Dynamic Spectrum Access Simulation

Dynamic Spectrum Access Simulation
SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB
SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB
INDEX
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................5
Chapter 1 –SOFTWARE–DEFINED RADIO 1.1 Introduction to Software–Defined Radio......................................................6 1.2 A brief history of SDR
.....................................................................................7 1.3 Role of SDR ......................................................................................................7 1.4.1
Problems faced by Wireless Communication Industry 1.4.2 How SDR solves the problems 1.4 Features of
SDR...........................................................................................9
Chapter 2 –COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGY 1 2 3.1 A vision of Cognitive Radio..........................................................................10... Show more
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By contrast, software defined radio technology provides an efficient and comparatively inexpensive solution to this problem, using software upgrades.
SDR defines a collection of hardware and software technologies where some or all of the radio's operating functions are implemented through
modifiable software or firmware operating on programmable processing technologies.
1.2 A Brief History of SDR
An SDR is a radio in which the properties of carrier frequency, signal bandwidth, modulation, and network access are defined by software. Today's
modern SDR also implements any necessary cryptography; forward error correction (FEC) coding; and source coding of voice, video, or data in
software as well.
The roots of SDR design go back to 1987, when Air Force Rome Labs (AFRL) funded the development of a programmable modem as an evolutionary
step beyond the architecture of the integrated communications, navigation, and identification architecture (ICNIA).

Today's SDR, in contrast, is a general–purpose device in which the same radio tuner and processors are used to implement many waveforms at many
frequencies. The advantage of this approach is that the equipment is more versatile and cost effective.
1.3 Role of SDR
1.4.1 Problems faced by Wireless Communication Industry * Commercial Wireless network standards are continuously evolving from 2G to 2.5G/3G
and then to 4G. The difference in
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Methods For Creating A Program
As the focus and scope of the project evolved, so did the methods used to find a solution to the scheduling problem. The approach to creating a program
had several stages, including a method to define several distinct weeklong schedules to combine, a method taking into account non–standardized class
schedules, and a method combining consistent schedules with additional constraints. These approaches were each based on the current
understanding of the scope and requirements of the project. In the first stage of the project, the focus was on creating several week long schedule
blocks, composed of mixed shift lengths, that could be combined together over the entire year to achieve a schedule complying with the ACGME.
These schedule blocks would be grouped by their intended use, such as which day a clinic session was on, day shifts or night shifts, specific
educational blocks like the GPC, and split between first and second/third year residents. This schedule would be implemented on top of previously
assigned educational units and clinic sessions, and optimized for the correct number of residents during each hour of the day. Figure 3A demonstrates
the schedule blocks, showing the hours assigned by each block over the course of a Wednesday. This method also included an implementation of the
previously defined linear program, allowing scheduling blocks to be efficiently created for each of the situations required by the method. As more
information was gathered, it became clear

Testing Is A Viable Software Verification Technique
Abstract–Although Concolic testing is increasingly being explored as a viable software verification technique, its adoption in mainstream software
development and testing in the industry is not yet extensive. In this paper, we discuss challenges to widespread adoption of Concolic testing in an
industrial setting and highlight further opportunities where Concolic testing can find renewed applicability.
Keywords – concolic testing; security testing; dynamic analysis; pre–silicon validation; malware analysis; firmware testing;
I.INTRODUCTION
The growing complexity of today's software demands sophisticated software analysis tools and techniques to enable the development of robust,
reliable and secure software. Moreover, increasing usage of third party libraries or plugins where source code is not readily available presents
additional challenges to effective software testing [11]. The cost to fix bugs prior to releasing the software is often times much lower than the cost to fix
bugs post release, especially in the case of security bugs. A number of automated software testing tools and techniques are commonly used in the
industry. While automation significantly reduces the overhead of manual testing, finding deeply embedded security defects is not always automatable.
Furthermore, automated software testing is prone to false positives or false negatives. Hence, there is a burgeoning need to advance the state of the art
in software testing. In this context, Concolic testing is

Essay On Test Data Generation
2. Related works
Some of the recent work related to the automated test data generation is listed below:
Search–based approaches have been extensively applied to solve the problem of software test–data generation. Yet, test–data generation for
object–oriented programming (OOP) is challenging due to the features of OOP, e.g., abstraction, encapsulation, and visibility that prevent direct access
to some parts of the source code. To address this problem Abdelilah Sakti et al. [26] have presented an automated search–based software test–data
generation approach that achieves high code coverage for unit–class testing. The test–data generation problem for unit–class testing to generate relevant
sequences of method calls were described at first. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A set of search heuristics targeted to OCL constraints to guide test data generation and automate MBT in industrial applications was proposed. These
heuristics for three search algorithms: Genetic Algorithm, (1+1) Evolutionary Algorithm, and Alternating Variable Method were evaluated. Empirically
evaluated the heuristics using complex artificial problems, followed by empirical analyses of the feasibility of our approach on one industrial system in
the context of robustness testing.
A feature model is a compact representation of the products of a software product line. The automated extraction of information from feature models is
a thriving topic involving numerous analysis operations, techniques and tools. Performance evaluations in this domain mainly rely on the use of
random feature models. However, these only provide a rough idea of the behaviour of the tools with average problems and are not sufficient to reveal
their real strengths and weaknesses.
Sergio Segura et al. [28] have proposed to model the problem of finding computationally hard feature models as an optimization problem and solved it
using a novel evolutionary algorithm for optimized feature models (ETHOM). Tool and an analysis operation were given in ETHOM generated input
models of a predefined size maximizing aspects such as the execution time or the memory consumption of the tool when performing the

Riordan Manufacturing Company Inc. Wide Area Network
The current architecture of the Riordan Manufacturing Company Inc. Wide Area Network and network security in place requires updated
documentation. The purpose of this paper is to gather the existing information into a single format and evaluate the WAN and security documentation
for an executive overview.
Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is an industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding. With state–of–the art design capabilities, they create
innovative plastic designs that have earned international acclaim. Attention to detail, extreme precision and enthusiastic quality control are the
hallmarks of Riordan Manufacturing. With facilities in San Jose, California, Albany, Georgia, Pontiac, Michigan and Hangzhou, China, the company...
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These computers had 128 Megabytes of Random Access Memory. The next item was a third set of 5 Compaq Presario computers with 600 MHz
processors. These computers had 256 Megabytes of Random Access Memory. The servers were our next item to inventory. We located two Compaq
Proliant servers. These had Pentium III 800 MHz processors, and 512 Megabytes of Random Access Memory. Both servers run theMicrosoft Windows
NT operating system. One server is used for file and printer services and the other is used for exchange. We also noted two Hewlett Packard servers
running their version of UNIX referred to as HP–UX. One server is used for ERP and the other is used for MRP II.
Additional hardware at the Albany plant includes one Kentrox Datasmart 658 DSU/CSU, one Cisco router, three Nortel Baystack 450–24T Ethernet
switches, and one 48 port patch switch. There were also two Hewlett Packard Laserjet V printers, one Universal Power Supply, and hardware for one
Fractional T1 Line.
We will now move on to the Pontiac plant to discuss the inventory conducted at that location. We again start off our inventory with the computer
equipment located at this plant. The Pontiac facility has 15 Compaq Desktop computers. These have 486 processors running at 66 MHz and include
32 Megabytes of Random Access Memory. The next item we inventoried was 15 Compaq Presario computers that had 233 MHz processors. These
computers came equipped with 64

