Hurricane Risk

Hurricane Risk
Those who faced the greatest risk were the poor, young, elderly, and those who live in rural areas.
Those who live in remote areas were some of the last to receive assistance following the hurricane
and will be the last to regain access to clean water and electricity. The elderly especially those who
are on government funded pensions such as welfare and social security have no resources to gain
food or water. Psychologist Domingo Marqués, 39, an associate professor at Albizu University in
San Juan stated to National Geographic. "You see people anxious, depressed, scared." Marqués
estimates that 30 to 50 percent of the population is experiencing post–traumatic stress disorder,
depression, or anxiety. 26 Children and young people are particularly ... Show more content on
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As far as education. Hurricanes Irma and Maria disrupted the lives of some 350,000 public school
students. It took nearly five weeks before the first public schools began to reopen after the storm,
though most were operating without power.The majority of Puerto Rico's public schools are now
open, though some only part–time. There is at least one school in every city on the island that still
doesn't have power. Some schools have been converted into community centers and shelters, forcing
students to relocate and find alternate routes to resume their studies. 31 With power out on the island
it has made a great economic impact. The cost of repairing power grids and restoring power
throughout the island. Being hit by Hurricane Maria dug Puerto Rico into a hole much deeper than
they were already in. Conditions on the island are devastating resources are limited, as if there were
not jobs before the workforce has gone down even more and the economy is more fragile than
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English As A Foreign Language
English is addressed globally as the language of science, technology, business, and mediation. It is a
primary language of mass entertainment and news reporting and the default language of the internet
(Crystal 2004). The most popular characterization of the different roles of English around the world
is the (ENL) English as a Native Language, the ESL English as a Second Language and (EFL),
English as a Foreign Language, as described in 1998, MacArthur. The ENL approach is how most
people in the United States are taught once they begin formal schooling.
Materials and teaching strategies are based on the linguistic structures, literary genres, and cultural
references normally acquired by monolingual speakers of English. ESL and EFL are categories that
apply to non–native learners. Generally, in ESL students, only English is utilized in the classroom.
Teachers are usually native or near–native speakers of English and are rarely proficient in any of the
languages of their students. Typically, the vocabulary and linguistic routines of daily life are taught
with the goal of accelerating the cultural adjustment to the new setting.
At the college level, foreign students are prepared to compete in English–speaking academic
environments. In the U.S. for example, ESL classes increase in the elementary and secondary
schools, universities, and some job sites. An EFL approach is utilized primarily in places where
students do not usually have an opportunity to employ English daily.

Essay about Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico What's a common location that comes up in discussion when someone thinks of a
destination to get away from all the hustle and bustle of the Main land of the United States?
Normally Puerto Rico isn't too far away from conversation. Puerto Rico is a beautiful place with the
perfect climate and many historical sites to take that getaway that you have always wanted. Today
we will discuss major issues in/of Puerto Rico, the significance of this research and data sources,
and lastly I will describe the data collected and research found during my inquiry on the region
known as Puerto Rico Officially known as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico is an
unincorporated territory of the United States of America situated in the ... Show more content on
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It is instead the leader's fault. Different from the United States Puerto Rico does not have state
powers, simply because it is not a state. These powers include lack of voting representation in either
House of Congress, the only delegate to the congress is the Resident Commissioner who is elected
to represent the people, but does not have a vote for the final passage of congressional legislation.
Another major, and widely covered issue with the territory of Puerto Rico is the drug and crime
violence sweeping the region. According to the Puerto Rico Police Department, 63% of the 744
murders on the island during 2001 were related to drug distribution activities. Also 70–80% of
homicides involving firearms are attributed to disagreements over drugs and turf. Common and easy
to obtain drugs include; cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Also keep in mind that drugs such as heroin
and cocaine are not cheap at all, so how do you expect addicts to afford to use them, that is right
crime. Puerto Rico is situated in the middle of three trans– Caribbean smuggling routes. While
Dominican traffickers control the shipment of cocaine and marijuana from Puerto Rico to the United
States Caribbean nations also serve as offshore banking centers used for money laundering and
income tax evasion. Also its constant flights to and from The

Puerto Rico Pros And Cons
Although Sen. Bernie Sanders is overwhelmingly busy with his campaign for the Democratic
nomination, it looks like he still has some time to care about the mess Puerto Rico is in. He had
previously commented on the success that the PROMESA bill can bring and showed that he has his
own ideas for Puerto Rico, as well. He came up with his own plan for Puerto Rico's future, and is
expected to be introducing his PUERTO RICO HUMANITARIAN RELIEF ACT shortly.
A final version of the bill has been officially published in Sen. Sanders's web page. The bill talks
about various issues including statehood, economy, infrastructure, and health care. It includes a total
of 7 sections.
The first section states that the Federal Reserve will be given permission ... Show more content on
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The corporation would be led by a group of 7 members. Four of the members would be chosen by
the legislature in Puerto Rico; two of the members would be appointed by the Governor of Puerto
Rico; and one would be appointed by the President of the United States. The Exchange Stabilization
Fund at the US Treasury Department would be providing the financial needs for this public
corporation.
The third section dictates the inclusion of all US territories under the Chapter 9 Bankruptcy title,
which would assist Puerto Rico in the restructuring of debts.
The fourth section provides a lot benefits in health care. To begin with, the bill makes guarantees
that Puerto Rico will receive equal payments as the other 50 states. With this bill, all seniors and
people with disabilities will automatically be enrolled in the Medicare Part B. Next, Puerto Rico will
be added to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Additionally, a new research university
will be built.
Puerto Rico will be given access to $10.8 billion over the next 5 years, to rebuild and fix the island's
infrastructure. Many items are included in the list of things that will be rebuilt, such as roads,
bridges, harbors, and wastewater

Silencing Race : Disentangling Blackness, Colonialism, And...
In Ileana M. Rodríguez–Silva's book Silencing Race: Disentangling Blackness, Colonialism, and
National Identities in Puerto Rico, she reconstructs defining historical moments between the 1870s
and 1910s when over–racialized boundaries became politically expedient in the building of a
cohesive Puerto Rican national identity. Ileana M. Rodríguez–Silva is an associate professor of
Latin American and Caribbean history at the University of Washington, Department of History. She
earned her B.A. at the Universidad de Puerto Rico–Rio Piedras and her M.A. and Ph.D. at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison. She has also won an award for writing Silencing Race:
Disentangling Blackness, Colonialism, and National Identities in Puerto Rico.
In their quest for greater political participation within shifting imperial fields, Puerto Ricans
struggled to shape and contain conversations about race. In doing so, they crafted, negotiated, and
imposed on others multiple forms of silences while trying to reproduce the idea of a unified, racially
mixed, harmonious nation. In this book Rodríguez primary goal is to reveal how silence and
alternate means were used, consciously and unconsciously, to avoid explicit discourse regarding
race. Through rigorous research of census records, civil and criminal records, newspaper articles she
demonstrates how the narrative of racial fusion and the strategic erasure of indigenous and African
narratives have veiled the history of racial struggle in Puerto Rico

