Emissions and Wärtsilä engines

© Wärtsilä
EMISSIONS AND
WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES
April 2018
30.4.2018 EMISSIONS AND WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES1

© Wärtsilä
• Exhaust emissions have both climate related impacts, and local air quality and
health impacts.
• Wärtsilä is committed to reducing the environmental impact of its engines to a minimum.
• We continuously develop new technologies and upgrade existing ones in order to limit
harmful emissions into the atmosphere. This is achieved through, for example:
– the development of gas and dual-fuel engine technologies
– industry leading developments in hybrid/electric propulsion for ships
– a broad portfolio of exhaust gas cleaning systems for vessels running on conventional marine fuels.
30.4.2018 [Presentation name / Author]2
Wärtsilä strives for emission reduction
INTRODUCTION

© Wärtsilä 30.4.2018 EMISSIONS AND WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES3
Emissions from engines can be divided in two categories
Gas engines can have negligible local emissions and deliver substantial GHG benefits
EMISSION TYPES
Category 1: Local emissions:
health & environment related
• Contribute to deterioration of human health,
loss of wellbeing, early death
• Mainly NOx, SOx and particulates
• Also impact the natural environment
(flora & fauna) on short term
• Impact depends very much on location of
emission. Focus on densely populated areas
and sensitive ecosystems
Category 2: GHG emissions:
climate related
• Contribute to global warming / climate change
• Mainly CO2 and CH4 (methane)
• Low to no impact on human health or
the natural environment on short term
• Impact is not dependent on location of
emission, as climate change is a global
problem

Physics govern the formation of emissions
FORMATION IN ENGINES AND REACTION IN ATMOSPHERE
Emissions are formed during fuel combustion. Either from full or
partial combustion of fuel, or by reaction of components in air due
to high temperature and pressure
• CO2 stems from carbon in the fuel, bonded with atmospheric
oxygen
• CH4 is simply non-combusted natural gas, hence the term
“methane slip”
• Nitric oxides or NOx forms from atmospheric oxygen and
nitrogen in the high temperature combustion zone
• SOx is combusted Sulphur that was present in the fuel,
bonded with atmospheric oxygen
• Particulates consist of non- (or partially) combusted fuel,
lubricating oil, dust present in intake air or from other sources.
It is a blanket term covering all kinds of emissions, from simple
elemental carbon to highly complex structures
*) “Other gases” includes carbon
dioxide (0.03%) and small proportions
of argon and water vapour.
Atmosphere
Nitrogen
79%
Oxygen
20%
Other gases*
1%

© Wärtsilä© Wärtsilä 30.4.2018 EMISSIONS AND WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES5
IMPACTS DIFFERENT EMISSIONS HAVE DIFFERENT IMPACTS
CO2 accelerates the
warming of our planet,
CH4 also accelerates
the warming of our
planet, and is 28 times
as potent as CO2 in
doing so.
Nitrogen oxides or NOx
is a known source of
smog formation
especially in urban
highly polluted areas
(with related health
effects), and causing
acidification and
eutrophication in
nature.
SOx emissions
contribute to acid rains
and promote the
formation of small
secondary
particulates.
Particulate emissions
impact the local air
quality and effects
human health as small
particles penetrate to
respiratory system
causing lung diseases
and further penetration
to blood circulation.

© Wärtsilä
SECTION 1:
TRADITIONAL/
LOCAL EMISSIONS
EMISSIONS AND
WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES

© Wärtsilä 30.4.2018 [Presentation name / Author]7
Main health and environment related local emissions from engines
EMISSIONS AND WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES
SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) NITROGEN OXIDES (NOx) PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
The largest source of SO2 in the
atmosphere is the burning of high sulphur
containing fossil fuels by power plants
and other industrial facilities.
Smaller sources of SO2 emissions
include: industrial processes such as
extracting metal from ore; natural sources
such as volcanoes; and locomotives,
ships and other vehicles and heavy
equipment that burn fuel with a high sulfur
content.
Combustion of fossil fuels (e.g. cars,
power plants) is by far the dominant
source of NOX emissions. The emissions
are not dependent solely on the amount
of nitrogen in the fuel but also on the air-
fuel mix ratio. High temperatures and
oxidation-rich conditions generally favor
NOX formation in combustion.
PM=Black carbon, sulphate, nitrates,
ammonia, sodium chloride, mineral dust,
water.
Sources of PM include combustion
engines, solid fuel combustion for energy
production in households and industry
and other industrial activities.

