
The story "To Build a Fire" written by Jack London has two nearly identical versions published in 1902 and 1908 respectively. The latter is
better–known and more thought–provoking because of the protagonist's death. To begin with, the journey takes place on a cold winter day in
Klondike, consists of a man and his dog. The man is ignorant of the extreme coldness and feels confident about travelling alone at fifty degrees
below zero. However, he breaks through a thin skin of ice unexpectedly and wets himself halfway to the knees. In order to dry his feet, the man
builds a fire, only to have it extinguished by a pile of snow unloaded from a tree. He tries to set up another fire, yet all attempts has failed. The man
panics and strives to unfreeze his body by running. Not surprisingly, his efforts are useless, and the man dies of hypothermia at last. The author
effectively supports the central conflict of man versus nature and gives hints about the man's death as resolution by using appropriate title, descriptive
setting, and a large amount of foreshadowing.
First of all, the title is well–chosen, for it gives the readers an overview of the story and supports the plot effectively. Detailed descriptions of how to
set up a fire and the man's continuous attempts to do so reflect that the story evolves around the phrase "to build a fire". Throughout his journey, if the
man succeeds in making a fire, it brings warmth, hope, and life; on the other hand, if he fails, it means coldness

Diabetes: Diabetic Emergencies
Intro to Diabetic Emergencies Diabetes is a significant and fast growing health concern in the United States. About 16 million Americans have diabetes
– and that number increases every day. Every day there is someone who suffers from a diabetic emergency. What is a diabetic emergency? Well, first
we must understand what diabetes is. Diabetes is a disease that affects how your body uses blood glucose (or commonly known as blood sugar) your
body isn't able to take the sugar from your bloodstream and carry it to your body cells where it can be used for energy. There are two types of diabetes;
Type I (insulin dependent) and Type II (non–insulin dependent). Both types can cause a diabetic emergency. Both types require medical... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The person may also feel their heart pounding or have a headache. Some people don't feel any symptoms when their blood sugar is dropping. If left
untreated, the person can go into insulin shock. It is very important that the person seek medical attention and maintain a relationship with his/her
physician.
It is always helpful to have a family/friend to know these signs/symptoms in case of a diabetic emergency and to always call 911.
Evaluations
How do you recognize a diabetic emergency? A conscious person with diabetes might be able to tell you what is wrong. However, always remember
that the person may be confused. An unconscious person may be wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace that will tell you that he/she has diabetes.
If the person cannot tell you what he/she needs, look for the following signs and symptoms:
1.Insulin shock (needs sugar) – pulse will be strong/rapid. Breathing will be shallow. Skin will be pale/sweating. Breath odor will be odorless. LOC
will be faintness to unconsciousness developing quickly. The person may complain of headache, trembling, and hunger.
2.Diabetic coma (needs insulin) – pulse will be weak/rapid. Breathing will be deep/sighing. Skin will be flushed, dry, and warm. Breath odor will be
like musty apple or nail polish. LOC will be gradual onset of unconsciousness. The person may be

Medical Emergency Characterized By Low Serum Glucose Levels
Hypoglycaemia is a medical emergency characterized by low serum glucose levels and if not treated correctly, can cause significant morbidity and
mortality. (1–6) Hypoglycaemia often occurs as a result of treatment for Diabetes Type 1 and 2, yet can also affect non–diabetic casualties. (1–4, 6–9)
This paper will reflect on the pre–hospital clinical management of hypoglycaemia, by critically analysing a large portion of Australian pre–hospital
treatment guidelines, in relation to international practices, current evidence based literature and investigating potential areas for change.
Glucose is the primary energy source for all living cells in the body, with the function of the brain heavily reliant on a constant supply of blood glucose
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(3, 4, 11, 12) Furthermore, administration of glucagon to casualties in situations where gluconeogenesis may be defective could paradoxically provoke
hypoglycaemia by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. (4)
Current Australian Defence Force (ADF) treatment protocols mandate that Glucagon administered IMI is the first line treatment in the management of
severe hypoglycaemia. (13) Guidelines direct that casualties who remain unresponsive to glucagon after 10 minutes are then eligible for treatment with
IV dextrose 50%. (13) This appears unique to the ADF. The Ambulance Service of New South Wales (ASoNSW) offers glucagon as a non
–essential
treatment option along with dextrose 10%, while Ambulance Victoria (AV) directs that glucagon is administered only to patients in whom IV access
cannot be established. (14, 15) Queensland Ambulance Service (QAS) stipulates dextrose 10%, independent of glucagon is the first line treatment
option for hypoglycaemic patients, unable to swallow oral glucose. (9) Consideration of international protocols reveals a judicial approach to
administration of glucagon by New York City, Emergency Medical Services (NYCEMS), which reserves

