Explain The Stages Of Inflammation

Explain The Stages Of Inflammation
Chapter Four: Stages of Inflammation
Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury. An injury to soft tissue can arise from
numerous sources. Physical traumas such as sprain, strain or contusion are the most common.
However, there could also be injuries from viral or bacterial infection, chemical, or heat injury.
Trauma can cause direct damage to cells that are in the immediate area of injury, causing bleeding.
From there, the bleeding causes a line of events in the inflammatory process that promote healing
the injuries tissue.
Stage 1: The Inflammatory Response
Healing of the acute injuries starts with the acute vascular inflammatory response. The purpose of
those vascular changes is to increase the blood flow to the area, mobilize
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Tissue Ownership Essay
Morgan Boudreaux
Mrs. Romero
English II, 3rd Block
23 September, 2013
Tissue Ownership "I think people are morally obligated to allow their bits and pieces to be used to
advance knowledge to help others" (Korn). Different people have opposing opinions on the topic of
whether or not patients or doctors own the body tissues after it's been removed from the patient.
Ownership is the act, state, or right of possessing something. Tissue ownership is different from
ownership because once it leaves your body, you no longer own it. Contributing your tissues to the
science world is superior because you can speed up medical advances, avoid litigation, and become
a better individual by contributing to science and society. One of the most ... Show more content on
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Eventually, Moore hired a lawyer, who discovered that Golde had used Moore's Spleen to develop a
valuable immortal cell line named Mo. Moore filed a lawsuit, claiming that his bodily tissues were
his own property, and that Golde had stolen them. A series of rulings and appeals about his case
launched an intense national debate. Golde won because he's the one who made the cells valuable.
He did all of the work. This situation relates to this debate because if the doctor's would have had
ownership over the tissues in the first place, none of this would not have happened. This also proves
that the law is on the doctor's side. If doctors had ownership of the tissues and the right to do
whatever they wanted to them, they would not have to go through all this trouble. Lastly, you can
become a better person by contributing to science and society. "Since everybody benefits,
everybody can accept the small risks of having their tissue scraps used in research" (Korn).
Basically, donating your cells to science in order to help millions of people is morally the right thing
to do. This is also a respectable thing to do. People should take pride in knowing that they have
saved other peoples' lives. "It's not as if scientists are stealing your arm or some vital organ. They
are using tissue scraps you parted with voluntarily" (Skloot). It's not like they are taking a major part
of your body away, it's something that you don't even need. It is

Ceramics Are Found From The Family Of Calcium Phosphates
Ceramics are found in the family of calcium phosphates. Ex. Tricalcium phosphates,
Hydroxyapatite, substitute apatite, biphasic system. They often have similar properties to the
composition of bone. Their objective is to only mimic the mineral component of bone. They can
also be considered bio–absorbable. They avoid the formation of fibrous tissue, and encapsulation of
the implant, thus isolating it from the body system (this is a result of an immunological response). A
lot of metal orthopedic implants are coated with this material, to help avoid this type of reaction.
Nonoxide ceramics An example of this is silicon carbide. They have no sensitivity to fracture. They
are also very chemically stable. They provide good resistance to high temperatures, as well as have
good physical strength. They have good porosity to support new in growth of cells and will improve
osteo–integration in the body. A lot of these ceramics are from wood derivatives, have often mimic
the properties of plant vascular systems. Pyrolytic Carbon These are in the form of nanotubes and
nanofibres. They have good overall composition, morphological traits, as well as strong physical
and electrical properties. Si C and Carbon scaffolds A lot of these scaffolds derive from wood
plants. They have a high potential to release cytoxic particles. All plant derived test subjects behave
very similarly. Their vascular bundles have pores that will allow for vascularization to occur. They
do not have any

Review : Tissue Engineering And Tooth Regeneration
Review Tissue Engineering in Dentistry: A Review C M Kozlowski[a] [a]Department of Biology,
New York University, New York, NY USAAbstract Regenerative dentistry has seen enormous
advances within the past decade as tissue engineering has developed and progressed. Tissue
engineering and tooth regeneration offer solutions to the problems of tooth, bone, and tissue loss, all
of which are major global problems. Although the field of tissue engineering is continuously
advancing, it still faces a number of barriers before it can be regularly utilized in dentistry as clinical
treatment. Some of the primary barriers preventing integration include cost and development of
appropriate materials, limited current infrastructure, and ethical challenges. This review explores
current uses for regenerative dentistry, as well its barriers and potential solutions to these problems.
Oral tissue loss is a major problem both globally and in the United States, and can be caused by
disease, trauma, and/ or congenital abnormalities1. In fact, tooth loss is the most common form of
organ failure 2. Tooth loss not only cultivates medical problems and pain, but also lowers one's
quality of life, a field receiving increasing attention in the healthcare community. Dental caries is an
infectious disease characterized by bacterially induced decay of the tooth that damages tooth
enamel, dental pulp, and dentin. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), 50% of
Americans experience tooth decay

Essay On Damaged Ligaments
Damaged ligaments are also referred to as "sprains". They are graded on a scale of 1 to 3 in relation
to the severity of injury. Grade one sprains is a mildly damaged ligament that has a slight stretch,
resulting in some pain, discomfort and minimal loss of function, but no abnormal motion. Grade two
sprains are ligaments that stretch to a point where it is loose, causing a partial tear. Pain, swelling,
instability and moderate loss of function are common symptoms. Grade three sprains are complete
ligament tears, causing severe instability, inevitable loss of rand of movement, and extreme pain and
swelling. (Lee, 2015)
Diagnosis
Most ligament injuries can be diagnosed clinically by physical examination, and by comparing the
structures of the injured and non–injured knee. This includes examination of swelling, bruising,
areas of tenderness, deformity and effusion (knee joint fluid). The strength and stability of the ACL
can be tested by the Lachman test, anterior drawer test and pivot–shift test. However, this can be
very difficult in acute situations where there is lots of pain, ... Show more content on
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External factors include when an individual's coordination is compromised prior to landing or
deceleration due to disruptions. (Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, n.d.) According to Maguire
(2014), 70% of ACL injuries occur through noncontact mechanisms, such as attempting to rapidly
pivot or sidestep maneuver, landing in a pothole or the ball deflecting. The remaining cases of
injuries involve direct contact such as collision with another player, which is usually associated with
other ligament injury. Other external factors consist of shoe–surface interface, playing surface and
wearing a brace. Conversely, internal factors are comprised of differences in men and women
anatomy, hormonal effects, variations in nerves and muscles, and degree of hamstring flexibility and
foot pronation. (Sports Medicine Australia 2,

