The Atchafalaya Basin

The Atchafalaya Basin
The Atchafalaya Basin could be perceived as the embodiment of the Cajun Culture within the
southern Louisiana region. It has not only been a home to the growing Cajun population but a safe
haven for Native American settlers and French colonist that have been exiled. The Basin has existed
for hundreds of years dating back to the 15th century. The basin itself is one of the most ecologically
varied regions within the United States and has provided for over hundreds of different species. The
benefits of the Atchafalaya Basin are endless and have continually provided the inhabitants of the
area with bountiful resources, hunting grounds, homes, and transportation. The Atchafalaya river
basin would not have been formed if it wasn't for all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 200 years ago, the first Europeans gradually moved into the Atchafalaya region and
Acadians, otherwise known as Cajuns, soon followed behind. Those who developed the Acadian
culture came from rural areas of western French. By 1604, these same people ventured off to
Acadie, currently known as Nova Scotia, Canada, where they became farmers and fisherman.
Unfortunately, over the next 100 years, the ownership of the colony of Acadie changed over several
times. This caused great distress between the colonies and created an easy access for anyone to take
over. In 1713, Great Britain took permanent control of Acadie, however many Acadians refused the
rule over them. They denied their new British title and would not swear allegiance to the British
crown and church. Due to their outlandish refusals, the British began to remove the Acadians from
the homelands and herd them onto British ships where they would set sail to an unknown
destination in exile. Many of the former Acadian colonist found their way to the southern area of
Louisiana. The Acadians took refuge in a murky swamp called Atchafalaya. They made a home out
of the basin. The Acadians had to start over their whole lives but many were relieved to be out of the
hands of the British and to maintain their independent culture they had once established. The
Acadians adapted to the constantly, changing nature of the basin environment. The settlers
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The Copper Basin
The Copper Basin of southeastern Tennessee is an area that is climatically unique with a rich history
rooted in copper mining. It is thought that man is responsible for the total destruction of the
environment over this large area, but it is mostly contributed to the exclusive location. The Copper
Basin was susceptible to negative environmental effects due to its topographical, geological,
climatic, edaphic, and meteorological location. However, the copper mining had a transformative
effect on the surrounding lands that of which are still recovering.
The Ducktown Basin, or Copper Basin, is located in the southeast corner of Polk County, Tennessee.
It is a bowl–like configuration within the southern Appalachian Mountains with elevations ranging
from about 1600 to 1800 feet above sea level. Its rolling hills and knobby terrain are drained by the
Ocoee River watershed and numerous minor creeks, surrounded by the Cherokee National Forest.
The river's rock–strewn course through the gorge was never navigable, adding to the access
problem, but later used for recreation and energy. These waters meet the Hiwassee, a major tributary
of the Tennessee River. The Basin area has abundant moisture and mild temperatures, rarely
exposed to drought.
The Cherokee Indians of the Copper Basin were farmers who produced some copper for trade. With
the Treaty of New Echota in 1836, they gave up much of their land. Others were removed by the
U.S. Army in 1938 during the Trail of Tears. However, some

Formation Of The Kufra Basin
The NSAS area has been subjected to intensive geological studies by several workers (Ball, 1927;
Sandford, 1935; Knetsch and Yallouze, 1955; Ibrahim, 1956; Said, 1962; Hume, 1965; Ambroggi,
1966; Ezzat, 1974; Pallas, 1978; Amer et al., 1981; Klitzsch and Wycisk, 1987, 1999; El Ramly,
1983; Klitzsch et al., 1987; Hesse et al., 1987; Schandelmeier et al., 1987a; Wycisk, 1987a, 1990,
1993,1994; E1 Gaby and Greiling, 1988; Klitzsch, 1989, 1994; Said, 1990; Hermina, 1990; Klitzsch
and Squyres, 1990; Klitzsch and Semtner, 1993; Mansour et al., 1993; Thorweihe and
Schandelmeier, 1993; Issawi, 1999). The two major units of the aquifer, the Kufra Basin (Libya,
northeastern Chad and northwestern Sudan) and the Dakhla Basin (Egypt) (Fig. 1), have undergone
different geological developments. Formation of the Kufra Basin began in the Early Paleozoic, and
was complete at the end of the Lower Cretaceous. The Dakhla Basin was presumably formed at the
beginning of the Cretaceous (at least its southern portion).
In addition to the geological developments described above, the aquifer area also comprises the
upper Nile Platform in Egypt, as well as the Northern Sudan Platform in Sudan. These are, however,
areas of minor importance for groundwater resources. The NSAS changes gradually from
continental sandy facies in the southern regions, to intercalations of sandstones and clays of
alternating continental and shallow marine facies in the central regions, to mainly marine facies in
the

Catawba River Basin
What is a river basin? A river basin is an area of land that water flows across or under to make it's
way to a river. Just like a bathtub, it catches all the water that falls within its sides, and its sends all
falling water to a central river or to its estuary. It drains all of the land around a major river. There
basins can be divided into watersheds, or areas of land around a smaller river, stream, or lake. North
Carolina is made up of many watershed that are connected to each other. In each watershed, all
water flows to lowest point, to a stream, lake, river, or ocean. Everyone lives in a river basin and the
actions you perform could help or harm the water quality of the river basin. You have an ecological
address, and you can change what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Cape Fear River Basin is one of the four river basins completely contained within North
Carolina, and is over 9,164 square miles. Cape Fear's quality ranges from 35% of the streams
contained in this basin considered to be threatened and 18% to be impaired by pollutants. Many
toxic spills throughout the years have been one of the main causes to the low quality.During the last
5 years, investigators have reported 43 different incidents, which resulting in about one million fish
being killed. The Catawba River Basin begins on the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains
and flows east into Lake Wylie on the North Carolina–South Carolina border, ranging to 3,285
square miles in size. The Catawba river contains the most major dams of any North Carolina river.
This river basin was named after the first tribe that settled in its banks. Today, the Catawba is the
most densely populated river basin in the state, and is home to large variety of species that are very
unique are rare. 16% of Catawba's basin is impaired from polluted runoff from agricultural
activities, construction, and stormwater. Agriculture and home or road construction are typical
sources of sediment pollution. Several of the Catawba lakes are showing stress from excessive
amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff. In small amounts they are beneficial, but to much
can trigger algae blooms. These can affect the taste of water and odor and

Brazos River Basin
1.2 Research Objectives The objectives of this research of modeling the fate and transport of
pollutants in surface waters are: To develop techniques for estimating chemical parameter values in
locations where the data are sparse and aliased by the too low sampling rate monitoring schedule To
analyze the environmental monitoring policy and its resulting measurements in surface waters to
determine the differentiation with respect to stream size and flow rate. To apply the computational
methods to estimate the fate and transport of pollutants in Leon River and Navasota River
watersheds of Brazos River watershed. To estimate future pollutant concentrations as a function of
seasonal variation 1.3 Research Area – Central and Lower Brazos ... Show more content on
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There are fifteen sub–tributaries in Brazos River basin watershed, the most important being Leon
River, a tributary of the Little River. The most prevalent cities in the Brazos River basin are
Lubbock, Graham, Waco, Temple, Belton, Bryan, college station, Abilene, Freeport and Galveston
with the major metropolitan cities of Dallas–Fort Worth, Austin and Houston lying just outside the
watershed boundaries (Brazos river authority water school, 2011). The climate throughout Brazos
River basin ranges from temperate to subtropical. The average annual temperature varies from 59oF
in the upper parts to 70oF in the coastal area. Although winters are typically mild and brief, there
have been temperatures below zero recorded in the past (Brazos river authority water school, 2011).
Average discharge of the Brazos River is 8,387 ft³/s (237.5 m³/s) with rainfall averages from 16
inches annually in the northwest to 47 inches in the southeast region. The soil along the basin ranges
from sandy loams to deep clay. Natural vegetation consists of grasses in the dry portions to
hardwoods in the wet portions. Farming and ranching is possible in almost all areas in the basin.
Cotton, cattle and oil have been the most prominent products (Brazos river authority water school,
2011). This research is focused on the central and lower Brazos river basin, from Palo Pinto County
downwards to the Gulf of

