2. CONTENTS
WAVES
TSUNAMI PHENAMENON
NOAA AND DART STATIONS
DART SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
CONCLUSION
3. The tsunami warning system is activated by seismic alerts in the sea. Once
activated, the system issues alarms to the observing station. The experts
then check the condition of the sea using shore based tide gauges or the
DART buoys. They are used to ascertain the existence of a tsunami at certain
places.
The international tsunami warning systems are used generally in the
Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea,
Caribbean Sea and all other connected seas. The regional warning systems
are used to determine the nearby seismic activities; this helps to determine
any possible local threat of tsunami.
Introduction
4. The displacement of an equivalent volume of water
generates the tsunami.
A tsunami is a very long ocean wave generated by
sudden displacement of the sea floor or of the oceanic
mass
What is Tsunami?
5. Waves
• Caused by wind, sun, and moon
• Do not move water laterally
• Transfer energy laterally
• Water moves in vertical circles
• Speeds of 5 - 60 mph
• Wavelength of 300 - 600 ft
6. Tsunami Phenomenon
• A very long wave caused by an underwater earthquake or
underwater volcanic eruption (epicenter)
• This disturbance has an incredible amount of force
• Energy dissipates away from the epicenter
• Speed is around 500 - 600 mph
• Wavelength of 60 – 300 miles
7. NOAA and DART Stations
• NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations
• Responsible for providing tsunami warnings to the Nation
• DART - Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
• Station that detect tsunamis
8. December 2004 Tsunami
• Earthquake in Indian Ocean
• Rupture was ~1000 miles long
• Hit India, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, many Islands,
and Africa.
• Killed 200,000+ people
• Displaced 1.6 million people
11. Acoustic Modem
Acoustic modems offer the possibility of wireless communication
under water. For those who have dealt with cables in unfavorable
ocean environments, this is an elegant solution for
communication. Typical applications for acoustic modems are
real time systems or previously deployed systems where data
needs to be periodically downloaded
Underwater acoustic communication is relatively slow when
compared to radio communication. This has to do largely with
the speed of sound in water which is roughly 1500
meters/second. The result is a relatively low baud rate (typically
9600 baud).
12. Accustic telemetry
– In its broadest sense, telemetry can be defined as the art
and science of conveying information from one location to
another. With acoustic telemetry, sound waves are utilized
to convey that information.
– In situations where radio telemetry is not practical or
appropriate (e.g., in deep or highly conductive water, i.e.,
salt water), researchers can use acoustic transmitters and
receivers to track fish and wildlife.
13.
14. Meteo sense stations
Standard version:
Wind speed: 1-70 m/s,
accuracy 5% Direction:0-
360°, accuracy. 7%
Professional version: Wind
speed: 0.5-75 m/s,
accuracy 1% Direction:0-
360°, accuracy 4%
Wind sensor
Resolution 0.2 mm
Principle: tipping bucket
Rain collector
Temperature: -40 +60 °C,
accuracy 0.5°C
Humidity: 0-100 %RH,
accuracy 3% Dew point
calculation Digital output
Solar shield included
Thermo -hygrometer
Accuracy: 2%
Measuring range:
from 0% to
saturation
Operating range: -
40 + 60 °C Up to 4
sensors on the
same station
Soil temperature
Two output
channels (upper
and lower leaves)
Power supply: 3-5
VDC Measuring
range: 0 – 100 %
Operating range: -
40 + 60 °C
Leaf wetness sensor
Visibile radiation:
0-1800 W/m2
Accuracy: 5% FS
Accuracy: 5% FS
Operating range: -
40 +65 °C
Solar radation sensor
15.
16. Satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the
weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites can be polar orbiting,
covering the entire Earth asynchronously, or geostationary, hovering
over the same spot on the equator.
Meteorological satellites see more than clouds and cloud systems. City
lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow
cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc.
Other types of environmental information are collected using weather
satellites. Weather satellite images helped in monitoring the volcanic
ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and activity from other volcanoes
such as Mount Etna. Smoke from fires in the western United States
such as Colorado and Utah have also been monitored.
Immarsat satellite
17.
18.
19. • 3Keller-America Acculevel Pressure
Sensor
• ES 308 Board
Hardware
• Dynamic C
• Controls communication to the
equipment on the surface
• Microsoft Excel / Matlab
• Generates plots of Pressure vs. Time
Software
20. ADVANTAGES
•Deep water pressure produces relatively low false-positives as wind driven
waves do not generate deep pressure differentials
Good advance warning
•DISDVANTAGES
•More expensive
•Need multiple sensors
21. CONCLUSION
• Geospatial technology has immensely helped in the design of
early warning system for tsunami. The system is capable of
providing tsunami advisories (earthquake information,
estimated travel times, run up heights, threat zones, etc ) for
the entire the Indian Ocean
22. Objectives
• Build a system based off of the DART system that
accurately detects the presence of a simulated tsunami
• Simulated tsunami is the longest wavelength wave that the
Hydro Lab can create
23. Future scope
Use of gps is detect tsunami
GPS detects ground motion proceding tsunami
It estimate destructive potential within minutes
Estimates energy that under sea earth quake transfer to ocean
With the help of these data ocean floor displacement caused by
displacement earthquake can be inferred
24. REFERENCES
ISC, 2007. International Seismological Centre, Online catalog
rectangular area search, Indian Ocean,
http://www.isc.ac.uk/search/bulletin/rectang.html, (Accessed
26th June 2007).
Rastogi, B. K. and. Jaiswal, R. K. 2006, ‘A Catalogue of
Historical tsunamis in Indian Ocaen ’- Science of Tsunami
Hazards, Vol. 25, No. 3, page 128-143.
USGS 2007. Earthquake Hazards Program, U.S. Geological
Survey, Rectangular area search, Indian Ocean,
http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/epic/epic_rect.html, (Accessed 26th
June 2007).