Modified Edema Research Paper
Synopsis: Comparing the Effects of Modified Manual with Traditional Edema Technique Jovel
Duatin Samuel Merritt University Department of Occupational Therapy Knygsand–Roenhoej and
Maribo (2011) examined the effects of modified edema mobilization (MEM) treatment with MEM
pump points (MPP) stimulation technique and compared it with the traditional edema technique for
patients with subacute hand/arm edema. The effects were determined based on the outcome
measures that includes reduction in edema and pain, active range of motion (AROM), and activities
of daily living(ADL). It was hypothesized that modified MEM treatment will have better outcome
measures compared to the traditional edema technique. The study's design was single–blinded, ...
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Subacute edema size was measured using a volumeter. The distance from the nail of the fingertip to
the proximal palmar crease was measured for AROM. The distance from the nail of the thumb to the
base of the fifth finger was used to measure thumb opposition. Moreover, pain was measured using
the visual analog scale. Patients' ADL levels was assessed through a questionnaire for bilateral
activities and perceived performance and satisfaction with ADL was assessed using the Canadian
Occupational Performance Measure. The study had 30 participants originally but only 29 completed
the treatments. There was a statistically significant decrease in edema, pain, and improvement in
AROM observed in both groups. There was a significant change in ADL observed in modified
MEM group that indicates that the group managed bilateral ADL activities quicker than the control
group. There was also a tendency for modified MEM group to receive fewer occupational therapy
session. However, there was no significant statistical difference found between the groups in terms
of pain during activity or at rest, AROM, and ADL at inclusion or after six and nine

Corinthians 14 Requirements
" And God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after
that miracles, then gifts of healings, helps, governments, diversities of tongues."
1 Corinthians 12:28
The Ministry of Helps sustains, provides and allows the ministry and vision God has given our
Bishop to proceed in a proper and orderly manner.
General Requirements
In order to participate, the following requirements MUST be met:
1. Be a full–fledged tithing member in good standing.
2. Be born–again, baptized in water, and is spirit–filled with the evidence of speaking in other
tongues.
3. Live a lifestyle that is consistent with Christian principles, the Bishop's vision, and the rules and
regulations governing the Helps Ministries.
4. Have the temperament, capacity, and desire to perform the duties established herein.
5. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gather altar skirts and tissues prior to the beginning of the service. The storage box is located in the
maintenance room. Examine altar skirts for damage and ensure you have enough tissues.
Discard any tissues not in the tissue box or have been placed back in the tissue box. Extra boxes of
tissues are located in the filing cabinet in the maintenance room.
While on duty, sit near the aisle or as close as possible, in case someone needs your assistance. If
you see someone in need of assistance, go to that person and, if necessary, help guide them so they
do not injure themselves or others around them. There might be times when two workers need to
assist. If you find that a person is inconsolable, ask them to sit down.
Be watchful and ready to assist with tissue and altar skirt when the leader calls someone to the
podium to share his/her testimony.
If the leader goes into the congregation to pray for people, walk behind security and be ready to
hand out tissues and comfort

Donating Human Tissue
Have you ever witnessed someone steal something from a store or eat in a restaurant and leave
before they pay? Although this is a different concept, it is oddly similar to the argument of paying
people for donating their tissue. Doctors are making millions of dollars off cures for diseases and
vaccines. All the while, breaking many patient privacy laws to do so. We would not have many of
the medical breakthroughs we have today if people did not donate their body tissue. Therefore, we
owe credit to those who have given tissue to help with modern medical advances. The legal
requirements for donating human tissue differ from case to case. Consent must always be given in
order to obtain human tissue. The rules of consent vary between children and adults. If adults are
alive, then it is absolutely mandatory to have verbal consent. Adults that have ... Show more content
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Should these patients be compensated? The answer should always be yes to this question.According
to Robert D. Truog, Aaron S. Kesselheim, and Steven Joffe, authors of "Paying Patients for their
Tissue: The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks," "If patients own their tissues, even after removal of the
tissue from their bodies, then it follows that they have the right to demand payment when a
profitable discovery derives from their tissue." If doctors continue to shrug the issue off their
shoulder, soon enough there will no longer be any patients willing to donate their human body
tissue.. Since the 1950's, people have heard of the wrong that doctors, scientists, and medical
researchers did to the family of Henrietta Lacks.. They deserved monetary compensation in some
form, but in return they received nothing. This could heavily influence new patient's decisions to
donate their tissue. Patients will feel as if they are the reason doctors and medical researchers are
making millions of dollars off their tissue, while they sit around at home struggling to pay their
medical

Finally The Characteristics Of The Tissue At And Surrounding
Finally the characteristics of the tissue at and surrounding the impact site has been shown to
influence the resulting response [19]. These characteristics are referred to as collectively as contact
phenomena. Contact phenomenon includes local variables such as skull shape, size, geometry,
density and mass of neural tissue, thickness of scalp and skull, hair style, ratio of brain–head weight
and strength of the head–neck junction[19]. These local variables seem to greatly different between
the two sexes, with females typically showing greater responses to a specific impact then males
[27]. These variables contribute greatly to determine the response that occurs due to impact [19].
Additionally, any accessories or protective equipment of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Typically, football is the primary sport studied. This is largely due to the convenience in the ability
to place sensors and other technologies inside a helmet which do not increase the risk of injuries for
the athletes, and the large number of athletes in the sport. For instance, six degree of freedom
measurement devices have been placed inside of football helmets so that the head acceleration
measures me be obtained. Instrumented helmets can then be used to directly measure the linear and
rotation accelerations, as well as the location of impacts without interfering with normal sporting
play [28].
Human surrogates Human surrogates include dummies and computational models. Surrogates allow
for investigation of impacts that could not be performed on human or animal models, while
additionally standardizing the contact phenomena. This allows for the differences in response to
impact to be said to be due to the treatment conditions or impact characteristics, rather than the
variations between the subject being impacted. Dummies can be made of a variety of materials.
What the dummy is made from helps determine its reliability and accuracy of the measurements
obtain from its use. Metal head forms produce more reliable data, while biofidelic heads produce
more realistic data [15]. The most accurate biofidelic dummies are based on the tissue

Tissue Engineering Discovery
Tissue engineering is a fascinating discovery in science; I find what the scientist are accomplishing
in the two videos to be very intriguing. Tissue engineering is something I have heard about, but
never actually took the time to understand in depth before. I find it interesting that scientist have
been able to create not only lungs that breathe independently but a heart that beats without being in
a body! The discovery of tissue engineering is remarkable, and I applaud the scientific achievements
to try and combat the growing need for organs. Hearing that there are over 100,000 individuals on a
waiting list, and over 20 dying each day waiting for an organ is heartbreaking. I think having the
ability to generate a viable organ using a person's own cells is an incredible discovery that will help
many people live longer and presumably healthier lives. The capability to create an organ using the
correct scaffold needed to facilitate the growth of the cells in question, being that they are picky, and
extending the life of an individual is almost God like in a way to me. ... Show more content on
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People would be less likely to turn it down if it is indeed their cells that created the organ, but then
again they may feel that the science behind the tissue engineering is essentially again playing God.
Personally, I found watching both the heart and lungs in the video working without being in the
body to be both awe inspiring and frightening at the same time. I understand the method to the
madness so to speak and the reasoning behind the need for this form of science, but to actually see
what science is truly capable of doing is captivating. I think what the doctors and scientist were able
to do to give Ms. Castillo another chance at life without tuberculous is remarkable, and in cases like
that the science is being fully used for the right