The Identity of a Puerto Rican Essay
The Identity of a Puerto Rican
Sidney W. Mintz describes the Caribbean as "a scattering of some fifty inhabited units spanning
nearly 2, 500 miles of sea between Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and the north coast of South
America, constitute the oldest colonial sphere of Western European overseas expansion... these
territories were dominated and navigated and explored, their aborigines had been thrust into the
consciousness of European monarchs, philosophers, and scientists" (17). The islands in the
Caribbean might have some common historical patterns of conquest, slavery and the development of
multi–cultural societies but each island has its own history, culture and identity. As part of the
Caribbean, Puerto Rico can identify with some of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first storey deals with the issue of the "first" Puerto Ricans, the mestizo culture of a
predominantly Afro Antillean type. The second storey is from the 18th to the 19th century and the
second wave of immigration, the third storey deals with the invasion of the United States in 1898
and finally, the fourth storey deals with an advancement American capitalism, industrialization and
migration. The United States plays an important role in the issue of Puerto Rican national identity.
Nancy Morris in her book Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics and Identity, writes, "The collective identity
of Puerto Ricans has been influenced by the island's relationship with the United States, but Puerto
Ricans have retained an identity that is distinct and separate from their sovereign power" (1).
The Taino Indians, The African and The Spanish
The Puerto Rican culture has three historical roots; the Taino Indian, the African and the Spanish.
The Africans became the most important for economic and social reasons. As part of the Spanish
conquest most of all the Taino Indians were exterminated. Both the Tainos and Africans were
trapped in the most oppressed stratum of the social pyramid, this allowed for cultural exchange
between the two group. Due to the lack of Spanish woman, the Spanish men also became involved
with both the Tainos and Africans. Gonzalez claims that, "when the descendants of the first African
slaves had already become black Puerto

Spanish Colonialism on the History of Puerto Rican People...
Spanish Colonialism on the History of Puerto Rican People
"Puerto Rico". The name immediately brings to mind images of a beautiful lush tropical island of
enchantment. The name "Puerto Rico" usually does not conjure the image of Taino Indians or
African slaves, yet these populations have great importance in laying the foundation for the notion
of identity of Puerto Ricans. In contemporary debates of Puerto Rican identity, it is essential to
examine the history of the island to determine the effects of Spanish colonialism on Puerto Rican
identity. As he demonstrates in his article "Puerto Rico: the Four–Storeyed Country", Jose L.
Gonzalez discusses the notion of identity as a series of storeys, one built upon another in order
further ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
17). The island's discovery did not lead to a quick occupation, though. Juan Ponce de Leon, in
search of gold, made the first effort to settle on the island in 1508. In the next twenty years, the
Taino population became decimated while forced to labor in prospecting gold, a phase that ended in
this time, succumbing to disease and a breakdown in their social network.
An important implication of this initial occupation of the island by Spaniards is the imposition of the
Spanish language. Because the Taino population could be counted in small amounts and Spanish had
established their presence on the island by instilling their language as the only accepted language, in
the name of Spain, a first storey was constructed in the notion of identity of the Puerto Rican. The
Tainos had been moved out and taken over, the Spanish had moved in and started to let their culture
infiltrate into that of the Taino, and now things were changing.
Because the gold rush on the island lost its surge, the Spanish turned its attention to the agricultural
success they could have with the island. However, as a result of their occupation, they lacked the
labor force to effectively move an agricultural economy. In order to replenish the population and
create a strong labor force, the Spanish took part in what others around Puerto Rico had begun to do,
import cheap labor, namely African slaves. As the profit grew from cash crops– sugar emerging as
the most

Similarities Between Cuba And Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico literature expresses the negative beliefs as well as perseverance of Puerto Ricans
especially those who live in the U.S. The Song of Borinquen talks about a call to the people of
Puerto Rico to take arms against the Spanish colonial regime. It has been a powerful symbol in
Puerto Rico's long struggle for independence (). The poem Cuba and Puerto Rico talks about the
belief that Cuba and Puerto Rico were a part of a common struggle for freedom. The poems Song of
Borinquen and Cuba and Puerto Rico both speak of Puerto Rico as a place of hardship and war. The
poem My Graduation Speech stresses the impact of Latino culture on mainstream U.S culture and
portrays an Eurocentric society being transformed by multiculturalism. All of the writings give a
romanticized view of Puerto Rico as well. The scholars William Burgos, Marc Zimerman, Victor
Figueroa all wrote on these topics.These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It suggests ethnic pride and cultural affirmation, not the hiding of black and brown blood that is
implicit in the "Hispanic" label. Thus the term expresses paradox, complexity, and defiance. It has
come to stand for affirmation of a struggle against racism, sexism, and classism.
Zimmerman touches on a few points within this quote. He discusses the positive and negative
connotation that comes with even just the word Latino and Hispanic. Then he claims that the words
suggest "a broad and aged otherness" to White American norms, meaning that a person who
identifies with Latino and Hispanic cultures will automatically be othered in Anglo American
culture which often leads to racism and things like that. This is important because it shows that
power at play

University Of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus
Since my high school years, I have appreciated the importance of expanding my knowledge. That
was when I decided to enroll in the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus. I come from a
family that has been through many life challenges, such as the passing away of my father, economic
issues, and other dilemmas. The death of my father opened my eyes about life. It taught me that life
goes by fast, and I cannot waste it. It showed me that I have to make my time here valued, specially,
for myself. This is the reason why education remains important to me, and it is the foundation of the
person I am today. Currently, Puerto Rico is facing a financial debt crisis that puts the future of
many students at stake, including myself. Despite that, I have received the best education possible
and have made my way thanks to the sacrifices of my mother to ensure the wellbeing of my siblings
and me. My parents always told me that if I want something, I have to work hard in order to achieve
it. My biggest fear is striving for my goals, and, despite that, not being able to reach them. I will not
always win, but I will keep trying. I see that this is what life is about, and I realize that sometimes
these things happen.
As a person who has never been out of the country, the impulse for studying, exploring, and living
abroad is enormous. Studying abroad will change my perspective about the world. From my own
experience, I want to show people the personal and professional growth that one can

Puerto Rico Under American Rule Essay
Puerto Rico Under American Rule
The United States gained control of the island of Puerto Rico as a result of the Spanish American
war in 1898, claiming its intention to "free" the island from Spanish colonialism. When the United
States took possession of the island, Puerto Rico became merely that, a controlled possession given
little or insignificant power in many facets of Puerto Rican life. In a matter of a few months, Puerto
Rico moved from being a Spanish possession to an American one, and this changing of hands had
many implications on the status of Puerto Rico, politically economically, and socially.
Moved by desires for freedom, social change, and political change, lack of leadership, and plainly,
fear, the Puerto Ricans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initially, the United States wanted and cherished Puerto Rico as a war prize, a way to protect its
interests and reinforce the idea among other empires, political leaders, and governments that it was a
supreme power by taking over the last Caribbean and Pacific colonies that Spain had. But that was
all they had in mind for the island; never was Puerto Rico meant to be a state, not even a territory
but just a possession with which the U.S. Government could do whatever it wanted to.
Yet, it wasn't that easy. In an effort to, again, protect its interest and to keep the peace, Congress
passed the Foraker Law in 1900, which established a civil government and free commerce between
the island and the United States. And in the next seventeen years, when Puerto Ricans were granted
American citizenship, by the Jones Act, the implications of this act, especially that of free trade,
meant that Puerto Ricans were being treated like Americans, and in turn, "Americanization", "the
process by which people of alien culture acquire American ways, standards of living and national

