1 SUR 330 Introduction to Least Squares Adjustment Final Exam (30 pts) 1. Consider the problem of fitting three points to a line. In this particular application--the x coordinate is treated as a constant and the y coordinate is the measurement (in feet). The method of indirect observations ( v + BΔ = f) is used to solve the problem. Let the two parameters be m (slope) and b ( the y intercept) and used in that order in the adjustment. Data: x1 = 1 y1 = 3.2 σ1 = ±0.05 feet x2 = 2 y2 = 4.0 σ2 = ±0.01 feet x3 = 3 y3 = 5.0 σ3 = ±0.03 feet Calculations: 0011.0ˆ 0011.0 1263.2 9421.0 6836.4 7947.9 1511.13733.2 3733.204.5 0001.0 2 2 = =       =∆       ==       == = o t t t o Wvv WfBt WBBN σ σ a) Is this a least squares problem? Support your answer. b) Calculate the standard deviations of the parameters ( m and b). c) Given that the a priori reference variance is (0.0001). Write the W matrix used in the adjustment. d) Write the hypotheses for a one-sided (Upper Bound) Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit. e) Compute the Chi-Square Test Statistic? f) Conduct a one-sided Chi-Square Test (using the hypotheses and Test Statistic computed in (e) and (f) for Goodness of Fit at a 95% Level of Significance and interpret the results? 2 (5 pts.) 2. The Traverse PC Least Squares Network Adjustment will report three different types of stations: fixed, weighted, and free. Explain how you would use these different stations in an adjustment, and the different treatment these points will have in the adjustment? ( 5 pts.) 3. You have postprocessed the data from a static GPS survey resulting in a set of baseline vectors. Explain why it is good practice to conduct an inner constraints adjustment on the vectors before you use them in a network to determine the coordinates of the unknown points in your network? (20 pts.) 4. You are conducting an inner constraints adjustment on your GPS vectors to see if they fit together at a 95% confidence level ( α = 0.05). You determine/compute the following data: r = 12 8.15 32.1ˆ 1 2 2 2 = = = r o o χ σ σ a) Write the hypothesis for a one-sided Chi Square (Upper Bound) Goodness of Fit test. b) Write the rejection criteria and state the conclusions of your test. ( 30 pts ) 5. Two different quantities X1 and X2 were determined with a standard deviation of ±0.05 feet and ±0.04 feet respectively. The measurements are not independent. They have a covariance of -0.20 square feet. A quantity Y is computed using X1 and X2. The relationship between the variables is: 42 21 +−= XXY Compute the standard deviation of Y. ( 10 pts.) 3 6. Given the following variance-covariance matrix on the coordinates of Point P. Assume the statistics are ordered in the variance-covariance matrix as the coordinate triplet (x, y, z).      ...

1. 1
SUR 330 Introduction to Least Squares Adjustment
Final Exam
(30 pts)
1. Consider the problem of fitting three points to a line. In
this particular
application--the x coordinate is treated as a constant and the y
coordinate is the
measurement (in feet). The method of indirect observations ( v
+ BΔ = f) is used to
solve the problem. Let the two parameters be m (slope) and b (
the y intercept) and
used in that order in the adjustment.
Data:
x1 = 1 y1 = 3.2 σ1 = ±0.05 feet
x2 = 2 y2 = 4.0 σ2 = ±0.01 feet
x3 = 3 y3 = 5.0 σ3 = ±0.03 feet
Calculations:
0011.0ˆ
0011.0
1263.2
9421.0
6836.4

2. 7947.9
1511.13733.2
3733.204.5
0001.0
2
2
=
=
=∆
==

3. ==
=
o
t
t
t
o
Wvv
WfBt
WBBN
σ
σ
a) Is this a least squares problem? Support your answer.

