![Roots of Confederation [Evolution]
A cautious approach to national independence due to
two cultures
two languages
deference to authority
loyalty to England
distrust of U.S.A.
Road to BNA Act of 1867—1st Constitution of Canada
• Quebec Act
• Constitution Act of 1791
• Rebellions of 1837
• Durham Report](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Confederation and National Policy
- 1. CANADA: A NEW NATION Confederation and National Policy ©Ruth Writer
- 2. Roots of Confederation [Evolution] A cautious approach to national independence due to two cultures two languages deference to authority loyalty to England distrust of U.S.A. Road to BNA Act of 1867—1st Constitution of Canada • Quebec Act • Constitution Act of 1791 • Rebellions of 1837 • Durham Report
- 3. Reasons for Concern in BNA [Canada] • POLITICAL—BNA disunited • Colonies separate and distinct with competition • Francophone v. Anglophone--Catholic v. Protestant • ECONONIC—weak economies • Slow growth compared to USA • Small population with centers along border • Funds for public workers needed • Education at risk • NATIONHOOD—Transportation key • Roads • Waterways • Railroads • INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS—USA intentions in question
- 4. Early Politics • Tories—True Conservatives • Anglo and Loyalists—loyal to crown • Bleus—Reform • George-Etienne Cartier • Liberal-Conservatives • Unification goal • John A. Macdonald • Grits—closer ties with USA • George Brown • Liberal
- 5. Evolution not Revolution • Canada did not WIN self government with war • No rebellion against Britain • Canada did it politically with British encouragement • Political union negotiated among colonies • Debates for long time—years • Vested interests needed protection • Compromise not easy, however… • International tensions following U.S. Civil War • Fenian threat helped get compromise • BNA got fast British approval for Confederation • Britain eager to end squabble • Wanted BNA to cover more costs • Movement toward free trade
- 6. Meetings • Charlottetown [PEI] in 1864 • Macdonald—Liberal Conservative • Cartier—Bleus [Reform] • Brown—Grits • Quebec—after Charlottetown • 6 colonies met • 72 resolution • Balance of power—national vs. provincial [colony] • Confederation became the outline
- 7. Fear of USA • Role of BNA in Civil War • Raid at St. Alban, VT • Support of CSA—Alabama Claims • Booth [?] • Fenian Raids • Discharged Irish soldiers from Union army • Anti-Britain—wanted Britain out of Ireland • BNA closest place to attack • Niagara area • New Brunswick
- 8. British North America Act—1867 • BNA Act served as framework of government until 1982 • Combined British and U.S. system of government • Constitutional monarchy • Division between national and provincial power • Powers not delegated go to federal government [reverse of U.S.] • As important as our Constitution is to USA • July 1, 1867—CANADA DAY • Original provinces: • Nova Scotia • New Brunswick • Quebec • Ontario Goal: Peace, Order, and Good Government
- 10. Would Canada Survive and Grow? Next phase of history GIANT step toward nationhood 1604-1763—French control 1763-1867—British North America 1867-2012—Canada What to call this new nation?
