This document contains summaries of 12 chapters that cover topics in biology including human reproduction, genetics, evolution, health, microorganisms, biotechnology, ecology, biodiversity, conservation, and environmental issues. It defines key terms related to various modes of reproduction and discusses human reproductive systems and health. Other sections address principles of inheritance and genetics, theories of evolution, common human diseases and immunity, the role of microbes in industry and medicine, applications of biotechnology, ecology and relationships between organisms and populations, biodiversity and conservation efforts, and environmental pollution issues.

1. Define sexual and asexual reproduction-01 13. Define Conjugation.
2. What is pseudopodiospore-03 14. Phases of Life Cycle.
3. What is strobilation-03 15. Parthenogenesis.
4. What is plasmotomy-04 16. Types of parthenogenesis.
5. Define budding-04
6. Exogenous budding-05
7. Endogenous budding-05
8. Define gemmules-05
9. What is epimorphosis-06
10. Define syngamy-06
11. External and internal fertilization-06
12. Different kinds of syngamy fertilization-06 (5mark).
CHAPTER-2. HUMAN REPRODUTION
1. Four functions of the representative system-11.
2. The major representative events in human being-11
3. Functions of sertoli cells-12
4. Accessory ducts of male reproductive system-13
5. Accessory glands of male reproductive system-13
6. What is epididyms-13
7. Seminal vesicles or vesicles secrete contains-14
8. Define mesovarium-14
9. Define infundibulum-14
10. Define ampulla-15
11. What are the three layers of uterus-15

2. 12. What are the Bartholin’s and skene’s glands-15
13. Gametogenesis and spermatogenesis-16
14. Spermiogenesis-17
15. Spermiation-17
16. Expand: a) GnRH, b)FSH c) LH d)ABP-17
17. What is acrosome-17
18. Do you know box-18
19. Define fertilization-21
20. What is blastomeres-21
21. What is morula-21
22. What is ectopic pregnancy-22
23. What is monozygotic, dizygotic and siamese-22 (box).
24. What are the extra embryonic membranes-23
25. What is placenta-23
26. What is gestation period-23
27. Expand: a) hcG b) hcs c) hPL-23
28. Do you know box-24
CHAPTER-3. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1. Need for reproductive health problem strategy-32
2. Female foeticide and infanticide-33
3. What is PCPNDT and POCSO with box-33
4. Birth control methods-34
5. What is lactational amenorrhea-34
6. Tubectomy and vasectomy-35

3. 7. Expand: GnRH, ART, IUI, IVF, ET, ZIFT, GIFT, ISSI and PET-39
8. Surrogacy and Amniocentesis-40
9. Foetoscope-41 with box.
CHAPTER-4. PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND
VARIATION
1. Multiple allelism-45
2. Human ABO Blood groups-47
3. Fisher and Race hypothesis-47
4. Winner hypothesis-47
5. Y Chromosome -48 (box)
6. Heterogametic male –48
7. Heterogametic female-48
8. Sex determination in human beings-49
9. Box-49
10. Haplodiploidy in honeybees-50
11. Sex linked inheritance-50
12. Haemophilia-50
13. Marriage between colour blind man and normal visioned-51
14. Marriage between normal visioned mam and colour blind women-51
15. What is karyotype-51
16. Application of karyotype-52
17. Pedigree analysis-52
18. What is haplodiploidy?
19. What is lyonisation?
20. What is criss-cross inheritance?
21. What are holandric genes?

4. 22. Sex determination in honeybee.
23. Why are sex linked receive character more common in the males
CHAPTER-5. MOLECULAR GENETICS
1. Define chromosome-59
2. Define locus-59
3. Define-nuclein-59
4. Box-59
5. Genophore-65
6. Nucleosomes -65
7. What is transcription-68
8. Template strand-69
9. Coding strand-69
10. What is intrans, splicing and capping-70
11. Stop and triplet codon-70
12. Wobble hypothesis-71
13. What is operons-78
14. Lac operon-78 (5mark).
15. Transcription in prokaryotes-70
16. Transcription in eukaryotes-71
17. Salient features of human genome project-80
18. DNA fingerprinting technique-81
19. Differentiate between template and coding strand.
20. Three goals of the human genome project.
21. Distinguish betweenstructural, regulatory and operator gene.
22. Why the human genome project is called a mega project.
23. Explain the formation of a nucleosome.
CHAPTER-6. EVOLUTION
1. Theory of spontaneous generation, Big Bang and Biogenesis-90
2. Geological time scale table-91
3. Relative and absolute dating-92
4. Lamarkstheory-96
5. Darwin ‘theory of natural selection-97
6. Objections to Darwinism-97
7. Define mutation theory-98
8. Salient features of mutation theory-98
9. Modern synthetic theory-98
10. Adaptive radiation-99
11. Hardy-weinbergsequilibrium.
12. Darwin’s fitness organisms.
13. Darwin’s finches.
14. Lamarks theory of acquired character.
CHAPTER-7. HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
1. What are the common human disease-108