4. b) Calculate the standard deviations of the parameters ( m and
b).
c) Given that the a priori reference variance is (0.0001). Write
the W
matrix used in the adjustment.
d) Write the hypotheses for a one-sided (Upper Bound) Chi-
Square Test for
Goodness of Fit.
e) Compute the Chi-Square Test Statistic?
f) Conduct a one-sided Chi-Square Test (using the hypotheses
and Test
Statistic computed in (e) and (f) for Goodness of Fit at a 95%
Level of
Significance and interpret the results?
2
(5 pts.)
2. The Traverse PC Least Squares Network Adjustment will
report three different
types of stations: fixed, weighted, and free. Explain how you
would use these
different stations in an adjustment, and the different treatment
these points will

5. have in the adjustment?
( 5 pts.)
3. You have postprocessed the data from a static GPS survey
resulting in a set of
baseline vectors. Explain why it is good practice to conduct an
inner constraints
adjustment on the vectors before you use them in a network to
determine the
coordinates of the unknown points in your network?
(20 pts.)
4. You are conducting an inner constraints adjustment on your
GPS vectors to see
if they fit together at a 95% confidence level ( α = 0.05). You
determine/compute the
following data:
r = 12
8.15
32.1ˆ
1
2
2
2
=
=

6. =
r
o
o
χ
σ
σ
a) Write the hypothesis for a one-sided Chi Square (Upper
Bound)
Goodness of Fit test.
b) Write the rejection criteria and state the conclusions of your
test.
( 30 pts )
5. Two different quantities X1 and X2 were determined with a
standard deviation of
±0.05 feet and ±0.04 feet respectively. The measurements are
not independent.
They have a covariance of -0.20 square feet. A quantity Y is
computed using X1 and
X2. The relationship between the variables is:

7. 42 21 +−= XXY
Compute the standard deviation of Y.
( 10 pts.)
3
6. Given the following variance-covariance matrix on the
coordinates of Point P.
Assume the statistics are ordered in the variance-covariance
matrix as the
coordinate triplet (x, y, z).

8. −−
−−
−−
11.167.044.0
67.000.133.0
44.033.078.0
a) Extract the standard deviation of Py.
b) Extract the covariance between Py and Pz.
(10 pts)
7. A surveyor computed the length of line AD using the
following field data (all
measurements independent and uncorrelated):
AD = AB+BC+CD. AB = 506.754 083.0±=ABσ meters
BC = 289.361 104.0±=BCσ meters
CD = 911.645 236.0±=CDσ meters
a) Compute the length of the line AD and its standard deviation.
b) Using the standard deviation, write the length of the line to
the correct
number of significant digits.

9. ( 50 pts.)
8. A total station is taken out to an NGS Calibration Baseline
and
twelve distance measurements made between the four
monuments.
The particular baseline upon which the measurements were
taken has
marks at the 0, 150, 405, and 1186 meters. The instrument is
first set
on the 0 mark and three measurements made to the 150, 405,
and 1186
marks; the instrument is moved up to the 150 mark and one
measurement made back to the 0 mark and two measurements
made
ahead to the 405 and 1186 mark; the instrument is moved up to
the 405
mark, two measurements are made back to the 0 and 150 marks
and
one measurement made ahead to the 1186 mark; then the
instrument is
4
set on the 1186 mark and three measurements made back to the
0, 150,
and 405 meter marks.
The variable D
A
denotes the record distance between the marks.

10. The variable D
H
denotes the actual measurement between the marks.
A table containing the record distances and measurements
follows:
The equation expressing the functional relationship between the
record
distances, measurements, and parameters S (Scale) and C
(Constant) is:
V = D
A
-D
H
-SD
A
-C
Calculate the precision of the measurements assuming a Leica
T600
Total Station with a manufacturer’s specification of )33(
ppmmm +± . Use
these standard deviations to construct a weight matrix using an
a priori
reference variance of one (1).
Use the Method of Indirect Observations to solve for the

11. parameters S
and C. Answer the following questions:
a. Calculate n, n
o
, r, u, and c.
b. Write the condition equations and place in the ( v+BΔ=f)
format.
c. Fill matrices B, W, and f.
Use Matlab to complete the solution:
d. Solve for the parameters S and C.
e. Compute the a posteriori reference variance.
f. Compute the variance-covariance matrix on the parameters S
and C.
g. Conduct a two-sided Chi Square Goodness of Fit Test at a
95% level of
significance.
5
Short Answer Questions ( Fill in the blanks ) 3 pts. each.
9. The tangent of 59˚27’40”is 1.69503124539. What are the
correct units on this answer_______________?
10. The output from a least squares adjustment that represents
the
changes to the measurements necessary to fit the model are
_______________.