ASTYM Treatment Principles
The Treatment – FITT Principles A typical ASTYM treatment includes 8–10 treatments, two times
per week, with a 2 day break in between each session (e.g. Mon–Th, Tu– F, M–F). As for intensity,
the pressure of using the tool varies based on the condition being treated as well as the patient's
tolerance. Training is required to use the tools properly and address the soft tissue dysfunction. After
the certified PT uses the ASTYM tool on the soft tissue dysfunction, exercises are given to the
patient to do in order to use that new range of motion, and for functional purposes. Interventions
vary depending on the body impairment, but could include: strengthening the weak muscles,
increasing range of motion (by using the new motion gained from treatment), performing daily
activities with proper mechanics, etc. Each intervention of ASTYM for treating one body
impairment lasts about 10 minutes each session (or whenever the dysfunction appears to be less
restricted). Maximal results usually achieved in 6–9 treatments. After 12 treatments, a patient
probably won't see much more results. 1 Lastly, ASTYM treatment is 'administered only by
clinicians who have completed a comprehensive training program and who are certified by
Performance Dynamics. 3 The training includes pre–reading, pre–tests, specific intensive
treatment/anatomy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5 Maximal force output of the lower extremity was measured by an isometric squat test, before and
after treatment in all participants. A 'sham' treatment version of ASTYM treatment was given to
randomly selected participants. Results showed that in those participants who received the actual
ASTYM treatment had a significant effect on the percent change of maximal force output. Study
supports that ASTYM can have an immediate effect on muscle performance for those who have
muscle weakness after a lower extremity musculoskeletal injury.

The Orign of Bones Essay
Haller (1763) injected a clear fluid into the periosteum showing that "the origin of bone is the artery
carrying the blood and in it the mineral elements" putting forward the idea that the cardiovascular
system was responsible for bone formation. This was supported by the previous work of Hunter
(1754)
Pritchard (1946) studied what triggers osteogenesis: the same stimulus causing inflammation or
mechanical stress. How was the study conducted? Pritchard (1946) suggested osteogenesis is a
result of humoral stimulus not mechanical in relation to the skull vault.
Two groups of Lister strain of black and white hooded Norwegian rats were used. Young rats, six to
eighteen month old, were used due to their rapid and vigorous cellular response. ... Show more
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He initially determined the cellular sequence of bone remodelling as endothelial cells, intermediate
cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclast and that the capillary–sinusoid vessel acts as the initial
framework on which this process rests. This study showed that the endothelium of the capillary
system houses the cells responsible for bone formation.
Lindholm et al. (1964) were aware, from previous studies, that mast cells transfer calcium ions to
different tissues. They counted the variation in mast cell number between 400 Wistar rats with a
fractured leg. Histological samples of the callus were treated using led acetate fixation and toluidine
blue staining to enable the visibility of the mast cells under a light microscope. Their study showed
that mast cell counts varied in the normal course of events of bone repair They concluded that mast
cells are responsible for transporting calcium during the mineral phase of callus formation They
suggest that degranulation of these cells as being an essential process in bone repair and put forward
the idea that without this process normal callus mineralisation would not be hindered
Rhinelander (1974) suggests that because there is damage to blood vessels during a fracture, there is
reduced

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Calcium Phosphate Tablets
Calcium– Phosphate Ceramics (CPC)
Calcium phosphate ceramics are a type of ceramics with varying calcium–to–phosphate ratio, the
important properties of calcium phosphate biomaterials are their bioresorption and bioactivity. The
most widely used calcium phosphate based bioceramics are hydroxyapatite (HAP) and β–tricalcium
phosphate (β–TCP).
Synthetic Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate whose stoichiometric formula corresponds to
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 with calcium–to–phosphate ratio is 1.67, it is the most stable phase of various
calcium phosphates. It is stable in body fluid and in dry or moist air up to 1200°C and does not
decompose and has shown to be bioactive due to its resorbable nature. It is similar to bone mineral
and is widely used as a filler, spacer and bone graft substitute. Synthetic Hydroxyapatite can be
prepared in either dense or macroporous forms. Porous HA is osteoconductive (The phenomenon of
new bone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A disadvantage of bioactive glasses is that theygenerally possess low fracture toughness values and
hence poor mechanical strength, especially in porous form. This leads to limited applications in
load–bearing situations. An early significant modification of the heat treatment to form crystalline
particles in a bioactive glass matrix led to the development of apatite/wollastonite (A/W), Ceravital
and Bioverit glass–ceramics, all of which come under class A bioactive materials. The A/W glass–
ceramic is produced by partially crystallising the glass matrix that occurs after prolonged heating of
the bioactive glass, to promote nucleation of crystallisation. A/W glass– ceramics show higher
bending strength than bioactive glasses due to the assembly of apatite phases reinforced by ß–
wolastonite (CaSiO3), which is believed to be the reason for the increased fracture toughness that
makes it a better match to bone for load bearing

Tissue Engineering Scaffold
Preliminary Data 3: Tissue engineering scaffolds comprised of decellularized myocardial
extracellular matrix effectively emulate the natural cardiac environment. In order to best reconstruct
the damaged tissue of a heart following myocardial infarction, the chemical and biological cues that
dictate cell recruitment and differentiation in the native tissues are required. Each human tissue
contains its own specific combination of proteins and proteoglycans within the ECM to facilitate
this process, so it serves that scaffold material obtained from the heart would best serve to
reconstruct cardiac tissue (Singelyn et al. 2009). Modifying the scaffold into an injectable form
would allow for the noninvasive delivery of the therapy directly to the affected site. Previous studies
on the gelation of a decellularized porcine myocardium ECM scaffold have found it satisfactory in
mimicking the natural environment of the heart (Singelyn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To prepare the injectable ECM hydrogel, ventricular porcine myocardium will be decellularized
with SDS and processed into an injectable solution through lyophilization and partial pepsin
digestion (Singelyn et al. 2009; Singelyn et al. 2012). Final solubilized myocardial matrix will be
brought to pH 8 and kept on ice until gelation. Fluorinated PCL beads will be fabricated by mixing a
liquid PCL solution with 0.14 M pentadecafluorooctanoyl chloride. After mixing at low speed for 24
hours at room temperature, the solution will be dialyzed, lyophilized, and exposed to UV light (365
nm) to polymerize into beads (Wijekoon et al. 2013). Prior to combination with the solubilized
myocardial matrix, the PCL beads need to be placed in an aseptic oxygen chamber (7.5 x 6.0 x 4.0
cm3; O2 flow rate, 5 mL/hour) for oxygen saturation. Afterwards, the oxygenated fluorinated PCL
beads should be immediately combined with the solubilized myocardial matrix to form the liquid
hydrogel precursor

Histology Chapter 5 Summary
Chapter 5 deals with histology, the study of tissues. Types of tissue include epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, nervous and muscular tissue. Cell junctions, glands and tissue growth,
development, repair and degeneration are discussed.
Histology is also called microscopic anatomy because a microscope is needed to view the structures
of tissues.
Tissues are prepared for study thinly slicing the tissue, preserving them with a fixative and staining
them to produce greater detail. Tissue samples can be sliced longitudinally, by cross sections or by
oblique sections. Liquid tissues, like blood are smeared on a slide for microscopic study. Epithelial
tissue covers the body and internal organs. It protects the body from injury and ... Show more
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The two types of osseous tissue are spongy bone and compact bone. Blood is the liquid connective
tissue. It is made of a ground substance called plasma and other formed elements. The formed
elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets that aid in
clotting.
Nervous tissue is made of neurons, and neuroglia (glial cells). The neurons have a pronounced cell
body called the neurosoma. Dendrites are extensions that branch from the neurosoma to receive
messages and communicate those messages to the neurosoma. Neurosoma also have an axon (nerve
fiber) that extends from the cell body that sends out signals to other cells. Glial cells transmit
messages only short distances. They provide protection and support to the nervous system.
Muscular tissue is built to contract and relax for movement, circulation and digestion. Skeletal,
cardiac and smooth muscle are the 3 types of muscular tissue. Skeletal muscle is usually attached to
bone, but there are exception like the tongue and some muscles of the face. Skeletal muscle is
voluntary and striated. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. It is involuntary muscle tissue but
is also striated. Smooth muscle is neither striated nor voluntary. It can be found in the digestive
tract, respiratory tract and urinary