Operating System Security ( Os Security ) Essay
Operating System Security (OS Security)
What is Operating System Security, Operating system security is the process of ensuring OS integrity, confidentiality and availability also OS security
refers to specified steps used to protect the OS from threats, viruses, worms, malware or remote hacker. OS security include all avoiding–control
techniques, which safeguard any computer information from being stolen, edited or deleted if OS security is included. OS security allows different
applications and programs to perform required tasks and stop unauthorized interference. OS security may be applied in many ways. We 're going to
discuss following topics in this article. A brief description about security and what are the types of encryption and what is Authentication, One Time
passwords, Program Threats, System Threats and Computer Security Classifications.
Security, There are numerous security threats to your computer, in other words many types of malware, which is short for malicious software. This
includes computer viruses, which can interact with the normal operations of your computer. Viruses can be very harmful and result in loss of data or
system crashes. The OS of a computer has a number of built–in tools to protect against security threats, including the use of virus scanning utilities and
setting up a firewall to block unsafe network activity. One of the most common ways to get a computer virus is by e–mail. If you have received an
e–mail message from someone you don 't

One Time Pad: A Presentation Peer Review
One Time Pad Sri Hari Uppalapati Murray State University
Presentation Peer Reviews
4,3,4,5,4,3
4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4
4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5 Well–explained on your slides. I had never heard of OTP, but I found it quite interesting!
4,4,3,4,5,4
4,4,3,2,3,4
4,3,3,3,4,4
4,3,4,4,4,3
4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4
3,4,4,5,4,4
4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5
4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4
3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4
3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3. Explanations are good. But could have been much better
3,2,4,3,4,4
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 – Awesome presentation Sri Hari. I think you gave the best presentation out of all. You explained the topic clearly
4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4
3, 4, 4, 3, 3, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hackers have the option of using many techniques, like shoulder surfing, snooping, sniffing, guessing etc. These are to hack the data and
manipulate it. The one time pad is a truly random collection of letters which are used to encrypt the messages with complete security and it is also
called a perfect security. It is called a perfect security because it is impossible to recover the message without knowing the key.
Prefect security is equal to the key length, which the key length is greater than or equal to the message length. The random key length much to plain
text .One time pad encryption is only possible if both sender and receiver are in possession of the same key. The cipher text will be completely random
because it is generated by doing Exclusive or Operation (XOR) operation with plain text and the random key. The plain text (message) can also be
represented in binary string format.

Mechanism of One Time Pad
(1)The binary version of one–time pad
The message can be converted into binary string by using a coding mechanism such as ASCII coding which is a sequence of 0's and 1's. The truly
random key should be generated with a sequence of 0's and 1's of the same length as the message.
Plaintext length = Cipher text length = key length = {0, 1}
For example: Plain text 1101 1011 Random

Essay about A Proposed ICA Algorithm
Proposed ICA algorithm This algorithm performs adaptive optimization of kurtosis based contrast function in floating point arithmetic. The main aim
of this algorithm development is to reduce the number of manipulations and to improve the performance of ICA algorithm in terms of convergence
speed, area, frequency and power. The convergence speed of the algorithm is improved by focusing the search in particular directions rather than
searching for the solution in a random manner. The random number generator unit present in FastICA has been replaced by an adaptive optimization
unit .This adaptive optimization unit updates the weight values based on the kurtosis function. Since adaptive optimization unit contains a subtractor and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If x is normalized so variance is equal to unity, then kurtosis is simply the normalized version of the fourth moment as in (5). kurt(x)=E{x^(4 ) }–3 (5)
Kurtosis value is non–zero for non–gaussian random variables or signals. The weight vector is updated in ICA by the learning rule w_newi
(k+1)в†ђE{Z.g(гЂ–w(k)ZгЂ—^T)}–E{Z.g'(гЂ–w(k)ZгЂ—^T)} (6) Where g( ) is a nonlinear function. Since derivative of kurtosis can be used as a
nonlinear function g(x)=x3 (7) On substituting (7) in (6), w_newi (k+1)в†ђE{Z.(гЂ–w(k)ZгЂ—^T)}–3E{ZгЂ–гЂ–(w(k)ZгЂ—^T)гЂ—^2} (8) Due
to the property of unit variance, the equation (8) becomes, w_newi (k+1)в†ђE{Z.(гЂ–w(k)ZгЂ—^T)}–3w(k) (9) This is used in main iteration of
proposed algorithm for weight updation.The Fig 2 shows the architecture of iteration process defined in (9) for 2 sources . Prposed ICA Algorithm for
2 units Having the low dimensionality signal obtained from preprocessing step, this algorithm aims at finding the vectors of demixing matrix to extract
desired signal from the mixtures. Updation of weights continues in iterative manner with following steps until a convergence is achieved. The proposed
ICA algorithm estimates one column of the demixing matrix in one convergence period. Form a weight matrix W by assuming M sub matrices or
column vectors where M

Encryption Vs. Encryption Algorithm
D
The message to be stored in the database is converted to cipher text using encryption algorithm and key. The resulting cipher text is then saved in
database. When the user needs to get the actual message, he/she decrypts the cipher text with decryption algorithm and the key [3]. Random keys are
generated in encryption process and same keys are used to decrypt the data. The security solely depends on the choice of encryption algorithm, key size
and how the algorithm is implemented. If any of these criteria goes wrong, it can cause adverse effects in the security of data.
There are different ways by which encryption can be achieved, Encryption by means of algorithms and through Hashing. Different encryptions based
on algorithms and key are DES, RC2, AES_128, AES_256 etc [13]. Hashing is the process in which the message is converted to hash value usinghash
function. For example, the password entered by user is encrypted to hash key value and it is compared with the encrypted password stored in the
database. If the result varies, then an invalid username/password is entered. Hash functions commonly in use are MD4, MD5, SHA, SHA–1[13].
5.1.2.1 Notations used for Encryption scheme
Key is an important requirement in encryption process.pk is denoted as public key and sk as private key [5]. Encryption process is denoted by Enc and
decryption process is denoted by Dec. Given a plaintext m and key k, encryption is defined as Enc (m, k) and Decryption is defined as