12. 11. The condition that must exist before a least squares
adjustment
is possible is called _____________________.
12. The Cofactor Matrix containing output statistics on
parameters,
or residuals, or adjusted observations must be scaled by the
_________________________ before the statistics can be used.
13. The integer associated with the number of independent
rows or
columns of a matrix is called the _______ of the matrix.
14. Always remember the rule: ____________ propagate,
standard
deviations do not.
15. The interdependence between two variables is captured
numerically through the ____________________________.
Multiple Choice (4 pts each)
16. The most frequent reason for a least squares adjustment
failing
the Goodness of Fit Test is:
a) the precision placed into the weight matrix is greater than
the actual precision of the measurements.
b) the data does not fit the model.
c) there is an error in the least squares adjustment such as an
incorrect sign on a number in the f matrix.
c) the least squares adjustment is non-linear and needed to be
Iterated.

13. 17. The best definition of the a posteriori reference variance is:
a) It is the initial scalar used to scale the weight matrix.
b) It is the weighted sum of the residuals divided by the
adjustment redundancy.
6
d) It is the weighted sum of the residuals divided by the a
priori reference variance.
e) It a number calculated from the residuals that is used to
determine the redundancy of the least squares adjustment.
18. The Variance matrix is inversed to form a Weight matrix
because:
a) measurement precision is placed into the Variance matrix
as numerators of fractions with the a priori reference
variance in the denominator.
c) the order of the measurement precision as initially placed
in the Variance matrix must be reversed for the
adjustment.
d) it contains the precisions of measurements whose
interdependence is expressed by covariances.
e) small variances must be converted into large weights and
large variances must be converted into small weights.
19. The primary rule that must be followed in using the Method
of
Indirect Observations is that:
a) only one observation and its residual can be used in any

14. one condition equation.
b) the number of condition equations must equal the
redundancy.
c) only observations, associated residuals, and constants can
be used in any one condition equation.
d) only one parameter can be used in each condition equation.
20. The primary rule that must be followed in using the Method
of
Observations Only is that:
a) only one observation and its residual can be used in any
one condition equation.
b) only observations, associated residuals, and constants can
be used in any one condition equation.
c) the number of parameters in the adjustment must equal no
-- the minimum number of measurements necessary for a
unique determination of the model.
f) no parameters or constants can appear in any condition
equation.
21. Which of the following actions will change the values of
your
residuals in a least Squares Adjustment?
a) Change the magnitude of the a priori reference variance.
b) Change the values of the weights in the Weight matrix, but
7
leave their relative relationships unchanged.
g) Scaling the Cofactor matrices by the a posteriori reference

15. variance.
h) Fit the data to different model.
22. The most accurate statement regarding the meaning of the
look-up value for an upper bound Chi Square Test is:
a) the look-up value captures the difference between the
precision of the measurements in the weight matrix and
their actual precision.
b) the look-up value quantifies the acceptable error in the fit
of the data to the model based on the redundancy of the
adjustment.
c) the look-up value quantifies the allowable random error in
an adjustment with a specified redundancy and at a
specified level of statistical significance.
d) the look-up value captures the variability of the adjustment
due to its being based on the weighted sum of the squares
of the residuals divided by the redundancy.
23. The least squares adjustment has been run and you look at
the
output. What is the first step that you should take upon finding
one
large residual in the adjustment?
a) one should throw out the measurement associated with
the large residual as an outlier and redo the adjustment.
b) one should carefully look at the measurement associated
with the large residual to determine if it is a blunder.
c) one should check to see if the model used in the
adjustment is appropriate for the measurement data.
i) one should check the absolute value of the weight in the
weight matrix associated with the outlier to determine if it