Ultrasound Essay
Ultrasound is a therapeutic modality that uses vibrations which are produced mechanically at a
higher frequency than sound waves. These waves are referred to as ultrasonic as they are unable to
be heard by humans (Robertson et al, 2006). The success of the use of ultrasound has been recorded
as early as the 1930's, when in Berlin, sciatica in patients had been shown to have improved greatly.
This evidently resulted in further research and new treatment methods being created (Stanley, 1958).
Since then a lot of research has been carried out and advances in the use of ultrasound has been
made and are continuing to be made all the time. The effects of ultrasound in rehabilitation will be
researched and examined to understand its effectiveness. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Healing of pressure sores have also improved through the application of ultrasound at a low
intensity (Williams, 1968). There have however been reports suggesting that ultrasound can increase
the size of ulcers following treatment as the intensity was excessively higher than required,
contradicting William's theory (Harvey and Elphick, 1969). It has been suggested that the
application of ultrasound at a low dose can increase degranulation of mast cells and the release of
histamine accelerating the acute inflammation phase. It can also reduce the amount of fluid being
released from the capillaries following injury and collagen synthesis can be increased during the
repair process (Denegar, Saliba and Saliba, 2006). If there is more exposure than required it can
result in a breakdown of tissues and can increase the acute inflammatory response for a longer
period of time, resulting in the patient suffering with their injury longer than the average healing
time. Baker and Robertson (2001) came to the conclusion that therapeutic ultrasound may not be
more effective than placebo ultrasound for pain, musculoskeletal disorders or soft tissue healing.
However many researchers and practitioners continue to believe that ultrasound has many beneficial
effects and from their books and journals evidence can be found to further their theories. The author
has also come to the conclusion that when applied correctly ultrasound can treat a range of

The Effect Of Compression Over Bioimpedance Of Healthy...
The present study determines the effect of compression over bioimpedance of healthy soft tissue
(in–vitro and in–vivo). Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising tissue
characterization and tumor detection technique that uses tissue impedance or admittance to
characterize tissue and identify tissue properties as well as cell structure. Variation in EIS
measurements while applying pressure suggests that compression tends to affect soft tissue
bioimpedance. Moreover, the displacements in tissue caused by applied compression may provide
useful information about the structure and state of the tissue. Thus combining the changes to the
electrical properties of tissue resulted by applied compression, with the changes in tissue
displacements caused by applied compression, and consequently measuring the effect that electrical
and mechanical properties have on each other, can be useful to identify tissue structure. In this
study, multifrequency bioimpedance measurements were performed on in–vitro and in– vivo soft
tissue at different pressure levels. Increasing compression on the in–vitro tissue results in an
increase in both extracellular resistance and membrane capacitance while it causes a reduction in the
intracellular resistance. However, as the compression over the in–vivo samples increases, the
intracellular and extracellular resistance increase and the membrane capacitance decreases. The in–
vivo measurements on human body are also tested on contra– lateral tissue

Tissue Engineering Scholarship Essay
It is nearly impossible for me to grasp the idea of what being truly disabled is like. There are far too
many people around the world living day by day, with major struggles to accomplish the basic tasks
of life because of their affliction. Through volunteering this past summer at Hartford Hospital,
serving meals to destitute people at the South Park Inn Homeless Shelter and meeting disabled
veterans at a Rangers Lead the Way fundraiser, I have seen first–hand, some of the problems and
challenges of people with disability. Through these experiences and the insight gained from them, I
believe that I am on a quest to enable the disabled around the world. As a competitive high school
runner, I have had my own small battles with running injuries and temporary disabilities that have
prevented me from doing an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also learned how important it is to have a powerful team that can generate successful ideas. In the
classroom, during my science and technology courses, I see opportunities for improvement in
various scientific areas, such as tissue engineering, materials science, and disease prevention. I want
to be part of the team that applies the engineering process to the problems of the afflicted in order to
create and integrate powerful alternative solutions. (Repetitive) It is a complete travesty that in
today's modern age of technology, there are still so many health problems that affect the lives of so
many everyday. I would do extensive research, create and test prototypes, most likely fail and try
again, relentlessly until the solution is found. My determination and motivation to help others, no
matter their race, religion, social status, gender, circumstance or personal relation to me, is what I
hold above all. From this I will go to any extent to eventually create a

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
Over one hundred million animals every year die from animal testing, in the medical and cosmetic
fields alone ("Experiments on Animals: Overview"). Animal testing is as big of a problem today as
it has been in the past. Most people do not agree with animal testing today but years ago it was one
of the only ways of testing. It was considered, if not the only, effective and efficient ways of testing
a product's toxicity. To date, animal testing is not warranted because of the development of new
technology and past discoveries. Many organizations and brands publicly oppose animal testing.
The companies that stand against animal testing are broad and diverse, ranging from medical to
cosmetic testing, advocating that at its core, this issue is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These cell structures have been shown to replicate human physiology, diseases and drug response
(PETA, n.d). Not only can cells replicate humans' responses, they are also cheaper. Cells in culture
are easier to molecularly manipulate, faster, cheaper and more reproducible than animal models
(navs, n.d).
These experiments are the direct cause of massive suffering of millions of animals. The most
common animals used in these invasive procedures are "17,896 dogs, 3,713 cats, 358, 213 rabbits,
6,686 horses, 6,095 monkeys...over 1,000,000 fish and over 8,500,000 rodents"("Facts and Figures
on animal testing"). In fact, in most of these animals, diseases that affect humans are not even
prevalent in animals, such as major types of heart diseases, different cancers, HIV and more
("Arguments against animal testing", n.d). These diseases are artificially introduced to the animal's
immune system, in an attempt to mimic human diseases. The fact that animals cannot get said
diseases, greatly affects the outcome in humans ("Arguments against animal testing", n.d).
In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted a search and found that 92% of drugs
labeled as "safe" in animals, did not even enter the clinical trial phase, as they were deemed unsafe
for humans (Capaldo, June 2014). Many people have the assumption that these laboratories use
animals that are similar to human, DNA or physically wise. However, in 2011, the Institute of
Medicine concluded

