A powerpoint presentation on Nanoparticles. Definition,classification & application of nanoparticles has been listed here. Besides that an explanation has also been provided about various other important instruments.

1. A SEMINAR ON:-
METHOD OF PREPARATION,
PURIFICATION & APPLICATION OF
NANOPARTICLES.
Presented By:-
Kumar kapinjal Dev
Dept.of pharmaceutics,
Gupta college of Technological
Sciences

2. INTRODUCTION
‘Nano’ word is derived from the Greek word ‘Nanos’
Which means extremely small or dwarf.
Nano particles are particles which lies in
dimensions between 10-1000nm.
They consists of micro molecular materials in
which the active ingredients is
dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached.

3. AIM AND ADVANTAGES
Aim /Goal:- To control the particle size, surface
properties & release of pharmacological or
therapautic agents in order to achieve the site
specific action of the drug at the optimal dose &
regimen.
Advantages:- Nano particles can be administered by
Parental, oral, nasal & ocular routes.
By attaching ligands to their surface they can be
Used for drug targeting to specific body cells.

4. TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
Nanoparticles obtained can be of Two different
types :-
(A).Nanocapsules :- They are vesicular systems in
which the drug is confined to a cavity
surrounded by a polymeric membrane.
(B).Nanospheres :- They are matrix system in which
the drug is dispersed throughout the particles.

5. POLYMERS USED IN THE PREPARATION
OF NANOPARTICLES
(A). Natural hydrophilic Polymers :-
Proteins:- Gelatin, Albumin ,Lectins etc
Polysaccharides :- Alginate, dextran,
chitosan,agarose.
(B).Synthetic hydrophobic polymers :-
Poly lactic acid(PLA) ,Polystyrene,
Polybutyl cyano acrylates.

6. METHODS OF PREPARATION
(A). Emulsification Solvent Evaporation Method :-
Drug + Polymer is dissolved in organic solvent.
(Organic solvent used is chloroform)
↓Emulsification
By adding an aqueous phase containing
surfactant to obtain o/w emulsion.
↓Evaporation
Organic Phase
↓
Nanoparticles

7. (B). SALTING OUT METHOD :-
Organic phase + Aqueous Phase
Drug + Polymer Mg Acetate is dissolved in
is dissolved in organic water/PVA.
solvent (acetone).
↓Mixing/ Mechanical stirring
O/w emulsion
↓Distilled water
Dillution
↓
Nanoparticles

8. (C).SUPER CRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY (SCF)
Super critical fluid technology
↙ ↘
Rapid expansion of super critical Super critical anti –solvent.
solution (RESS). (SCA)
↓ ↓
For drugs soluble in SCF For drugs insoluble in SCF
 Formation of dry Nanoparticles.
 Very law traces of organic solvent is found.
 Rapid precipitation process.
 Super critical carbon dioxide is used.

9. (D). EMULSION POLYMERIZATION :-
Monomer
↓Dissolved
Aqueous phase which contains an initiator i.e. a surfactant.
↓
Vigorous agitation
↓
Formation of Emulsion (Particle size less than
100nm )
Initiator generates either radicals or ions which nucleate the
Monomeric unit & starts polymerization process.

10. (E). DISPERSION POLYMERIZATION :-
Acrylate or methyl methacrylate monomer
↓Dissolved
Aqueous Phase
↓Polymerization
By γ-irradiation or chemical initiator (E.g.
ammonia or potassium peroxodisulfide)
with heat to temp above 65°c.
↓
Oligomer formed aggregates & ppt in the form of
nanoparticles.

11. (F). NANOPRECIPITATION :-
Drug dissolved in organic phase (ethanol)
↓ emulsification
By addition of aqueous phase
↓ Displacement of organic phase
Precipitation of polymer
↓
Nanoparticles

12. PURIFICATION OF NANOPARTICLES
1. By ultracentrifugation :-
• Most common way to remove large quantities of impurities
& raw nanoparticulate suspensions.
• It causes aggregation of nanoparticles with difficulty in
redispergation.
• Cause loss of finer nanoparticles in the supernatant liquid
resulting in a low yield.
• It can remove excess reagents from small batches of
nanoparticles.
• It is a time consuming process & only suitable for
laboratory scale batches.

13. 2. BY CROSS-FLOW FILTRATION :-
• Crossflow filtration is usually to concentrate,separate and
clarify nanoparticles.
• The feed is pumped tangentially along the membrane &
large particles are swept along.
• During filtartion, the starting solution is divided into two
solution:-concentrate and filtrate.
• Such filtration can be performed in either concentration or
diafilitration state.
3. By Gel Filtration :- It used for the purification of polymeric
colloidal carriers mainly for poly(cyanoacrylate) & polyster
nanoparticles.
Fractogel*HW55 is used.

14. 4. BY DIALYSIS :-
• The dialysis tubing cellulose membrane is used.
• The dialysis is done in three days. The water is changed
every 24 hour.
• The buffers used must be maintained under strict Ph
control to stabilize their molecular properties.
• The typical Ph range of dialysis buffer is 6 to 8.
• Polymer can be used with dialysis membranes without
contaminating the sample.
• It has been used by Rolland et al.

15. APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES
1. For prolonged systemic circulation of drugs :-
Nanoparticles derived from polyesters with adsorbed
polyethylene gycols can be used to prolong the systemic
drug effect.
2. For vaccine adjuvant :-
Polymethylmethacrylate nanoparticles can be used as
adjuvant with vaccines for enhancing immune response
for oral or intramuscular administration.
3.For transdermal applications :-
Polyalkylcyanocrylate nanoparticles can be used for
TDDS for improved adsorption.