Ultra Sonic Radar System
USER DEFINED PROJECT ON ULTRASONIC RADAR 1
:
PREPARED BY : Kamal Parmar (080140111029) Prashant Saija (080140111051 ) Chitrangi Shah (080140111053 ) GUIDED BY : Vishal Borad 2
Outline...:
Outline... In this presentation, we have covered : Introduction RADAR System. RADAR Equation. Classifications of radar. Block Diagram. Main
parts of the hardware Technical Specifications WWIGO, Features & System requirements for wwigo . Wwigo detected PATTERN Application Of US
RADAR Conclusion. Bibliography 3
PowerPoint Presentation:
RADAR(RAdio Detection and Ranging ) Radar is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction,
or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
15
MONOSTATIC RADAR When we use single antenna for both transmission and reception purpose such a radar called as monostatic radar. BISTATIC
RADAR If two separates antennas are used for transmission and reception , then such a radar is called as bistatic radar. 16
Main parts of the hardware:
Main parts of the hardware In this hardware basically there are four main parts as listed below. Power supply Transmitter Receiver Alarm System 17
Block diagram:
Block diagram Waveform Generator Transducer (Tx) Alarm System Amplifier Balanced Circuit Transducer (Rx) Transmitter Receiver 18
Transmitter circuit diagram:
Transmitter circuit diagram 19

This circuit works on 9–12 VDC and can be used with batteries or a power supply. Transmitter sections comprises of waveform generator and
ultrasonic transducer which is nothing but like a speaker with 40 kHz frequency. In transmitter section, piezo –electric transducer is used to transmit
the ultrasonic frequency. There are several oscillator circuits suitable for driving ultrasonic transducer. 20
Sine wave drive: Sine wave drive can be used to provide the electrical signal to transducer. This sine wave drive minimizes harmonics that may excite
transducer in an overtone mode (vibrate at multiple of the resonate frequency). Pulse wave drive: We can also use pulse drive to drive the transducer.
Application of the dc pulse of 10–20V will cause the

Implementation Of A Non Breakable Encryption Algorithm
There has been a need for a non–breakable encryption algorithm desired after since the establishment of Cryptography was first matured. However, an
algorithm is advised to be immune as long as there has not been found susceptibility through cryptanalysis. Symmetric–key block ciphers abide as the
largest and critical aspect in many cryptographic systems. Independently, they add confidentiality. As a central construction block, their adaptability
grants the manufacturing of pseudorandom stream ciphers, number generators, hash functions, and MAC's. Moreover they serve as an essential
component in message verification methods, symmetric–key signature schemes, entity confirmation protocols, and data purity. Although Block ciphers
are very powerful objects their design flaws and complex interface opens the door for wider attacks.
No block cipher is equipped for all functions, even one contributing an immense state of asylum. This is a result of impending accommodations needed
in practical applications, containing those arising from, for example, rate requirements and memory limitations such as data size, cache, code size, and
memory, forces imposed by implementation platforms such as (e.g., software, hardware, chipcards), and distinct resistance of applications to properties
of differing modes of operation. In addition, efficiency ought typically to be traded off against security. Hence it is helpful to have a number of
contender ciphers from which to draw.
Block Cipher

A Low Power Bist Tpg For High Fault Coverage
A LOW POWER BIST TPG FOR HIGH FAULT COVERAGE AND
HIGH EFFICIENCY
Mayank Chakraverty, Ritaban Chakravarty, Vinay Babu, and Kinshuk Gupta
Mayank Chakraverty is with the Semiconductor Research & Development Center, IBM, Bangalore, India (e–mail: nanomayank@yahoo.com).
Ritaban Chakravarty was with New Jersey Institute of Technology, NJ, USA (e–mail: ritaban.87@gmail.com).
Vinay Babu is with Invntree, Bangalore, India (e–mail: vinaygbabu@gmail.com)
Kinshuk Gupta is with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Satellite Centre, Bangalore, India (e–mail: kinshuk.chandigarh@gmail.com)
AbstractВ¬В¬В¬– This paper presents a low hardware overhead test pattern generator (TPG) for scan–based built–in self–test (BIST) that can reduce
switching activity in circuits under test (CUTs) during BIST. BIST is a device, here part of the functional device is self dedicated to self–testing the
correctness of the device. In general BIST is comprised of two TPGs: LT–RTPG (Low Transition–Random Test Pattern Generator) and 3–Weight
WRBIST(Weighted Random Built In Self Test) Minimization of hardware overhead is a major concern of BIST implementation. In test–per–scan
BIST, a new test pattern is applied to the inputs of the CUT every m + 1clock cycles, where m is the number of scan elements in the longest scan
chain. By using two proposed TPG increasing fault coverage is achieved through the reduction of switching activity, thereby dissipation ofpower is
minimized.

The Security Requirements And Challenges Of Wsns
WIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY ASSIGNMENT#3 Name: Mounika Araga Net id: ja7762 1)What are the security requirements and challenges of
WSNs? Ans: Wireless Sensor Network is a system with collection of sensors formulated with irregular patterns in remote areas with limited number of
hardware resources. The major security requirements in WSNs are: 1)Confidentiality: Confidentiality is considered to be one of the most important
security requirement for many WSN applications. It ensures that the message cannot be understood by anyone other than the specified recipients. The
main aim of confidentiality is not only to keep the message secure but also see that any malicious user shouldn't have information about the encrypted
message even after... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, in key establishment the nodes cannot be added later after initial setup. Bootstrapping using the trusted base station is one option where
each node shares a single key with base station and then setup keys to other nodes with this base station. Many other approaches have been designed
for this key management technique but disadvantages do exist for each and finally a secure key distribution mechanism is needed for large scale
WSNs. 5)Authentication: It ensures secure communication from one node to other where a malicious node cannot masquerade a trusted network.
The sender and receiver share a secret key in order to compute MAC for the communicated data. When a message arrives at the destination then it
verifies it by using the MAC and sending the message to untrusted receivers using symmetric MAC is insecure because if anyone of the receivers
know the MAC they may forge the data. So, we need assymetric mechanism for broadcasting. 6)Freshness: It means that the message received is only
from the sender but not from any malicious attacker. Normal wireless communication is not secure because when a message is broadcasted there may
be chances of alteration, injection, etc. Freshness is classified into two types: weak freshness which provide the messages in partial order but without
any delay, Strong freshness which provides total

Annotated Bibliography On Capstone Draft
Kaleasha Pullicar
Capstone Rough Draft
Mr. Christian Computer Applications
1 April 2015
Capstone Draft:
Passwords are an important security measure that are often taken for granted. Many people use simple easy to remember passwords that do not require
much thought or using the same simple password for everything. Those are common mistakes amongst password users. In order to insure your
accounts are safe creating a strong password and creating habits that increase the security are a necessity. Also making sure you know when your
information is secure is an important fact to know.The first thing that you need to do in order to ensure the information you are giving is secure is to
look at the website. The http/: if this does not have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are the top 20 most overused passwords.
"1.123456
2.123456789
3.password
4.adobe123
5.12345678
6.qwerty
7.1234567
8.111111
9.photoshop
10.123123
11.1234567890
12.000000
13.abc123
14.1234
15.adobe1