Puerto Rico and the United States Essay
Puerto Rico and the United States
Since Puerto Rico was first discovered by Christopher Columbus on November 19, 1493, and
Spanish colonization ensued in 1508, Puerto Rico has experienced all of these pressures of identity
and culture.
When Columbus first arrived he found the island populated by thousands of Taino Indians who
made the mistake of showing Columbus gold nuggets in the river. This was all Spain needed to
finance its crown. Differences between the Spaniards and the Taints began around two years later
when Diego Salcedo was killed by the Indians. The Taino Indians revolt against the Spaniards was
met with no success and many left the island or fled into the mountains where they began new lives.
Though living in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A small item appeared in the morning papers, but nobody paid much attention, and the event was
soon forgotten. [S]oon after that, Buenaventura moved to the caretaker's house and nobody seemed
to mind. He cleared the spring of undergrowth and put it back in use." (Ferre, p. 11)
Examples of the obscurity over time or erasures over time that Gonzalez mentioned are for instance
in 1498 when you built the foundation or first floor, at that point in time you did not want the
Spanish language as your official language you wanted to keep your Taino Indian language, you did
not want the language that was being forced upon you by the oppressors. This obviously did not
happen because today, in 1998, you want to keep your native Spanish language and do not want to
adopt the English language.
Race has also conveniently been erased from Puerto Rican history. Black is the core of the Puerto
Rican population according to Gonzalez. ("What I am claiming is that it was the blacks, the people
bound most closely to the territory which they inhabited (they were after all slaves), who had the
greatest difficulty in imagining any other place to live". (Gonzalez, p. 10) When Puerto Ricans first
read his article they were appalled at this notion. The fundamental axiom is that Puerto Rico was a
nation

Puerto Rico And Its Effects Essay
Puerto Rico is spanish for rich port. It's history, landscapes, food, and climate make it a world class
destination for tourist. Puerto Rico is a caribbean island with landscapes of mountains, waterfalls
and the El Yunque tropical rainforest. It is one of the most densely populated islands in the world.
Puerto Rico is 3,515 square miles which is three time the size of Rhode Island. The population of
the island is 3,474,182 making it one of the most densely populated islands in the world. With a
tropical climate Puerto Rico's temperature stays the same year round at 80 degrees with a rainy
season which stretches from April into November. Trade winds pass through the island year round
which is reused for energy. The country 's natural resources are copper and nickel. Oil and natural
gas is found on the coast of puerto Rico.
In the past, puerto Rico was a major sugar producer. Today, the leading exports include electronics,
apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, and medical equipment. Imports include
chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food, fish, and petroleum products. In 1493,
Christopher Columbus arrived at Puerto Rico. He originally called the island San Juan, but because
of the gold in the rivers but it was soon known as Puerto Rico, or "Rich Port" and the capital city
took the name San Juan. Over the years there were many unsuccessful attempts made by the French,
Dutch, and English to conquer the island. To protect themselves, the Spanish

The Racial Struggles of Puerto Ricans Essay
The Racial Struggles of Puerto Ricans
Another large component of Puerto Ricanness is Race. All of the different cultures that have
throughout history combined to form Puerto Rico effect their nationality, history, lifestyles,
traditions, music, and foods.
The "discovery" or infiltration of the island of Borinquen (or Puerto Rico as it was later renamed) in
1493 by Spain resulted in the decimation of the native Taino population. With the loss of an
immediate source of cheap labor to work the fields for their sugar cane industry, they introduced
African culture into the region by importing slaves to replace the Taino field workers. In addition to
the introduction of African culture into Puerto Rico voluntary immigration brought ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not necessarily the history but the story or interpretation of the past as perceived by the elite.
Gonzalez suggests that the recreation of the history of Puerto Rican society can be expressed
metaphorically as the construction of a building. "As the new layers of the history or floors are
added the foundation becomes more and more obscured from view" (Figueroa 9/15). As the higher
levels continued to build they were able to create the illusion of a "pure, white" society by rejecting
and denying their Taino and African heritage.
The United States gained Puerto Rico in 1898 through the Treaty of Paris, signed after the Spanish–
American. Although the Puerto Rican community initially embraced U.S. intervention in 1898,
hoping that the land of the free would finally bring liberty to the island, the following years were
full of disillusionment. The sad reality was that the U.S. had no intention of ever giving up control
of Puerto Rico because of its strategic location in the Caribbean. The United States government tried
to Americanize the island. Which was acceptable for the island in the eyes of the elite until their
power was being threatened. The elite's on the island looked to the Jibaro as their symbol of national
identity.
"In response to this situation, certain intellectuals turned to the margins of their society, where they

Puerto Rico Essay
Puerto Rico is an island located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, which is an unincorporated
territory of the United States. The islands of Puerto Rico were acquired by the United States in 1898,
where Spain ceded the islands to the U.S.
In 1917, the Jones Act declared Puerto Rico to be an "organized but incorporated" territory of the
United States, and granted US citizenship to all the residents who wanted it. An "unincorporated
territory", according to the US Supreme Court Insular Cases, of the Unites States is 'a territory
appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States'. [Lawson p.1124]
Since 1952, Puerto Rico, by mutual consent of its people and the United States government, has
been a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[Falcón p.28]
During the 110th Congress, three bills concerning Puerto Rico's political status were introduced.
There was the H.R. 900, which would have sanctioned a plebiscite. In the plebiscite, the citizens of
Puerto Rico would have voted on whether they wanted to continue the status quo or proceeding
toward non–territorial status. The second bill was the H.R. 1230, which would have endorsed a
constitutional convention and referendum in Puerto Rico to reflect on status options. There was a
meeting held for these two bills in October 2007, by the House Natural Resources Committee. The
committee favored an amended version of HR 900, with an intermingling of the two House bills. In
August, another House bill was introduced, the S.1936, which proposed a single plebiscite in which
the voters would choose between the options of continuing the status quo, acquiring an status of
independence or statehood. [Bea p.9–10]
In the 111th Congress, another House Bill was introduced, that concerned the political status of
Puerto Rico, the H.R. 2499. H.R. 2499 would permit a two–stage plebiscite in Puerto Rico to
reconsider the status issue. This bill was similar to H.R. 900, the only difference being that the 111th
Congress legislation would frame the plebiscite questions

Homicide in Puerto Rico
Sheila M. Kiger SOC–291 Sept. 2011 Homicide in Puerto Rico Table of Contents Abstract 3 History
4 Comparison of violent crime in Puerto Rico and the mainland 5 Comparison of Homicide Rates
Between Puerto Rico and the Mainland 6 Figure 1 7 Lethality of Aggravated Assault in Puerto Rico
and the Mainland ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For all these crimes, and for others not discussed here (e.g., youth violence; Vélez, 2003), Puerto
Rico saw a decline after the early 1990s. Homicide. During 1980–2005, the mean annual rate of
homicide in Puerto Rico always surpassed the mean annual rate of homicide on the mainland.
During 1980–2005, the mainland had an average annual homicide rate of 8 victims/100,000
residents, whereas Puerto Rico had an annual homicide rate of 19 victims/100,000 residents. During
1980–2005, homicide on the mainland declined by an average of 2.36%/year, whereas homicide in
Puerto Rico increased by an average of 1.32%/year. During 1990–2005, homicide on the mainland
declined by 4.64%/year; in Puerto Rico the improvement was smaller (1.29%/year), started later
(1995), was temporary, and rose again in 2000. Because homicide is "the most accurately measured
and most serious crime" (Levitt, 2004, p. 165; Boyum et al., 1996), Puerto Rico's high rate of
homicide and its more modest improvement during 1990–2005 deserve further analysis Comparison
of Homicide Rates Between Puerto Rico and the Mainland In Figure 1, which draws on FBI
statistics, I compare mean annual rates of homicide/100,000 residents for Puerto Rico and for the
states of Florida, Mississippi, and New York during 1999–2005. Figure 1 confirms the analysis
presented earlier. Puerto Rico's average annual