The Importance Of Tissue Engineering And Human Clinical...
Tissue engineering has been an opportunity to restore the human condition from wounded to whole
through the combination of biological, biochemical, and biomechanical concepts. Unlike traditional
transplantation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine uses a patient's own cells to fabricate
new tissues which are then grafted back into his or her body. Of course, the goal is to apply the
practices in the lab to the general public and to develop a new and more effective means to treat
patients with severe tissue loss and/or organ failure. Each innovation requires a certain series of
steps and regulations, from laboratory study to animal testing to human clinical trials. Unfortunately,
a majority of tissue engineering trials fail to translate from lab to hospital because of a variety of
issues, especially during clinical trials. According to Lanza et al., "Over the last decade, we have
seen a number of tissue–engineered products that have either been abandoned following Phase I/II
clinical trials, or have failed in Phase III clinical testing." The relatively high cost of these
technologies and the lengthy experimentation lead to the question of how clinical trials are to be
funded. For cases involving Investigational New Drugs (INDs), the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) allows sponsors of a research project to charge patients for the administration
of investigational products during clinical studies. Traditionally, funding for clinical trials is
provided by

Personal Narrative Essay
I am only going to refer to my personal scan rate for the month of December, 2017. The December
ER–KBMA –Compliant Form documents three non–scan medicinces that were not scanned;
however, that is incorrect. I sent an e–mail to Angie Motsinger & Jim Passereni to inform me of
which three medicines were not scanned.
I wanted to familiarzie myself with these non–scan medicines, learn from, in attempt to prevent
future incidences from occurring. However, I was bewildered by the content of the e–mail from
Angie along with reviewing the patient's e–mar. Upon reviewing the Worklist Manager the three
medicines in questions were actually scanned by generating task, overriding marked as done with
my initials.
The reply from Angie informed me that the three miss scan were override drug scans. The medicines
in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This order was scanned, marked as done; however, it had lines drawn through the order. Apparently,
this is not an issue.
On January 17, 2018 I sent an e–mail to Jim Passereni & Mia Williams in regards to the appropriate
time that night shift nurses should wait on pharmacy to approve medicines? Jim's reply which was
sent by e–mail on January 18, 2019:
"As a general rule: Traditionally
Stat meds 15 minutes and Now or once meds 30 minutes. For more emergent situations, or longer
wait times...Nurses can auto generate task"
Lets take a closer review, Narcan is a stat medicine, pharmacy has a 15 minutes, in this time frame
the patient is being put at a higher risk, irrevesible damage or even death. If this was a love one
would you want a nurse to take the initive and give the meds or would you rather have the nurse
wait for approval for instant for Narcan.
Another factor that nurses are face with is having to reboot the lap tops once, twice and even three
times while waiting to give medicines.
There is rarely a night that this is not an issue. We do not have time to call 1330 everytime this

Tissue Engineering in Replace of Organ Donation
Organ donation provided a new therapeutic path when new drugs and devices failed to reduce the
mortality and morbidity rate of patients with such illnesses as cardiovascular diseases. By replacing
damaged organs or tissue with a functioning substitute, organ transplantation offers an immediate
cure. Unfortunately, this "cure" is never guaranteed because of the high risk of graft rejection and
that's if a suitable donor can be found. Thus, tissue engineering has been the projected new
treatment for these problems. Tissue engineering replaces the diseased or damaged tissue or organs
with biofabricated counterparts made using the specifications dictated by the features of the specific
tissue or organ. Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field that uses principles from
engineering, biology and chemistry in an effort towards tissue regeneration. The main draw of tissue
engineering is the regeneration of a patient's own tissues and organs free from low biofunctionality
and poor biocompatibility and serious immune rejection. As medical care continues to improve and
life expectancy continues to grow, organ shortages become more problematic.(Manufacturing living
things) According to organdonor.gov, a patient is added to the waiting list every 10 minutes and an
average of 18 people die everyday waiting for an organ donation. The "nirvana" of tissue
engineering is to replace the need for organ donation altogether. This could be achieved using
scaffolding from

Advantages Of Homogenization In Proteomics
Parth Garg (2011BB50032)
BEL722 Term Paper
Mechanical Methods of Homogenization in Proteomics
1. Introduction
Proper sample preparation is an integral part of all omics approaches, and can drastically impact the
results of a wide number of analyses. One of the key components of sample preparation is
homogenization. The term 'Homogenization' can be understood in various aspects and some of its
most common usages can be to describe mixing and dispersing. But, in essence, the aim of
homogenization is to obtain a homogenous mixture i.e. the sample obtained has same composition
throughout its total volume.
Now, homogenization for sample preparation in proteomics can be done by the following 5 ways: –
1. Mechanical methods
2. Sonication
3. Use of pressure
4. Use of Temperature
5. Osmotic and detergent lysis
Mechanical Methods
Mechanical methods are generally used for hard and filamentous cells such as ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparison of various mechanical methods
Method Pros Cons
Rotor–Stator Can homogenize wide array of samples. Very homogenous end product. Initial cost is
high. Different shafts for different size of samples. Shaft cleaning is difficult.
Blender Easily available. Can process large samples very quickly. Easy to sterilize. Creates
vortexes, which cause foaming resulting in denaturation.
Simple Mortar and Pestle type Easy to use and inexpensive. Can generate very fine particles Low
throughput. Contamination issues.
Glass Homogenizers Inexpensive, generate fine homogenate. Easy to clean and decontaminate.
Fibrous and membranes are left as it is. Low throughput and prone to breakage.
Dounce Homogenizer Inexpensive, easy to clean and decontaminate. Low throughput. Solid tissue
cannot be processed directly
Vortexer Bead Beating Easily available in lab. No additional cost of homogenization. Multiple

machine can vortex full rack of tubes Less powerful as compared to other homogenizers.
Homogenization around 50% of other methods.
4. Applications in recent proteomics

Fabrication And Characterization Of Scaffold From Keratin...
Fabrication and characterization of scaffold from Keratin/Alginate blend for tissue engineering
application 3. Result and Discussion: 3.1. Compatibility and structural analysis: The miscibility
property of keratin and alginate was studied by applying X–ray diffractometer and Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The XRD spectra of blends were compared to the control spectra
of native keratin and native alginate as mentioned in Figure 1. In XRD spectra, the native keratin
and native alginate give a highest intensity at near 7543 and 4100 at about 19° and 14° angle of 2θ,
respectively [17–19]. The spectra of keratin/alginate blends prepared at a ratio of 10:90, 30:70 and
50:50 gives a highest intensity peak 3573, 5128 and 3264 at 22°, 6.8° and 7.1° angle of 2θ
respectively. The XRD spectra of all blend ratios gives a new peak in between 6°–8° angle of 2θ
which is not present in the spectra of native keratin and alginate, this depict that the structure of
native keratin and alginate become altered and form a new structural pattern in blend form. The
XRD spectra of blend scaffold revealed that the intensity of blend has transformed as compared to
the control XRD spectra which confirm that the compatibility exists in between keratin and alginate.
Several works are reported in which compatibility between blend components was examined by
XRD. For example, Tian et al. [20] performed the XRD study to identify the interaction between
soy–protein and agar. The compatibility between