16.macromedia
17.azerty
18.iloveyou
19.aaaaaa
20.654321 (Komando 2015)"
These passwords should be avoided and not be used.
Other things you shouldn't use as passwords are your birth day, a family members'' name or birth day, zip codes, family pet or anything that is
special to you. Those are the easiest to crack. In order to create a good random password use random phrases. For example, "My mom goes to 3
different stores every 2nd Friday". This would be excellent for creating a random password. Just by taking every third letter and using both the
numbers would create a great password. "MoOt3Frtose2iy" your new virtually uncrack able password. Adding a special character at the front and the
back helps "* MoOt3Frtose2iy*". If you have a hard time creating passwords use a random password generator on the internet if you can't create one
yourself. Another thing that you should never do, is use the same password for everything. The problem with using the same password for all your
online accounts is that if someone was able to crack that one password, they would have access to everything. So a few things that would help keep
your information safe. First you must create different passwords that are at least 14 –16 characters

Data Encryption Essay
ENCRYPTION Introduction Often there has been a need to protect information from 'prying eyes'. In the electronic age, information that could
otherwise benefit or educate a group or individual can also be used against such groups or individuals. Industrial espionage among highly competitive
businesses often requires that extensive security measures be put into place. And, those who wish to exercise their personal freedom, outside of the
oppressive nature of governments, may also wish to encrypt certain information to avoid suffering the penalties of going against the wishes of those
who attempt to control. Still, the methods of data encryption and decryption are relatively straightforward, and easily mastered. I have been doing data
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, by the use of more than one translation table, especially when implemented in a 'pseudo–random' order, this adaptation makes code breaking
relatively difficult. An example of this method might use translation table 'A' on all of the 'even' bytes, and translation table 'B' on all of the 'odd'
bytes. Unless a potential code breaker knows that there are exactly 2 tables, even with both source and encrypted data available the deciphering
process is relatively difficult. Similar to using a translation table, 'data repositioning' lends itself to use by a computer, but takes considerably more
time to accomplish. A buffer of data is read from the input, then the order of the bytes (or other 'chunk' size) is rearranged, and written 'out of order'.
The decryption program then reads this back in, and puts them back 'in order'. Often such a method is best used in combination with one or more of
the other encryption methods mentioned here, making it even more difficult for code breakers to determine how to decipher your encrypted data. As
an example, consider an anagram. The letters are all there, but the order has been changed. Some anagrams are easier than others to decipher, but a
well written anagram is a brain teaser nonetheless, especially if it's intentionally misleading. My favorite methods, however, involve something that
only computers can do: word/byte rotation and XOR bit masking. If you

The Basic Internet And Its Security
Sydney B. Ellis
4th hour
April 8, 2015
The Basic Internet and Its Security
What is the basic internet and how do you make it safe? Most people in the world have a computer but do not know what makes a computer a
computer. Most people do not even know what device would qualify as a computer. The computer is an important part of the twenty–first century. The
responsibility of computer users goes beyond internet access. The computer has basic internet and security that is needed to be followed. The internet
guarantees a source of internet access nevertheless; a computers security is the most important part of being a computer owner or user.
A computer has basic information that must be understood. A computer is a device that can manipulate information or data. Computers can be a
laptop, a tablet, a mobile phone, a server, and your everyday desktop computer. On a computer you can stream movies, create documents, browse the
web, or send emails. To do these things on a computer hardware and software is needed.
What is hardware and software? Hardware is the physical attributes that make up a computer. Hardware can be found on the inside and on the
outside of the computer. Hardware that is on the inside of a computer could be the motherboard which is the "backbone of the computer." Another
piece of Hardware that is on the inside of a computer is the hard drive. The hard drive is used to store data in the computer. The Hard drive is the
largest data storage device in the

Information Security Risk Analysis and Management
Information security refers to the protection of information and its critical elements, including the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit
that information. An ideal organization usually comprises of the following layers of security put in place to safeguard its operations:– physical,
operations, communications, networks, personnel, and information security.
A risk can be defined as the probability that something unwanted will happen. Risk analysis and management therefore refers to the process of
identifying risks to an organization's information assets and infrastructure, and taking steps to reduce these risks to an acceptable level.
Threats are dangerous actions that can cause harm. The degree of threat depends on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brute force attack – This refers to the process of applying computing and network resources to try to crack a password using all possible combinations
of the said password.
Denial of service attack refers to an attack where in an attacker sends a large number of connections to overwhelm a target with the aim of crippling it.
Spoofing is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to a computer where an intruder sends messages to a computer indicating that the message is
coming from a trust source.
Sniffing refers to design of a program or a device that can monitor data travelling over a network.
Social engineering – this is the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information to the
attacker. This can be done through media sites including Facebook and twitter.
Man–in–the–middle attack is a method of attacking a system that relies on knowledge of some or all of the plain text that was used to generate a
cipher text.
Dictionary attack – this is a form of brute force attack on passwords that uses a list of commonly used passwords instead of random combinations.
Virus attacks – a virus is one of two forms of malicious code or malware. It requires a host software environment in which to execute without which it
cannot function.

Nt1330 Unit 1 Problem Analysis Paper
I/O is the control part that manages data communication. It delivers information to appropriate determination. It also enforces access with TPM
functional components. It takes charge of communication between TPM and hardware outside on the trusted computing platform.
Cryptographic Co–Processor is used to implement cryptographic algorithms. Operations include RSA, SHA–1, and random number generation. With
this operations, TMP can have random data, keys and private data with digital signature. RSA asymmetric algorithm is implemented for encryption with
digital signatures. Keys should be 2048–bits RSA keys. TPM is enforced to support the RSA algorithm and use it to encrypt and sign data.
Key generation is used to create RSA public and private ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There should exist at least 16 PCRs, normally 16 to 24 PCRs. They are all protected locations inside the TPM volatile storage. Since the number of
PCRs is limited, if there are more measurements need to be stored, a measurement metrics will be measured. This metrics is associated with time
and the new value will be stored. The way of PCR updates hash value is PCRi New = HASH (PCRi Old value || value to add). This way makes sure
that the PCR value should be in order and is one–way operation. That means on one hand the new measurement value always combines with previous
measurement and new one. When measuring two operations, the values of measurement result are different based on the order of operations. On the
other hand, given a measurement value, there is no computational way to determine inputs. The TPM can sign the hash value as measurement in the
PCRs with key and report it. This measurement will be used to determine if the software operate as expect or not. Or for instant, set a particular
measurement in advance, to indicate the environment that a software only can be

Spectral Band Replication in Audio Coding
Spectral Band Replication (SBR) is a novel audio spectrum recovery technology, it can greatly improve the efficiency of perceptual audio coding
compression, and thus more suitable for streaming media applications with limited bandwidth. It will be widely used in the world of digital
broadcasting, the third generation mobile communications, multimedia downloads, video–on–demand and other services. SBR use parametric coding
technique that involves complex algorithms; simply take a long time by the hardware circuit design. And this design cannot keep up with the constant
development of audio standards. In other words: When a new standard integration into the decoder, it takes a long time to complete the new circuit
design, the original method will no longer have a market value. Be achieved only using the software in power consumption and cost requirements are
higher for portable applications with limited competition. With the increasing complexity and diversity of multimedia signal processing requirements,
hardware and software co–design concept has been widely applied to the actual design. The two main reasons why Spectral Band Replication can fit
our needs are: First, SBR is capable of reproducing the high frequency band by using the correlation information which transmitted along with the low
frequency band. Therefore, we can save the bits which were reserved for coding high frequency band without actually lost the high frequency signal.
Second, it is more