Social Discrimination
During the Spring of 2012, The University of Southern Mississippi's basketball team made their first
appearance at the NCAA tournament since 1991. The team played against Kansas State University
in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During the second half of the game, Kansas State was defeating the
University of Southern Mississippi, due to their freshman point guard Angel Rodriguez who
contributed many points. The Wildcats were leading the game by 70–64. As Angel Rodriguez was
performing a free throw, some University of Southern Mississippi prep band students chanted
"Where's your green card?" This incident made national headline news and labeled the band
students of the University of Southern Mississippi as ignorant, immature, and racist. The ... Show
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According to Melvin D. Williams: Geographical places are salient human attachments. My studies
suggest that identity by geographical location is not the source but the result of human divisiveness.
Certain human characteristics (phenotype, kin, "intelligence," agility, articulation, and activity)
result in social and psychological attachments that culminate in the utilization of hearth, home,
university, community, city, country, and continent for human divisiveness (Williams, 2003, p.5).
The band members can be assumed American born citizens and chanting "Where's your green
card?" expresses their practice of racial divisiveness. By practicing racial divisiveness by geography,
humans feel a sense of security within their territory. Angel Rodriguez being an excellent basketball
player from Puerto Rico and playing in the United States appeared as a threat to the prep band fans
who are from the United States. The prep band students felt the need to question Rodriguez's status
as a legitimate United States citizen. It seemed that Rodriguez crossed the boundary of the band
student's perceived territory in the United States because of his ethnic background. Southern Miss'
prep band has members of minority backgrounds. If the minorities also participated in the taunting,
it shows that geography and racial discrimination is instilled in all races that are citizens of the
United States. Rodriguez lives and attended school in

What Are The Similarities Between Puerto Rico And The...
I really liked the presentation about sexuality in Cuba, Puerto Rico and The Dominican Republic.
This gave me a better understanding on how people suffer when coming out and dealing with
constant criticism in their country. The Puerto Rico amazed me on how many people fled their
country because their country does not support them. An important fact I learned was that the Jones
Act in 1917 gave Puerto Rico citizenship. When looking at the pictures in the power point the
buildings are all graffiti and abandoned however, universities have false walls for all the graffiti.
Puerto Rico is still going through an economic drought and jobs are extremely difficult to look for.
So men and women prostitute to make some type of living for their families.

Should Puerto Rico Become The 51st State Essay
Puerto Rico should become the 51st state because it can help with money problems, the people of
Puerto Rico want to become the 51st state, and we claimed Puerto Rico during the Spanish–
American war.These are just few of many reasons why we should have Puerto Rico become the 51st
state.
Puerto Rico should become the 51st state because nearly 54 percent, or 922,374 people, wanted
statehood. Even three American Presidents Gerald Ford, George Bush I, and even Reagan supported
statehood. Also "For me, being a U.S. citizen is a lot more than carrying a passport," says
Caraballo–Sandoz. "I'm very hopeful that one day we are going to be a state of the Union." The
people of Puerto Rico deserve better than the way they are being treated. Puerto Ricans ... Show
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They also say that the voting was rigged so that the favor would go towards statehood. But there are
spanish people in this country that speak spanish, also Puerto Rico has spoken that they want
statehood.
Puerto Rico should become the 51st state because it would benefit both countries economically.
Statehood supporters say Puerto Rico would benefit economically from increased tourism and
investment."If only Puerto Rico were a state, this line of thinking goes, it wouldn't be in a financial
mess. That's probably true–but not for the reasons most people think." The United states and Puerto
Rico have financial debt but if Puerto Rico joins the United States then we can get out of debt. This
can only happen with the tourism that both countries can get combined, because Puerto Rico and the
United States have some very big tourist spots. In conclusion Puerto Rico should become part of the
United States because it would fix financial problems in both Puerto Rico and the U.S. We annexed
them and they want to become a state so they should totally become a state. This is why Puerto Rico
should become a part of the United States of

Puerto Rico : A Land Of Paradise
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a land of paradise in the Caribbean island 1,000 miles away
from Miami. Puerto Rico is currently a possession of the United States. Puerto Rico is a tropical
mountainous island. Because of the tropical environment there is little to no difference among
seasons. Being near the equator Puerto Rico received throughout the year high energy from the sun.
This tropical climate makes Puerto Rico a first choice in tourism and because of it Spanish influence
it makes a great diversity in culture, food and people.
Geography. Setting. Climate Puerto Rico is one large island with several small islands. The island is
bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the north side and by the Virgin Passage on the east side. The
Caribbean Sea borders the island on the south side and on the west is border by the Mona Passage.
Throughout the year Puerto Rico is sunny and warm. The island is hit by winds that come from the
northeast side. The benefits of this winds is that it keeps the climate from getting uncomfortably hot.
The rainy is fairly short and does not affect the island that much. During the winter the only sings
that shows the arrival of the season is sudden influx of tourist that flee the cold wheatear to enjoy
the tropical climate that Puerto Rico has. A research curriculum article done by Yale University
describes Puerto Rico as the following "Puerto Rico is a peaceful island. At night one hears the
pleasant peeping of the tree frog called Coqui.

Essay about Historia de Puerto Rico: Cristóbal Colón
Desde la época de Cristóbal Colón, Puerto Rico ha permanecido bajo dominación, primero en
España y luego en los Estados Unidos, Puerto Rico es uno de las últimas colonias en el mundo hoy.
El congreso de los Estados Unidos impuso a todos los residentes de la isla la ciudadanía en 1917 y
entonces los puertorriqueños han sido ciudadanos americanos. Mientras, los puertorriqueños pueden
ejercer los mismos derechos que cualquier otro ciudadano del EE.UU., la gente no se permiten para
elegir a los miembros de Congreso o votar en las elecciones presidenciales.
Además, la cantidad de los fondos federales asignados a la isla es inferior a la de cualquier estado en
circunstancias similares. La relación entre Puerto Rico a los Estados Unidos es la ... Show more
La isla dejó de ser una economía agrícola en la década de 1950 y en 1993, más del 68 por ciento de
los trabajadores estuvieron involucrado en la manufactura, servicios, gobierno o construcción, y
menos del 3 por ciento eran trabajadores agrícolas. A pesar de la transformación la isla sigue siendo
un país muy pobre plagado con los bajos salarios y desempleo. (Scheffey).
Podemos ver la misma idea en SEVA por Luis López Nieves con el amigo del narrador, un doctor y
fuera un profesor de historia de la Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, se llama Víctor. Él
"ha pagado un precio muy alto para probar que cuando los norteamericanos entraron a Puerto Rico"
(Nieves 14). Entonces es evidente que durante la manifestación los conquistadores solo estaban
interesados en la "cage" y no "bird".
Por años incontables, los habitantes de la isla han deseado su independencia y la batalla sigue hasta
hoy en día. "This spring's student strikes at the Universidad de Puerto Rico (UPR) threaten to shut
down the public university system...the island is facing serious economic problems, and civil unrest
is becoming more common" (Scheffey). (Abajo se encuentra en la fotografía de estudiantes y
trabajadores protestando su colonización). Entonces, podemos ver que la situación y las actitudes de
las indígenas no han cambiado desde que los conquistadores han entrado. En el video puede oír y
ver la voz y pasión la población tienen por su líder y más importante