Pros And Cons Of Aztec Culture
EARLY AMERICA
If I were to be thrust back in time, I would prefer to live in the Aztec Empire rather than the Great
Basin. I'll first be discussing the pros and cons of the Great Basin culture then I'll discuss the pros
and cons of the Aztec empire and why I would prefer to live in the great basin culture over the Aztec
empire.
Thе Grеat Basin is almost all of Utah and Nеvada. Thе rеgion is namеd Grеat Basin bеcausе of thе
surrounding mountains that crеatе a bowl shapеd landscapе that prеvеnts watеr from flowing out.
Although thе mountains tеnd to rеcеivе stеady rain, thе intеrior gеts as littlе as 2 inchеs of moisturе
a yеar. Thе kinds of tools Grеat Basin Indians usеd for hunting and gathеring wеrе bows and arrows,
stonе knifе, baskеt, nеt and grinding stonе for procеssing sееds. Thеy usеd sharp ... Show more
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Thеy caught animals using snarеs, traps, and nеts. Fishing еquipmеnt includеd linеs and hooks,
harpoons and nеts. The great basin people had many distant rеlativеs. Thеsе family rеlationships
allowеd pеoplе to movе from onе group to anothеr morе еasily whеn food was scarcе. Grеat Basin
pеoplеs had a mythical еxplanation of thе origins

Klamath Basin
4. The Klamath Basin as a Case Study of collaborative management
Other case studies reviewed in this paper are about rural communities in the midst of environmental
occurring in specific material places. The Klamath Basin differs in many respects because water has
its own set of legal precedents which are different than those of public lands, and the Klamath Basin
is home to many heterogeneous communities.
The specific guiding research questions for this research are:
1. What are the perceptions of nature and use for each group and how are the related or different?
2. How do stakeholder groups perceive the process of collaborative management in the Klamath
Settlement Group?
In order to address these specific questions I will analyze primary ... Show more content on
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(Bixler et al. 2015; Robbins 2006; Wilson 1997; Wilson 1999). The relative success of the Klamath
Basin Restoration Agreement, in that irrigators and tribes were able to collaborate despite a history
of animosity and a century of entrenched power relationships (Most 2006), is surprising in the
context of the political climate that must be overcome. Environmental groups however, were not
part of this new coalition and are still pursing alternative ways to influence policy outside of
CBRM. In the case of Walker and Hurley (2006) historical political animosities worked against the
process and resulted in its dissolution, whereas in Yung, Patterson, and Friemund(2010) diversity
resulted in an overly compromised "watered down" agreement that avoided any contentious issues,
and therefore also avoided resolution since the real issues were never brought into discussion. I am
interested in exploring how the Klamath Basin Settlement Group as a case study of community
management will support or contradict the findings of other scholars. Wilson(1997) states "... while
the symbols of conflict may change–a reintroduced wolf, a hydroelectric dam, a proposed timber
sale in a national forest–the social meanings that undergird them remain embedded within persistent
and divergent sociocultural contexts. Landscape itself thus can be conceived as a symbolic medium–
a social resource–through which differing social groups express deeply held beliefs about
relationships to society and nature(p.

The History Of Sedimentary Basins
The sedimentary record is the best archive of basin–forming tectonics and structural processes,
particularly in regions with complex tectonic history such as the Eastern Cordillera in the Northern
Andes of Colombia. Multiple tectonic episodes have driven fault reactivation and sedimentation in
the Cenozoic is related to contractional strain. Sedimentary basins within the Eastern Cordillera
contain coarse and fine grained units. The presence of coarse grained units in the distal regions of a
foreland basin are in particular used to constrain deformation history on the basis of the conditions
governing their deposition. Varying mechanisms are proposed for distal coarse clastic facies
including 1) Orography (Masek et al., 1994) and climate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The addition of a second chronometer such as ZHe bolsters provenance constrains. Though,
different locations can have similar ZHe ages within one region, ZHe and ZPb ages cannot be the
same unless related to volcanism (Reiners et al., 2005). Therefore, for accurate tectonic
interpretations based on volcanic grain exclusions, we implement the use of double chronometry on
the same detrital grains, an approach only used in the axial Eastern Cordillera (Saylor et al., 2012b).
ZHe plays a valuable role in determining tectonic and thermal evolution of the thrust belt via lag
time analysis (Cerveny et al., 1988, Ruiz et al., 2004, Bernet et al., 2006, Saylor et al., 2012).
Changes in Lag time reflects upsection variation in deformation and exhumation rate of the adjacent
orogen by interpreting five lag time trajectories. On each end of the spectrum, an upsection decrease
in lag time will indicate accelerated thrust induced exhumation and an upsection increase in lag time
will indicate reduced exhumation and possible introduction of a new source area. Various studies in
the Eastern Cordillera have focused on single chronometry using either ZPb for provenance history
(Horton et al., 2010, 2015, Cardona et al., 2010, Nie et al., 2010, Bayona et al., 2010, 2011, 2012,
2013, Saylor et al., 2011, Bande et al., 2012, Ochoa et al., 2012, Ayala et al.,

The Denver Basin Aquifer System
Groundwater replenishment generally occurs over a time span of hundreds, thousands, or even
millions of years, but withdrawals for human consumption and agriculture are occurring faster than
most aquifers can sustain. On the other hand, alluvial aquifers respond annually to local streamflow
but generally have limited volume in any given year (Meyer, 2016). The Denver Basin aquifer
system is a noteworthy wellspring of water for South Metro Denver. The framework stretches out
from Colorado Springs in the south to Greeley in the north, from the foothills close Golden in the
west toward the eastern fields close Limon, a surface region of around 6,700 square miles. It
incorporates four aquifers: the Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe, and Laramie–Fox Hills. Every aquifer
has diverse water quality, profundities, and water accessibility (CFWE, 2002). Describe the source
of the groundwater, that is, where is the rainfall and snowmelt that feeds the aquifer coming from,
and what are the best estimates of the travel time from the source to the point of withdrawal. The
Denver Basin has a semi arid atmosphere in which potential yearly evaporation is around five times
bigger than yearly precipitation. Most precipitation that falls on the land surface keeps running off
in streams, is evaporated from the soil surface, or is consumed by vegetation. Be that as it may, a
little part of the precipitation more often than not permeates downwards and recharges the
groundwater system. In the Denver