16. is representative of the precision of the measurement?
r = 12
OMM618: Human Resources Management (MFG1320A)
Professor: Randy H.
Greetings all!
Please cite every sentence in which you use information from
sources.
1. Use "" for quotes and citations with page or paragraph
location information
2. Use block formatting for quotes of 40 or more words (please
do avoid lengthy quotes)
3. Cite sentences in which you use information from sources
even as you put those ideas into your own words
4. Please use the APA manual or APA.org as a resource for
how to construct citations and references
Please do review, if you have not done so already, the Academic
Research link available at the Student Responsibilities and
Policies link.
In short, please do not use newsprint, popular press, other non-
academic sources to justify views for initial posts, responses to
peers, or papers.
Please locate and use journal articles, published books, and
websites with .edu and .gov trailers. If you have questions
about the quality of a source, if you see citations and
references, you are probably using a good source. If you are
using articles free of such attribution, please do not use.
Please let me know if you have questions or concerns about
quality of sources we should be using for masters-level work.
Please note that at each Discussion 1 and Discussion 2
throughout the course, the initial instructions include discussion
forum grading rubric links. Please consider reviewing these
rubrics as I use these elements to cue my feedback.

17. For each Assignment throughout the course, you will find
grading rubric links. Please review these rubrics as well. I use
these elements to cue my feedback.
Please remember to review my Faculty Expectations and weekly
Instructor Guidance for additional information on what I look
for in discussion and paper assignments.
Please let me know if any of this information is not helpful,
begs clarity.
Thanks!
Greetings all!
I wish for my feedback to work for each of you. While I think
I'm being clear in what I write, some of you may differ in how
you make sense of what I write!... :)
So, please know I use rubrics embedded in the course and
highlight scoring by using bold for related earnings. At the
bottom of each rubric for discussion assignments, I will address
strengths and opportunities. Reviewing those opportunities
should be helpful for increasing performance and scores, as
appropriate. If what I write in feedback is not helping, please
do not hesitate to let me know as I want to ensure the feedback I
produce is useful for you.
For papers, please know I will be using the following APA
formatting criteria for scoring in the APA/writing sections of
rubrics for written assignments:
1. Please integrate textbook (and, if appropriate, video) into
assignment (see the Instructor’s Guidance)
2. Please write in a circle, offer a thesis and purpose with
subsequent elements in the introduction, key elements, and
summarize thesis and purpose
3. Please cite every sentence in which you use information
from sources or know that you are technically plagiarizing
4. Aggressively set and run grammar check, resolve issues

18. prior to submitting paper
5. Use APA style levels of headings to help with transitioning
6. Use APA style title page
7. Use APA style running head, page numbers
8. Use Times New Roman 12 font throughout
9. Double space without special offsets (go to spacing settings
in Word, modify to “0” before and after)
10. Other:
Course Syllabus
Prerequisites
OMM 618 has no prerequisites.
Course Description
This course is a study on managing people in the workplace,
focusing on the important policies and processes associated
with recruiting, hiring, training and evaluating personnel in
order to achieve strategic organizational goals.
Course Design
This course prepares students for immediate action on the job
by providing them with the practical tools and applications, as
well as the theoretical principles, of human resource
management in contemporary organizations. The course is
designed to include functions that are found in human resource
departments. These functions will be presented in a way so that
students will be able to apply them regardless of the size or
structure of their organization.
Course topics include an introduction to human resources, equal
opportunity and diversity, personnel planning and recruitment,
testing and selecting employees, training, development of
employees, performance management, compensation, ethical
issues in human resources, labor relations and safety and health
issues.
The class sessions not only present theoretical content, but

19. provide opportunities to apply the content to the student’s
personal and organizational life. There are a number of case
studies and class discussions. The Research Project focuses on
select topics associated with modern organizational culture and
life.
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able
to:
1. Delineate the scope of human resource management activities
within an organization.
2. Describe the significant role that effective human resource
management has in achieving strategic organizational goals.
3. Explain and demonstrate the basic techniques of good HRM
practice.
4. Describe contexts that influence HRM practice, including
social trends, multi-cultural workplaces, legislative policies,
and labor issues.
5. Design an integrated HR information system to support
strategic decision making in an organization.
6. Use training models and training structures to measure
processes and evaluate performance in the development of a
learning organization.
7. Develop policies for dealing effectively with compliance
areas such as equal employment, employee grievance
procedures, and occupational health and safety.
8. Identify and apply skills that are effective in working with
others, analyzing and designing positions, and evaluating
performance to achieve continual organizational improvement.
Course Map
The course map illustrates the careful design of the course
through which each learning objective is supported by one or
more specific learning activities in order to create integrity and