Puerto Rico Research Paper
Geography of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico consists of a group of island, located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic, about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida.
For the reason of its location, history, and warm atmosphere the Puerto Rican island is extremely
popular tourist place. Shape of this island is almost rectangular with 100 miles long by 35 miles
wide. It is the smallest and most eastern island of Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and
Puerto Rico). Puerto Rico is the 3rd largest island in USA and 82nd Largest island in the whole
world. It consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and several smaller islands and keys, including
Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, Palomino (known by some by the Spanish Virgin Islands), Mona, and
Monito. Coast measure 700km if the adjacent islands Vieques and Culebra are incorporated, and 580
km without the adjacent islands.
Geographic Coordinates: Latitude: 18° 15" N Longitude: 66° 30" W
Total Area: 9,104 sq km (3,508 sq mi)
The maximum length from east to west (from Punta Puerca to Punta Higuero) of 180 km (110 mi)
and with a maximum width from north to south (from Isabella to Punta Colón) of 65 km (40 mi).
Land Area: 8,959 sq km
Comparative area: approximately three times the size of Rhode Island. ... Show more content on
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Five usual types of soils can be classified based on the U.S soil conservation they are humid coastal
plains, semiarid coastal plains, humid uplands, semiarid uplands, and humid upland valleys. The
scientists of university of Puerto Rico categorise the island soil into one more classification as
lowlands, alluvium, coastal plains, alluvium in terraces, upland dark, and upland reddish–purple.
Tropical countries produce High biomass products like sugarcane, bananas, tobacco and coffee, in
spite of tropical soils being considered as not fit for agriculture with soil having less fertility, and

Juan Carlos Benitez Research Paper
Experienced International Attorney Juan Carlos Benitez
A native of Puerto Rico, Juan Carlos Benitez earned his bachelor of arts in judicial systems from the
Universidad del Sagrado Corazon in Santurce and a juris doctor from the Inter–American University
of Puerto Rico School of Law in Hato Rey. He is an active member of the Puerto Rico Bar and is
licensed to practice before a number of United States courts including the Supreme Court of Puerto
Rico and the Supreme Court of the US. Juan Carlos Benitez is fluent in both English and Spanish.
Over the course of his career, Mr. Benitez has worked for multiple private firms and public
organizations including the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration and the US Department of
Justice. Since 2003, he has served as president of the Hagatna, Guam–based funding ... Show more
For the past 14 years, Juan Carlos Benitez has served as president of the Washington Pacific
Economic Development Group. Headquartered in Hagatna, Guam, this organization is committed to
sourcing federal funds for promising projects. Its accomplishments include helping Catholic Social
Services secure a critical $100,000 grant.
Mr. Benitez concurrently serves senior administrative posts with two organizations on Saipan, the
largest island in the US commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Since 2013, he has assisted
individuals in pursuit of EB–5 US visas as the president of Saipan's Marianas EB–5 Regional
Center. For the past two years, he has also served as president and board chair of Saipan's Latte
Training Academy, an organization that is committed to developing workforces in the Northern
Mariana Islands and Guam by providing a range of skilled and certified vocational

Spanish Language's Influence on the Puerto Rican Identity...
Spanish Language's Influence on the Puerto Rican Identity
The initial occupation of Puerto Rico by the Spaniards carries an important implication for language
as part of the Puerto Rican identity. The Spanish language was imposed upon the inhabitants of the
island, the Tainos, in the sixteenth century, when the Spanish inhabited the island in 1502, after the
Spanish conquerors claimed the island in the name of Spain in 1493. Eventually, the Spanish had
moved out or taken over the ways of the old and their culture infiltrated that of the Taino to create a
new dimension of the first storey, where the Spanish language was incorporated as the building
blocks of the foundation of the Puerto Rican identity (Figueroa, Sept.15).
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
English was established as the official language of learning in public schools on the island; and well,
if Americans were putting schools on the island, why shouldn't the Puerto Ricans be expected to
speak the "American" language? That was the least Puerto Ricans could do in cooperation in
becoming "Americanized" and American citizens.
The American's English Only policy (also known as the English First policy) was complex in nature.
It wanted to produce bilingual Puerto Ricans as a method of creating "loyal subjects" or good
citizens of the United States, but it allowed Americans to get away with not learning the Spanish
language. Having American teachers who didn't speak Spanish to Puerto Ricans who didn't speak
English just wasn't effective. Because Puerto Rico became a part of the United States (even in its
unincorporated status), and its citizens are considered citizens of the U.S., one can understand the
idea that English should be implemented on the island. Because the official language of the United
States is English and Puerto Rico is part of the United States, then its inhabitants should at least
learn to speak English. The learning English aspect of it, however, wasn't the problem of this
situation, rather the forgetting the Spanish aspect was the problem. In getting away with not learning
the Spanish language, Americans forced, imposed assimilation upon a

Describe Puerto Rico
Two years ago, I went to Puerto Rico and I absolutely loved it! Puerto Rico is a Caribbean island
and a U.S territory. It is east from the Dominical republic. The capital is called San Juan with 77
other cities! Puerto Rico has about 3.548 million people living there. Since Puerto Rico is an island
the weather there is one of the most unvarying climates in the world. All year around, the
temperature is usually from 75 to 83 degrees Fahrenheit. In fact, the island is the hottest and wettest
around August, averaging about 81 degrees Fahrenheit. Puerto Rico offers many cultural
entertainment, historical locations and tourist attractions. In Puerto Rico their cultural
entertainments are holidays, architecture and arts&crafts. There are many holidays in Puerto Rico a
few of them are New Year's day, Three Kings Day, Christmas and more. According to
touertorico.org, the architecture heritages are from the Spanish. Narrow winding cobblestone street
and light colored tile–roofed building with balconies. Old San Juan has about 400 structures of
history! As for arts&crafts, Puerto Ricans are usually artistic whether the artists are trained in an art
school or self–taught. Places to go see beautiful paintings are art galleries and the museum of the
University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras. The craft ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The newcomers called the island San Juan Bautista for St. John the Baptist. Later on, the two names
were switched. A lieutenant to Columbus Juan Ponce de Leon, the city of Puerto Rico became an
important military outpost in the Caribbean. In 1506, the founder of the new world, Christopher
Columbus died. Therefore, in the future people built forts to protect the citizens from the Pirates.
Nevertheless, it was mostly used to protect everyone inside. If it wasn't from Pirates it was
protection from other sea born

The History and Culture of Puerto Ricans Essay
The History and Culture of Puerto Ricans
ETHNICITY AND EMPOWERMENT IN THE MIGRATION EXPERIENCE
The Puerto Rican people have a rich history of culture and ethnicity. Despite the many migrations of
the Puerto Ricans, an intense spirit of ethnicity and cultural pride has followed these people
wherever they have gone, whether that be migrations from rural areas to industrialized cities or from
the small island of Puerto Rico to the vast mainland of the United States. However, the struggles of
these people have become obscured over the passing of generations. As evidenced by Shakira
Ramos, generations of Puerto Ricans born and raised in the United States aren't always well
informed of the rich history of their ancestors. Shakira admits ... Show more content on
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"The migratory currents of the time foreshadow later massive displacements" (345). These later
migrations would ensue for the duration of the entire twentieth century, bringing increasing numbers
of Puerto Ricans into the United States.
With the Spanish American War of 1898 came added difficulty for the population of Puerto Rico.
Recently acquired by the United States, citizens of Puerto Rico were actually citizens of nowhere
until granted statutory citizenship to the United States in 1917. The Jones Act of 1917 merely
granted Puerto Ricans a status of citizenship, which was not equivalent to the constitutional
citizenship. This partial citizenship, however, did not prevent the United States from drafting Puerto
Ricans into the armed forces during World War I, or from recruiting Puerto Ricans to labor in
defense industries during the time of war. The desire for full citizenship as well as poor economic
conditions in the homeland resulted in the migrations of many Puerto Ricans to the United States
throughout the twentieth century.
One measure taken to benefit the Puerto Ricans was the passing of the Johnson Act in 1921, which
restricted the immigration of Europeans to the United States. Passing this act created increased
availability of jobs for Puerto Ricans choosing to migrate to the United States in search of better
employment opportunities than could be found in their homeland. While the aim of the Johnson Act

