4. 4 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny
;f+s]lts zAb
(Abbreviation)
BSE = Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
CCP's = Critical control points
CDC = Centers for disease control and prevention
CIP = Cleaning in place
FMD = Foot and mouth disease
GIS = Geographic information system
HACCP = Hazard analysis and critical control point
HDPE = High-density polyethylene
HPAI = Highly pathogenic avian influenza
HSE = Health and safety executive
ILI = Influenza like illness
LLPDE = Linear low density polyethylene
OIE = World organization for animal health
PDS = Participatory disease surveillance
SAT = Serum aggulutination test
WHO = World health organization
;f+s]lts zAb
5. 5hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny
ljifo ;"rL
(Index)
ljifo ;"rL
e"ldsf #
;f+s]lts zAb $
ljifo ;"rL %
v08 ! !!
!= Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo
cjwf/0ff (Basic concepts of epidemiology
and public health)
!!
!=! Olk8]ldof]nf]hLl;t ;DalGwt zAbfjnL
(Terminologies used in epidemiology)
!#
!=@ Olk8]ldof]nf]hLsf] k|of]u Pj+ dxŒj
(Uses and importance of epidemiology)
#!
!=# Olk8]ldof]nf]hLsn lqsf]0f
(Epidemiological triad)
#!
!=$ /f]usf cfO;ju{ l;4fGt
(Iceberg principle of disease)
#%
v08 @ /f]usf :j?ksf j0f{g
(Describe pattern of disease)
#(
v08 # %@
!= lk|Eofn]G; tyf OG;L8]G; b/ lgsfNg] ljlw
(Calculation of prevalence and incidence
rate)
%@
11. 11hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff
v08 !
!= Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff
(Basic concepts of epidemiology and public health)
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL -dxfdf/L lj1fg_ sf] kl/efiff
(Definition of epidemiology)
ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g (WHO) sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ :jf:Yo
;DalGwt c;/ -/f]u ;d]t_ sf] ljt/0f (distribution), lgZro ;fwg
(determinants) tyf /f]u lgoGq0f (control of disease) sfo{sf] lglDt
Pj+ cGo :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf cWoog ug{ k|of]u ul/g] zf:qnfO{
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL (epidemiology) elgG5 .
According to WHO, Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of health-related states or events
(including disease), and the application of this study to the control of
diseases and other health problems.
d]l/od j]j:6/ l8S;g/L (Merriam-Webster dictionary) sf] cg';f/
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL eGgfn] d]l8sn lj1fgsf] Tof] zfvf h;n] hg;+Vofdf
36gf (incidence), ljt/0f (distribution) tyf /f]u lgoGq0f Pj+ cGo
hg:jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf af/]df cWoog u/fpg] zf:qnfO{ hgfpF5 .
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, Epidemiology
is; 1.: a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence,
distribution and control of disease in a population. 2.: the sum of the
factors controlling the presence or absence of a disease or pathogen.
e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL eGgfn] kz' ;+Vofdf /f]usf l:yltaf/]
cWoog u/fpg] zf:qnfO{ hgfpFb5 . kz' ;+Vof eGgfn] ;Lldt If]q leqsf
;Dk"0f{ kz'sf ljz]if hft ;d]tnfO{ hgfpFb5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;Dk"0f{
12. 12 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny
efn] kz'x? h'g lglZrt pd]/, ;d"xdf /flvG5 .
Veterinary epidemiology is the study of disease in animal
populations. A population may include all animals of a particular
species in the area studied, or subcategories within that species (e.g.
all male stock within a certain age group)
d]l8sn dfOqmf]jfof]nf]hL (Medical microbiology) sf] cg';f/
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL eGgfn] :jf:Yo Pj+ /f]usf lglZrt ;fwg (determinants),
36gf (occurrence) / ljt/0f (distribution) sf] af/]df lglZrt ul/Psf
;+Vof leqdf cWoog u/fpg] zf:qnfO{ hgfpF5 .
According to Medical microbiology, Epidemiology is the
study of the determinants, occurrence and distribution of health and
disease in a defined population.
hg:jf:Yosf] kl/efiff
(Definition of public health)
ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g (WHO) sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ hg:jf:Yo Ps
k|sf/sf] lj1fg Pj+ snf xf] h;sf dfWodaf6 /f]u lgoGq0f (preventing
disease), cfo' j[l4 (prolonging life) jf b'j{ntf (infirmity) x6fpg] sfo{
;fdflhs, ;Ë7g, ;/sf/L tyf lghL k|of;af6 ;fdflhs Pj+ JolQmut
rfxgf adf]lhd k|oTg sfo{nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
According to WHO, Public health refers to "the science and
art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through
organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations,
public and private, communities and individuals.
l;=l8=l;= (CDC) sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ hg:jf:Yo (public health)
Ps k|sf/sf] lj1fg xf] h;n] kfl/jfl/s Pj+ ;fdflhs :jf:YonfO{ :j:Yo
hLjgz}nL (healthy lifestyle), /f]u cg';Gwfg, b'3{6gf arfj6 Pj+ ;+qmfds
/f]usf] klxrfg tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff
13. 13hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny
According to CDC, Public health is the science of protecting
and improving the health of families and communities through
promotion of healthy lifestyles, research for disease and injury
prevention and detection and control of infectious diseases.
zAbfy{M
8An'=Pr=cf]= (WHO) M ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g (World Health Organization)
l;=l8=l;= (CDC) M ;]G6/ km/ l8lhh sG6«f]n P08 lk|e]G;g
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
!=! Olk8]ldof]nf]hLl;t ;DalGwt zAbfjnL
(Terminologies used in epidemiology)
!= 8fO/]S6 6«fG;ld;g (Direct transmission) M
/f]u ;+qmldt kz'af6 l;w} /f]u ;g{ hfg], Tof] uef{j:yfsf dfWod
(transplacental), vsf/, lk;fa jf ;Dks{df cfP/, 6f]sfO, k|hgg
OTofbLaf6 x'g ;S5 .
/f]u ;g]{ (Disease transmission)
el6{sn/f]u;g]{
(Verticaltransmission)
xf]/Lh]G6n /f]u ;g]{
(Horizontal transmission)
aRrf
(Offspring)
aRrf
(Offspring)
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff