2. Climate Change
It is a global or regional change in weather
patterns that lasts for a long period of time..
A few human activities that cause climate
change are the burning of fossil fuels (such
as oil and coal), deforestation, and
agriculture.
Natural Reason
1. Volcanic eruptions
increase CO2 and other gases
2. Orbital Change
(Milankovileh theory)
3. Variation in Solar Radiation
(fluctuation in amount of radiation)
3. Causes of Climate Change
Deforestation
Greenhouse Gases ----- CO2 , Methane, Nitrous oxide
Burning of fossil fuel
Effect of Climate change
1. Heat waves
2. Wildfire
3. Flooding
4. Rising sea level
5. Temperature rise (Global Warming)
6. Shrinking glaciers
7. Impact on eco system
4. 1.Deforestation
Deforestation is considered as one of the main contributing factors to global climate change
Role of Forest
Forest play an integral part in the carbon cycle.
(photosynthesis)
Causes of deforestation
1. Urbanization or residential purposes
(Land for urbanization, Agriculture purpose)
2. Commercial purposes
(wooden Product, ply wood, paper, furniture
3. Bio mass
(for fuel purpose)
5. Globally
In 2010, the world had 3.92Gha of
tree cover, extending over 30% of its
land area. In 2019, it lost 24.2Mha of
tree cover.
Pakistan.
In 2010, Pakistan had 648kha of tree
cover, extending over 0.74% of its
land area. In 2019, it lost 81.2ha of
tree cover, equivalent to 24.8kt of CO₂
of emissions.
2. Emission of Greenhouse Gases
Emission CO2 , N2O , CH4 & CFC Gases by human activities
6. 1. Role of (GHE)
•Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat.------
-- Make Earth warmer & earth become
comfortable to live.
Effect on Emission of GHG
•The Earth's surface then gives off heat
(long-wave radiation).
•This heat is trapped by greenhouse
gases (C02, CH4, N2O & CFC), which
radiate the heat back towards Earth.
•This process heats up the Earth
Emission GHG
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Burning fossil fuels- (coal, natural gas, and oil),
Manufacturing of cement
Methane (CH4): production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.
decay of organic waste
Nitrous oxide (N2O): Fertilizer application and industrial activities
Fluorinated gases: Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride are
are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases (High GWP gases)
7. 1.Energy 73.2%
Industry 24.2%
Transport 16.2%
Building 17.5%
2.Agriculture 18.4%
Fertilizer, crop burning
Deforestation
3.Industry 5.2%
Chemicals,
crop burning Deforestation
Share of CO2 Emissions By Country
China (28%)
Rest of the World (23%)
United States (15%)
India (7%)
Russia (5%)
Japan (3%)
Germany (2%)
8. 3.Burning of fossil fuel
The massive use of fossil fuels is obviously the first source of
global warming, as burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon
dioxide - the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere
- as well as nitrous oxide.
OVERCONSUMPTION
Finally, overconsumption also plays a major role in climate
change. In fact, it is responsible for the overexploitation of
natural resources and emissions from international freight
transport, which both contribute to global warming
9. Effect of Climate change
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned in its special report on global warming that a
2 degrees Celsius increase in global warming will result in extreme heat, sea-level rise, heavy rainfall, flooding, severe
drought, and other severe impacts on humans and ecological systems
Heat waves
Average temperatures around the world have become warmer since the start of the 20th
century, and they have risen at a particularly fast rate during the last 50 years. 2016 & 2020 recoded most
hottest year in two decade.
In 2015 more then 2000 people dead from heatwave in Pakistan.
Rising sea level
Rising temperature -------- Melting of south pole glaciers
Ocean water warms and expands in volume
Temperature rise (Global Warming)
the phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of Earth over the past one to
two centuries.
According to the NOAA 2019 Global Climate Summary, the combined land and ocean temperature has
increased at an average rate of 0.07°C (0.13°F) per decade since 1880; however, the average rate of
increase since 1981 (0.18°C / 0.32°F) is more than twice as great
Shrinking glaciers
The world's glaciers are shrinking five times faster now than they were in the 1960s. Their melt is
accelerating due to global warming, and adding more water to already rising seas level
10. Impact on eco system
Ecosystems entail all the living things in a particular area as well as the
non-living things with which they interact, such as air, soil, water, and
sunlight.
Climate is an important environmental influence on ecosystems. Changing
climate affects ecosystems in a variety of ways.
1- Impact Food chain (famine)
2- Reduction of habitable land
3- Many species problem.
11. Global Effort to overcome the effect of climate
change
The Kyoto Protocol
the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change by committing industrialized countries
and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases was
adopted on 11 December 1997. Owing to a complex
ratification process, it entered into force on 16 February
2005. Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
12. Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement is a pact within the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) between 197 countries that focuses widely on
reducing greenhouse gases emissions, adapting to the impacts
of climate change, and to provide financial assistance to developing countries
affected by a changing climate.
• First, limit the average global temperature rise to well below 2°C
above preindustrial levels and pursue efforts to limit this increase to
1.5°C.
• Second, increase the ability to adapt to the adverse effects of
climate change and foster climate-resilient and low greenhouse gas
emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food
production.
• Third, make financial flows consistent with a pathway toward low
greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development
13. • Suck CO2 directly from the air
Carbon capture technology–which helps
fight
climate change by removing emissions that
are already in the air–could be a key part of
the climate solution,
• ,
14. • Solar geoengineering
(principle reflect back sunlight)
Aerosol injection
The technique, which is known as
“stratospheric aerosol injection”,
could cool the planet in a similar way
to a large volcanic eruption
Marine cloud brightening
spray saltwater into the clouds above
the sea.
High-albedo crops and buildings
Ocean mirror
The reflectance of ocean foam can
be more than ten times higher than
the ocean itself
Surface shade & Cloud thiner