All the Basics There Are to Know about Rivers Essay
Rivers constitute a major natural phenomena found on the surface of the earth. They have unique
patterns and systems that perfectly fit in the geographical grid. One can establish the facts behind
the formation of rivers and the important part they play in the ecosystem by carefully studying their
features. However, the topic needs more research to know the reasons behind the uniqueness
portrayed by each river.
As the river flows, it cuts rocks which it carries them down its course and grinds them as it moves
farther to forms sediments. When the river enters a relatively flat ground, it slows down resulting in
sedimentation. This process is common in the plains where the river spreads over a wider area to
form a U–shaped valley. Due to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second classification of rivers relies on the biotic composition of their waters. Rivers in this
category range from oligotrophic (unpolluted) to the extremes of eutrophic (polluted) rivers. The
zonation procedure divides a river into three distinct parts; that is, the crenon, rhithron, and
potamon. The crenon represents the superior part of the river differentiated by high speed, low
temperatures, and low oxygen content. Additionally, the crenon forms a hypocrenon and a eucrenon.
The rhithron follows after the crenon (middle part of the river) with relatively increased levels of
oxygen, turbulent flow, and cool temperatures. Finally, the potamon represents the lower part of the
river distinguished by slow speed, low concentration of oxygen, warm temperatures and sand–
covered river beds (Green 220).
River Flow and Drainage Patterns The flow of the river is normally determined by the force of
gravity. In this regard, the flow can take different paths and directions. The volumetric discharge
rate determines the water volume flowing via a specific point of the river per unit time. The unit
assigned to this measure is cubic metres per second. The uses of rivers are enormous depending on
their locality, flow rate, and water volume. Large scale irrigation and many production processes
depend on river water. The rivers form a crucial part of the hydrological cycle that determines the
climate of a given region. Additionally,

Igneous Intrusions Within The Raton Basin Sierra Grande
Igneous intrusions
A period of volcanism resulted in igneous intrusions within the Raton Basin–Sierra Grande Uplift
Province that was sourced from the upper mantle about 26. 6 billion years ago and is associated with
parallel dikes and sills (Higley, 2007). Igneous rocks are common within the Raton Basin and
include Tertiary dikes and sills that range in age from 6.7 to 29 5 million years ago (Flores and
Bader, 1999). One of the main differences between dikes and sills is that dikes are longer lived
magma conduits and sills are features that form when magma is in neutral buoyancy with the
surrounding rock (Rooper et al., 2006). These volcanic events are associated with hydrothermal
alteration of coal within the basin (Higley, 2007). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intrusions within the coal–beds in the northern part of the Raton Basin have been destroyed in vast
amounts (Johnson and Finn, 2001). Sills and tabular igneous bodies parallel to bedding are intruded
in the middle part of the Raton Formation and are exposed in the Purgatoire River Valley (Watts,
2006). Sills within the basin intrude along a coal–bed instead of through the coal–bed, influencing a
larger volume of the coal (Rooper et al., 2006). The sills in the basin are fine grained and distributed
across the subsurface as well as intruded into the coals (Pillmore, 2003).
The igneous intrusions in the Raton Basin provide a high temperature and pressure environment
promotes an increase in generation of gas (Jian and Cheng, 2014). No evidence suggests that the
different intrusions within the coal were at different temperatures (Rooper et al., 2006). It has been
suggested that the heat from the dikes enhance adsorption and porosity in coals and also increase the
trap capacities of gas storage (Jian and Cheng, 2014). Igneous intrusions create safety problems in
the mines underground and the gas created could result in the projection and rapid release of gases
(Jian and Cheng, 2014).
Coal–Bed Methane and Natural Gas.
Coal–bed methane is naturally occurring methane with some amounts of hydrocarbon gas as well as
non–hydrocarbon gas that is contained in coal seams resulting from chemical

The Concepts Of Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis
The concepts of Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis (CEPA) techniques and Energy Return of
Investment (EROI), with special attention to the methodology and system boundaries of EROI
analysis have been reviewed in this literature. The analyses of EROI results for different fuel types
especially EROI results of hydropower plants are also presented. The essential features of storage
type hydropower plants also have been generally discussed as an important part of EROI's Energy
input calculation. Special attention will now be given to the hydropower resources in Myanmar in
Chapter 3 and the detailed discussion of storage type hydropower plants will be addressed. Chapter
3 Hydropower Resources in Myanmar 3.1 Introduction Myanmar has tremendous hydropower
potential; however the majority of this potential has remained undeveloped due to the economic and
political disturbances. The technical feasible potential from the major rivers and other potential
water resources support the country as one of the renewable energy rich countries amongst its
neighbouring, energy demand countries especially China, and India. Due to the increase in
electricity demand of the domestic and cross border regional energy trade issues (Kattelus et al.,
2015), the necessities for the extraction of the large hydropower resources should be fulfilled from
the geopolitical perspective. In this chapter, the current situation and future potentials of
hydropower resources basically storage type hydropower plants

Terry Tempest Williams Refuge
Terry Tempest Williams' Refuge
If we bemoan the loss of light as the day changes to night we miss the sunset. In her memoirs
Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams relates the circumstances surrounding the 1982 rise in the Great
Salt Lake as well as her mother's death from cancer. Throughout the book Williams gets so caught
up in preventing her mother's death that she risks missing the sunset of her mother's life. However
the Sevier–Fremont's adaptability to changes in nature inspires Terry Tempest Williams to re–
evaluate her response to changes in her life.
The story of the Sevier–Fremont people's evolution and existence in the Great Basin parallels
Williams' life in Utah during the 1980s. They Sevier–Fremont evolved from the Anasazi ... Show
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In a sense both Williams and the Sevier–Fremont come of age after the rise in the lake. Furthermore
their very existence is threatened by foreign elements.
However the differences between the Sevier–Fremont and Williams reside in their way of living.
For both, their existence or way of living is synonymous with their relationship to nature. The Great
Basin was the womb in which the Sevier–Fremont developed. However the umbilical cord was
never severed as the shores of the Great Salt Lake became their lifeline, their life support. Williams'
history and current relationships with her family speak of close ties with nature. Her Mormon
ancestors believed that the Great Basin was the Promised Land. They carved out a life for
themselves amid the land's hostility, declaring it sacred. The basin remains sacred to Williams in
many respects. From bird watching and astrology with her mother and grandmother, to marriage
maintenance with her husband Brooke, the majority of the familial activities Williams describes
have an outdoor element. Furthermore for Williams, naturalist in residence at the Utah Museum of
Natural Science, the Great Salt Lake is not only the

Causes And Effects Of Deforestation
Deforestation happens every day without us knowing that it happens. Deforestation is the removal
of a forest where the land is converted to a non–forest use; such as farms, ranches, or urban use. I
will inform you of the history, effects, disadvantages, and what can be done about deforestation.
Deforestation dates back to the late 1960s when Brazil began to cut down forests at an alarming
rate. According to Schwartzman, S. (2013) Brazil has cleared 18 percent of the original Amazon –
an area the size of France. In 2005 Brazil's deforestation rate began to fall, which is good news
because it went from 27,000 square kilometers to about 4,500 square kilometers. This is a good
thing because if more rainforests are cleared, lower rainfall, combined with climate change–related
drought could turn a large amount of the remaining forest in to savanna. The leading cause for the
deforestation in the Amazon was to make way for cattle ranching. The figure above shows the sq.
km deforested, per year and it shows what years have the highest in deforestation. Between 1995
and 1996 Brazil has deforested around 300002 km.
Deforestation effects many animals that live in a forest habitat, but it significantly impacts large
carnivores that depend on large tracts of interconnected forest habitat. Zemanova, M. and her team
conducted a study that focused on assessing fragmentation and natural vegetation structural
connectivity applying the scale of habitat used by jaguars. The loss of natural

