Translation techniques

1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
TASK 3
JOHNNY ALEXANDER PULIDO ESPINOSA. CODE: 80245233
CARLOS EDUARDO RUIZ SANCHEZ. CODE 80797666
JOHN WILLS. CODE: 79802990
DIEGO ARTURO HERNANDEZ. CODE 80189421
GROUP: 4
TUTOR:
MANGELY LONDOÑO
National Open and Distance University (UNAD)
Education Sciences School (ECEDU)
English as a Foreign Language B A
BOGOTA
OCTOBER 2018

2. Carlos Eduardo Ruiz
Task 1
• Smart Energy
• PARAGRAPH 1
• The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied and used.
In some major oil producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there
are increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many countries are focusing on
the switch to a low carbon economy. This transition will lead to major changes in the
supply and use of electricity. Firstly, there will be an increase in overall demand, as
consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to power their homes and vehicles.
Secondly, there will be an increase in power generation, not only in terms of how
much is generated, but also how it is generated, as there is growing electricity
generation from renewable sources. To meet these challenges, countries are investing
in Smart Grid technology. This system aims to provide the electricity industry with a
better understanding of power generation and demand, and to use this information to
create a more efficient power network.

3. Párrafo 1
En las próximas pocas décadas veremos grandes cambios en la forma como la energía
es suplida y usada. En algunas grandes naciones productoras de petróleo, el “pico del
petróleo” esta ya siendo alcanzado, y se ha incrementado el miedo por el
calentamiento global. En consecuencia muchos países se están enfocando en el
cambio para una economía baja en carbono. Esta transición conducirá a mayores
cambios en el suministro y uso de la electricidad. Primeramente, habrá un incremento
en general de la demanda, y los consumidores cambiaran el petróleo y el gas por la
energía eléctrica en sus hogares y vehículos. En segundo lugar, habrá un incremento en
la generación de energía, no únicamente en términos de cuanto se generara, si no en la
creciente generación de electricidad de fuentes renovables. Para alcanzar estos
objetivos, los países están invirtiendo en tecnología de Redes Inteligentes. El objetivo
de este sistema es proveer a la industria de la electricidad con mejor conocimiento de
generación y demanda, y usar esta información para crear más eficientes redes
eléctricas.

4. Task 2 Reflection
In this paragraph i use the calque, modulation and transposition
method, this I noticed this later, I mean, I do it unconsciously, I
highlighted the unknown words for me, in this chase the topic
taked in the reading was very pedagogical, because I need to
take again my dictionary and search that words, I add that some
of that words don’t have a direct meaning, for example oil, for us
is “aceite” or switch, for us is “interruptor” but also is used as a
verb.

5. Task 3 Chart
CONCEPT DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Method Orderly way to proceeding to reach
the translation, they are not very
different from the technique, is the
way to make a translation.
Literal method: word by word: the
dog is big- el perro es grande
Strategy Planning of process, the translator
have to take several decisions to
reach the goal, that is the translation;
that strategies are a set of
procedures supported by the
technique.
What will be the strategy that will be
used?, depends on the purpose of the
translation: Don Quixote is a Spanish
chevalier who lives in La Mancha the
meaning of chevalier is not known
Technique It’s a didactic procedure, the
resources used to achieve a
translation, they use a certain
sequence of steps or behaviors
Calco technic: basketball: baloncesto,
the structure is the same of source

6. Task 4 Feedback
• To alexander Pulido: You did a good job, your translation
seems intuitive without saying that you do not use a correct
technique, you are right when you mention about the order of
words in foreign language, sometimes this is a problem when
translating , but using the correct technique the problems will
be minor.
• To John Wills: mate your traduction is very successful, you give
us a new perspective when you use the modulation technique,
I mean, translating concepts like «energy wave» in
«undimotriz», this is new for me, finally thanks for that great
contribution

7. Task by Luz Montero
PARAGRAPH 3
Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer
too. They will be able to collect real-time information on their
energy use for each appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the
day will give customers the incentive to use appliances at times
when supply greatly exceeds demand, leading to great
reductions in bills. For example, they may use their washing
machines at night. Smart meters can also be connected to the
internet or telephone system, allowing customers to switch
appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted
with the apparatus to generate their own power, appliances can
be set to run directly from the on-site power source, and any
excess can be sold to the grid.

8. Task 1. Translation
La tecnología Red Inteligente también ofrece beneficios para el
consumidor. Ellos serán capaces de recopilar información en
tiempo real sobre su uso de energía para cada aparato. La
variación de las tarifas a lo largo del día dará a los clientes el
incentivo para usar electrodomésticos en momentos en que la
oferta supera ampliamente la demanda, llevando a grandes
reducciones en las facturas. Por ejemplo, ellos pueden usar sus
lavadoras en la noche. Los medidores inteligentes también se
pueden conectar a Internet o al sistema telefónico, permitiendo
a los clientes encender o apagar aparatos de forma remota.
Además, si las casas están equipadas con el aparato para
generar su propia energía, los dispositivos se pueden configurar
para que funcionen directamente desde la fuente de energía en
el sitio, y cualquier exceso puede ser vendido a la red.

