25. “ Over the next 20 years, synthetic genomics is going to become the standard for making anything. The chemical industry will depend on it. Hopefully, a large part of the energy industry will depend on it.” "We have modest goals of replacing the whole petrochemical industry and becoming a major source of energy,"
33. BIOPIRACY Reasons to worry.. “ We ought to be able to make any compound produced by a plant inside a microbe” Jay Keasling
34. Lets say we want to digitally steal guarana … Reasons to worry.. STEP 1: identify the plant Paullinia cupana
35. Lets say we want to digitally steal guarana … Reasons to worry.. STEP 2: Find appropriate gene sequences on GENBANK
36. Lets say we want to digitally steal guarana … Reasons to worry.. STEP 3: Order the gene sequences from a DNA synthesis company
37. Lets say we want to digitally steal guarana … Reasons to worry.. STEP 4:Engineer Synthetic DNA pathways into microbe and tinker to produce Guarana extract
38. Reasons to worry.. NOTE!!! No Material Transfer Agreement needed (Access and Benefit Sharing) Because No MATERIAL is transferred.
39. “ Th e poster boy for the commercialisation of research”
40. ” The application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species.” - Kevin Chen and Lior Pachtr (UC Berkeley) Phase 1 METAGENOMICS
41. Massive Raw Materials Grab. Sargasso: 1.4 million new genes Halifax > Galapagos: Six million new genes
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44. 4 million genes of foreign species in mouth, intestines etc - More bacterial cells than human cells -10 percent of what is in our bloodstream is bacterial metabolites “ We are as much dependent on bacterial metabolism as human metabolism” - Venter.
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47. Minimal genome. Transplantation Full genome construction + + Mycoplasma genitalium Phase 1: An operating system
49. Combinatorial Genomics - “ a new Cambrian Explosion” I call it combinatorial genomics.. Its one of my better ideas if it works. In fact, it s one of my better ideas if it doesn’ t work’ - Venter
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52. + + = “ Te n million genes are the design components of the future, W i th combinatorial genomics and casette-based construction, we can make millions of genomes per day . ” - JC Venter Plug-in gene cassette system Millions of new sequences Rapid Robotic construction
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54. BIOSAFETY Reasons to worry.. “ The engineers can come and rewire this and that. But biological systems are not simple... And the engineers will find out that the bacteria are just laughing at them.” - Eckard Wimmer, SUNY StonyBrook
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56. “ The logical extrapolation from this experiment is to suggest that it is possible to make a genetically engineered microorganism that would kill all terrestrial plants. “ Dr Elaine Ingham. University of Oregon.