The Report On The Amazon Basin
In the Amazon Basin, an amazing plant called Ayahuasca, which is an entheogenic brew made out
of Banisteriopsis caapi vine, and often in combination with various other plants. The word
"Ayahuasca", from the Quechua language, means "vine of the souls". [1] For centuries, Amazonian
shamans have used Ayahuasca as a window into the soul. The main reason it can change human
brain and consciousness is that the plant contains a substance called DMT. N,N–dimethyltryptamine
(DMT) is an illegal, psychedelic tryptamine compound found in the human body and at least 60
species of plants worldwide. [2] Rick Strassman described it as "the first endogenous human
psychedelic" in his book DMT: The Spirit Molecule. [3] And in an interview in 2011, he said ...
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McKenna (who, "more than anyone," Dr. Strassman wrote in 2000, "has raised awareness of DMT,
through lectures, books, interviews, and recordings, to its present unprecedented level") [3] called
DMT "the most powerful hallucinogen known to man and science" and "the commonest
hallucinogen in all of nature" in his 1994 lecture "Rap Dancing Into the Third Millennium." [6]
McKenna wondered why theology had not enshrined DMT as "its central exhibit for the presence of
the other in the human world," and said in an interview in The Archaic Revival (1992): "It was
really the DMT that empowered my commitment to the psychedelic experience. DMT was so much
more powerful, so much more alien, raising all kinds of issues about what is reality, what is
language, what is the self, what is three–dimensional space and time." [5] Besides, Stephen Szara
had also reported hallucinations of strange creatures in his article Dimethyltryptamine Experiments
with Psychotics. He described how one of his subjects under the influence of DMT had experienced
"strange creatures, dwarves or something" at the beginning of a DMT trip. [7][8] Other researchers
of the experience described 'entities ' or 'beings ' in humanoid as well as animal form, with
descriptions of "little people" being common. This form of hallucination has been speculated to be
the cause of alien abduction experiences through endogenously occurring DMT. [9]
From the review of Dr. Strassman's research from 1955 to 2010, it says that

Williston Basin Report
Introduction to the Williston Basin
The Williston Basin is an intracratonic sedimentary basin that occupies the majority of North and
South Dakota, as well as, parts of Wyoming and Montana. The basin also stretches in parts of
Canada, but this report will be focused on the United States portion of the basin. This portion of the
basin is generally flat with average elevations ranging from 1500 feet to 3000 feet. Precipitation in
the basin area ranges from 15 inches to 20 inches per year. The temperature averages approximately
65–70 degrees during the summer months, and 10–20 degrees in the winter.
Deposition of sediments began in the basin during the Cambrian era, but subsidence and basin
filling occurred the most during the Ordovician, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The formation is located in western North Dakota, southern Saskatchewan, northeastern Montana,
and southwestern Manitoba, and has a depth of approximately 130 feet to 12,000 feet deep. The
upper and lower Bakken shale layers contain large amounts of organic–rich black mudstone. During
the Lower Bakken Member deposition, an increase in the rate of siliciclastic sedimentation (quartz
and orthoclase feldspar) caused more organic material to be preserved in bottom sediments. During
Upper Bakken Member deposition, an increase in biological productivity in the water column
resulted in more organic carbon reaching the bottom where it was subsequently preserved (Bustin &
Smith, 1995). The middle layer is made up of mostly mudstone and sandstone. This layer can be
tapped by both conventional and continuous oil

Colorado River Basin Essay
The Colorado River Basin starts in the Rocky Mountains and cuts through 1500 miles of canyon
lands and deserts of seven US states and two Mexican states to supply a collection of dams and
reservoirs with water to help irrigate cropland, support 40 million people, and provide hydroelectric
power for the inland western United States [1,2]. From early settlement, rights over the river have
been debated and reassigned to different states in the upper and lower basin; however, all the
distribution patterns lead to excessive consumption of the resource. In 1922, the seven US states
signed into the Colorado River Compact, which outlined the policy for the distribution rights to the
water [3], however, this compact was written during an exceptionally ... Show more content on
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As previously mentioned, the Colorado River compact was written and signed during abnormally
wet climate cycles [4]. When the climate cycled back into the more traditional drier climate during
the mid–twentieth century, the river no longer made it to the Gulf of California. While this was not
an immediate concern as water levels remained well above the critical elevation, recent global
warming trends have played a major role in the decline water supply in the Colorado River Basin.
Over the past 15 years, the Colorado River Basin has experienced declining annual precipitation
rates and higher temperatures throughout the year, which has cascade into higher evaporative loads
from the soil and reservoirs, longer growing seasons that require more water, earlier melting times,
all of which have reduced runoff and water supply [10]. In addition to the environmental factors, the
differing conservation policies, water costs, and infrastructure planning across the basin state has
contributed to water consumption that is above the basin's renewable supply [14]. States like
Nevada enforce strict that limit residents use via strict conservation policies, while states like
California and Colorado use their senior water rights to maximum legal consumption and are
planning to construct larger dams to

The Structure Of A Basin
The Raton Basin is a structurally low area located on the western edge of the Great Plains in the
United States of America (Geldon, 1985). The basin covers the southeastern portion of Colorado
and the northeastern part of New Mexico (Flores and Bader, 1999). The Raton Basin was first
discovered to be coal–bearing in 1841 (Flores and Bader, 1999). Since then the production of coal,
gas, and hydrocarbon resources have been mined from the basin. The Raton Basin was formed
mainly in the Early Pennsylvanian and last influenced in the Cretaceous and Tertiary ages (Higley,
2007). However the units that are focused on in this paper were deposited in the Late Cretaceous
through the Miocene.
The structure of a basin is important for subsidence as well as accumulation of sediments that
influence coal deposition within the basin. The Raton Basin is a foreland basin which formed during
the Laramide Orogeny (Rooper et al., 2006). The Raton Basin as a whole covers approximately
4,000 square miles in southeastern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico (Flores and Bader,
1999). The Raton Basin is an elongate asymmetrical basin, where the sedimentary rocks are very
steep, overturned, as well as faulted, on the east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (Keighin, 1994).
The basin is bounded on the west side by the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, on the northeast side by
the Apishapa arch, and on the southeast side by the Sierra Grande–Las Animas arch (Flores and
Bader, 1999). The Raton Basin

Atchafalaya Basin Essay
Darrell Pace
AP Biology
27 April 2016
History of the beginning making of the Atchafalaya Basin from the Mississippi River
By: Laison Stubbs
Research Paper
A basin called the Atchafalaya lays three hundred miles up the Mississippi River. It is above New
Orleans and north of Baton Rouge. This bay is where most ships drop out of the water in Louisiana.
Due to the location of this bay being in Louisiana, it is known as a Cajun territory, "The adjacent
terrain is Cajun country, in a geographical sense the apex of the French Acadian world, which forms
a triangle in southern Louisiana...The people of the local parishes would call this the apex of Cajun
country in every possible sense–" (McPhee 1). Louisiana is considered to be one of the biggest ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2010). Gaining Ground: Wetlands, Hurricanes, and the Economy: The Value of Restoring the
Mississippi River Delta.Earth Economics Project Report.
Garrett, Gary. "Designing The Bayous: The Control Of Water In The Atchafalaya Basin, 1800–
1995." Journal Of Southern History 72.4 (2006): 926. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 May
2016.
Kazmann, Raphael G and David B Johnson. If the Old River Control Structure Fails? Baton Rouge,
1980.
McPhee, John. The Control of Nature. The New Yorker, 1987.
Rosen, Timothy, and Xu Y. Jun. "Estimation Of Sedimentation Rates In The Distributary Basin Of
The Mississippi River, The Atchafalaya River Basin, USA." Hydrology Research 46.2 (2015): 244–
257. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Apr. 2016.
Reuss, Martin. Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin. 1800–1995.
Turner, R. Eugene, and Nancy N. Rabalais. "Linking Landscape And Water Quality In The
Mississippi River Basin For 200 Years." Bioscience 53.6 (2003): 563. Academic Search Complete.
Web. 2 May 2016.
Watson, Chester C., David S. Biedenharn, and Colin R. Thorne. "Analysis Of The Impacts Of Dikes
On Flood Stages In The Middle Mississippi River." Journal Of Hydraulic Engineering 139.10
(2013): 1071–1078. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 May