An Efficient Implementation Of Finite Impulse Response...
Abstract
With improvements in capacity and performance and a decrease in cost, FPGAs have become a viable solution for making custom chips and
programmable DSP devices. This paper presents an efficient implementation of Finite Impulse Response Filter (FIR) using Distributed Arithmetic (DA)
architecture based on FPGA with the help of xilinx system generator software. Here, the multipliers in FIR filter are replaced with multiplierless DA
based technique to remove high frequency Electrocardiogram(EMG) noise from ECG signal. As digital filters plays very significant role in the
analysis of the low frequency components in Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. The ECG is susceptible to noise and it is essential to remove the noise
in order to support any decision making for specialist and automatic heart disorder diagnosis systems. We purposed that the signals under experiment
has been added with muscle noise and after applying different FIR method, the signals according to signal noise ratio (SNR) and MSE(mean square
error) are evaluated. It introduces an effective technique for the denoising of ECG signals corrupted by High frequency muscles contraction noise. The
performances of the system were evaluated using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology University and Beth Israel Hospital (MIT–BIH) database.
Muscle noise is taken from MIT–BIH noise stress database .Simulation results shows that High frequency EMG noise from ECG was removed
effectively by using FIR low pass filter.

Universal And Programmable Routers ( Upr )
2.UNIVERSAL AND PROGRAMMABLE ROUTERS (UPR)
The design of UPR routers is in par with the increasing capabilities of single chips in VLSI technology. At macro level the programming of this router
is very efficient for statistically and dynamically reconfigurable systems. In parallel computers, it is common to use custom made routers. Researchers
have started designing routers for good performance recently. These universally programmablerouter that are statistically and dynamically adaptable
are believed to be very essential in the parallel computing field. Universal routers are essential for two reasons. First because of their static adaptability
they are used to construct any parallel computer independent of channel width and topology. Second the channel width and the topology of a parallel
network can be reconfigured more than once to match the requirements through implementation taking advantage of its dynamic adaptability.
A programmable and adaptable router is proposed which can be used in any design independent of the chosen interconnection network. A
programmable lookup table is used by this router to map processor addresses to physical network routes. These lookup tables maintained in the router
makes it easy to modify the network topology based on network failures, requests from the application algorithm and changing workloads.
The UPR makes routing decisions locally based on the destination address in the packet header and availability of outgoing channels. If

Coverage Driven Approach For Verification Of A Complex...
A Promising Coverage–Driven Approach for Verification of a Complex DTMF Receiver Shravani Balaraju, Student MemberS.Balaraju is with the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA (e
–mail: sxb5692@rit.edu). Abstract––– This
paper aims at developing a complex verification environment for the results character conversion (RCC) module of a DTMF Receiver using system
Verilog language. There exist methods to verify the functionality of the RCC block, but a thorough verification environment is needed to test the block
under several unexpected conditions. Such a thorough and complex approach is applied to the design under test (DUT) in this paper. This approach
proved beneficial and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To ease the process of verification, many new concepts involving assertion–based techniques and functional verification methodologies have been
growing over the past few years. New standards that now involve the Property Specification Language (PSL) and the Open Verification Library (OVL)
have come into effect.[#abv_ovl_psl] Though there are many languages currently used for verification, a unique aspect of system Verilog is its support
for object–oriented programming. This feature makes it usable in a complex environment for testing higher order systems. Being a language that
supports object–oriented programming (OOP), the concept of inheritance can be used that increases the code re–usability and provides better control
over the objects used in the environment. Even though the language supports inheritance, there is a lack of support for multiple inheritances and
[#inheritance_solution] provides a novel way to overcome this problem. This paper discusses in detail about the verification approach used to test a
DTMF receiver core module starting with a general discussion of the system Verilog language along with a brief description of a DTMF receiver and
it's signaling. In the next section, the paper provides a brief overview of the typical verification environment observed in a test–bench along with an
explanation of how the various verification blocks have been implemented in our project. The next

Notes On N + N
y_(j+1)=(y_j+k sin (x_(j+1) N)/2ПЂ)mod N [в–€(x_(j+1)@y_(J+1) )]=[в
–€(1 u@v uv+1)][в
–€(x_j@y_J )](mod N) (5) {в
–€(x_(j+1)=N/k_i (x_j
–N_i
) гЂ–+ yгЂ—_j mod N/k_i @y_(j+1)=k_i/N (y_j–y_j mod N/k_i )+N_i )в”¤ with
{в–€(k_1+k_2+k_3+в‹
Ї=N@N_i=k_1+k_2+в‹Ї+k_(i–1)@N_iв‰¤x_jв‰¤N_i+k_i@0в‰¤y_jв‰¤N)в”¤ (6) Key Generator: Many chaotic key
generators exist but the one used in this research involves 1–D cubic map [16]. It takes 64–bit random key Key = [Key1, Key2, Key3, Key4] to
calculate initial condition based on its 16–bit component (Keyi) such that y(0)=(в€‘в
–’гЂ–KeyгЂ—_i/2^16 )mod(1) [16] of 1–D cubic map and
returns values of the map using iterations. The states of the cubic map are written as [17]: y(n+1)=О»y(n)(1–y(n).y(n)) (7) where О» is typically set at
2.59 as a control parameter, and state of equation is satisfied by 0 в‰¤ y(n) в‰¤1. In order to generate initial conditions for the neural network,
the equation (7) is first iterated 50 times and values are discarded; and then iterated again to initialize w0, w1, w2, w3, A0, B0, C0, D0, K0, K1, K2,
K3, n0, n1, n2, n3. In order for equation (7) to provide randomness and reproducibility of same initial conditions each time it is run even on different
computing machine, it should be ensured that values like Key, О» set at 2.59, and initial iteration of 50 to discard values are used with same precision

Computer Virus And Its Effect On The Computer
1.Introduction
Today, the term 'computer virus' is definitely not unfamiliar to most people. In the early 1980s, people started to gain awareness of Computer virus or
Malware. However, it was only in 1987 that computer virus became prominent; especially to those in the press and trade industry. [1]
Computer virus has evolved over the years – from the early days of Internet distributed Morris worm to remote access Trojans(RAT). Often not, a
personal computer tends to be vulnerable to a virus attack. It was reported that an anti–virus company can receive tens and thousands of sample
harmful executables from it users, be it a Trojans or viruses. [4] The harmful executables will infiltrate into your computer system and causes your
computer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Malware – What is it
Malware is a piece of program that is created with intent of causing harm to the receiver. Malware is also known as malicious software, malicious code
and malcode. It contains the harmful intent of an attacker; example the attacker wants to hack into the victim computer to cause a Distributed
Denial–Of–Service (DDoS). [5] DDoS attacks are classified into major and minor, with major being difficult to create and minor being easy to create.
A simple yet concise idea of how DDoS affects the victim is denying the connection to TCP/IP in which the victim will have no access to the internet.
Additionally, Malware can be described as a term that is related to Trojans, viruses, spywares, rootkits, malicious mobile code and other intrusive
code. [6] Malware is now tied to organized crime around the world, gone are the days of the status hackers. (I don't understand this part).
3.Types of Malware
The types of malware that will be discussed are worms, viruses, Trojans, rootkits, malicious mobile code and adware.
a.Worms
A worm or computer worm is able to reproduce itself by executing its own set of codes independent from any other codes or program. The main
difference between a virus and worm is the worm does not require any host to cause trouble. This means that a worm is able to cause damage to the
computer without the attaching itself to any program. [6]
The spreading method of both virus and worm is

