1. Cellular Growth
Chapter 9

2. Do Now
 1. How big is a cell?
 2. What happens if a cell gets too big?

3. DO NOW
Create a model of what happens
when you get a cut.
 Use picture, words, symbols, etc.
 Be ready to present.

4. Objectives
 1. SWBAT review what happens when you
get a cut.
 2. SWBAT calculate surface area to
volume ratio and relate it to the cell.
 3. SWBAT draw and label the cell cycle.
 4. SWBAT create 4 sample cells and
calculate out their surface area to volume
ratio and answer questions on it

5. 9.1 Cellular Growth
 Ratio
Area
Volume
of Surface Area to Volume

6. Equations
 Surface Area:
 (2 x L x W) + (2 x L x H) + (2 x H x W)
 Area:
L x W x H

7. Cell Size Limitations
 Key factor that limits cell growth is ratio of
surface area to volume
 As
the cell grows, its volume increases
much more rapidly than the surface area.
 Cell
can have difficulty supplying nutrients
and expelling waste products.

8. Transport of Substances
 Plasma
Membrane: Substances move by
diffusion or by motor proteins.
 Diffusion over large distances is slow and
inefficient.
 Small cells maintain more efficient
transport systems.

9. Think – Pair - Share
 If you had three cells:



3X2X2
6x1X1
3X6X1
 Which cell has the largest surface area to
volume ratio?
 What benefit does this cell have?

10. Cellular Communications
 The
need for signaling proteins to move
throughout the cell also limits cell size.
 Cell
size affects the ability of the cell to
communicate instructions for cellular
functions.

11. DO NOW
 Surface area : Volume :: _________ : _______
(Cell Parts)
Which cell has a bigger surface area to volume
ratio?
2x3x2
OR
4x1x1
What benefit does this cell have?

12. The Cell Cycle
 Cell
division prevents the cell from
becoming too large.
 It also is the way the cell reproduces so
that you grow and heal certain injuries.
 Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and
dividing called the cell cycle

13. Cell Cycle
 Varies between 8 minutes and one year
 Average 12-24 hours

14. Cell Cycle
1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)
2. Mitosis & Cytokinesis – Cell division

15. Do Now
 1. Which stage of the cell cycle takes the
longest time?
 2. Which stage of mitosis takes the
longest time?
 3. Which stage of mitosis takes the least
amount of time?

16. Interphase
 A.


First growth phase
The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell
functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.
 B.



S Phase:
DNA is copied (DNA Replication)
 C.

G1 Phase:
G2 Phase:
Second Growth Phase
Proteins needed for cell division are produced
The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.
nucleus

17. Do Now
 List three
reasons why a cell divides.

18. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
 Mitosis: Nuclear Division
 Cytokinesis: Cell Division

19. 9.2 Mitotic Phase
(Cell Division)
 A. Prophase
 B. Metaphase
 C. Anaphase
 D. Telophase

20. 

Label and
order the cells
from 1 – 5
What are the
differences
between plant
and animal
cells during
division?

21. http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

23. Chromosomes

24. Objectives
 1. SWBAT draw and label the stages of
mitosis.
 2. SWBAT draw and label a chromosome.
 3. SWBAT practice labeling diagrams of
mitosis in partners.

25. Chromosomes

Chromosome

Chromatid

loosely coiled DNA
Centromere


Half a replicated Chromosome
Chromatin

Tightly coiled DNA
Center of a chromosomewhere the sister chromatids attach
Centriole

Organize the microtubules
Attach to the spindle fibers

26. Do Now – Label the Cell Cycle

27. Prophase
 The cell’s chromatin tightens
 Sister chromatids
are attached
at the centromere.
 Spindle fibers form in the
cytoplasm.
 The nuclear envelope seems to
disappear.
 Spindle fibers attach to the
sister chromatids.

28. Metaphase
 Sister chromatids are pulled along the
spindle apparatus toward the center of the
cell.
 They line up in the middle of the cell.