The Atchafalaya Basin
The Atchafalaya Basin is the nation's largest river swamp, containing almost one million acres of
America's most significant bottomland hardwoods, swamps, bayous, and backwater lakes.
The basin begins near Simmesport, La., and stretches 140 miles southward to the Gulf of Mexico.
Currently, the Atchafalaya Basin is bound by natural ridges formed by levee building along active
and abandoned courses of the Mississippi River.
Estimates show that close to 22 million pounds of crawfish is commercially harvested annually from
the basin.
Over the past 10,000 years or more, the Mississippi River has changed its path several times,
ranging from the current location of Bayou Teche to today's route past Baton Rouge and New
Orleans. The Atchafalaya River ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Red river had been a tributary of the Mississippi, but in the 1940's, the Atchafalaya distributary
captured it and drew it away.
It formed the letter H: the Atchafalaya and Red on the left side; the Mississippi on the right side.
The cross piece was named Old River.
The structure was named Old River Control Structure (ORCS).
In times of flood, the Atchafalaya was useful as a safety valve.
The Corps of Engineers could not plug the Atachafalaya.
The Corps would have to built something that would give the Atchafalaya a portion of the
Mississippi, but prevent it from taking it all.
The Corps established that 30% of the flow would go to the Atchafalaya.
Today the Atchafalaya's waters are 10 ft lower than the Mississippi.
Just how the Army Corps got involved in the Lower Mississipi has no easy answer.
It started in the War of 1812.
After that war, Congress instructed the Corps of Engineers to survey the Mississippi and its
tributaries with an eye to improving inland navigation.
In terms of hydrology, what the Corps has done at ORCS is to stop time.
In southern Louisiana, the bed of the Mississippi river is so far below sea level that a flow of
120,000 cfs is required to keep the ocean salt water from flowing

Chinook Salmon Research Paper
An endangered species is a species of either plant or animal that is in serious risk of becoming
extinct. This name became connected with the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in
1994 after being petitioned to be put on the list for nine years (NOAA). There are two main reasons
behind the endangerment of the Chinook salmon: over exploration, and dams. Since the times of the
Native Americans, Chinook salmon have been highly sought after as a food source. Since then the
salmon have experienced great amounts of overfishing. Along with water demands which has
resulted in overuse of water and diversion of water had affected spawning sites and loss of habitat
putting further strain on their habitats (National Wildlife Federation). Dams have arguably put the
largest strain on the Chinook salmon. In Columbia River Basin of the Pacific Northwest alone, over
55% of historical spawning habitat has been blocked off by dams (Harrison, 2008) Damn also cause
rivers to slow down which in turn causes them to become warmer. This makes for a less ideal
habitat for the salmon, and more ideal circumstances for the predators of the salmon. The slowing of
a river can also be cause for disease( U.S.F.W.S). Also only about 1% of present ... Show more
As an ecology student I consider myself to be a bit biased with this issue. As such I believe it is vital
that these salmon are protected to the full extent. The environmental benefits alone that they bring, I
feel, outweigh the negative economic impacts that allowing them to go extinct would bring. To
protect the salmon, would essentially be to protect their ecosystems as well. That is not to say that
there would not be some positive economic impacts. More salmon, means an increase in the
recreation industry as well as food once there numbers are stable enough for them to be

Hurricanes In The Atlantic Basin
Hurricanes are large, swirling storms. They are faster than a cheetah. A hurricane can perform
speeds of 74 mph or greater. Each year is different in hurricane count, but the most hurricanes that
have ever happened in one year in the Atlantic Basin are 12, the least was 2. The Eastern Pacific
Ocean has as many as 14 hurricanes a year. Hurricanes form over the water of 80 degrees or
warmer. The atmosphere must cool off very quickly the higher you go. Hurricanes also need the
wind blowing in the same direction and at the same speed to force air upward from the ocean's
surface. Hurricanes can destroy buildings, trees, beaches, homes, and can take lives. To protect
yourself from hurricanes you can check your roof of your house to prevent

The Pitts River Basin
There are several ways to interpret for the variability in archaeological data in the Pitts River Basin
of northwestern Australia, but first, the history and the archaeology must be exhibited. The entire
site used to be underwater because the ocean levels had not stabilized 5000 years ago, so a lot of
artifacts surfaced once the levels stabilized and the land dried up. In the basin, there were two types
of people who were very contemporary. This is suggested by knowing that hunters and gatherers
were marrying outside their group and that the women were the ones who hunted and built this kind
of economy. The Pitts River Basin workbook problem shows three major differences in the
archaeological record of the main sites of Disaster Beach, Bonzakilla "B", and Gray's Creek. At
Disaster Beach, a refuse pile was discovered containing shellfish remains. The pile most likely came
to be because of Cardium Sp., which was located two–hundred yards inland from the high tide line.
The inland did not have a complete rainforest to support the semi–sedentary system, but there were
eucalyptus plants that helped. The high points were the only logical place with grain processing and
potential religious activity like having a Shaman look over the sites. However, the high points did
not have any detectable stratigraphy when they were studied. Carbon dating of three shell samples,
in three separate units was taken, and then returned. The shell fragments found on Disaster Beach
were dated at the

Amazon Rainforest
Although dams can have negative outcomes, they are not the only projects with destructive effects.
Roads and highways also produce unintentional harm. In the 1970s, when Amazonian deforestation
first began, the Brazilian government believed it should take advantage of the rainforest. To allow
easier access into the rainforest, the government built the Trans–Amazonian Highway ("Tropical").
This accessibility did not just allow easy entry for the official loggers, the highway also created the
opportunity for illegal loggers to enter. Now that Brazil's economy has deteriorated, in order to gain
profits again, their government and independent companies are cutting trees down at a faster pace
(Phillips, "Brazil's New"). Not only are legal loggers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brazil is the world's largest exporter of beef ("Tropical"). Overseas companies purchase these beef
products from the cattle raised on the cleared land, fueling the cattle–raising production. The U.S
imports roughly 200 million pounds of beef from Central America every year (Sarma). China is
Brazil's largest consumer of beef, accounting for one–third of its meat exports (Leahy). Nayan
Chanda, the Director of Publications for Yale's Center for the Study of Globalization and editor of
YaleGlobal Online, explains the connection between climate change and globalization: "
[g]lobalization drives expanding trade, which brings about increased fishing, destruction of
forestland, and the spread of polluting industries to the developing world". Globalization encourages
trade, consumerism, and the process to obtain the traded materials, therefore supporting the
deforestation industry. Without outside influences, Brazil would not profit nearly as much from the
Amazon Basin. More international beef buyers create greater profits for the sellers, and stimulate
continued and escalated