Tissue Engineering Essays
Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering, labeled by Time.com as the number one hottest job for the 21st century, holds
great potential for medicine and the treatment of chronic diseases and disorders. With tissue
engineering, familiar problems like the rejection of foreign tissue by the body, the severe shortage of
organ donors, and the inefficiency of artificial devices may be solved. However, this cutting edge
biotechnology has already spurred intense controversy over the ethics and morality of creating spare
human body parts.
The goal of tissue engineering is to grow tissues and neo–organs that can be used for transplants.
Tissue engineers must first decide what type of cell they want to use and stimulate to grow. Because
animal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to giving the growing cells a shape to grow into, the scaffold distributes the cells about
2–3 mm apart and allows the cells better access to nutrients and means of waste removal, which is
important when trying to grow an evenly distributed functioning organ. For larger, solid organs,
such as the liver, pancreas, and kidneys, blood vessels need to be created so the organs have
adequate blood supply. By covering the engineered organs with growth factors, angiogenesis, the
formation of new vasculature, can be prompted.
Although tissue engineers and researchers have already succeeded with creating new skin, blood
vessels, bone and cartilage, the more complex organs are difficult to reproduce because of their
different functions. Researchers must also be concerned with the mechanisms of growing the tissue.
For instance, the advantages and disadvantages are not yet clear for the length of time the cells
should be exposed to the growth factors or the difference between growing the tissue outside the
body or implanting the scaffold inside the body and letting the tissue grow there. Scaffolding and
injectable polymers that form scaffolds in irregular areas (like bone fractures) are also being
improved. Much more research is being conducted in order to grow the hearts, livers, breasts,
kidneys, and other valuable organs that so many people need.
Although tissue engineering has great application for helping ill patients, it

History of Injectable Tissue Engineering
Injectable Tissue Engineering
INJECTABLE TISSUE ENGINEERING
My part of the assignment is to provide a detailed history of Injectable Tissue Engineering. I must
also provide details how Injectable Tissue Engineering affects the environment.
Ttissue engineering has advanced dramatically in the last 10 years, offering the potential for
regenerating almost every tissue and organ of the human body. Tissue engineering and regenerative
medicine remain a flourishing area of research with many new potential treatments for many disease
and amputations. The advances involve researchers in a multitude of disciplines, including cell
biology, biomaterials science, and Injectable Tissue Engineering of cell material interactions. Tissue
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experiment ran for three months to study the effects of space on tissue. This experiment helps to
paves the way for controlled experiments with human tissues and growing human bone and muscle
in space. Tissue engineering holds so many possibilities for the future. Tissue engineering can
improve individual's quality of life by enhancing tissue and organ functions.
Economic Questions and considerations
The Economic Benefits of Tissue Engineering greatly outweigh any negatives. Every year many
people will suffer from degeneration or injury of their cartilage, leading to a reduced workforce and
increased medical expenses. In addition, thousands of people will die due to the shortage of
transplantable organs. Therefore, these improvements in Injectable cartilage repair using a cell–
based tissue engineering approach will greatly benefit public health and the economy.
From 1936 to 20010 the inflation rate for medical care, as measured by the Consumer Price Index,
increased more than the rate for all items. Tissue engineering has transformed the Healthcare
Industry, potentially replacing conventional therapies for the repair and regeneration of diseased or
damaged tissues and organs. US nursing homes suggest that Treatment for organ–loss and tissue–
loss problems due to disease and accidents costs in excess of $400 billion a year. In addition, 20% of
patients suffer from pressure sores and it estimated that

The Death Of A Helmet
It all happened in a matter of seconds. He had decided to ride his motorcycle that day to work,
unaware that it was going to rain later than evening. The roads were slick with rain and various
other fluids, making the ride home a challenge. He was careful. At least, he thought he was. Turning
his head to look at the billboard on the side of the road, his front tire hit a pothole. Beyond the face
shield of his helmet, the terror on his face was evident as he lost control of bike and began to slide
across the pavement. Though he wore a helmet, it was ill fitting and it came off as the out of control
bike dragged him across the pavement. The friction from the bike sliding across the asphalt caused
sparks. Unfortunately, a car with an oil leak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, nothing would have been done to make his appearance more appealing to the eye.
That is, until we entered the age of bioengineering. By definition, biomedical engineering, or more
affectionately known as bioengineering, is the use of engineering philosophies in correlation with
the fields of biology and health care. It can range from from electrical and mechanics to the
chemistry side of the equation. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, prosthetic limbs, lab
grown organs, and implanted devices such as pace makers and insulin pumps. Though the actual
foundation of bioengineering is unclear, the earliest example "is a wood and leather prosthetic toe
found on a three thousand year old Egyptian mummy" (Lucas, 2004). Some noteworthy individuals
include John Charnley 's artificial hip replacement(1961), Wilson Greatbatch 's internal cardiac
pacemaker(1970), and Charles Hufnagel 's artificial heart valve(1960). Being a branch of
bioengineering, regenerative medicine is the process of recreating human cells, tissues, or organ in
order to restore normal function. Regrowing organs to replaced damaged or unhealthy ones,
regenerating healthy tissue as a replacement to their diseased counterparts, and speeding up the
process of organ 's healing themselves are all examples of regenerative medicine. To do this,
medical personnel must use stem cells. Stem cells, according to Stewart Sell, are

The Effect Of Soft Tissue Constituent Materials
The goal of this thesis is to identify the effect of soft tissue constituent materials in tissue
classification for the application of breast cancer detection. Hyperelastic parameters may be
essential in estimating large deformation in tissue for the purpose of surgical procedures such as
breast brachytherapy. These properties of human soft tissue play a significant role in diagnosis,
screening, and monitoring of cancer (O'Hagan & Samani,
2009). On the other hand, elastography is based mainly on the concept of tissue reactions (linear and
nonlinear) to an external source of load such as compression.
Moreover, in most breast examination methods, compression is applied to help detect lesions. In
CBE and BSE, the examiner applies a compressive load to the breast to investigate stiff regions and
must sometimes exert a large deformation to feel lesions in depth. Mammography also uses
compression to reduce breast thickness. Additionally, compressive behavior of human breast
biopsies obtained through lumpectomy (the surgical procedure to remove a cancer or non–cancer
breast lump with some surrounding tissues) is of interest to the cancer research agencies in order to
distinguish the mechanical nature of anomalies of the taken biopsy. Despite of the importance of
compressive loading and its contribution to hyperelastic characterization of tissue in
9
applications of cancer detection, few studies have focused on the behavior of tissue components in
response to compression. The main

the physiological responses common to most sports injuries
Damaged Tissue
The body will respond to an exercise stress in one of three ways and there may be primary and
secondary damage to the tissues as a result of exercise stress. The three responses the body will take
to an exercise stress are, the tissues may adapt to the stress and no damage occurs, the tissues may
become injured, or the tissues will die. In athletics, athletes often stress their bodies to the point of
tissue injury and tissue death. The body's primary reaction to an injury is tissue destruction. The
degree of tissue destruction will greatly depend on the injurious force. Secondary damage may
occur from cell death. Cell death occurs because of the hypoxia associated with the injured area.
The damage done in the primary stage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A sprain typically occurs when people fall and land on an outstretched arm, slide into base, land on
the side of their foot, or twist a knee with the foot planted firmly on the ground. This can result in an
over stretch or tear of the ligaments supporting that joint. Common type of sprains would be in the
ankle and in the wrist. The ankle is one of the most common injuries in professional and recreational
sports and activities. Most ankle sprains happen when the foot abruptly turns inward or outward as
an athlete runs, turns, falls, or lands after a jump. One or more of the lateral ligaments can be injured
if this occurs. Wrists are often sprained after a fall in which the athlete lands on an outstretched
hand.
The usual signs and symptoms of a muscle sprain include pain, swelling, bruising, and the loss of
functional ability. Sometimes people feel a pop or tear when the injury happens. However, these
signs and symptoms can vary in intensity, depending on the severity of the sprain.
1st Degree Sprain: A 1st Degree sprain causes overstretching or slight tearing of the ligaments with
no joint instability. A person with a mild sprain usually experiences minimal pain, swelling, and
little or no loss of functional ability. Bruising is absent or slight, and the person is usually able to put
weight on the affected joint. 2nd Degree Sprain: A 2nd Degree sprain causes partial tearing of the
ligament and is characterized by bruising, moderate pain,