Legislation and effective measures have helped to reduce SO2 emissions
in the USA and Europe
• In the US and Europe there has been
a systematic emission reduction since
the 1980s
– This has been achieved by switching to
low sulphur fuels such as natural gas,
or effluent emission control using
scrubbers.
• International shipping emissions have
been on a rise – IMO global sulphur limit
will be in force 2020.
Hidy GM, Blanchard CL. The changing face of lower tropospheric sulfur oxides in the United
States. Elem Sci Anth. 2016;4:138. DOI: http://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000138
North America
Format Soviet Union
India
International Shipping
Central & South Africa
China + Japan
Africa
Europe
China + Japan
Middle East
SO2 Emissions (1000 Gg Y1)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
5
1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2005
Year

End-of-pipe abatement
measures key to reduce global
Nox emissions
• Global NOx emissions decreased in
the early 90s as for SO2, but shortly
followed up by further increases again
in the newly industrialized countries.
– Gradual implementation of end-of-pipe
abatement measures have helped to
reduce emission levels.

© Wärtsilä
Source: E W Butt et al 2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 104017
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa87be/meta
30.4.2018 [Presentation name / Author]10
Life expectancy has increased across much of Western Europe and
North America but decreased elsewhere due to PM2.5
• Global population-weighted PM2.5
concentrations have increased by 37.5%
over the period 1960 to 2009
– The increase is dominated by China and
India due to economic expansion and
growth in emissions.
– Air quality regulation and emission controls
in the European Union (EU) and United
States (US) has reduced concentrations
over the same period.
– Nevertheless, fine particulate matter in air
has been estimated to reduce life
expectancy in the EU by more than eight
months.

© Wärtsilä
SECTION 2:
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG)
EMISSIONS IN GENERAL
EMISSIONS AND
WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES

There are many different sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases
Many different human
activities contribute to
global warming
Energy production (25%)
and transportation (14%)
have a significant share of
total global emissions
(2010 data)
Global shipping
contributes nearly 3% of
global anthropogenic
CO2 emissions (2010 data)
A major but often forgotten
contributor is also AFOLU:
• Agriculture
• Forestry
• Other Land Use
SOURCES AND SHARES
Figure: Direct GHG emissions of the transport sector shown by transport mode
Source: IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K.
Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C.
Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Figure: Annual GHG
emissions in 2010 for
the six key sectors

© Wärtsilä
• Surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century. It is very likely that heat waves will
occur more often and last longer, and that extreme precipitation events will become more intense
and frequent in many regions. The ocean will continue to warm and acidify, and global mean sea level
to rise.
• Climate change will amplify existing risks and create new risks for natural and human systems.
• Risks are unevenly distributed and are generally greater for disadvantaged people and communities
in countries at all levels of development.
• Continued high emissions would lead to mostly negative impacts for biodiversity, ecosystem
services and economic development and amplify risks for livelihoods and for food and human
security.
Emission of greenhouse gases cause
a warming and changing of climate
IMPACTS

Not all greenhouse gases have an equal influence on climate change
GHG EMISSION FACTORS
Emission factors enable different greenhouse gases
to be expressed in a common unit (so-called ‘CO2-
equivalent emissions’)
These compare the effect of 1kg of CH4, N2O or
another component to the effect of 1kg of CO2
• Global Warming Potential or GWP: the relative
influence of a certain gas (per kg emitted) on
global warming compared to CO2.
• Global Temperature Change Potential (GTP)
estimates the change in global mean
temperature in the future.
These factors depend on the time horizon that
is considered; the 100-year GWP (GWP100)
was adopted by the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its
Kyoto Protocol and is now used widely as
the default metric.
National emission inventory reporting still
uses the previous methane GWP value of 25.
This can explain sometimes contradictory
results of global warming studies.
Table: GWP and GTP values for emissions relevant to engine emissions.
Source: IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. (redacted)
GWP GTP
Lifetime (yr) Cumulative forcing
over 20 years
Cumulative forcing
over 100 years
Temperature change
after 20 years
Temperature change
after 100 years
CO2
b
1 1 1 1
CH4 12.4 84 28 67 4

© Wärtsilä
SECTION 3:
GHG EMISSIONS
IN WÄRTSILÄ
ENGINES
EMISSIONS AND
WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES

GHG emissions from Wärtsilä engines have been decreasing for decades
Wärtsillä gas engines now outperform Wärtsilä diesel engines by 12-30%
1993 2016
EXAMPLES AND TRENDS
Example: 85% reduction in
CH4 emissions since 1993
And we will reduce
them further in
the future

GHG EMISSIONS IN WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES
Diesel and gas engines produce greenhouse gases…
…but gas engines compare
favorably to diesel engines!
100%
Liquid fuel Gas
Contribution from
CH4 slip, engine type
/ load dependant
Indexed GHG emissions as CO2 equivalents

EXAMPLES AND TRENDS
Higher
engine efficiency
= lower emissions.
WÄRTSILÄ IS
LEADING!