Northern Monte Basin Essay
The geology history of the northern Bonaparte Basin have been described by
[12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21] and are summarised by [22] and is associated with three main
phases of rifting. The oldest was initiated in the Paleozoic and has a northwesterly trend.
Overprinting this is a Permo–Carboniferous episode of rifting, which created a northeasterly
structural grain. A later phase of rifting related to 'break–up', was initiated as early as the Late
Triassic, but has its main expression from the Callovian to Kimmeridgian syn–rift (Figure 2). A
number of significant regional discontinuities are recognized in the Middle, Late Jurassic and Early
Cretaceous sequences, related to the effects of sea level fluctuations and 'break–up' along the north–
western ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lower–Middle Jurassic Plover Formation sediments thicken markedly into the graben, and may
include good quality source rocks. The onset of extension in the Middle Callovian resulted in a
widespread marine transgression and the deposition of retrogradational deltaic sandstones (Elang
and Montara formations), which form reservoir units in many of the commercial petroleum
accumulations in the northern Bonaparte Basin. These marine sediments are gas–prone within the
Malita Graben. Mudstones of the upper Middle Jurassic–Lower Neocomene Flamingo Group
(Frigate Shale) provide additional source potential in the area. Early Cretaceous to Paleogene (post–
rift) thermal subsidence, including the Lower Cretaceous Echuca Shoals Formation may have some
source potential in the graben. The Cretaceous–Cenozoic section exceeds 4,000 m in thickness in
the central Malita Graben. Miocene to Holocene convergence of the Indo–Australian and Southeast
Asian plates has resulted in the formation of a major tectonic collision zone (Banda Orogen), the
2000–3000 m deep Timor Trough and widespread fault reactivation across the western of the
Bonaparte

The Raton Basin : A Structural Basin
The Raton Basin is a structural basin situated in Las Animas and Huerfano counties of southeastern
Colorado, and Colfax County of northeastern New Mexico (Speer, 1976). Although millions of
years ago the Raton Basin was much different than the present. Colorado and New Mexico were
covered by large shallow seas (Murray, 1978). The Basin is bounded on the west by the Sangre de
Cristo Mountain range and on the east by two subsurface elements, the Apishapa Arch and the
Sierra Grande Uplift. The Apishapa Arch is a northwest–southeast oriented structural extension of
the Wet Mountain Uplift which terminates the basin on the northeast, whereas the Sierra Grande
Uplift is a northeast–southwest oriented subsurface arch that forms the basin 's ... Show more
These rocks grade abruptly northward into a marine geo–synclinal facies up to as much as 6,000
feet thick in the Las Vegas sub–basin. The Magdalena Group is missing from the Cimarron arch, but
it most likely present in the western part of the northern Raton Basin. Orogenic debris of the Sangre
de Cristo Formation of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian age was derived mainly from the San Luis
uplift, filled the Rowe–Mora and Central Colorado basins, and lapped onto Precambrian rocks of the
other bounding uplifts. The Sangre de Cristo Formation is 700–3,500 feet thick at the south, and
6,000–9,500 feet thick at the north (Baltz 1965).
The Sangre de Cristo Mountains are a structurally complex block having a Precambrian igneous
core that is bounded by major, high–angle reverse faults and highly contorted, steeply dipping to
overturned sedimentary beds of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. The range resulted from uplift and
eastward thrusting during the Laramide orogeny commencing in Late Cretaceous time and
continuing intermittently to possibly late Tertiary time (Wanek and Read, 1956).
Oil and Gas exploration has been an ongoing project in the Raton Basin, but a quite unsuccessful
one at best. The Raton Basin is primarily a flood plain paludal deposit which is not ordinarily an
ideal unit to recover oil or gas from (Speer, 1976). The sandstones within the Raton are
predominantly coarse grained, poorly sorted, fluvial sandstones which have been shown

City Of Niceville 2016 Stormwater Master Plan
City of Niceville 2016 Stormwater Master Plan Addendum
The 2016 Stormwater Master Plan is an overview and summary of the City of Niceville's
Stormwater Management Program and will serve as an addendum to the existing Stormwater Master
Plan. This document will provide a summary of the progress the City has made to address the water
quantity and quality issues as they relate to stormwater runoff. It will identify the past stormwater
projects and drainage activities the City has under taken as a result of previous assessments, studies
and recommendations to improve the efficiency and functionality of the City's stormwater systems
to minimize the adverse environmental impacts of stormwater runoff. This document also includes
the Capital Improvement Element which comprises a list of the drainage improvement projects that
identify the future goals and objectives of the City's Stormwater Management Program. The City
Council's approval of this Stormwater Master Plan Addendum and the Capital Improvements Plan
will become the framework for accomplishing these goals and objectives.
Background
Beginning in the late 1990's the city realized the importance of stormwater management and
initiated the necessary steps to identify and minimalize the adverse effects of inadequate drainage
infrastructure. Although the city had adopted stormwater regulations for new development, older
developments and roadways in the city were not regulated prior to 1984 and many of those drainage
systems

Salinity in the Murray Darling-Basin
Water is the most relied upon resource on earth and if it disappeared life could not and would not
exist on this planet. So if one of our main sources of water in South Australia, The Murray Darling–
Basin, becomes unusable then we would need to find the problem and do everything possible to stop
it or counteract it. This report investigates on salinity in the Murray Darling–Basin, using the issue
question "Is there enough being done to counteract the effects of salinity in the Murray?" as the
focus. Salinity is a key significant environmental challenge which the Murray faces and if left
unmanaged it could cause serious implications for water quality, plant growth, biodiversity, land
productivity, infrastructure and could lead to a loss of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Causes of increased groundwater levels include inefficient and excessive irrigation, river regulation
and, the prime cause, the clearing and replacing of deep–rooted native trees for shallow rooted crops
and pastures.
Clearing and replacing the deep rooted native trees is an issue as plants absorb water as it is soaked
through the soil. Plant roots remove the excess soil water, causing the groundwater to stay under the
salt level, which is then recycled back into the atmosphere through the plants leaves . Thus the
deeper the plants roots are the more the plant is able to soak the excess water up from the soil. When
the deep rooted vegetation is replaced with shallow rooted plants the excess water cannot be
absorbed causing the excess water/groundwater level to rise which sequentially pushes the salt up
through the soil causing the water to become more saline.
What are the effects of this rise in salinity in the Murray?
When salinity increases, warning signs appear in the landscapes of the affected areas. These
warning signs include things like sick and/or dying trees, declining vegetation, colonisation of
tolerant weed–like plants, bare patches where vegetation has died and saline pools in creek beds.
These show that the ecosystem is being affected and at a high rate.
Salinity is serious as it effects many things in the Murray–Darling Basin. If it continues to rise the
consequences could be grave and quite long lasting, some

Nonindigenous Species
The Great Lakes provide 20% of the world's fresh water source and are one of the most profitable
areas in the world. If we as a species want to benefit from the water supply we have, The Great
Lakes must be protected from threats such as invasive species, and allowed to flourish. Although
there a slough of invasive species, there are also proper methods for minimizing and dealing with
the invasive species and pollutants in the Great Lakes.
During the last two hundred years, invasive species have altered the Great Lakes ecosystem
"Invasions by nonindigenous species are a leading environmental problem (Sala et al. 2000)."
"Intentional and unintentional introductions of nonindigenous species are therefore subject to
considerable environmental policy and regulation (Miller and Fabian 2004).". When an environment
is altered, the economy, health, and people around the area are affected Tampering with an
environment that is used for food, water, recreation and business can have great impacts. The
environmental and economic impacts of nonindigenous species has been closely studied, "Alien
species are the second leading cause of extinction in the US and cost approximately $120 billion
annually." (Crowl et al. 2008). By changing our methods of shipping and transportation throughout
the Lakes, we would be able to cut back on this deficit.
One way that nonindigenous species are introduced to a new ecosystem is through transport in fresh
or saltwater in the tanks or cargo holds of