29. Anaphase
 The microtubules of the spindle apparatus
begin to shorten.
 The sister chromatids separate.
 The chromosomes move toward the poles
of the cell.

30. Telophase
 The chromosomes arrive at the poles and
begin to relax.
 Two new nuclear membranes begin to
form and the nucleoli reappear.
 The spindle apparatus disassembles.

31. Cytokinesis
 In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or
pinch, the cytoplasm.
 In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell
plate, forms.

32. Let’s review mitosis…
 http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437

33. Think-pair-share
 Try to label the parts of cell division.

36. Do Now – Label the Cell Cycle

37. Objectives
 1. SWBAT identify cells in prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and
cytokinesis
 2. SWBAT calculate the percent of time
each cell spends in each phase.

38. Do Now
 Label the parts of the cell.
 What phases of mitosis?

39. Objectives
 1. 1. SWBAT brainstorm
why cells have
check points.
 2. SWBAT create a list of their
preconceptions about cancer.
 3. SWBAT discuss treatments, causes,
and cancer.
 4. SWBAT compare and contrast the
types of stem cells and apply how they
can be useful in science.

40. 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
 Normal Cell Cycle:


Different cyclin / CDK (cyclin dependent
kinases) combinations signal other activities
These including
• DNA replication
• Protein synthesis
• Nuclear division

41. Quality Control Checkpoints
 The cell cycle has built-in
checkpoints
 These monitor the cycle and can stop it if
something goes wrong.
 Spindle checkpoints also have been
identified in mitosis.

Ex. If not spindle fibers – will stop before
cytokinesis

42. What can happen if there was a
mutation in the cell cycle?

43. Write down 5 things you know
about cancer.
 http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/cancer/01

44. Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
 Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and
division of cells.
 Cancer cells can kill an organism by
crowding out normal cells, resulting in the
loss of tissue function.

46. Causes of Cancer
 Changes that alter growth and division of
cells are due to mutations.
 Changes in DNA lead to changes in
____________.
 Carcinogen is a substance or agent that
is known to cause cancer

47. Types of Carcinogens




Tobacco
Radiation (UV and X Rays)
Asbestos
FDA regulates what you eat and drink is safe
and makes sure there are warning on
carcinogen products

48. Do Now
Explain the purpose of spindle checkpoints in the cell.

49. Objectives
 1. SWBAT define apoptosis and stem
cells.
 2. SWBAT identify cells in prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and
cytokinesis
 3. SWBAT calculate the percent of time
each cell spends in each phase.

50. Cancer Genetics
 Multiple changes in DNA are needed to
cause cancer
 Cancer increase with age
 Certain cancers are inherited in certain
families (chances to have it)

51. Apoptosis
 Programmed cell death
 Cells going through apoptosis actually
shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.




Ex. Leave in Fall
Ex. Webbed Fingers/Toes
DNA Damaged Cells
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjjHKDn12qI

52. Stem Cells
 Unspecialized cells that can develop into
specialized cells when under the right
conditions

53. Stem Cells (Cont.)
Embryonic Stem Cells
After fertilization, the
resulting mass of cells
divides repeatedly until
there are about 100–150
cells.
Adult Stem Cells
Found in various tissues
in the body and might be
used to maintain and repair
the same kind of tissue
Less controversial
These cells have not
become specialized.
because the adult stem
cells can be obtained with
the consent of their donor
http://www.stemcellresearchfacts.com/definition.html

54. Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27skh7prkN

55. Think – Pair - Share
 Why do we care about stem cells?
 How are they used in the field of scientific
research?
 As tax payers in NJ, do we allocate our tax
money for this research?? (What do you
think?)

59. Quiz is on…

Cell Cycle









Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis (PMAT)
Cytokinesis
Phases of Mitosis
Cell Regulation (CDK, Checkpoints, and cyclins)
Cancer
Stem Cells
Apoptosis
Cell Volume VS. Surface Area Ratio

60. As a review….
 Draw out the stages of mitosis using
colored pencils of a cell with 6
chromosomes.