- 11. Population diversity--3.5 million in 1867 • 28% French • 22% Irish • 20% English • 14% Scotch • 6% German • 9% Native
- 12. Links with Britain remain • Self governing yet remained under British crown • Still British subjects • Queen of England and of Canada as well • Queen Victoria • Revisions in Confederation • Had to be approved by British Parliament • Seldom an issue • Somewhat embarrassing • Foreign Affairs • Officially represented by Britain • Few in Canada objected—at first
- 13. Capital OTTAWA • Ottawa • On Ottawa River • Called Bytown • Lumbering frontier • Selected by Queen Victoria • Between Franco/Anglo • Neutral like D.C. http://www.itcwebdesigns.com/w52608.htm http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/gallery/victoria.html
- 16. Government of Canada • Queen • Governor General • Legislative--Parliament • House of Commons • Prime Minister • Cabinet • Loyal Opposition • Senate • Judiciary http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=publications&doc=aarchives/decision/canada- eng.htm
- 17. Queen and the Governor General • Head of state—Queen • Queen’s Privy Council • Governor General represents crown when Queen absent • Term of office—5 years • Bilingual • Roles • Ceremonial duties only—power only at time of crisis • Officially appoint Prime Minister and set elections • Dissolve Parliament • Formal gatherings, meetings and dinners with heads of state • Welcome special guests • Throne Speech—state of Canada written by Prime Minister • Signs laws [Royal Assent]—mere formality
- 18. Governor General David Johnston • 28th Governor General • 2010 • https://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=13874
- 19. Elections in Canada • At least every 5 years—May 2, 2011 • Called by Prime Minister [officially by Governor General] • Keeps opposition off guard • Vital to keep own party loyal • Campaign only 6 weeks long—March 26, 2011 • Elect only Members of Parliament—NOT Prime Minister • Districts called RIDINGS • Local areas • Parachuting into a Riding possible—does not need to be resident
- 20. Legislative • House of Commons • Elected—no term limits, no defined term length • Senate • Appointed by Prime Minister • Term until 75 years of age • No real power
- 21. Sherman, George. Teaching Canada. Plattsburgh, NY: Center for the Study of Canada, 2002. page 45.
- 22. House of Commons • Membership—308 [338 in next election] • From Ridings—names not numbered districts • No residency requirement • Meets daily September to December and February to July • THIS IS RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT • Question Period—most important role • Governing party • Loyal opposition and shadow cabinet Fusion of Legislative and Executive Branches Sherman, George. Teaching Canada. Plattsburgh, NY: Center for the Study of Canada, 2002. page 45.
- 24. Prime Minister • Head of the government—Chief Executive • First among equals—Chief Legislator • Must be elected by riding and thus Member of Parliament--MP • Party leadership • No term limit; no definite term length; no requirements • Head of the majority of House of Commons—UNLESS • Appoint Cabinet • Appoint Senate • Calls elections • Party loyalty—never vote against party
- 25. Justin Trudeau—Liberal--2015 • Elected by single riding [population of about 110,000] • Still represents riding in Parliament • Leadership of Majority Party • Delegates and conventions • Tradition—only upon death or resignation • Majority Party forms government • If no majority, coalition government • http://pm.gc.ca/eng/cabinet
- 26. Cabinet http://pm.gc.ca/eng/cabinet • Portfolios—advisors to Prime Minister who has total selection control • Deputy Prime Minister [Vice President role] • Attorney General • President of the Treasury Board • Regional and Economic Development • State • Communications • Transport • Revenue • Environment • Justice • Multiculturalism • Defense • Finance • International Trade • Health • Fisheries • Etc. http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/postscript-canada-the-beautiful-1.2646105
- 27. Loyal Opposition • Minority party with most votes • Sitting across aisle--pressure on governing party • Prepared to take over in next election • Shadow cabinet with similar portfolios/assignments • Other minority parties • Watch dogs of government—vocal critics • Question period key check on government— www.cpac.ca • Hammer majority party with questions—”feet to the fire” daily • In full view each day in session—televised • One hour long--approximately • Government must defend actions • Role of the media
- 28. Senate http://sen.parl.gc.ca/portal/about-senate-e.htm • Membership—up from 104 to112 • Equality based on population and region • Ontario and Quebec—most Senators, equal number • Maritimes • West • North • Appointed by Prime Minister • Political patronage • Not a great deal of real power • Seldom vote NO [last in 1940] • Perks
- 29. How a Bill Becomes Law in Canada Sherman, George. The Canadian Parliamentary System. Plattsburgh, NY: The Center for the Study of Canada. [video]
- 30. Judicial • Supreme Court • Appointed by Prime Minister • 9 Justices • Based on regions • Beverley McLachin—Chief Justice • Provincial judges—federal appointments http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/supreme-court-of-canada/ http://www.scc-csc.ca/home-accueil/index-eng.aspx http://o.canada.com/news/coyne-recent-rulings-from-surprisingly-liberal-supreme-court-beginning-to-become-alarming
- 31. Other interesting facts • Provinces—like states • Premier • Parliaments • Territories • Local governments • Power derived from provinces • Metro planning • No double jeopardy rule in Canada • Crimes are federal crimes • RCMP • Provincial police
- 32. Comparison—U.S. and Canada • George Sherman, The Canada Connection in American History: a guide for teachers. Plattsburgh: Center for the Study of Canada, 1992.