Hybohydrates Essay
The relative is exhibiting the symptoms and signs of low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia) together with the body's attempts to compensate for
this. Part of this response includes activation of the stress system and its hormones which would explain the fast heart rate and shaking. Eating
sweets (a source of glucose) reverses this hypoglycaemia and relieves the symptoms. The process of maintaining normal blood glucose levels (70mg
/dl) involves a negative feedback system involving several hormones[1]. In response to low blood glucose: pancreatic a cells secrete glucagon, a
hormone necessary for the lysis of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) and the production of glucose from other, non–carbohydrate sources, such as
fat and protein... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In response to the attack, the b cells undergo cell apoptosis, reducing the quantity of insulin and therefore increasing blood glucose levels depending
on how many beta cells have been destroyed. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed at a young age, cannot be prevented and cannot be controlled
without insulin supplements. Conversely, type 2 diabetes results from prolonged exposure to high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia >70mg/dl),
which causes tissues to become resistant to insulin over time. Type 2 diabetes can occur because of genetics and poor diet/lifestyle. It is usually
diagnosed later in life and can sometimes be reversed with appropriate lifestyle and dietary changes (i.e. exercise and healthy eating)[4]. Reduced
levels of insulin mean that blood glucose increases past the set point. This is dangerous as it can cause damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, skin,
heart, and blood vessels[5]. While diabetes is often associated with high blood glucose, a consequence of poor self–medication and impractical lifestyle
habits can cause another, equally serious condition known as hypoglycemia (blood glucose <70mg/dl). Symptoms include hunger, shaking, nervousness,
sweating, dizziness or light–headedness, sleepiness, confusion, difficulty speaking, anxiety, weakness[6]. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetics can take
insulin to replenish loss/lack of their own b cell production, although this is more common in type 1

Neonatal Hypoglycemia
– Neonatal hypoglycemia is a global health problem and a preventable cause of neurological injury in newborn period. Approximately 1/5th of
neonates have a risk of being hypoglycemic. Some of these infants fail to normalize their blood glucose by feeds alone and require intravenous (IV)
dextrose therapy. In our institution, IV dextrose therapy is offered in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This leads to separation of mother from
baby and undue anxiety affecting bonding and breastfeeding. Also leads to increased hospitalization costs. A large number of asymptomatic neonates
are screened for hypoglycemia due to well established relationship between prolonged hypoglycemia and neurological impairment (1). Approximately
10% of these asymptomatic

Type 1 Or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During Pregnancy, Self
Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During Pregnancy, Self Care
Caring for yourself during your pregnancy when you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) means keeping your blood sugar (glucose)
under control with a balance of:
Nutrition.
Exercise.
Lifestyle changes.
Insulin and other medicines, if necessary.
Support from your team of health care providers and others.
The following information explains what you need to know when managing your diabetes at home during your pregnancy.
WHAT SHOULD I KNOW ABOUT MANAGING MY BLOOD GLUCOSE?
Check your blood glucose level every day as told by your health care provider.
Have your A1c (hemoglobin A1c) level checked at least two times a year.
Your health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Always have a 15–gram rapid–acting carbohydrate snack with you to treat low blood glucose. Family members and close friends should also know the
symptoms and should understand how to treat hypoglycemia, in case you are not able to treat yourself.
Tremors or shakes.
Decreased ability to concentrate.
Sweating.
Increased heart rate.
Headache.
Blurry vision.
Dry mouth.
Hunger.
Irritability.
Anxiety.

Restless sleep.
A change in speech.
A change in coordination.
Confusion.
Numbness or tingling around the mouth, lips, or tongue.
How do I treat hypoglycemia?
If you are alert and able to swallow safely, follow the 15:15 rule:
Take 15 grams of a rapid–acting carbohydrate. Rapid–acting options include:
в—‹ 1 tube of glucose gel.
в—‹ 3 glucose pills.
в—‹ 6–8 pieces of hard candy.
в—‹ 4 oz (120 mL) of fruit juice or regular soda.
Check your blood glucose level 15 minutes after you take the carbohydrate.
If the repeat blood glucose level is still at or below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), take 15 grams of a carbohydrate again.
If your blood glucose level does not increase above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) after 3 tries, seek emergency medical care.
After your blood glucose level returns to normal, eat a meal or a snack within 1 hour.
How do I treat severe hypoglycemia?
Severe hypoglycemia is when your blood glucose level is at or below 54 mg/dL (3 mmol/L). Severe hypoglycemia is an