Puerto Rican Music and Its Significance Essay
Puerto Rican Music and Its Significance
Although the policies of Americanization and degradation of Puerto Rican culture heritage improved
by the United States in Puerto Rico during the early decades of the twentieth century, the utmost
concern for the United States was the strategic location of the island for political and economic
advantages, not of the people who inhabited it. Puerto Rico, though a poor colony, was a rich
cultural spot in an area of dynamic cultural influence of the Caribbean. One aspect of the Puerto
Rican culture that was greatly influenced by its location in the Caribbean and by its repossession by
the United States is music. Music permeated the daily life of Puerto Ricans (Waxer, Oct. 29). Music
was the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus the bomba became known as "talking drums" (Glasser, 1995).
The plena, another typical form of Puerto Rican music, was considered the singing newspaper. It
was developed at the turn of the century by a lower class mulato population (made up of Puerto
Rican freed slaves and migrants from the English Antilles) on the coast. Themes for the music came
from the idiosyncrasies and normalcies of daily life, and was incorporated through a narrative verse
taken from the Spanish music culture through "call and response". Call and response, another
African influence, is a component of traditional African musical expression in which a phrase is
sung (chanted by part of a group of people and that phrase is responded to by a refrain by the other
part of the group. Call and response is a component of the bomba, the plena, and the danza and still
exists today as an important ingredient of Puerto Rican music. It facilitates dialogue, and encourages
a sense of community by enabling more people to join in, which then closes the gaps between
classes and races (Waxer, Oct. 29).
The third traditional form of Puerto Rican music is the danza. This genre, developed by mulato
artisans in late nineteenth century, reflected the race, class, and nationality issues which were
present at that time. As the plena and the bomba had African roots, the danza had roots in English,
French, and

Essay on Puerto Rico Independence?
To argue on Puerto Rican Independence, Commonwealth, or Statehood, we must first learn of the
history of Puerto Rico. Growing up I was very ignorant about Puerto Rico. It wasn't till I was in the
Navy and got stationed in Puerto Rico did I really find out the small Caribbean island. Although
Puerto Rico has an extensive history, I will only give a brief synopsis of it: In November 1493
Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Puerto Rico for the country of Spain. It remained a
colonization of Spain until 1898 when Spain ceded the island to the United States after the Spanish–
American war. In 1917 Puerto Rican's became U.S. Citizens, but only 24% consider themselves as
American (2000 census). Puerto Rico was also granted its own ... Show more content on
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However, the American citizens of Puerto Rico are still very far from attaining the same level of
economic prosperity other American citizens enjoy in the other 50 states. Becoming a state would
give Puerto Rico the opportunity of improving its economic situation."
Politically, there are several advantages to becoming a state. The first is that Puerto Rico will have a
voice in the Congress with at least seven represenatives and two senators. Currently, Puerto Rico
only has a resident commissioner in Congress. He has a voice, but no vote. Puerto Rico has no
electoral votes in the Presidential elections. Becoming a State would remove Puerto Rico form
under the Territorial "claws" of the U.S. Constitution, and would put Puerto Rico on the
same political footing as the other 50 states. This is the single most compelling argument for Puerto
Rican statehood that Puerto Ricans have.
CONS OF STATEHOOD
There are several economic reasons that can be argued against Puerto Rico becoming a state. First,
the current unemployment rate is 11.7%, which would rank the highest in the nation. Puerto Rico
has the lowest per capita income at around $7000, half of the poorest U.S. state (Mississippi). Thus
it would cost the U.S. Government approximately 3–4 billion a year for 10 years to get Puerto Rico
up to par with the other states. The 936 tax code, which grants U.S. companies federal tax
exemptions for their operations in Puerto Rico,

Description Of Puerto Rico
The University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez (UPRM) was founded in 1911 and received full
accreditation in 1946. Located in the tropical climate of Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, it is the only
Hispanic sea–grant and land–grant institution within the United States.The native language of
Puerto Rico is Spanish; however, the campus is bilingual and offers instruction in both English and
Spanish. The university is known to Spanish–speakers as Recinto Universitario de Mayaguez
(RUM), and affectionately known as "El Colegio" by students and faculty.
Situated on approximately 300 acres, the campus has a variety of gardens, agricultural research
fields, and space for athletics. UPRM enrolls a medium–sized coed student body of over 12,000
students and has an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the notable alumni include Adolfo Figueroa–Vinas, the first Puerto Rican astrophysicist at
NSASA; Enectali Figueroa–Feliciano, the pioneer of position–sensitive detectors and NASA
astrophysicist; Jorge N. Amely Velez, innovator and holder of numerous patents in medical
technology; and Mercedes Reaves, the designer of viable full–scale solar sails for NASA.
The campus of UPMR provides a small city environment and has many features for students to
enjoy. While there are no housing facilities on campus, the university assists students with off–
campus housing options within walking distance to the school. There are more than 100 different
student organizations on campus that range from arts to journalism, and student government to
sports. Several fraternities and sororities are part of campus life; although, due to local laws
restricting fraternities in residential areas, only a small number of fraternities own their own

The Exploitation of Puerto Rico by the United States Essay
The Exploitation of Puerto Rico by the United States
Puerto Rico has had a long history of dependency. Puerto Rico was first colonized by Spain until the
Spanish American war, which resulted in the colonization by the United States in 1898. While Spain
was in the process of devising an agreement with Puerto Rico that would grant the island autonomy,
the invasion of the United States ended any plans that would grant this reprise (Figueroa, 11/19/98).
The U.S. decided to partake in this colonial expansion because Puerto Rico had tremendous
potential for investment and commerce as well as being geo–politically strategic. The U.S. had
intentions to take Spain and its influence out of the western–hemisphere. In 1917 Puerto Ricans
were granted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A significant number of islanders are pro–statehood. However statehood would not ensure
economic, political, or cultural equality. Puerto Rico may risk the loss of their native language and
face assimilation into the American society that is known for their homogeneity. The likelihood of
Puerto Rico becoming a state is based solely on the U.S. economic interest. Statehood would mean
the end of the many tax allowances and exemptions that American investors have been granted.
Independence is a status that the U.S. would only allow for Puerto Rico to attain if it is in their
economic interest. Until then Puerto Rico's fate will be at the hands of the United States despite the
pro–independence movements that have been going on for years. First, the U.S. has very
strategically placed military bases in Puerto Rico that the Defense Department will not give up even
if Puerto Rico gains independence. Even if the United States would grant Puerto Rico independence
the island is too dependent economically to be able to sustain their own economy.
The multi–national corporations that exist in Puerto Rico have invested in the island with the
incentive of tax exemptions. Independence may alter that convenience and therefore multi–national
corporations are against the independence movement. Even if Puerto Rico gains "independence"
from the U.S. it will still not be true independence. The U.S. will