Infomration Systems Chapter 3 Review Questions 1-18 (Page...
Chapter 3 Review Questions 1–18 (page 130)
1. When determining the appropriate hardware components of a new information system, what role must the user of the system play?
When determining the appropriate hardware components of a new information system, the user of the system must assemble an effective and efficient
system. The user should select and organize components while understanding the trade–offs between overall system performance and cost, control, and
complexity. The user involved in selecting their organization's computer hardware must clearly understand current and future business requirements so
they can make informed acquisition decisions.
2. What is the role of the chip set? How is it related to the CPU?
The chip set ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. What advantages do fuel cells offer batteries for use in portable electronic devices? Do they have any disadvantages?
Fuel Cells generate electricity by consuming fuel (often methanol), while traditional batteries store electricity and release it through a chemical
reaction. A spent fuel cell is replenished in moments by simply refilling its reservoir or by replacing the spent fuel cartridge with a fresh one.
Benefits of Fuel Cell:
пѓ Because there is no combustion in a fuel cell, fuel is converted to electricity more efficiently than any other electrical generating technology
available today.
пѓ There are no moving parts in a fuel cell stack, making them more reliable and quieter than generators. Even the ancillary systems (fans, pumps,
controls, etcetera) in a complete fuel cell unit are relatively mature and simple technologies that should prove extremely reliable.
пѓ Unlike batteries that must be disposed of once their chemicals are used up, fuel cell reactions do not degrade over time and can theoretically
provide continuous electricity.
пѓ Traditional power plants must be large in order to gain efficiency, but fuel cells can achieve higher efficiencies at any scale, making them perfect
for small portable, residential, and transportation uses.
пѓ Because fuel cells are clean and efficient at any size, they can be located almost anywhere, including dense urban areas where both air quality and

Data Storage And Communication Systems Essay
Abstract– Encryption is widely used to ensure security in data storage and communication systems. This paper introduces a new concept for image
encryption using a new method we named it "Meaning Of Location (MOL)". In this method, the private key is an image that converted into RGB
numbers and the public key is random integers used to permutate the image. The location of the RGB will be used to encrypt the plaintext. The
performance of this algorithm is investigated against many different attacks such as ciphertext attacks, plaintext attacks and brute force attack. The
analysis and statistical tests show the strength of this algorithm. The results show that the MOL algorithm is suitable for securing wired and wireless
communication systems such as smartcards and cell phone services.
Keywords– AES, Encryption, Decryption, DES, RSA, MOL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.INTODUCTION.....................................1,2
2. OVERVIEW OF THE IMAGE DATA .............2,3
3. MEANING OF LOCATION ALGORITHM........3,4
4. STATISTICAL TESTS ...............................4
5. SMART CARDS.....................................4,5
REFERENCES........................................................5Biography............................................................5
1. INTRODUCTION
The requirements of information security within an organization have undergone two major changes in the last several decades. Before the widespread
use of data processing equipment , the security of information felt to be valuable was provided primarily by physical and administrative

Internet Security
| IT Security Consultants, Inc.
555 East 1000 South, Salt Lake City, UtahPhone Number: (801) 555–0100 Fax: (801) 555–0110 | 2/23/2009| | | FTD Enterprises| Request for Proposal|
| Brandon Moore
Justin JoosBrandon LittleMark PetersonJason Kilgore| |
**This document meets a request for proposal from FTD Enterprises to implement a security infrastructure and other tasks stated in the proposal.|
Table of Contents
Company Overview3
Project Team Staffing4
Executive Summary7
Scope, Approach, and Methodology8 Risk Assessment8 Problems and Solutions8 Assumptions13
Project Management14 Resources14 Task List15 Network Topology24
Deliverables29
Budget30
Appendix: Detailed Budget33 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justin has his Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science, and an MBA in Business Administration.
Project Team Staffing
Jason Kilgore – Sales Director Jason Kilgore joined IT Security Consultants, Inc. in 2005 and began a successful sales career culminating in his role
as Sales Director. Jason recruits, develops, and manages the sales team and is responsible for the overall coordination and leadership of all sales
activities to meet the needs of IT Security Consultants, Inc. customers and the objectives of IT Security Consultants, Inc .'s business plans and
strategies. Jason also provides expert advice on Linux solutions to the company infrastructure. Prior to working at IT Security Consultants, Inc ., Jason
was a General Manager and a corporate trainer with The Discovery Zone.

Jim Halgren – Information Systems Manager
Jim joined Capstone Securities in 2003 and has grown in various positions to his present position which he has held since 2005. He is responsible for
the company's advanced IT infrastructure including: system and application software, computers and servers, and communications. His education
includes an Associate's Degree in networking, a Bachelors Degree in Information Security and a Masters Degree in Computer Science. Jim is no
stranger to network security and implementation of networks, having spent 7 years as

The Architecture Of Software Defined Radios Essay
2.1ARCHITECTURE OF SOFTWARE–DEFINED RADIOS
As Reed (Reed, 2002) and others have stressed out, that the benefits of SDR approach go way beyond the multimode operations. Other benefits stem
from the flexibility that comes with programmability. For instance, it can simplify design by allowing reuse of a common RF front end with new
designs or modes of operation available through software changes. It also enables improvements to radio performance and functionality through
application of digital signal processing (DSP) to implement adaptive beamforming, interference mitigation, and numerous other techniques either
proven or in development. As the SDR approach has gained traction, a variety of hardware and software tools for development and exploration have
become available. These tools are broadly accessible with reasonable cost and ease–of–use enabling new opportunities for engineering education and
research. Examples include National Instruments (NI) universal software radio peripheral (USRP)/ NI LabVIEW software , the Ettus Research
USRP/ GNU's Not Unix (GNU) Radio, WARP , the Lyrtech SDR Platform and the IMEC SDR Platform. For researchers, these platforms can provide a
starting point for development of prototypes operating on live signals. Such prototypes can effectively demonstrate the practical viability of an
implementation and are a step toward end deployment.
2.2THE NEED FOR SDR
The SDR offers a wide range of economic and deployment benefits which has attracted many