5. 2. What is communicable disease-108
3. What is pathogens-108
4. What is pathogenic bacteria-108
5. Widaltest-109
6. Bacterial disease table-109
7. Viral disease table-110
8. Viral disease four types-111
9. What is Amoebiasis-111
10. African sleeping sickness-111
11. Life cycle of plasmodium-113
12. Types of malaria-113
13. Acquired immunity and types of acquired immunity-117
14. Difference between active and passive immunity-118
15. What is haematopoiesis-118
16. Structure of lymphoid organ-121
17. Types of antigens-123
18. Structure and function of immunoglobulin-124
19. Types of vaccine-126
20. Define vaccination-126
21. Box-126
22. Drug abuse-130
23. Opioids, Morphine and cannabinoids-130
24. What are interferons and its role?
25. Innate immune system.
26. List the common withdrawal symptoms of drugs and alcohol abuse.
CHAPTER-8. MICROBS IN HUMAN WELFARE
1. Prebiotics and probiotics-139
2. Single cell protein (SCP)
3. Tetracycline, chlortetracycline and streptomycin is isolated from…140
4. Define superbug-140
5. Define antibiotics
6. Zymology-141
7. Oenology-141
8. Page no: 142 – 8.2.3 full read.
9. Bioremediation 143
10. Page no: 144- 8.5.1.

6. 11. Microbial fuel cell with draw-143
12. Industrial alcohol preparation.
13. When does antibiotic resistance develop?
CHAPTER-9. APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Explain recombinant insulin with draw-148
2. Explain recombinant vaccine with draw-150
3. Types of recombinant vaccine-149
4. Interferons-149
5. Stem cell therapy-151
6. Difference between somatic and germ line gene therapy-151
7. Write about Totipotency, Pluripotency, Multipotency, Oligopotency and Unipotency-153
8. Page no: 153- 9.4 fully read.
9. Denaturation-154
10. Steps involved in PCR-155
11. Application of PCR-155
12. What is DNA vaccine?
CHAPTER-10. ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
1. Define ecology-163
2. Define habitat-163
3. Bergmann rule, Allen’s rule and Jordons rule-165
4. Eurytherms-165
5. Stenotherms-167
6. What is Phototaxis, Phototropism and Photokinesis-165 (box).
7. What is pedosphere?-166
8. What is Pedogenesis-166
9. Properties of soil-166 (5mark)
10. What is migration-174

7. 11. What is emigration-174
12. What is immigration-175
13. Page no: 176- box.
14. Page no: 177- box.
15. What is acclimatization?
16. What is soil permeability?
17. Difference between natality and mortality.
18. Explain parasitism with example.
CHAPTER-11. BIODIERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION
1. Define biodiversity-181
2. Three level of biodiversity-182
3. Three types of extinction-193
4. Difference between Insitu and Exsitu conservation-197
5. Hotspots in india.
6. What is endangered species?
7. Habitat loss.
8. List out the various causes for biodiversity losses-189.
9. How can we contribute to promote biodiversity conservation?
10. Write a short note on: I) Protected areas ii) Wildlife sanctuaries iii) WWF
CHAPTER-12. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
1. Classification of pollutants-202
2. Biomangnification-209
3. Eutrophication-210
4. Waste water treatment-210-11
5. Sources of solid waste-213(box)
6. Disposal methods of radioactive waste-214.
7. E-waste-215
8. Expand: CFC, AQI, and PAN.
9. What is SMOG?
10. Algal Bloom.
11. How can we control eutrophication?
12. Explain: a) Catalytic converter b) Ecosan toilets.