Comparing The Rates And Trend Of Homicide
Home>Samples>Comparison of Homicide Rates in Puerto Rico and San Juan COMPARISON OF
HOMICIDE RATES IN PUERTO RICO AND SAN JUAN
Abstract
There have been continuous researches on the relationship between segregation and homicide across
the state of Puerto Rico. This study will effectively determine if Puerto Rico has high crimes in
homicide as compared to other metropolitan statistical area that is San Juan. The research will focus
on a ten year comparison that is from the year 1998 to 2008. Using various statistics it is evident that
rise in homicide is wide especially when the Puerto Ricans are segregated from the whites.
Dissertation outline
Firstly, the specific objective of this study is to effectively compare the rates and trend ... Show more
Due to this issue of segregation this study will examine direct and indirect impact of female headed
household on homicides. It is evident that for all the Puerto Ricans are not widely associated with
homicide as compared to the discussed metropolitan statistical area (Steve, 2010).
Introduction
From various statistics, it is very clear that the rates of crimes in Puerto Rico have significantly
increased as compared to other metropolitan statistical areas. The various kinds of crime described
in Puerto Rico from statistics of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) include robbery, rape,
aggravated assault and homicide. Due to this case of crimes it is very evident that the state of Puerto
Rico required immediate solutions that will assist to curb down the various form of crimes.
In introducing this topic it is important that the population being covered by the Puerto Ricans is
discussed in comparison to that of San Juan state. It is important to emphasize on how the
population of the Puerto Ricans differs from that of the San Juan and how this difference have
contributed to the rising number of crime cases (Steve, 2010).
An empirical assessment having being done indicate that the crime being experience in Puerto Rico
is largely being contributed by the following two reasons. Firstly, due to the scarcity of primary data
on homicide cases which is constantly being eliminated from various analysis of crimes by the
United States and secondly, Puerto Rico have

Globalization Is The Cause Of Overpopulation In Puerto Rico
Bethly Abreu
HIST 3005
Fall 2015: Final Paper
Globalization is the Cause of "Overpopulation" The notion of globalization dates back to the early
modern period, this practice of globalization consists of the international development facilities,
influences, and operations. With time the practice of globalization evolved into Imperialism, which
is the practice of forcefully implementing a country's power and influence over other countries, and
transforming them into colonies. This act of colonization began when countries desired to increase
their supply of raw materials in order to maximize the greatest good. A country in particular who has
faithfully practiced the policy of imperialism is the United States. The United States has
imperialized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United states has done this many times, and as a result commonwealths such as Puerto Rico
encountered many injustices. Injustices such as forced sterilization, and "Operation Boot Strap."
These injustices were a result of misconstrued views on the cause of Puerto Rico's economic issues.
As an "effort" to fix the overpopulation problem; which in actuality was a Eugenics ploy,
sterilization was introduced in Puerto Rico, as well as "Operation Bootstrap". These events led to the
creation of a Eugenics Board ,which believed that women who are "unfit" should not reproduce
offspring. This board and association is responsible for the many sterilizations of Puerto Rican
women, "between the years 1944 and 1946 over a thousand women were already sterilized" (Perez
42). The importance behind understanding how globalization led to the creation of unjust policies
mandated by political leader of Puerto Rico during the twentieth century is immense because it
resulted in a great amount of injustices and tragedy amongst Puerto

Puerto Rico And The American Dream: Case Study
Myrmarie Graw–Gonzalez is a Professor of the Social Science Department of the Gateway High
School at the Osceola County School District, in Kissimmee, Florida. She has received her Masters
of Arts in History with the distinction award of Cum Laude, from the University of Puerto Rico, Rio
Piedras Campus. Her dissertation is entitled "Puerto Rico and the American Dream: A closer
connection to the suburban: Case study of Levittown, Toa Baja, Puerto Rico". Ms. Graw–Gonzalez
has taught at the Junior High and High School levels as a Social Studies teacher. Additionally, she
acted as a long–term substitute in the elementary school setting for an entire school year, which gave
her the K–12 experience. She graduated with Magna Cum Laude distinction from the University of
Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus earning a degree of Bachelor of Arts in Secondary Education and
earned a minor in History. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After this five–year mission, she shifted to the Maria Libertad Gomez Junior High School in which
she informally excelled as the safety coordinator and parent liaison for the school. Ms. Graw–
Gonzalez was able to successfully create a task force encompassed of faculty members, social
workers, paraprofessionals, deputy officers, and parents in efforts to create a program that would
function properly in a safe school situated in an unreceptive environment. She also functioned as the
teacher's labor union planner for each one of the schools in which she was appointed, as well as the
serving the role of liaison and point person to the local news stations. As the labor union planner, a
major accomplishment was to bring in funding and support for the materials and needs of the school
to be able to function properly in its day to day role for the community and

Physical Therapy
The seeds of this project start with reflecting on my grandmother, Lumida Rodriguez Viscal. In my
family, she was the first person to enter a medical profession when she became a licensed physical
therapist in 1953. I remember her telling me stories of her work with polio patients. However, by all
accounts, she did not particularly want to become a physical therapist. My mother says she really
wanted to be a doctor; my aunt says that she wanted to pursue further studies in chemistry, an
interest she developed as an undergraduate. Both, however, remember hearing from her that "the
scholarships that year were for physical therapy." So this project starts with trying to understand
why and how my grandmother became a physical therapist. ... Show more content on
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His studies in France overlapped with the 1848 revolution, which informed his political thinking. He
also became a staunch abolitionist. He returned to Puerto Rico in 1856, a year that saw a cholera
epidemic ravage Puerto Rico (centered around Mayaguez), and Betances established and managed a
temporary hospital to deal with the epidemic. He also worked with the local government to try to
limit the spread of the disease. He subsequently established a successful surgical and
ophthalmological practice in Mayaguez. During this time, he introduced new surgical and aseptic
techniques to the island and performed the first surgery under chloroform in 1862, alongside a
Venezuelan anesthesiologist. He also was fundamental in establishing the Hospital San Antonio, a
municipal hospital in Mayaguez which served the local indigent community. He was exiled from
Puerto Rico prior to the Grito de Lares in 1868, and after the uprising was quelled, Betances moved
briefly to New York before settling permanently in Paris. He remained heavily involved in
Caribbean politics, and was one of the major organizers of the Intentona de Yauco, a second Puerto
Rican uprising against Spain that occurred in 1897. After the sinking of the USS Maine in January
1898, Betances worked to try to prevent the United States from taking over Puerto Rico, but he died
in September of that year. (Rodríguez Vázquez, Eduardo, Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el medico;

Background Information : Lillian Comas D ·øõ Az
Background Information Lillian Comas–Dίaz was born in Chicago, Illinois and moved to Puerto
Rico, her parents' native land, at the age of 6. She was raised in Puerto Rico but admits to this move
being a "culture shock" because she was not fluent in Spanish at the time and other native Puerto
Ricans racially classified her as a jabá, a person with a black grandparent from the Caribbean
(Comas–Dίaz, 2005). This was a derogatory term that made Comas–Dίaz question race and gender
relations within the Puerto Rican community. Also, she had a physical impediment that affected her
voice for approximately sixteen years (Comas– Dίaz, 2005). During this time, Comas–Dίaz relied
on the books in the library to comfort her. She looked to literary works of art and authors who could,
in some way, relate to her. Whether the author could relate to her in the ways of physical
impediments or being a person of color, Comas–Dίaz relied on their writings to improve her life
(Comas–Dίaz, 2005)
Beginning in the late 1960s, Lillian Comas–Dίaz attended the University of Puerto Rico as an
undergraduate during the second wave of feminism (Comas–Dίaz, 2005). Instead of promoting local
feminism, she began to research and study the ideals of international feminism. Because of her
family background, Comas–Dίaz had an array of cultures that she had been exposed to for most of
her life. Therefore, her inspiration to identify and promote international feminism relied on the
grounds that international