9. Task 2. Reflection
To translate the paragraph I used Word-for-word translation,
Literal translation and Communicative translation, when I know
the meaning of most words, this makes it easier to translate a
text within context. I found some words that I didn't know, so I
had to use the dictionary to know its meaning, translate it and
integrate it into the context. .
It’s also important to clarify that thinking in English makes the
translation of the text easier.

10. Task 3. Chart
DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Method
Method is the way to translate a
text or a sentence. There are
different methods to do it, like
Word-for-word translation,
Literal translation, Faithful
translation, Semantic translation,
Adaptation Free translation,
Communicative translation.
When I'm going to translate any
text to English to Spanish, I use
Word-for-word translation and
Literal translation.
Strategy
Strategy is a potentially
conscious procedure for solving a
problem faced in translating a
text, or any segment of it.
Loescher (1991:8).
Strategies are a set of rules or
principles which a translator uses
to reach the goals determined by
the translating situation.
Jaaskelainen (2005:15).
When I'm going to translate a
text, according to Seguinot
(1989). I use to leave the
monitoring for qualitative or
stylistic errors in the text to the
revision stage.
Technique
Technique is a way of performing
a skillful activity, or the skill
needed to do it, it's also a way of
doing anything that involves
planning.
Literal translation, according to
Vinay and Darbelnet, a literal
translation can only be applied
with languages which are
extremely close in cultural terms.

11. Task 4. Feedback
• To Diego Hernández:
I reviewed paragraph 3, which was the same as I chose, and I
can see that the translation is very similar, there are differences
in very few words, however, they are synonyms.
• To John Wills:
Reviewing your translation, I see that it's right, I notice that
there are many words that I don't know, so I would have needed
most of the time to use the dictionary to know the meaning of
the words and put them in the context of the text.

12. Task by John Wills
PARAGRAPH 4
With these changes comes a range of challenges. The
first involves managing the supply and demand. Sources of
renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are notoriously
unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also set to increase as
nations switch to alternative energy sources, is inflexible. With oil
and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply of energy to
match the increasing demand during peak times of the day or year.
With alternative sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to
blackouts or system collapse. Potential solutions include
investigating new and efficient ways to store energy and
encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-peak times. A second
problem is the fact that many renewable power generation sources
are located in remote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal
regions, where there is currently a lack of electrical infrastructure.
New infrastructures therefore must be built. Thankfully, with
improved smart technology, this can be done more efficiently by
reducing the reinforcement or construction costs.

13. Translation
Con estos cambios llega una variedad de retos. Los primeros
involucran el manejo de la oferta y la demanda. Fuentes de energía
renovable, tales como la eólica, la undimotriz y la energía solar, son
notoriamente impredecibles, y la energía nuclear, el cual también
aumenta a medida que los países cambien a fuentes de energía
alternativas, es inflexible. Con el petróleo y el gas, es relativamente
sencillo aumentar el suministro de energía para coincidir con la creciente
demanda durante las horas pico del día o del año. Con fuentes
alternativas, esto es mucho más difícil, y puede conducir a apagones o a
un colapso del sistema. Soluciones potenciales incluyen la investigación
de nuevas y eficientes formas para almacenar la energía y estimular a
los consumidores al uso de la electricidad en horas valle. Un segundo
problema es el hecho que de muchas fuentes de generación de energía
renovable están ubicadas en áreas remotas, tales como terrenos
elevados expuestos al viento y regiones costeras, en donde es común la
carencia de infraestructura eléctrica. Por lo tanto, nuevas infraestructuras
deberían ser construidas. Afortunadamente, con el mejoramiento de la
tecnología inteligente, esto se puede llevar a cabo eficientemente
reduciendo los costos de refuerzo o de construcción.
.

14. Reflection
I want to share some of my personal feelings concerned with the translation
process, in general terms, I didn’t have big problems with the translation process of the chosen
paragraph, because I’ve already known beforehand the meaning of most of the paragraph
content, except for two words (blackouts and peak).
Another aspect that I’d like to remark is I had another concept of the word coastal in the
fragment “(…) such as windy uplands and coastal regions (…)”, honestly, I thought that the
word was “coaster” but I realized that it means “barco costero” or “posavasos”, after that, I
found a synonym of the word coastal, it is “seaside” which its meaning is the same as coastal,
I don’t know if seaside would be also valid instead of coastal when we want to refer a beach or
a zone in front of the sea.
With regards to techniques, I found that, according to the text “(…) Sources of renewable
energy, such as wind, wave and solar (…)” I learnt that energy wave couldn’t be translated as
“energia de olas” but, instead “energia undimotriz” which has a similar meaning, the same
happens with “energy wind” which could be translated as “energia eolica” and “off-peak times”
which means “horas valle” (low-consumption hours) for that reason, I used modulation
technique to convey the same idea, in addition, I also used literal translation because many
sentences have a structure that it allows to translate literally, other technique that I used was
transposition because some paragraph fragments need to be translated by changing the order
of some words, especially, when I read phrases such as “nuclear power”, “windy uplands”,
“alternative energy sources” which translated into Spanish means “fuentes energéticas
alternativas” where the order of the words were altered without changing its original meaning.
As a conclusion, I consider that we translate a text, or even a paragraph, it is necessary to
make use of two or more translation techniques to achieve a successful translation process
without changing the meaning of the source language.