The Four Characteristics And Types Of A Computer
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
The are many types and sizes of a computer. The two main sizes are:
Desktop
Portable (e.g laptops, notebooks) Computer consists of two mayor elements: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
Hardware:
Computer hardware is any components you can physically touch. Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, monitor, mouse and the CPU.
Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of software and hardware form a usable computing system.
CPU (Central Processing Unit):
"brain of the computer"
CPU is the computer component that's responsible for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer's hardware and software. It
is located on the motherboard.
The clock speed of a processor is number of calculations it can perform in a second, measured in gigahertz (GHz). The higher the speed, the more
calculations it can perform so it makes the computer faster. These are the types of processor:
Intel Processors: dual core, i3, i5, i7 (Intel includes Celeron, Pentium and Core)
AMD Processors: A4, A6, A8, A10 (AMD includes Sempron, Athlon and Phenom)
The world's first CPU was introduced by Intel in 1971, the Intel 4004 which was a 4–bit CPU. All types of devices use a CPU including desktop,
laptop and tablet computers, smartphones.
Intel, AMD, Apple, NVIDIA and Qualcomm are the most popular
CPU manufacturers.
Memory:

Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or

Role Of Testing For Software Quality Assurance & Black Box...
Submission Date: 24–03–2016Time: Registration No: 28962Section: A Student Name: Mohammad Arsalan Ud–dinMarks: _______ / 10 Topic: Role of
Testing in Software Quality Assurance & Black Box Testing INTRODUCTION Software QA involves the entire software development PROCESS–
monitoring and improving the process, making sure that any agreed–upon processes, standards and procedures are followed, and ensuring that
problems are found and dealt with. It is oriented to 'prevention ' DISCUSSION Virtually every QA/testing authority encourages the widely accepted
conventional wisdom that QA/testing should get involved early in the life cycle, participating in the requirements process and especially in
requirements reviews. The reasoning... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also known as Glass box Testing. Internal software and code working should be known for this type of testing. Tests are based on coverage of code
statements, branches, paths, conditions. 3.Unit testing – Testing of individual software components or modules. Typically done by the programmer and
not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. May require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.
4.Incremental integration testing – Bottom up approach for testing i.e continuous testing of an application as new functionality is added; Application
functionality and modules should be independent enough to test separately done by programmers or by testers. 5.Integration testing – Testing of
integrated modules to verify combined functionality after integration. Modules are typically code modules, individual applications, client and server
applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems. 6.Functional testing – This type of
testing ignores the internal parts and focus on the output is as per requirement or not. Black–box type testing geared to functional requirements of an
application. 7.System testing – Entire system is tested as per the requirements. Black–box type testing that is based on overall requirements
specifications, covers all combined parts of a system.

Intel And The 8086 Chip
In 1978, Intel came out with the 8086 chip. This chip had 29,000 transistors, 20 address lines, and could "talk with up to 1MB of RAM ... designers
never suspected anyone would ever need more than 1 MB of RAM" (PCMech, 2001, para. 4). Intel continued to produce its 8000 series chips,
increasing the speed and the memory each time. In 1982, the 286 was the first processor to have protected mode, which was later used by
Windows and other operating systems to allow programs to run separately but concurrently (PCMech, 2001, para. 8). In the late 1980s, Intel came
out with the 386. The 386 was a huge step forward, as it had 275,000 transistors, came in a 33 MHz version, worked with 4 GB of RAM, and could
support a virtual memory of 64 TB (PCMech, 2001, para. 9). In 2002, hyper–threading came out in the Pentium 4 HT, which meant that the CPU could
be fooled into thinking it had two CPUs for each one that it actually had. Using hyper–threading along with additional cores has enhanced performance
and speed because some cores are utilized for programs while others perform background jobs (Hoffman, 2014, paras. 6,7). Another way CPUs
have been able to increase speed is by raising the number of cores per CPU socket, and utilizing an I/O Hub "called QuickPath Interconnect"
(Santana, 2014, p. 565). The use of multiprocessing has been the key for the development of today's CPUs. Memory Memory has undergone many
changes over the years. In 1949, Jay Forrester developed the first

Computer Worm Known As ' Code Red '
This report mainly focuses on the computer worm known as 'Code Red'. The crisis with this worm began with the exploitation of Buffer overflow
vulnerability discovered in Microsoft IIS web server which could make the. ida ISAPI filter predisposed to buffer overflow attacks allowing attackers
to gain full system level access to the web server remotely and perform any action which may include Execution of programs, manipulation of web
server databases, change files and web pages leading to a full "system–level compromise". On June 18, 2001, an advisory was released by eEye Digital
Security which notified the users that a remote buffer overflow vulnerability is existing in Microsoft IIS webserver software and advised them to
download a patch made available in order to address this system vulnerability.
Code Red (Computer worm)
'Code Red' was initially discovered in the year 2001. It has exploited the system vulnerability present in Microsoft IIS webserver enabling the
attacker to run buffer overflow attack mechanism and take full control by infecting the host system and then executing an arbitrary code. This worm
was released on July 13, 2001 infecting more than 20000 systems within just ten minutes of release and by July 19, 2001 it has infected around
359,000 hosts causing damage in billions of dollars. Code Red worm basically spreads through the port 80 TCP/IP transmissions. There are three
different versions of Code Red computer worms severely affecting the security of

Use Of Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm Essay
Abstract–Internet of Things (IoT) nodes create vulnerabilities exposed to malicious software attacks. Thus, security is necessary to maintain growth in
the IoT technology. This paper will focus on the use of Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) as a digital authenticator for use in the IoT.
Although ECDSA improves security, it comes at the cost of computational complexity in comparison to authentication methods that use ciphers that are
symmetric or simple hashes. This complexity often causes significant limitations in devices applied in the IoT, where resources are restricted. This
paper will mainly focus on speed and memory performances, and will briefly cover other constraints such as power consumption and size when
applicable.
Keywords–IoT; ECDSA; security; embedded; systems; low–resource
I.INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of digital signature is to provide a means for an entity to bind its identity to a piece of information. The process of signing entails
transforming the message and some secret information held by the entity into a tag called a signature. Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
Algorithm (ECDSA) is the elliptic curve analogue of the digital signature algorithm (DSA) and its security is based on the elliptic curve discrete
logarithm problem (ECDLP). To date, no sub exponential–time algorithm is known to solve the
ECDLP in a properly selected elliptic curve group [1].
This makes Elliptic

Security Issues and Principles Research Paper
SECURITY ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES
STEGANOGRAPHY [n. stЙ™ nГіggrЙ™fi]
Steganography (literally meaning covered writing) dates back to ancient Greece, where common practices consisted of etching messages in wooden
tablets and covering them with wax, and tattooing a shaved messenger's head, letting his hair grow back, and then shaving it again when he arrived at
his contact point. Steganography comes from the Greek steganos, or "covered," and graphie, or "writing". Synonymous to abstraction, the art and
science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages. Steganography takes cryptography a step farther by
hiding an encrypted message so that no one suspects it exists. Ideally, anyone scanning your data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Most people study steganography either as an academic discipline or a curiosity, but I don't know if even terrorist groups would actually use it,"
says Chakraborty. Last year, after reading a USA Today article about steganography and terrorism, Neils Provos, a Ph.D. student in computer science
at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, decided do his dissertation on steganography. Provos developed detection and cracking tools to analyze
images for signs of steganography, such as overly large files and uneven bit mapping. He tested the tools and then used them to compare 2 million
images on San Jose–based eBay Inc.'s Web site, which has been cited as a possible place for posting and retrieving hidden messages. Provos found no
cases of steganography.
IT303.Security Issues and Principles
Page 2 of 17
"Steganography becomes the focus of attention, dies down, and then the public is all over it again," says Provos. "But it will never be pervasive,
because the amount of data you can actually hide in the images is fairly small. And if someone wanted to steal intellectual property, it'd be easier to
copy the data on a disk and carry it out in your pocket." Even if steganography is present, forensics experts prefer to start by investigating less
complex areas. However, in some cases, the only evidence might be hidden in image or sound files, so investigators need to be aware of
steganography and the tools used to detect and crack it, say experts. "It's