How Did Roman Baloldorioty De Castro Change Society
A person who changes society for the better whether at large or not is deserves admiration and
respect. Roman Baldorioty de Castro was an integral agent of change for Puerto Rico in the 19th
century, and his accomplishments created long lasting positive effects. Baldorioty became one of the
first advocates for the abolition of slavery in the island, and played a large role in the foundation of
the independence party from Spain (Partido Autonomista). Román Baldorioty De Castro impacted
the growth and development of Puerto Rico, both through his achievements within the abolitionist
movement and in the independence party, he demonstrated to be a knowledgeable, courageous, and
principled person. Román Baldorioty de Castro was born on February 23, 1822 in Guaynabo, Puerto
Rico. Baldorioty was born into a humble household, and was a highly intelligent child during his
upbringing. His family moved to San Juan in order to place him in Don Rafael Cordero's school.
After demonstrating his sense of inquiry he was accepted into the "Seminario Conciliar de Puerto
Rico", he was offered a scholarship to attend the University of Madrid, where he studied Physics
and Mathematics. Baldorioty strove to create reliable records for Puerto Rico even before his return
from college, along with his Puerto Rican colleagues he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On March 22, 1873, the Spanish Government approved the proposal that became known as the
Moret Law. This was a major cornerstone in the process of the abolition of slavery and will serve as
marker for years to come. In 1886 he became the founder and president of the Autonomist Party.
Baldorioty's autonomy demanded the guarantee of individual rights, self–government in the hands
of Puerto Ricans and absolute freedom in trade, industry, agriculture and

Reflection Paper On Cultural Immersion
Cultural Immersion Reflection Paper Growing up as a Caucasian American Jewish girl living in
Brooklyn in the 1950s, Puerto Rico was this magical island in a far away land where rich people
would vacation and honeymoon. Puerto Rico was a fantasy world island just the way the theme
parks in Orlando are a fantasy getaway. Puerto Rico is there to serve tourists, not an island that is
inhabited by over 3.7 million people (according to the July 2011 Census Bureau) who raise families
and dream of a prosperous future. One doesn't imagine the poverty and the challenges that most
Puerto Rican "American citizen's" experience day–to–day because that will take away from the
fantasy. For me there has always been a connection to Puerto Rico. I had ... Show more content on
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Puerto Rico was ruled by the Spanish until it became a territory of the United States in 1898 and it
has been self–governing since the mid–20th century. The vibrant blend of its 3.4 million people (as
reported in 2016) is a mix of Spanish, United States and Afro–Caribbean influences. The Taino
population settled the island more than 1,000 years before the Spanish arrived, calling it Borinquen
and referring to the natives as Boricua. That term is still used today. In 1493 Columbus took over the
island for Spain and in 1521 Juan Ponce de Leon founded the first European settlement, Caparra,
near the northern coast and renamed it Puerto Rico (or "rich port"). San Juan became a strong
military base for Spain who imported slaves from Africa in the 16th century. U.S. Army troops
occupied Puerto Rico in 1898 during the brief Spanish–American War and Spain ceded Puerto Rico,
Guam, the Philippines and Cuba to the U.S. as a result. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were granted
citizenship in the U.S. which made the males eligible for military draft (www.history.com). In 1952
Puerto Rico officially became a U.S. commonwealth and created its own constitution and other
powers of self–governing (Collo, 1995). Even though Puerto Rico attracted tourism and big
American manufacturing companies, more than 500,000 people left to

Judith Ortiz Cofer Research Paper
In 1952 Judith Ortiz Cofer was born in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico, a small municipality with the
population around 16,000. At the age of four she and her family moved to Paterson, New Jersey. She
went on to spend most of her childhood commuting back and forth between Puerto Rico and
Paterson, receiving education in both places. These moves were made due to her father, J.M. Ortiz
Cofer and his work in the Brooklyn Navy yard. Coming to America was hard on her family as it was
a new place with many new things to get accustomed to. After living in Paterson for some time, the
family moved to Augusta, Georgia where she would attend high school and pursue her writing work.
She gained her niche for writing as her family was made up of writers and listening

Puerto Rican Music as Representation of Their History and...
Puerto Rican Music as Representation of Their History and Culture
Puerto Rican music is an evolving art form that expresses Puerto Rican culture and identity. The
development of Puerto Rican music is also a reflection of their history, both being complicated by
several layers. Social, political, and economic conditions are all related to the musical expressions of
Puerto Ricans (Glasser, 8). Puerto Rican migration to the United States and the culture clash
experienced by migrants is another layer complicating the evolution of Puerto Rican music (Glasser,
199). Musical expression has been affected by every aspect of life for the Puerto Ricans and
therefore is an illustration of the Puerto Rican experience.
Economic conditions in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One musical form excepted by the upper class is the danza. This form was considered European and
was claimed by the upper class as the primary national music of Puerto Rico as an act of protest
against Spain; The danza was initially view as a hybrid musical form,
"But with the growth of nationalist sentiment, the 'invasion' of Cuban and North American dance
forms, the growing presence of Afro–Puerto Rican popular music from 'below', by the late
nineteenth and early twentieth century the upper classes had positively sanctified the danza as the
national music of Puerto Rico. Overtime and in defensive reaction to rapid social, economic, and
political change, the danza became a potent national symbol" (Glasser, 195).
The irony of the elite's claim to the danza is that the musical profession was not considered a
respectable occupation and was therefore only practiced by mulatos or negritos, mainly of the
working class (Glasser, 58).It was common for Puerto Ricans of color to perform for white–only
establishments (Glasser, 58)
For mulatos and negritos, music was a profession that could lead to social mobility (Glasser, 58).
Many musicians were of the working–class and had primary jobs to support themselves during
periods of unemployment for musical performers. Many worked as artisans, making cigars or
producing coffee (Glasser, 50). Changing economic conditions on the island hindered the chances
for social mobility for

Puerto Rico Research Paper
A Meeting Ground of Music, Culture and Education
What does it mean to be an educated person? An educated person is a well–rounded person that is
knowledgeable in not just one area. It is a person that is open to new ideas and able to interact with
various people. Someone that is educated is able to learned about our background and history and
passes it down for future generations to learned and obtained that knowledge. Culture is the most
important part of ones education. Many of the customs, attitudes, and beliefs of one group is what
let one person be able to acquire the knowledge others countries, educators, and society is trying to
teach them.
Puerto Rico and many other countries have been influenced by a variety of cultures. These countries
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Places are loosing their originality and identity due to assimilating other cultures. Based on
Encyclopedia69.com technological advances are infiltrating new music, culture, and dances around
the world. Due to this, many places are assimilating these dances, music, etc... and there is not going
to be a sense of diversity due to everyone adapting the same styles of living. For instance, Puerto
Rico if it became a state of United State it would have to loose many of their traditions like El Dia
de Reyes, their Flag and Anthem to assimilate the USA new culture witch would completely
influence Puerto Rico unique

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