Nanotechnology And Its Effects On The Field Of Drug...
Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology in medicine has attracted a great deal of attention
in the field of drug delivery and tissue engineering over the past few decades. This increasing
interest in nanomedicine is driven by its potential to revolutionize the treatment of some prevalent
global disease such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and
diabetes in safer and more effective ways [1, 2]. Nanotechnology refers to the engineering of
materials at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels in at least one dimension from 1–100
nanometers [3]. The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale to fabricate materials with modified
and new properties is a rapidly growing field of research with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The latter refers to the targeted drug delivery, which is a key aspect of nanomedicine. Targeted
delivery is to deliver therapeutic agents in the right concentration, in the right time to the right site.
The idea of targeted drug delivery is not new and dates back to 1906, when for the first time Paul
Ehrlich disseminated the concept of a 'magic bullet' [14]. Almost after a century researching on
targeted drug delivery, the 'magic bullet' is still a challenge to implement in the clinic. The challenge
involves finding the appropriate therapeutic agents, targeting moieties, and pharmaceutical carriers
[15]. An ideal pharmaceutical vehicle would be biocompatible, biodegradable, non–toxic and non–
immunogenic. In addition, it should not be recognized by the host 's defense

What Is Active Assisted Range Of Motion
Active Assisted Range of Motion is utilized under certain conditions. It is most often used when a
client has a weakness due to pathology or injury. The therapist would help assist the client as the
client actively moves the joint through a pain free range of motion, indicating pain when it arises.
The use of light pressure touch over the joint capsule can add palpation of tissue for analysis during
active assisted ROM.
Active ROM testing is conducted first or Active Assisted ROM testing, when called for, followed by
passive ROM testing. Passive testing allows the therapist to ascertain any adhesions or excessive
mobility within the joint's range. During this passive motion the individual being tested should
remain as passive as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A hard or bone to bone end feel, occurring when the therapist would not expect to feel such hard
resistance, can indicate changes in the osseous tissue, joint capsule or misalignment after a fracture.
On the other end of the spectrum, an unrestricted end feel yielding a high level of pain, may indicate
bursitis and inflammation of the joint capsule.
A very common experience among manual therapists, is a bouncy end feel, which may include the
sensation of a contractile spasm. This is a sudden and the hard cessation of movement, including
pain, followed closely by a bouncy sensation that may include spasms in specific muscles involved
with the range of motion. This type of end feel may indicate a responsive muscle guarding intended
to prevent further injury.
A restricted, yet springy end feel near the end of range of motion of a joint, with or without pain,
can indicate changes to inert tissues. Such as, cartilage or the meniscus of the tibiofemoral joint.
Where the individual would not be able to fully extend the joint.
A soft, yet soggy end feel can indicate edema within the joint or joint capsule. This soggy feel may
indicate an acute ligament injury, usually accompanied by moderate to severe pain. A sprain, for
example, of an ankle may also include a strain to one or more muscle tendons.
In conclusion, there are a few ROM testing patterns that occur

Tissue Engineering Research
By living in a broken world, people become subjected to devastation and times of hopelessness.
Some encounter this through job struggles or family disputes. Others encounter it while waiting at
death's door, waiting for an organ transplant. On January 8, 2014, 120,990 people were waiting for
an organ transplant, wondering if they will be added to the 3,381 people who died last year waiting
for a new kidney or wondering if they will become one of the 26,000 people in the United States
who die each year from end–stage liver disease (Kaihara and Vacanti; National Kidney Foundation).
Every 20 minutes, a person is added to the kidney waitlist and each day, 14 people die while waiting
for a kidney transplant (National Kidney Foundation). These numbers cannot be ignored because
blindness only results in loss of life.
Currently, alternatives, such as mechanical devices and artificial prostheses, don't repair tissue or
organ functions because they are not intended for integrating host tissues, and if these alternatives
are used for long–term implantation, the recipient could suffer from an inflammatory response
(Chapekar). For illnesses such as end–stage liver disease, the only successful treatment is through
transplant, and the odds of receiving a new liver is improbable (Kaihara and Vacanti). Another
treatment must be discovered. In 1988, a NSF sponsored meeting defined a new treatment idea
called tissue–engineering: the "application of the principles and methods of engineering

Lab 15-1 Lab Report
Lab 15–1 Beam Restriction Effects Patient Account # : 4302016 Patient Name : The Best of 430
DOB: 12/12/2012 MD: Pam Jones Purpose Demonstrate the effects of beam restriction on different
knee radiographs using collimation ,on soft tissue thickness to demonstrate the variations of image
quality. Hypothesis Using beam restriction methods such as collimation ; will improve the overall
image quality on a knee surrounded with soft tissue. Materials Energized DR radiographic unit
Phantom knee 8 Saline filled bags 10x12 DR IP w/o grid Image processor Positioning Sponges
Exposure Techniques and SID 60 kVp, 4 mAs, 40 SID Procedures Make three exposures using
given technical factors on a phantom knee in PA position . Include saline bags in exposures 1 and 2
to demonstrate patient soft tissue thickness. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CR perpendicular to center of knee and include the saline bags on the lateral sides of the phantom.
Open collimator to the size of image receptor including the saline bags. Exposure 2 repeat step 2
and collimate to the edges of phantom knee. Process films and label images. 4. Exposure 3 repeat
step 3 w/o including the saline bags (used as a control). Data Exposure 1 – phantom knee with
saline bags , open collimation to 10x12 IP Exposure Index :173 Contrast : 2.68 Poor Image quality,
grainy and unsharp image. Exposure 2 – phantom knee with saline bags, tight collimation to knee
sides Exposure Index : 210 Contrast : 2.68 Optimum image quality, Less unsharpness compared to
exposure 1, visual of bony tissue,fine detail of fibula lining superimposed over Tibia Exposure 3 –
phantom knee w/o saline bags , tight collimation to knee sides Exposure Index: 230 Contrast 2.68
Optimum Image quality and visual of bony tissue .