Bathroom Observation
Description H is a six–year–old boy in the first grade. He is social towards peers and teachers. While at school, he will walk into the classroom and
follow a simple routine. He is also able to follow simple commands and willingly transition from task to task with increased independence. H also
currently follows a bathroom schedule. While at camp, he went to the bathroom every thirty minutes as part of a potty training schedule. He is
currently able to toilet with minimal use of verbal prompts. H is able to attend to stories that are read aloud. He can also identifies pictures and
recognizes letters within the alphabet in sequential and un–sequential order. H also is able to use adapted sign language to communicate his basic wants
and needs. He has... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Collaboration is required in order to have a successful learning environment. I also learned the importance of simple daily routine, such as
mealtime and playtime and outside time or P.E. All of these activities promote more than play and exorcise. They promote social interactions, fine
and gross motor skills, and functional and pretend play. I think it is important for a teacher to understand this importance. Another thing that I
learned during my time of observation was the importance of being prepared. As a teacher, instead of just working with one or two children, I will
be working and responsible for several children and being prepared is the key to providing an engaging and appropriate classroom experience. It is
also important to be flexible and innovative. As a teacher, you have no idea what kind of predicament or situation you will be thrown into. As a future
teacher I will take all the information that I learned while observing the camps and implement it into my skill set in order to be a competent and
efficient Early Childhood Special Education

Cryptography : Using Encryption Decryption Technique
Cryptography is the technique of providing secured communication in the presence of third parties. It is mostly use between individuals, military forces
As we know there are various aspects which are important in information security such as confidentiality, data integrity, authentication and one
important thing is that there should be assurance form the third party to contract and they should not deny of the authentication of their signature on
any document so, all these are the vital part of the cryptography.
It is the method of protecting information by encrypting it into unreadable format. And then we can share decoding technique that can be used for
decoding technique to the requested use who wants to see the original information, so we can prevent this information from unwanted users to see it.
But the problem is, the techniques which we are used getting more complex.
Encryption–Decryption technique: Recent cryptography uses mathematical algorithms to design it. This algorithms should design as strong as possible
so that it cannot break by any other third party system. The techniques which can be used to do cryptography are microdots, merging words with
images and by different symbols. One more way to achieve cryptography by ordinary text into cipher text called as encryption and getting back original
information known as decryption. This technique mostly used by cryptographer to achieve cryptography.
As I have explained above cryptography mostly focuses on following

The Analysis And Fault Tolerence Of Software Environment
PERFOMANCE ANALYSIS AND FAULT TOLERENCE OF SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
S. Umamageswri* & T. Arulselvam**
* Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thiru Kolanjiappar Government Arts College, Vridhachalam, Tamilnadu
** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thiru Kolanjiappar Government Arts College, Vridhachalam, Tamilnadu
Abstract
Fault tolerance is the characteristic of a system that tolerates the class of failures. It will analysis the performance and enables a system to continue
its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level, rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The system as a whole is not
stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. [1][2] Fault tolerance is the ability for software to detect and recover from a fault that
is happening or has already happened in either the software or hardware in the system in which the software is running in order to provide service in
accordance with the specification. [3]Fault tolerance is not a solution unto itself however, and it is important to realize that software fault tolerance is
just one piece necessary to create the next generation of systems. A highly fault–tolerance system might continue at the same level of performance even
though one or more components have failed. For example, a building with a backup electrical generator will provide the same voltage to wall outlets
even if the grid power fails [4].
Keywords: fault tolerance of software,

Enlisted Distribution And Assignment System Essay
Enlisted Distribution and Assignment System The Enlisted Distribution and Assignment System (EDAS) is a great system with minimal hardware and
software requirements. The system is simple and effective at what it does. Competition is scarce and there are very few things that should be changed
involving the technical aspects of the system. The more than 100,000 assignments that are processed through EDAS annually are vital to the versatility
of the Soldiers in the greatest Army the world has ever known.Server–Side Hardware Requirements There is a shift that has been occurring in recent
years to move away from server hardware to cloud computing. As Gallaugher stated, it is "evident in IBM's quarterly numbers" (pg 217). The
company saw an increase in earnings with a larger decrease in hardware sales. Though this may be true, there are many services that undoubtedly
require the use of mainframe hardware produced by companies such as IBM. The only available information about the EDAS Server–Side Hardware is
that it runs on the "USAHRC Data Center Mainframe" (Human Resources Command, 2016). I imagine that this data center is something like the
data center represented by SAP. There is certainly a server room. This room contains some sort of primary and secondary cooling. The room also
contains a power source and in case that source fails, likely a battery backup to hold interim power while the generators kick on. All of this would be
necessary to maintain operational readiness

My Own Device ( Byod ) And Risks Associated With It
Abstract
This paper is about Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and risks associated with it. The conditions for risks to occur, the managerial and technical
solutions to such risks are discussed.
Introduction
BYOD or Bring Your Own Device refers to the policy of permitting employees to bring personally owned mobile devices (laptops, tablets, and smart
phones) to their workplace, and to use those devices to access privileged company information and applications (Bradley December 20, 2011). This
concept is a growing trend for the information technology and many more business sectors.
Businesses that appreciate Bringing Your Own Devices have some advantages over the others. For instance, the costs tend to shift towards the BYOD
user instead of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However there are an equal amount of risks involved with this. Security has been the primary concern. A superior authority monitoring the employees
all the time is impossible. The manager has no right to access the devices of the workers as they are private. Also this might reduce productivity if
the employees lose focus on work and use their devices for entertainment or personal benefits. Using and misusing data, network or resources in the
workplace for personal gain. In some cases, data can be stolen from the organization using such devices causing loss or theft of data. Hence there is
lack if control and potential malware threats (Pillay, Diaki et al. 2013).
Trend Drivers for BYOD BYOD is gaining high popularity and growth which is evident from the Ovum's research paper published in 2012.
Respondents in the emerging, "high–growth" markets (including Brazil, Russia, India, UAE, and Malaysia) demonstrate a much higher propensity to
use their own device at work. Almost 75% of users in these countries did so, compared to 44% in the more mature developed markets. The research
revealed that 79% of employees in high growth markets believe that constant connectivity with work applications enables them to their job better,
versus 53.5% in mature markets. There is a distinct lack of BYOD management – everywhere. On average only 20.1% of employees who use personal
devices have also signed a policy governing that behaviour. USA and India are nearer to 50%. The

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