20. pedagogical depth in the learning experience.
LEARNING OUTCOME
WEEK
ASSIGNMENT
1. Delineate the scope of human resource management activities
within an organization.
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
· Jack Nelson’s Problem
· A Question of Discrimination
· Human Resource Challenges
· Passionate Prospects
· The Tough Screener
· Testing
· Reinventing the Wheel
· Appraisal
· Staffing
· Acme Manufacturing
· Ethics and Organizational Culture

21. · Incentive Plans
· Contract Negotiations
· The New Safety Program
· Stress and Burnout
· Expatriation
· Repatriation
· Research Project
1. Describe the significant role that effective human resource
management has in achieving strategic organizational goals.
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
· Reinventing the Wheel
· Staffing
· Acme Manufacturing
· Ethics and Organizational Culture
· Incentive Plans
· Contract Negotiations
· Stress and Burnout
· Research Project
1. Explain and demonstrate the basic techniques of good HRM
practice.
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4

22. 5
5
6
· Jack Nelson’s Problem
· A Question of Discrimination
· Passionate Prospects
· The Tough Screener
· Staffing
· Reinventing the Wheel
· Acme Manufacturing
· Ethics and Organizational Culture
· Incentive Plans
· Contract Negotiations
· The New Safety Program
· Research Project
1. Describe contexts that influence HRM practice, including
social trends, multi-cultural workplaces, legislative policies,
and labor issues.
1
2
2
2
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
· A Question of Discrimination
· Passionate Prospects
· The Tough Screener
· Testing

23. · Appraisal
· Acme Manufacturing
· Ethics and Organizational Culture
· Incentive Plans
· Contract Negotiations
· The New Safety Program
· Stress and Burnout
· Expatriation
· Repatriation
· Research Project
1. Design an integrated HR information system to support
strategic decision making in an organization.
6
· Research Project
1. Use training models and training structures to measure
processes and evaluate performance in the development of a
learning organization.
3
3
6
6
· Staffing
· Reinventing the Wheel
· Repatriation
· Research Project
1. Develop policies for dealing effectively with compliance
areas such as equal employment, employee grievance
procedures, and occupational health and safety.
4
5
5
· Acme Manufacturing
· The New Safety Program
· Stress and Burnout
1. Identify and apply skills that are effective in working with

24. others, analyzing and designing positions, and evaluating
performance to achieve continual organizational improvement.
3
3
3
4
5
6
· Staffing
· Reinventing the Wheel
· Appraisal
· Incentive Plans
· Stress and Burnout
· Research Project
Institutional Outcomes
Graduates of Ashford University:
1. Demonstrate the ability to read and think critically and
creatively.
2. Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively in speech
and writing.
3. Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively through
the use of technology.
4. Demonstrate self-worth and respect the diversity in others.
5. Understand the interdependence of life in all its forms.
6. Demonstrate competence in their major fields of study.
7. Share talents and resources in service to others.
8. Are able to draw information from different fields of study to
make informed decisions.
9. Recognize learning as a life-long endeavor.
Mission Statement
The mission of Ashford University is to provide accessible,

25. affordable, innovative, high-quality learning opportunities and
degree programs that meet the diverse needs of individuals
pursuing integrity in their lives, professions, and communities.
Required Text
Dessler, G. (2011). A Framework for Human Resource
Management (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Hall. ISBN: 9780132556378.
Required Journal Articles
Palmer, T., & Varner, I. (2005). Role of cultural self-knowledge
in successful expatriation. Singapore Management Review,
27(1), 1-25. Retreived from the ProQuest database.
Hyder, A., & Lövblad, M. (2007). The repatriation process - a
realistic approach. Career Development International, 12(3),
264-278. Retreived from the ProQuest database.
Week One Learning Outcomes
This week students will:
1. Examine the scope of strategic human resources management.
2. Propose recommendations for continual organizational
improvement.
3. Evaluate the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
enforcement process, basic defenses against discrimination
allegations, and basic equal opportunity laws.
Overview
Assignment
Due Date
Format
Grading Percent
Post your Introduction

