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Indigenous Resistances to Extractive Industry as Disruptive Public Participation: The Elsipogtog First Nation and Standing Rock Sioux

  1. INDIGENOUS RESISTANCES AS DISRUPTIVE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: THE ELSIPOGTOG FIRST NATION AND STANDING ROCK SIOUX Molly Simis-Wilkinson, Jill Hopke (@jillhopke) and Patty Loew (@paloew)
  2. • Internet-mediated activism by individuals, or groups of people, who see themselves as outsiders to decision-making processes • Use of digital and social media applications to amplify and document dissent • Traditional modes of public participation are exhausted or perceived to be ineffective Disruptive Public Participation
  3. Twitter conversation case studies ¨ 2013: Elsipogtog First Nation opposition to shale gas exploration in New Brunswick, Canada ¨ 2016/17: Standing Rock Sioux Tribe opposition to the Dakota Access Pipeline in North Dakota, United States
  4. Map credit: By Mikmaq - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=966044 Elsipogtog First Nation
  5. Mi’kmaq Encounters & Colonization ¨ 1534 King Francis I claims “Acadie” for France; Mi’kmaq never consulted ¨ By 1780s, 6,000 Acadians living on Mi’kmaq lands ¨ Colonization Effects ¤ British sign peace & friendship treaties with Mi’kmaq ¤ French lose war; cede Acadia (New Brunswick) to British. ¤ Loyalists flood area after American Revolutionary War. ¤ Mi’kmaq experience massive land loss 2013 New Brunswick signs fracking contract with Texas energy company; no consultation with Mi’kmaq
  6. Great Sioux Nation
  7. Great Sioux Nation ¨ Standing Rock is one of 5 Lakota Reservations in the West ¨ Encountered French, then Americans ¨ 19th Century Colonization ¤ First Fort Laramie Treaty—safe passage for settlers & miners heading west (immediately broken) ¤ Second Fort Laramie Treaty- acknowledged Sioux claims to Black Hills, safe passage for settlers (immediately broken after gold is discovered in Black Hills) ¤ Battle of Little Big Horn, Wounded Knee Massacre; land loss, poverty, despair
  8. Standing Rock and the Dakota Access Pipeline Map credit: By Carl Sack, A #NoDAPL Map. Available at: https://northlandia.wordpress.com/2016/11/01/a-nodapl-map/
  9. Standing Rock and DAPL Twitter Standing Rock: 13,596,975 posts Dakota Access Pipeline: 1,571,896 posts Data collected with Crimson Hexagon
  10. Elsipogtog Twitter Elsipogtog: 185,329 posts Data collected with Crimson Hexagon
  11. Twitter Conversation Topics A series of chi-square tests for independence were conducted, all were significant.
  12. Standing Rock vs. DAPL – Nov. 20-21, 2016 Standing Rock Dakota Access Pipeline “Use of force” posts make up 58%, followed by “water protection” (31%). Top 10 retweeted include more individuals and two from @IENearth. “Native/treaty rights” posts make up 57%, followed by “calls for government intervention” (24%). Seven of the top 10 most retweeted are mainstream news.
  13. “Use of force” images can spark viral topics
  14. $3 million…GoFundMe $2.8 million…Legal Defense Fund $ millions more…online supply wish lists (ie., Amazon.com) How much did DAPL resonate? 10,000 supporters visited DAPL camps 400 Tribal Flags posted at Sacred Stone DAPL camp 561,000+ signed online petition
  15. Disruptive Social Media as Participation ¨ A way for marginalized groups to draw attention to their concerns ¨ Social media attention, similar to media and public attention, is episodic and event-driven ¨ Images depicting violence can spark “viral topics” and heighten public attention ¨ Political opportunities still critical to achieving movement goals
  16. THANK YOU! QUESTIONS? Jill Hopke (jhopke@depaul.edu), Patty Loew (paloew@wisc.edu)
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