Hypoglycemia Essay
Case Study 1
1.) Define hypoglycemia. What are hypoglycemic blood glucose values in an adult?
Hypoglycemia: Low blood glucose level that results from too much insulin, not enough food, or excess activity. It is defined as the presence of
Whipple's triad: manifestations consistent with low blood glucose, a low plasma glucose concentration, and resolution of symptoms or signs after
plasma glucose concentration is raised. Four common causes are: 1.) excess insulin, 2.) deficient intake or absorption of food, 3.) exercise, and 4.)
alcohol intake.
When blood glucose falls below 70 mg/dl or when the blood glucose level drops rapidly from an elevated level.
2.) Describe the clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia. How low does a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exercise usually causes blood glucose levels to fall in a patient with type 1 DM. Prolonged exercise increases cellular glucose uptake for several hours
after exercise.
4.) Briefly define hypothermia, and explain why the client with hypoglycemia is often hypothermic.
Hypothermia: marked cooling of core temperature that is below the required normal for normal metabolism and body functions. This is generally
considered to be 95.0'F. Produces depression of the central nervous and respiratory systems, vasoconstriction, alterations in microcirculation and
coagulation, and ischemic tissue damage.
Cold stress increases metabolism. Increased metabolism increases the use of glucose. Once the circulating glucose is used, the body turns to the
glycogen stores and if it goes on for too long depletes glycogen stores leading to hypoglycemia.
5.) If an IV access site could not be established, could the 50% dextrose be administered intramuscularly? What is another medication that the HCP
might prescribe to treat the client's hypoglycemia, and what is the medication's most common adverse effect?
No, 50% dextrose cannot be administered IM. It needs to be given slowly and carefully to avoid extravasation because it is hyperosmolar and can
damage tissue.
Glucagon: Can be given subcutaneously or IM. It is the main counterregulatory hormone and is used as therapy for severe

Hypocalcemia Research Paper
Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia (Calcium deficiency disease) is a condition where the calcium level in the blood and plasma is below average, which is
between 4.4 – 5.4mg/dL, when hypocalcemia occurs the free calcium ions falls below 4.4 mg/dL. This condition is a very serious problem because
it causes many physical deficiencies, such as muscle stiffness, seizures, congestive heart failure, abnormal heart rhythms, and many other physical
problems. It also causes paresthesia and memory issues. Hypocalcemia is a condition where if left untreated it leads to death, which makes it a
serious issue among the society. Hypocalcemia however is a rare disease and it affects 1 person per 2000. Hypocalcemia is an interesting issue
because calcium is one of the most important ions that regulate the human body beside sodium and potassium, calcium deficiency would make a big
impact on all of the systems. The importance of calcium in the human body is high, it is the key of the conduction of the electricity in the human body.
The nervous system needs calcium... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, vitamin D or magnesium deficiency is linked to hypocalcemia. Babies who have hypocalcemia may experience twitch or tremor, however, adults
with hypocalcemia might experience one or more of these symptoms, muscle stiffness, muscle spasms, paresthesia, feelings of pins and needles, in the
extremities, changes in mood, such as anxiety, depression, or irritability, memory issues, hypotension, difficulty of speaking or swallowing, fatigue,
parkinsonism, papilledema, or swelling of the optic disc. There are also symptoms of severe hypocalcemia which are seizures, Arrhythmias, congestive
heart failure, laryngospasms, or seizures of the voice box. Moreover, the symptoms of the long–term hypocalcemia include, dry skin, brittle nails,
kidney stones or other calcium deposits in the body, dementia, cataracts, and

Hypoglycemia Research Paper
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia occurs when the glucose level in the blood is too low. Glucose is a type of sugar that is the body's main energy source. Certain
hormones (insulin and glucagon) control the level of glucose in the blood. Insulin lowers blood glucose, and glucagon increases blood glucose.
Hypoglycemia can result from having too much insulin in the bloodstream, or from not eating enough food that contains glucose.
Hypoglycemia can happen in people who do or do not have diabetes. It can develop quickly, and it can be a medical emergency.
CAUSES
Hypoglycemia occurs most often in people who have diabetes. If you have diabetes, hypoglycemia may be caused by:
Diabetes medicine.
Not eating enough, or not eating often enough. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After your blood glucose level returns to normal, eat a meal or a snack within 1 hour.
If You Have Severe Hypoglycemia:
Severe hypoglycemia is when your blood glucose level is at or below 54 mg/dL. Severe hypoglycemia is an emergency. Do not wait to see if the
symptoms will go away. Get medical help right away. Call your local emergency services (911 in the U.S.). Do not drive yourself to the hospital.
If you have severe hypoglycemia and you cannot eat or drink, you may need an injection of glucagon. A close family member or caregiver should learn
how to check your blood glucose and give you a glucagon injection. Ask your health care provider if you need to have an emergency glucagon
injection kit available.
Severe hypoglycemia may need to be treated in a hospital and may include getting glucose through an IV tube. You may also need treatment for the
cause of your hypoglycemia.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
General Instructions
Avoid any diets that cause you to not eat enough food. Talk with your health care provider before starting any new diet.
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care