Northern Carnarvon Basin
During the early to middle Palaeozoic, the northwest orientation was the main deformation features
in Australia and Northern Carnarvon Basin. In Northern Carnarvon Basin, several sub–basins and
Plateaus are separated by northwest oriented faults and basement highs. Cape Range Fracture Zone
(CRFZ) separates the west side of Exmouth Plateau, the Long Island Fault System separates the
southern boundary of Barrow Sub–Basin and Sultan Nose uplift separates the Barrow from Dumpier
Sub–Basin (DAIM, 1998). During middle Palaeozoic, basin started extending to northeast direction
and deformation and structures orientation shifted from the Northwest to the Northeast trend. These
northeast structural features were inherited to the deformation pattern throughout Mesozoic.
Intermittent rifting of Australia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another rifting phase started in the early Jurassic around Pliensbachian or Toarcian (Chongzhi et al.,
2013; Geoscience, 2014; Tindale, Newell, Keall, & Smith, 1998). Exmouth, Barrow, Dampier and
Beagle Sub–basins were created until Middle Jurassic (He, 2002; Tortopoglu, 2015) and oceanic
crust was laid down to form the Argo Abyssal Plain in Late Jurassic around 164–160 Ma during the
Callovian to Oxfordian then followed by the Gascoyne and Cuvier Abyssal Plain in Early
Cretaceous around 125 Ma (Fullerton, Sager, & Handschumacher, 1989; Müller, Mihut, & Baldwin,
1998). Passive margin was established in North West Shelf. Rifting phase of the basin transformed
into sagging phase post breakup thermal subsidence when Gondwana breakup took place during
Valanginian early Cretaceous around 134Ma. During the Campanian late Cretaceous, rifting along
the Australian southern margin triggered the basin inversions and wrench reactivation of basin
structures on NW Shelf. These movements arose the Barrow Island above sea level and formed
Novara, Resolution and Exmouth Plateau Arch in Barrow, Dampier Sub–Basins and Investigator
Sub–Basin (Figure 1) (Longley et al., 2002; Sinhabaedya,

Congo Basin Rainforest
There are a lot of strategies that could be used to help maintain the Congo Basin rainforest. But, I
believe that, "Providing education on effective farming methods and resource conservation," is
needed to conserve the resources of the rainforest. I think this because it will give the people that
live in the rainforest more trading opportunities and it will reduce how many trees are cut down
because they will not have to cut down more trees for more usable soil. Passage B says, "However,
every two seconds, the equivalent of an area the size of a soccer field is destroyed to provide timber
for books, furniture, and homes. At the same time, we destroy the livelihood of the people who live
there and the homes of the wildlife." And Passage

Murray Darling Basin Analysis
Murray–Darling Basin
The Murray Darling Basin is a river catchment located in Victoria, Queensland and New South
Wales. It is one of the most iconic basins in Australia. Today we will be talking about the history of
the basin and the people who live there.
Over 2 million people live in the Basin but, people who live outside the Basin still heavily rely on
the water from it, so over a total of 3.3 million people need water from the Basin. The basin also
supplies food for these aboriginal people, like the native fish in the area for all of the nations. There
are 45 aboriginal nations in the basin, compared to Australia having over 500 nations.
It hasn't always been aboriginals living in the basin, European settlers have used the river system

The Saskatchewan River Watershed Flows
Introduction
The Saskatchewan River watershed is a major river in Canada which flows eastward across
Saskatchewan and Manitoba into Lake Winnipeg. It is a source of water to humans and livestock
(Partners for the Saskatchewan River Basin, 2009). The watershed has a distinctive delta which is
the largest inland freshwater delta in North America. The delta begins at the west of the
Saskatchewan–Manitoba boundary (Partners for the Saskatchewan River Basin, 2009).
The South Saskatchewan River watershed flows from the Northern shores of Lake Diefenbaker out
of the Gardiner Dam towards the City of Saskatoon. It continues north to eventually become the
Saskatchewan River (shown in Figure 1 below). The North Saskatchewan River watershed flows
eastwards across Edmonton, Alberta and joins with the South Saskatchewan River watershed to
form the Saskatchewan River watershed. These watersheds provide many recreational attractions
such as fishing and opportunities for sightseeing, canoeing, fishing and hiking. The Saskatchewan
River watershed begins at the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan River watersheds.
From this point, the Saskatchewan River watershed passes through the Saskatchewan Delta, into
Lake Winnipeg, which eventually drains into Hudson Bay through the Nelson River. Figure 1 shows
a map of the South Saskatchewan, North Saskatchewan and the Saskatchewan River Watersheds.
Figure 1: Saskatchewan River drainage basin
Source:

Calculating the Morphotectonic Indices of the Mula River...
INTRODUCTION:
Tectonic geomorphology is defined as the study of landforms produced by tectonic processes, or the
application of geomorphic principles to the solution of tectonic problems (Keller, E.A. and Pinter N.
1996). Geological structure plays a crucial role in determining a wide field of relief forms, even in
areas where exogenetic factors are regarded as the dominant ones in the landscape (Ahnert 1998;
Bloom 1998; Ritter et al. 2002). In recent years Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and
Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies have been extensively used to determine the
morphometric properties of tectonically active regions. In addition the use of Remote Sensing and
GIS techniques to evaluate the tectonic formation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The area lies between 190 02'8" to 190 31' 28" North Latitude and 730 40' 56" to 740 50' 39" East
Longitude. Elevation in varies between 464 and1473 m MSL. The location map of the study area is
depicted in Figure 1.
MATERIALS:
The materials used for the morphotectonic analysis include:
a) Topographic maps of study area at 1:50,000 scale. b) ASTER Digital Elevation Model c)
Lineament Map. d) Drainage Map of the Study area.
Morphotectonic Analysis: From this analysis we come to know the behavior of the area and we get
information about tectonic control of the area so in this article we have calculated Mountain fronts
synosity index, valley floor width to height ratio and Drainage Basin Asymmetry for Mula river
Basin of the study area.
1. MOUNTAIN FRONT SINUOSITY: This index tell us that whether the fronts of area is active or
not by tectonically. The index is defined as;
Smf = Lmf / Ls Where
Smf= mountain front sinuosity index
Lmf= true distance along the same contour line
Ls= straight line distance along a contour line
The morphology of a mountain front depends upon the degree of tectonic activity along the front.
Active fronts will show straight profiles with lower values of Smf, and inactive or less active fronts
are marked by irregular or more eroded profiles, with higher Smf values (Wells et al., 1988). In the
present study Smf

Essay On Forest City Basin
Abstract The Forest city basin is located in northwestern Missouri, northeastern Kansas,
southwestern Iowa, and southeastern Nebraska. The Forest City basin is represented mainly by
shales deposited as the sea withdrew (regressed) westward, although there are small isolated areas in
northern Missouri in which a marine limestone formed. A few locations in west–central Missouri
have sandstone channels attaining a thickness of as much as 30 ft. within the Mine Creek Shale
(Manos). Introduction The Forest City basin is a bowl–like feature in the subsurface rock layers in
northwest Missouri and adjacent portions of Iowa, Nebraska and Kansas. Some areas bare oil and
gas. The Forest City basin is a cratonic basin of Pennsylvanian age underlying adjoining portions of
southwestern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, and northwestern Missouri. The ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These deposits were formed from vegetation that once grew along the edge of a brackish sea. It took
about 10 feet of vegetation to ultimately form about 1 foot of coal. All of the coal found in eastern
Kansas is bituminous, which is slightly softer and able to produces less energy than anthracite coal
(Sefton). The forest city basin contains substantial coal resources in numerous beds too deep and
thin to be mined by conventional methods. However, these coal beds have the potential to produce
commercial quantities of coalbed methane