- 33. John A Macdonald—1st Prime Minister • First of 22 Prime Ministers • Prime Minister of Canada twice for 19 years total • Born in Scotland—emigrated at age of 5 to Ontario • Dropped out of school at 14 became lawyer at 19 • Served as legal counsel for 1837 rebels • Premier of Ontario in 1856 • “Old Tomorrow” • Family • Died in office 1891 http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/politics/pm/johnmacdonald.htm
- 34. Macdonald’s Vision for Canada • Form first government • Four provinces—Atlantic and Great Lakes • Set stage for future • Westward expansion—”From Sea to Sea” • Rupert’s Land take over by Canada in 1869 • British Columbia • Railroad West • RCMP • Reelection in 1872 • Blurs in his vision • Metis in Manitoba [next week] • Riel Rebellion [next week]
- 35. British Columbia becomes # 5 • Desire to gain foothold on Pacific • Negotiations with whites [10,000] • Legacy of fur trade • Brief gold rush in Fraser Valley • 1871 with strings • Absorb BC debt • Sponsor public works • Link BC with rest of Canada==railroad • Problematic • Funding questions • Rail construction dilemmas
- 36. Macdonald reelection in 1872 • Due to expansion west and north • Dominion Lands Act of 1872 • Modeled after our Homestead Act • Started transcontinental railroad • Canadian Pacific Railway charter • Conservative government • Montreal business • Scandal with railroads for Macdonald • Macdonald resigned • Conservative government collapsed
- 37. Alexander Mackenzie—2nd Prime Minister • Liberals won in 1873 • Mackenzie—ineffective leader for 5 years • Stimulus plan • Attempt to keep coalition together • Economic depression • Railroad progress slowed to crawl • US rejected Liberal plan to reestablish reciprocity Changed Judicial System with Supreme Court established in 1875 More voter suffrage, secret ballot http://www.craigmarlatt.com/canada/government/mackenzie.html
- 38. National Policy—Macdonald’s Return 1878 Interconnected plan 1. Protection of industries 2. Transcontinental Railroad 3. Settlement of West
- 39. Protectionism • Free trade v. Protectionism pitted two conflicting impulses • desire for beneficial economic ties with the United State • fear that closer economic ties would lead to American domination and annexation • High tariffs adopted in 1879 by Conservatives=more $$$ • Protected industries in Ontario and Quebec • Angry consumers especially in West and Maritimes • Some industries did grow—job creation in industrial heart • Textiles • Shoes • Agricultural machinery • Sharpened regional disputes • Americans developed branch plants to sidestep tariffs
- 40. Perennial Issue? Macdonald's Conservatives tried to persuade voters that a policy of reciprocity – one of the planks in the 1891 election platform of the Liberal party – amounted to selling Canada to the United States. The Conservatives were successful, but Sir John A. Macdonald died three months after winning the election http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=his&document=chap2&lang=e
- 41. Railroads • Money from tariff could fund transcontinental rail • East to west dilemmas—forest, swamps, lakes, Shield • Used U.S. route via Michigan—Grand Trunk Railroad • Fear of U.S. claiming unsettled Canada • Others railroads built • 1720s—Cape Breton horse drawn carts • 1820s—Halifax • 1836—St. Lawrence to Richelieu—15 miles • 1860—Ontario, Quebec, Maritimes had railroads • BUT… • 1862—took 7 months to go from Manitoba to Victoria
- 42. Dilemmas of Transcontinental Railroad • Surveying land—1st task • Winter work cold, wind, snow [-40 degrees] • Summer work bugs, heat, humidity [90+ degrees] • Easiest route marked—flattest [no tunnels, bridges] • Mountains tougher • Followed path cut by axes • Drew maps • Fire, drowning, sunstroke, frostbite, scurvy, bear, snakes • Years away from family • Covered 12,000 miles on foot • SCANDAL—Macdonald out, Mackenzie elected Chose route in 1881