Tissue Engineering Research Paper
Tissue engineering is a radically new concept for the treatment of disease and injury. It involves the
use of the technologies of molecular and cell biology, combined with those of advanced materials
science and processing, in order to produce tissue regeneration in situations where evolution has
determined that adult humans no longer have innate powers of regeneration. Tissue engineering,
however, along with some other aspects of regenerative medicine such as gene therapy, has yet to
deliver real successes in spite of a considerable science base and investment in the commercial
infrastructure. There is a logic to tissue engineering that sounds too good to be true. Tissue
engineering is the persuasion of the body to heal itself, achieved by the delivery to the appropriate
site of cells, biomolecules, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The articular cartilage of joints such as the hip and knee suffers both degenerative diseases, such as
osteoarthritis, and trauma, for example in sports injuries. A great deal of attention has been paid to
the replacement of diseased joints over the last several decades and medical device technology has
produced a very effective portfolio of procedures and devices that are expected to give successful
replacement of these joints in 90% of patients for at least ten years. It may well be that tissue
engineering will enable the regeneration of diseased joints in the future, but this is not seen as either
technically feasible nor economically viable as of yet. Of more importance in tissue engineering is
the possibility of faster, effective treatment of small lesions arising from sports injuries, where both
of these technical difficulties are more easily overcome and the economic equation is

The Effect Of Scaffolds On Bone Tissue Engineering
Development of scaffolds plays a vital role in bone tissue engineering in order to repair, regenerate
tissues by mimicking of natural bone extracellular matrixes. Considering that bone is a composite of
minerals and proteins, it is preferred to develop a composite that mimics natural bone. The ideal
nanocomposite materials should have biocompatibility, suitable mechanical and antimicrobial
properties, nontoxicity and surface functionality to favor cell proliferation.1,2
Many organic–inorganic materials have been developed to mimic natural bone which is composed
of inorganic hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and organic collagen fibrils. Among these,
chitosan (CTS) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been selected extensively due to their excellent
biocompatibility with human body.3 CTS is a natural bidegradable polysaccharide, served as the
best bioactive biomaterials in bone grafting and well–known for their excellent biocompatibility
with the human body environment. CTS composed of glucosamine and N–acetylglucosamine units,
linked in β (1–4) manner, obtained from chitin by partial or complete deacetylation. It is flexible in
nature and has a resistance upon heating. CTS is excellent biomaterial due to its biocompatibility,
biodegradability, non–toxicity and non–immunogenicity.4,5 HAP has attracted much attention as a
biomaterial because its chemical composition is identical to that of human bone. HAP is a highly
biocompatible, biostable and bio–adoptable natural ceramic with

What Are Hela Cells And How Were They First Obtained?
What are HeLa cells and how were they first obtained? HeLa cells are the first immortal human
cells. These cells came from Henrietta Lacks' cervix before she died. 2) Why are HeLa cells
unusual? HeLa cells "reproduce an entire generation every 24 hours." These cells have been around
for many years. 3) Discuss 2–3 scientific studies that have utilized HeLa cells. Although Henrietta's
cells came from her tumor when she suffered from cancer, her cells have helped create different
medicines for many diseases. HeLa cells have developed medications for Influenza, Herpes,
Leukemia, Hemophilia and Parkinson's disease. Her cells have also been used in studies referring to
lactose digestion, human longevity, sexually transmitted diseases and more. 4) Why are HeLa cells
controversial? Doctors had removed the cells without permission from the Lacks family or Henrietta
herself. They were propagated and more than 20 years later Henrietta's family learned about this
situation. 5) Who was Henrietta Lacks? Henrietta Lacks was a poor, African American farmer, a
mother of 5, and wife who suffered from cervical cancer. Her cells have helped change the world of
medicine. 6) What is the feeling of her family about the use of HeLa cells? The Lacks family was
not informed that Henrietta's cells were being used in research. They learned this 25 years later and
they

My Mother Is Diagnosed With Breast Cancer
Introduction In 2012 my mother was diagnosed with breast cancer, for the following year and a half
I watched my mother undergo multiple surgeries, daily radiation, and a variety of other intensive
treatments. Throughout the entire process I watched my mother physically and mentally deteriorate.
At the time my knowledge of the disease was minimal and not only was I fearful of my mothers
future, but I was also unaware of the physiological functions that would overcome my mothers body
eternally. Following a year and a half of agonizing and aggressive treatments my family received the
news that my mother was officially in complete remission. Throughout my mothers battle with
breast cancer my family and I met countless individuals who were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout my four years at Whittier College I have taken a variety of courses which have enabled
me to write this paper in a knowledgeable and purposeful manner. My minor in nutrition as well as
my major in kinesiology has supplied me with a foundation to further research this specific disease
as well as diet. I have taken diet and disease which has provided me with an understanding of how
diet impacts health and how specific chronic diseases have a direct correlation with the science of
nutrition and the lifestyle choices that individuals make. I have also taken numerous nutrition
courses which include upper division courses such as; fundamentals of nutrition, the science of
nutrition, and sport nutrition. All of these courses have enabled me to become an expert in nutrition
as it relates to diet as well as the classification of nutrients, digestion, biochemical processes, and
crop sustainability. In addition to these courses, I have also taken chemistry and exercise physiology,
both of which have permitted me to have a greater understanding to help distinguish the process by
which our bodies consume, digest, metabolize, and store nutrients and how they effect our bodies
(Thompson, Manore, & Vaughan, 2014). In this specific paper I have also been able to use my
knowledge in sociology of sport as well as the history and

Mechanical Properties Of Bone Tissue Engineering
Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials Used in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review Study
Parag Borulkar(Student)*1,Mr.V .L. Bhanavse(Guide) *2
*1Mechanical Engineering, S.K.N College of Engineering
Poggy800@gmail.com
*2Mechanical Engineering, S.K.N College of Engineering
Vishavjit_bhanavase@rediffmail.com
Abstract– In the recent past a lot of research has been taking place in the field of bone tissue
engineering related to repairing and replacement of bones. In this paper we are going to study three
basic bone tissue replacements technique and their mechanical optimization with the original bone.
The three techniques we are going to study are 1.Calcium Phosphate Biomineral.2.Scaffolds using
3D printed moulds.3.Emulsion Templated scaffolds.
Keywords: – Scaffolds, Fabrication, Emulsion
1. Introduction
It a multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of biology and Mechanical
Engineering. One of the goals of tissue engineering is to develop methods to construct Artificial
Bones in the laboratory that can subsequently be used in medical applications. The Mechanical
properties of the actual bone and the engineered bone should be optimized. The process of Bone
Tissue Engineering is as follows.
(1) Study the mechanical properties of the bone tissue (porosity, stress–strain curves, rigidity etc.)
(2)Start building material (e.g., extracellular matrix, biodegradable polymer), (3)Shape it as needed
(4)Study the mechanical properties of the

Ceramics in the Medical Field
Ceramics have been used for thousands of years and have been used in a multitude of different
application. In the past 70 years ceramics have started to be used in the medical field1. Ceramics
can be categorized by its bio–safety and bioactivity. Bio–safe materials are non–toxic and non–
inflammatory as to avoid rejection from the body. Where the bioactivity is how it reacts to
biological material and processes. Typically ceramics have been used in surgical replacements such
as bones and teeth. These ceramics must be designed and optimized in order to perform in the
body's aggressive internal environment. Newer ceramics are being researched in order to improve
structure, functionality, and life expectancy. Some ceramics like calcium phosphate ceramics
increase the bioactivity by stimulating bone growth2. Some are designed to incorporate drugs that
can be release by external stimuli or by time releasing mechanisms. These bioceramic drug delivery
systems are being researched, as well as nano scale ceramics. Current research is not only looking at
new and improved bioceramics but is also looking into using ceramics for use in cancer treatments.
The use of ceramics in hyperthermia therapy is one of the methods currently being looking into3.
The ceramic that is used in have magnetic materials incorporated into the ceramic this allows for
external magnetic forces to heat up the ceramic which cause an increase of heat at the site of
implantation. This can causes

Explain The Stages Of Inflammation

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