Hypoglycemia Case Studies
Discussion
This audit provides an insight into the prevalence of hypoglycemia in subacute setting with the aim of identifying precipitant factors and implementing
prevention strategies. From this audit we found that there were 10% of patient with type 2 diabetes has moderate hypoglycemia episode whilst in the
subacute hospital. This number is smaller than expected from previous audit done in Kingston center, estimating 20–30 cases of hypoglycemia per
month. The team hypothesis that if hypoglycemia was defined as blood glucose level of less than 4.0mmol/l, we will have recorded a greater amount
of episodes. December has recorded highest number of hypoglycemia. The reasons for this are unclear but could include festive season related variation
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has a small number of patients in a single center in Kingston. The team is aiming to continue data collection for the next few months in order to
get bigger number of patients with hypoglycemia. In addition, the precipitating factors of hypoglycemia require assessment from different medical
response team which may lead to reporting bias. Point of care blood glucose level were used in the wards, the accuracy may have been limited,
particularly at lower levels. (Rebel A1, 2012) The death data was acquired from the hospital's scan medical record, which only include patient who had
inpatient death. To get a true picture of mortality, we will have to cross check for death data using birth, death and marriages

Hypoglycemia Research Papers
Hypoglycemia describes an abnormally low level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Hypoglycemia is not a disease in itself, rather it is a sign of a health
problem. The aspect of this study is as followed: Hypoglycemia has been a common clinical condition known to affect human development. Little has
been done to define the resultant brain biochemical alterations. A controlled study ofhypoglycemia in the newborn human infant is impossible, the
infant rat was chosen as a model. During this experiment hypoglycemia was induced once daily for 18 days following birth resulted in generalized
diminution of brain weight, cellularity, and protein content. The rate of formation of the myelin lipid sulfatide was decreased, as was the quantity of
cerebroside–sulfatied in brains of hypoglycemic animals. Phospholipids, gangliosides, and cholesterol were decreased only in proportion to the
decrease in the brain weight. Brain glucose and glycogen concentrations were low in the brains of hypoglycemic animals, although ATP and
phosphocreatine levels were not decreased. Damage of the brain in human infants has been associated with neonatal hypoglycemia, particularly when
not treated early and when the infants are symptomatic. Neonatal hypoglycemia related to gestational age, size, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I think the doctors should have ended the helpless (frail and weakened) rats in a better manor instead of decapitation or soaking the baby rats in
liquid nitrogen. My opinion of this article gave me a whole other insight of hypoglycemia and brain development. I am a hypoglycemic patient;
though I did not inherit these genes from my mother, my father has a hereditary strand of diabetes in his family. After reading this article and doing a
tad bit more research I concluded I am having slight problems with the overall function of my brain which is from the development of my

The Common Disease Of Addison 's Disease
Abstract Addison's Disease goes unnoticed in a lot of people. Addison's is sometimes called the uncommon common disease because people are
walking around with it but the symptoms are so closely associated with other illnesses, go undetected. Knowledgeable professionals are even hard
to find. People knowing living with Addison's Disease are constantly in fear not knowing if they were to go in a crisis, who would have enough
knowledge about the disease to assist. Yes, most first responders, ER staff, physicians' offices, are clueless. There just isn't enough information to
about this disease to help people with it which is why I chose to be an advocate. My wife has the uncommon common disease and immediately our
lives would change. I won't say it was for worse nor will I say for good, it's just changed. There are all kind of foundations out there trying to raise
awareness of this disease but they are mainly in the larger areas and major hospitals. I want as many people as possible to know about this disease
that really does makes it "impossible" to get out of bed, to know about this disease that makes you feel "sick as a dog". I hope to help at least one
person know more about this disease each day. Let's raise awareness. Understanding Addison's Disease and its impact Of all the things too hear the
doctor say, why Addison's Disease. I felt numb. I didn't know if I should cry or run. I was confused, again I asked why then I asked how. I was angry
for a moment but it later

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