© Wärtsilä
• “Well-to-wake” (WTW) is a term used to specify the total amount of emissions generated as grams per
ton kilometer or mile. I.e. the emissions produced to move one ton of cargo over a certain distance.
It is a metric often used to compare different transport modalities (rail versus air versus road versus
shipping, for instance).
• It includes the emissions from the vessel, but also those generated during fuel production,
transport and storage. These are so-called “upstream” emissions
• Upstream emissions vary widely with the source or “feedstock” of the fuel, and can even be negative
for fuels that capture atmospheric CO2 during their production
– biofuels from plants that convert CO2 to O2 , storing the carbon inside the plant
– biogas that avoids emission of methane to the atmosphere from decomposing waste
Fuel production also causes GHG emissions
WTT, TTP AND WTW EMISSIONSWELL-TO-TANK, TANK-TO-PROPELLER AND WELL-TO-WAKE EMISSIONS

WELL TO TANK EMISSIONS
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Fossil fuel 1 Fossil Fuel 2 (low carbon) Bio Fuel 1 Bio Fuel 2 (low carbon)
TotalrelativeGHGemissions(-)
Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wake Well-to-Wake
Fuel containing less carbon emits less
GHG during the tank-to-wake phase
(example: HFO versus LNG)
Biofuels (example: biogas) can have negative
well-to-tank emissions as they absorb CO2 from
the atmosphere during “production” or growth
Well-to-wake
emissions can
even be negative!
Well-to-tank
Tank-to-wake
Well-to-wake

Engine efficiency
improvements, leading to
lower engine CO2 emissions
Lowering non-CO2 emissions.
Prime example is CH4 emitted
from gas engines.
Example 1: lowering engine-
out emissions by improving
combustion
Example 2: lowering stack
emissions by using
aftertreatment
Many options exist to reduce GHG emissions
GHG reduction technology can be grouped in the following way:
EMISSION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
Fuel de-carbonization,
utilizing fuels with a lower
carbon content
Example 1: LNG vs. diesel. Per
unit of energy, LNG causes ~20%
less CO2 emission
Example 2: Biofuels that have a
negative CO2 emission during
their production; either by
absorbing CO2 from the air, or by
avoiding emissions when
feedstock is not used
as fuel.
The following slides shows
a number of CH4 emission
mitigating technologies.

GHG EMISSIONS IN WÄRTSILÄ ENGINES
Three principle sources
of unburnt fuel in premixed
charge gas engines
FLAME QUENCHING
IN CREVICES
• Above top ring
• Between liner & head
• At Anti Polishing Ring
Generally not load
dependent in g/kWh
SCAVENGING LOSSES
• Valve overlap
• Pressure differential
Generally not load
dependent in g/kWh
FLAME QUENCHING
IN THE BULK CHARGE
• Lambda distribution
• Residuals from
previous cycle
• Temperature
Generally load
dependent in g/kWh

FUTURE OUTLOOK
Wärtsilä is committed to
further reduce gas engine
GHG emissions
We will reduce greenhouse gas emissions
from gas engines by 15% from 2015 to 2020
During 2017:
• Wärtsilä identified and determined the technology
packages for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
• Product specific implementation schedules were also decided.
• Greenhouse gas emissions from gas engines were already
7% below the baseline year.

Power generation and transport has lifted billions of people
out of poverty, and continues to do so!
• Nearly three billion people rely on wood or other biomass for cooking and
heating, resulting in indoor and outdoor air pollution attributable for 4.3 million
deaths each year
• Almost one out of every three children goes to a school that lacks electricity
• Without electricity, women give birth in dark hospitals, children's vaccines
cannot be refrigerated, students are unable to study after sundown, and doing
business is nearly impossible
• Transportation has contributed in many ways to improve human life and well-
being. From humanitarian assistance to rapid sharing, food and
pharmaceutical transportation does benefit mankind in ways that are not
always appreciated
Power is great, as long as it is produced with great care.
Let’s build a sustainable society together!
DON’T FORGET! POWER GENERATION & TRANSPORT ALSO HAVE A HUGELY POSITIVE IMPACT!

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