- 43. Stanford Fleming • Engineer • Divided Canada into 3 sections • Took 6 years to survey land, map • Most famous for STANDARD TIME ZONES http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventors/a/SandfordFleming.htm http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
- 44. Actually building the track • American oversaw actual work • Used immigrant labor • Chinese laborers from Pacific • As young as 12 • Hard working • Hardest most dangerous due to mountain passes • Irish, Italian, German, Russian, Scandinavian, Polish, English • English built bridges and machinery • Cut trees, clear path, blast through rock • 1880-85 in BC alone—27 tunnels, 600 bridges • Used black powder and nitro • Rock slides, falls, death http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/pm-mp/lhn-nhs/kickinghorse_e.asp
- 46. Workers’ lives • Low pay [$1-2.50/day] • Had to pay for own food, housing, clothing, blankets, transportation to site, mail, medical—all provided by CP • If bad weather, no pay but still expenses. • If lucky, $16 per month for self and family back home • Away for years on railroad work—many from China • Hazards • Hard work • Wooden ties every 2 feet [8 feet long] • Steel rails—12 feet long • Rock, gravel, dirt to level bed • ALL by hand
- 47. Last spike Craigellachie, British Columbia Final spike of millions November 7, 1885 [US May 10, 1869] First passenger train following July Montreal to Port Moody, BC 2900 miles in 5 days 19 hours burned 520 cords of wood John A. Macdonald and wife to BC a week later
- 49. BTW • Canadian Pacific hotels—Banff • Colonists cars—settlement west • Track walker—lonely life • Snow sheds • Bridges • Longest/highest in Lethbridge, AL—5328 feet long, 315 feet high • Tunnels—80 of them • Spiral tunnel where too steep, used extra engines • Longest tunnel—9 miles • Sidings • School trains [1920-1967] • Standard time zones
- 50. • http://www.cbc.ca/sevenwonders/wonder_spiral_tunnel.html • http://www.canadianrailwayobservations.com/docs/SpiralTunnels.pdf • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_Springs_Hotel
- 51. Settlement West—National Unity • Needed transcontinental railroad first • Red River Rebellion • Riel Rebellion • Immigrants would then settle Canadian West Last Best West—Canada! • More next week
- 52. 5 Prime Ministers in 5 years • John A Macdonald—Conservative died in 1891 [19 years] • John Abbott—Conservative • Quit after 18 months • John Thompson—Conservative • Died at Windsor Castle after 2 years • Mackenzie Bowell—Conservative • Forced to quit after about 18 months • Charles Tupper—Conservative • Defeated in election after 2 months • Wilfred Laurie—Liberal • Held power from 1896 until1911 http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/compilations/federalgovernment/primeministers/gallery.aspx
- 53. Resources • http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/compilations/federalgovernment/primeministers/galler y.aspx • http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Compilations/SupremeCourt.aspx?Current=True&Me nu=SupremeCourt • Morton, Desmond. A Short History of Canada. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishing, 2001. [pages 88-121 and 126-141] • Sherman, George. “Different Democracies: Comparing the Ways of Canadians & Americans Govern Themselves,” Teaching Canada. Plattsburgh, NY: Center for the Study of Canada, 2002: 40-52 • http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/railway-history/#h3_jump_5 • Waite, P.B. “Confederation,” The Canadian Encyclopedia www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com
Editor's Notes
- Map found on Wikipedia