2. Auteur Theory
The director is considered the author
of the movie over the writer. You can
tell a certain movie is by them because
of their personal choices in how the
movie was made.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
(n.d.). auteur theory. Available:
https://www.britannica.com/art/auteur-
theory. Last accessed 10th Sep 2021.
3. Reception Theory
Reception theory is the theory that different
people will reflect and have their own ideas on
a piece of media different to what the
producer intended.
anon. (n.d.). reception theory. Available:
https://revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-
revision/media-studies-level-revision/reception-
theory. Last accessed 10th Sep 2021.
4. The Hypodermic Needle Theory
The hypodermic needle theory is the
theory that we are all the same and
there is no individual difference that
make us respond to media differently.
Brett Lamb. (n.d.). THE HYPODERMIC NEEDLE
THEORY. Available: https://lessonbucket.com/media-
in-minutes/the-hypodermic-needle-theory/. Last
accessed 10th Sep 2021.
5. The Male Gaze
How women, and their bodies, are used to
satisfy male fantasy and also how this gaze,
whether it's directed at them or others, makes
women think about themselves
Sarah Vanbuskirk . (22nd April
2021). What Is the Male
Gaze?. Available:
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-
the-male-gaze-5118422. Last accessed
10th Sep 2021
6. How is the hypodermic needle
present in soviet propaganda
resarch
7. Pravda
• Was the official newspaper of the Communist Party Of The Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1918-1991, but was started in 1912
• Russian for ‘truth’
• Made by Bolsheviks on Marx birthday 1912 may 5
• It publicized labour activism and exposed working conditions in Russia
• Was suppressed 8 times by the tsars police and each time they came back with a new name
• The authorities closed it in 1914 and it did not come back until February revolution 1917
• Was made to deliver instructions to the central committee of the CPSU and messages to soviet union cadres, foreign countries and foreign communist
parties
• No western style scandal/ sensational news rather sought to bring unity
• Influx of young working class men into the party in the 20s-they simplified the language, used militant slogans, tales of heroic feats of production and
denunciation class enemies
• Reported popular moods to show the heads of the party by using the mail that workers and peasant, the main activists of the party, sent in
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. ( ). Pravda. Available:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pravda. Last accessed 19th November 2021
n/a. (2000). Pravda. Available: https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-
arts/literature-other-modern-languages/russian-and-eastern-european-
literature/pravda. Last accessed 19th november 2021.
8. USSR in construction
• Photographic propaganda journal
• Published from 1930-1941 and briefly in 1949
• It was published in Russian, French, German, English, and from 1938, Spanish
• its purpose was to “reflect in photography the whole scope and variety of the
construction work now going on the USSR”
• Important foreign relations tool to portray a positive image
• Before the publication large exhibitions like the International Hygienic Exhibition
and Pressa, an international exhibition of the modern press, advertising and
publishing were hold in Germany until 1933 when Hitler rose to power
Catherine Nygren. (1930-1941). USSR in Construction. Available: https://wayback.archive-
it.org/14753/20201026153558/http://library2.usask.ca/USSRConst/about. Last accessed
19th November 2021.
9. Okna ROSTA (window ROSTA)
• Produced between 1919-1921
• Made by soviet artists and poets under the Russian Telagraph Agency (ROSTA)
• The clear satirical readily understood posters had short text that could easily be memorized
• ROSTAs exposed enemies of the early Soviet Union, dealt with pressing issues of the day
• Distinguished by simplicity and clear representation (expressive silhouettes and 2 or 3
colours)
• First poster made in October 1919
• Made by M. M. Cheremnykh. V. V. Maya kovsky, I. A. Maliutin
• D. S. Moor later worked with Cheremnykh Mayakovsky to
produce bright, incisive drawings and captions.
• Renamed okna TASS when it was brought back for ww2
Polonskii, V. Russkii revoliutsionnyi plakat. [Moscow] 1925.
Lebedev, P. I. Sovetskoe iskusstvo v period inostrannoi voennoi interventsii i grazhdanskoi voiny. Mosc
ow-Leningrad, 1949.
Butnik-Siverskii, B. Sovetskii plakat epokhi grazhdanskoi voiny: 1918–1921. Moscow, 1960.
10. This poster depicts Hitler with a little pistol and a
red gun and arm pushing him back. In the
background there is a silhouette of Napoleon and a
pitchfork with 1812 written on it. The text reads
“Napoleon was wiped out, Hitler will be wiped out”.
Referring to the Russian campaign in 1812 when the
Russians tricked the French who were trying to
invade Russia by leading them deeper and deeper
into Russia and burning the land behind them so
the French couldn’t live off the land. The red is the
only colour in the image which shows the Red Army
off as powerful and heroic in contrast to the other
articles in the image. Hitler is shown as a small
tubby man to show that the Nazis are weak and are
nothing compared to the Soviet Union. It is mostly
picture based so that if you were illiterate or don’t
speak russian you can clearly understand what's
happening.