26. Day 1
Discussion Forum
1
Jack Nelson's Problem
Day 3
(1st post)
Discussion Forum
3
A Question of Discrimination
Day 3
(1st post)
Discussion Forum
3
Human Resource Challenges
Day 7
Written Assignment
7
Note: The online classroom is designed to time students out
after 90 minutes of inactivity. Because of this, we strongly
suggest that you compose your work in a word processing
program and copy and paste it into the discussion post when you
are ready to submit it.
Readings
Read the following chapters in: A Framework for Human
Resource Management:
1. Chapter 1: Managing Human Resources Today
2. Chapter 2: Managing Equal Opportunity and Diversity
Post Your Introduction

27. To post your introduction, go to this week's Post Your
Introduction link in the left navigation.
Please post a brief bio on the first day of class. Respond to at
least three of your classmates' bios. Use this forum to get
acquainted and for ongoing non-content related discussions.
Discussions
To participate in the following Discussion Forums, go to this
week's Discussion link in the left navigation:
1. Jack Nelson's Problem
Answer the questions to the case, "Jack Nelson's Problem," at
the end of Chapter 1. Include at least one outside source
supporting your answers. Explain your answers in 200 words.
Respond to at least two of your fellow students' postings.
2. A Question of Discrimination
Answer the questions to the case, "LearnInMotion.com: A
Question of Discrimination," at the end of Chapter 2. Include at
least one outside source supporting your answers. Explain your
answers in 200 words. Respond to at least two of your fellow
students' postings.
Assignments
To complete this assignment, go to this week's Assignment link
in the left navigation:
Human Resource Challenges
Find at least two articles through ProQuest which discuss at
least two of the biggest challenges facing human resource
departments today. Summarize your findings in a 3-5 page
paper. Be sure to properly cite your resources using APA style.
Week One Guidance
Greetings and welcome to Human Resources
Management! I look forward to our time together as we explore
related theories, models, and applications. Please let me know
if my thoughts or suggestions beg clarity as we proceed through
the course. Please review the Week One Assignments section

28. below for important elements to integrate into discussion and
paper assignments.
Intellectual Elaboration
Bolman and Deal (1997) offered basic human resource
(HR) strategies as:
1. Develop a long-term HR philosophy – build the philosophy
into the corporate structure and incentives; develop measures of
HR
2. Invest in people – hire the right people and reward the
well; provide job security; promote from within; train and
educate; share the wealth
3. Empower employees and redesign their work – provide
autonomy and participation; focus on job enrichment;
emphasize teamwork; ensure egalitarianism and upward
influence (p. 123) [adapted, abridged]
This HR philosophy or framework arrives with a host of
assumptions, such as (a) promoting an organizational family,
(b) focusing on needs, skills, and relationships, (c) projecting
leadership as empowerment, and (d) challenging leaders [and
managers] to align organizational and human needs (Bolman &
Deal, 1997).
Personal Experience and Application
Hiring people is like forming a marriage that could be
good – or not good. When I served in an administrative role for
a school district, I routinely suggested for the school board who
we should hire, promote, and terminate. As I sought team
players as my first priority in hiring, I used committees, as
possible, to develop a collective sense of whom we should hire
in hopes of helping the acculturation process for new
employees. This approach captured tapped into Bolman and
Deal’s (1997) HR strategies of investing in people, and
empowering employees and redesigning work, as I sought
collaborative decision making for hiring decisions. I found
offering clarity on respective roles, types of questions we
should and should not use, and protocols on processing the
results from our interview questions toward consensus to be

29. helpful in managing time and expectations for hiring decision-
making. Overall, I found success with this approach.
Week One Assignments Section
For question one, please read and cite portions of
chapter one from A Framework for Human Resource
Management (Dessler, 2011) and the intellectual elaboration
from this instructor’s guidance. For question two, please read
and cite portions of chapter two of Dessler’s (2011) textbook,
and watch and cite portions from the video, “How to Handle
Harassment and Discrimination Complaints” (n. d.) (available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMDnCqT-KU0). Please use
at least two academic sources from ProQuest and readings from
the textbook for the paper assignment. In addition to the two
discussion forums and paper assignment, please offer a brief
biography to help with introductions, including academic and
professional experience, and at least two expectations from this
course. Thank you for your consideration.