16. 4. For DNA delivery :-
DNA gelatin nanoparticles, DNA-chitosan nanoparticles,
Lactic acid nanoparticles can be used for enhanced
Delivery of drugs.
5. For Occular delivery:-
Polyalkylcyanocrylate nanoparticles with steroids,anti-
Inflammatory agents can be used to treat glucoma with
Improved retention of drug & reducing wash out.
6.Cancer therapy :-
Polyalkylcyanocrylate nanoparticles with doxirubicin
& oligonucleotides can be used in targeting tumor cells
& reducing toxicity.
Polymeric micelle nanoparticles are also used.

17. SOME MORE NEW APPLICATIONS
 The use of polymer coated iron oxide nanoparticles to
break up cluster of bacteria allowing more effective
treatment of bacterial infections.
 Cerium oxide nanoparticles acts as anti oxidant are
used to remove oxygen free radicals that are present
in patient’s blood stream following after a traumatic
injury.
 Silver nanoparticles are used to kill bacteria making
clothing odor resistant.

18. FEW MORE TOPICS GOING TO BE PRESENTED IN
THIS PRESENTATION ARE :-
 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
 Sterilization Methods.
 Lyophilization Technique.
 Cryoprotectors.

19. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
The TEM was the first type of EM
to be developed by Max Knoll &
Ernst Ruska in Germany in 1931.
It has a Resolution of 0.2nm.
It uses beam of energetic electrons
to examine objects on a very fine
scale.
The first commercial TEM was
introduced in the year 1939.
It has a accelerating voltage of
100-400kv.

20. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TEM
In TEM, a monochromatic beam of
electrons is accelerated through a ultra
thin sample at a potential of 40-100kv
which gets passed through a magnetic
field (lens).
↓
An image is formed due to interaction
of electrons transmitted through sample.
↓
The image is magnified.
↓
The image is projected onto a fluorescent
screen or to be detected by sensors.

21. STERILIZATION
Sterilization can be defined as a process that effectively
kills transmissible agents such as fungi,
bacteria, viruses or prions from a surface, equipment or
biological culture medium.
Applications :-
• Sterilizing surgical dressings, sheets, clothes, containers,
closures and diagnostic equipments.
• Sterilizing antibiotic, hormones, sutures and catheters.
• To maintain the purity and quality of a pharmaceutical
product.

22. METHODS OF STERILIZATION
Sterilization
↙ ↓ ↘
Heat Chemical Methods Filtration Methods
↙ ↘ ↓ ↓
Dry Heat Moist Heat Ethylene oxide HEPA Filters
Formaldehyde
(160-180°c) (121-134°c) * To sterilize heat For clarification, sterilization
Time:-2hrs sensitive products. Of liquids & gases.
*Incineration *Autoclave 800-1200mg/L at * For sterilizing
*Red Heat *Boiling water (45-63°c) for E.O ophthalmic solution &
*Hot air oven *Hot water sensitive injections.
*Flaming below BP. 15-100mg/L at
-To Sterilize -Most efficient. (70-75°c) for FA.
glass
bottles. -Sterilizes MOA:- Alkylation of
Thermolabile amino, hydroxyl group of
substances. Proteins & amino group of nucleic acid.

23. AUTOCLAVE
Autoclave uses pressurized steam to
destroy microorganisms & are widely
used & dependable system for the
sterilization of glassware, media
reagents and diagnostic equipments,
ophthalmic fluids etc.
The conditions employed are
temperature of 121-134°c for 15-20
minutes under 15lbs pressure.

24. LYOPHILIZATION TECHNIQUE
It is a Process in which a substance is first frozen & then
the quantity of solvent is reduced first by sublimation
Process which is the primary drying stage & then by
desorption that is the secondary drying stage.
Objectives of Lyophilization :-
• To preserve biological activity of product.
• To extend the shelf life.
• To dry thermolabile studies.
Advantages :-
• Removal of water at low temperature.
• Compatible with aseptic condition.

25. OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS
Primary Drying stage
Heat is introduced to the product in a controlled way with
the help of electrical resistance coils.
(The temperature & Pressure should be 0.0098°c &
4.58mmHg respectively)
The diving force is vapor pressure difference between
the evaporating surface & the condenser.
↓
Removal of moisture (98-99%)

26. SECONDARY DRYING STAGE
• The temperature is raised to 50°c to 60°c
• Bound water is removed.
• Rate of drying becomes lower.
Applications:-
• To increase shelf life of vaccines.
• To preserve food.
• To produce flavoring agents.

27. CRYOPROTECTANTS
A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological
tissue from freezing damage. They are also used to
Preserve living materials.
E.g.:- Preservation of organ tissues, blood banks. samples
taken for biopsy are frozen for preservation.
Conventional Cryoprotectants :-
They are gylcols such as Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,
glycerol.
DMSO, sucrose are also used.
Glycerol & DMSO are extensively used for decades by
Cryobiolgists.

28. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CRYOPROTECTANTS
• Cryoprotectants operate by increasing the solute
concentrations in cells.
• Some Cryoprotectants also functions by forming hydrogen
bonds with biological molecules.
• Many other cryoprotectants works by lowering the
freezing point keeping tissue flexible at temperature
where freezing occurs.

29. Thank You..