Analysis Of The Murray Darling Basin Authority's Basin Plan
Introduction
(background information, purpose of the plan(sustainable basin balance),SDL,wentworth group.
SDL: sustainable division limits
The purpose of this report is to evaluate the Murray Darling Basin Authority's Basin Plan (MDBA
Basin Plan) revised in 2012 and the recommendations made by Wentworth Group as well as the
comments made by regional industry and development groups and state governments. The previous
version of this plan (the one released in 2010) has not met the its targets and has been criticized for
overemphasis on meeting environmental targets made the Wentworth Group of Scientists rather than
considering regional social and economic issues. The revised plan focuses more on socio– economic
impacts, salinity and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The guide to the Basin plan states that the range of water needed to be returned to the river system is
between 3856 GL and 6983 GL. This is to secure the health of river system. The volume of water
defined in the revised plan is only 2750 GL/y, which is not sufficient to meet the requirements. The
revised plan does not collect sufficient data to adjust the recovery of surface water. This is shown in
the statement on the 2011 basin plan done by Wentworth group that they are unsure about the what
the outcomes of this reduction of 2750 GL/y would be since the revised plan does not provide an
information about it. (page12).
The Wentworth group points put that "these groundwater allocations are in aquifer systems that are
considered to be highly connected to surface water."( statement on the 2011 draft Murray darling
basin plan,page13).Large change in the extraction of groundwater is unreasonable and has negative
effects on the surface water resource since groundwater system is linked closely to surface water.
The revised plan does not take the relationship between groundwater and surface water into
consideration and it assumes that they are two separate systems. This results in an inaccurate
increase in SDL of groundwater resource.
The Wentworth group identifies that there is insufficient information provided on estimating the cost
and feasibility of handling river management infrastructure

Mediterranean Basin Polytheism
The Mediterranean Basin experienced many political and cultural changes from the 8th century BC
to the 5th century CE. First, religious views in the Roman Empire that spread throughout the
Mediterranean changed from polytheism to monotheism over time because people were unsatisfied
with the lack of spiritual passion in their current beliefs. Second, political structures and forms of
government changed from independent city states and republics to empires due to expanding
political entities, trade, and colonization. Lastly, architecture and art continued to improve society
by promoting political organization and public welfare.
Religious views in the Roman Empire that spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin changed
from polytheism to monotheism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greece had many city–states with acropolises, agoras, and temples. Greek architects constructed
acropolises on fortified hilltops for citizens to discuss government business. The agora was
strategically designed to be in the center of a city–state as a marketplace for the general public to
shop and gather. Many Greek city–states built temples and monuments to honor their patron deity
and serve as religious structures. The most famous of those temples was the Parthenon in Athens,
which was considered a massive architectural feat at the time. Approximately one century after the
Parthenon was constructed, Alexander the Great began to spread Hellenistic art. Two major statues
of Hellenistic art were the Colossus of Rhodes and Nike of Samothrace. The sculptures honored the
two gods and commemorated war victories. Similar to Greece, Ancient Rome's architects designed
structures benefiting the general public, political religion, and religion. Many government buildings
and the Twelve Tables were located in the Forum, an intricately designed plaza in the center of
Rome. The Pantheon, constructed in 27 BC, honored all the Roman gods and displayed the
brilliance of Roman architects. Other structures to provide entertainment and promote public health
were constructed from Julius Caesar's rule to the end of the Roman Empire, 476 AD. Public baths,
aqueducts, and roads were created to promote a healthier and more efficient lifestyle for the people
of the Roman Empire. The Colosseum was a source of entertainment for many people and
incorporated advanced technology, such as arches and drainage systems. As the Roman Empire
gradually declined, architecture was used for defense purposes. Multiple defensive walls were built
to protect Roman Empire from invaders. One of the first walls built was Hadrian's wall (122 AD)
and the last wall built was the Anastasian Wall (469

Using Named Examples Assess The Potential For Water Supply...
Using named examples, assess the potential for water supply to become a source of conflict. (15)
According to the International Water Management Institute environmental research organisation
global water stress is increasing, and a third of all people face some sort of water scarcity. Where
demand exceeds supply and no effective management operates, there will be conflicts between the
various players involved.
In addition, global climate change will exacerbate these challenges faced by countries and
populations. Shifting precipitation patterns threaten to reduce water availability in some regions
while inflicting stronger storms on others, increasing both potential droughts and floods. This may
increase the frequency of more serious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However in order to secure their supply they must engage in peaceful negotiations as violence
would only jeapordise their share of the supply. Thus the potential for water conflict is there as
tensions continue to increase between upstream and downstream nations, and perhaps overtime as
the downstream nations share of the supply is further squeezed, these tensions are likely to result in
conflict.
Conflict can also occur within a country, for example the states situated within the Colorado river
basin have been constantly squabbling over who owns the water supply and who should be allocated
the most water. In the 1920s the 'Law of the River' established the division of water amongst the
upper basin states, it also defined their responsibility to supply water to the lower basin states. This
division had been based on an estimated annual flow of 21 billion m3/yr in 1920, however this was
a time of above normal flows, recent studies have indicated that long term average flows are around
18 billion m3/yr. The deficit between the flow and the allocation has become more apparent as the
population in the clorado basin states continues to rise. As a result of this deficit tensions are rising
between the states, California receives a large percentage of the water as a result of its large
population and political power even though the river does not directly flow through it. This has
heightened tensions with the states

Describe The American River Basin
Study Area Description
The American River is a prime example of a multiple–use, water–resource system. It is the second
biggest tributary to the Sacramento River, a basic part of the San Francisco Inlet/Sacramento–San
Joaquin Delta framework Its basin covers 2,163 mi2 of the western slope of the central Sierra
Nevada (fig. 1) east of Sacramento, California. This complicated system consists of three major
parts the North and Middle Forks, the South Fork, and the Lower American River downstream from
Folsom Lake (fig. 1). These major forks and Folsom Lake represent a natural and modified system
of streams and impoundments designed to meet the recreational and water–supply needs of many
Californians.
The American River basin is generally mountainous except for the small valley area on the west end
between the Sacramento River and Folsom Lake. Altitudes range from about 5 ft near the
confluence with the Sacramento River to 10,380 ft at Round Top Mountain, which overlooks the
Silver Fork American River in the southeast corner of the basin. Basin characteristics for each sub–
watershed of the river upstream from Folsom Lake are shown in Table 1. The drainage density and
basin order, which are measures of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Summers are typically very warm and dry; winters are cool and wet. The influence of the Pacific
Ocean is felt during the winter as strong flows of marine air move over the area, bringing heavy
precipitation, particularly at intermediate levels in the mountains. Precipitation amounts range from
about 16 inches per year at Sacramento to more than 70 inches per year near Echo Summit in the
upper basin. With the snowline at 5,000 ft above sea level, about 55 percent of the basin is covered
with snow. Approximately 35 to 75 percent of the precipitation occurring above this elevation falls
as snow, creating a much needed supply of water which lasts into the summer (California
Department of Water Resources, 1965, p.

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