15. COMPARATIVE CHART
METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
 It’s a systematic and
ordered way to proceed
to achieve a goal or a
target established
 Is concerned with the
whole text translation, it
allows translator to use
“notes”
 It involves translator's
potentially conscious
plans for solving
concrete translation
problems in the
framework of a concrete
translation task.
 Consists of the
mechanisms used by the
translator to solve
problems in translating
sentences and the
smaller units of
language.
 Techniques are
catalogued compared
with the SL text.
Example:
Literal translation: in which
the SL grammatical
constructions are converted
to their nearest TL
equivalents, but the lexical
words are again translated
singly, out of context.
Example:
Seguinot (1989) believes
that there are at least three
global strategies employed
by the translators: (i)
translating without
interruption for as
long as possible; (ii)
correcting surface errors
immediately; (iii) leaving the
monitoring for qualitative or
stylistic errors in the text to
the revision stage.
Example:
Borrowing is the taking of
words directly from one
language into another
without translation. Many
English words are
"borrowed" into other
languages; for example
(WhatsApp, Twitter, Football
or fútbol, etc.)

16. Feedback
Johnny's Task:
Warm greeting dear mate Johnny,
I've just read your document and let me say that you've did an excellent explanation of
translation tecniques you've used to translate the chosen paragraph.
Those are very clear and I could understand all the concepts writen in your contribution;
however, please check the translation of this fragment of your paragraph:
"quick win" methods which will provide initial carbon savings, remember shift it to future
tense.
With regards to your chart, you gave a wide range of definitions for each concept and
examples are suitable as well, all your document fulfills the activity requirements.
Carlos' Task:
Hello dear mate Carlos,
Your translation process is very good, however, I found a few mistakes, so I suggest
you, in a respectful manner, to check the following remarks:
"The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied and used" ,
I consider that it could be " En las próximas décadas se producirán grandes cambios en
la forma en que se suministra y utiliza la energía", also the phrase: "has already been
reached" I suggest you to change it for "ya se ha alcanzado".
Your reflection is well explained bearing in mind that you've used two or more
translation tecniques, and, the same as you, I had to use the dictionary several times to
find uknown words, finally, don't forget to share your chart.
.

17. 1. Tasks by Johnny Pulido
TASK 1: TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH 5
Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to promote
and test it are already underway. Consumers are currently testing the new
smart meters which can be used in their homes to manage electricity use.
There are also a number of demonstrations being planned to show how the
smart technology could practically work, and trials are in place to test the
new electrical infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be added in
'layers', starting with 'quick win' methods which will provide initial carbon
savings, to be followed by more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are
prime candidates for investment into smart energy, due to the high
population density and high energy use. It is here where Smart Technology
is likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources,
transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered
vehicles. The infrastructure is already changing fast. By the year 2050,
changes in the energy supply will have transformed our homes, our roads
and our behaviour.

18. Párrafo 5
Aunque la tecnología inteligente (Smart Technology) aun esta es sus
primeras etapas, proyectos pilotos ya están en marcha para ser
probados y promovidos. Actualmente los consumidores están probando
los nuevos medidores inteligentes los cuales pueden ser usados en sus
casas para administrar el uso de electricidad. También varias
demostraciones han sido planeadas para mostrar como la tecnología
inteligente puede funcionar, hay pruebas para ensayar la nueva
infraestructura eléctrica. Es probable que esta tecnología se añadida en
“capas” comenzando con métodos de “quick win” (ganancia rápida) los
cuales proveen ahorros iniciales de carbón para ser seguidos por
sistemas más avanzados en una fecha venidera. Las ciudades son los
candidatos principales para invertir en energía inteligente debido a la
alta densidad de población y al gran consumo de energía. Es aquí
donde probablemente la tecnología inteligente será promovida en
primer lugar, utilizando una variedad de fuentes de energía sostenibles,
soluciones de transporte y una infraestructura para cargar los vehículos
que funcionan eléctricamente. La infraestructura ya está cambiando
muy rápido. A medidas del año 2050, los cambios en el suministro de
energía transformaran nuestros hogares, autopistas y nuestro
comportamiento.

19. TASK 2: REFLECTION
It was a good experience because I realized that I couldn’t use only direct
translation techniques like “literal translation” because there are many
different aspects form the SL, for example, in English adjectives go before
the noun and in Spanish is the contrary, besides there are terms that I had
to investigate their meanings. I did a study about the context of the text,
which is in this case smart technologies, terms like “smart meter”. I could not
put “metro inteligente” because people of TL won’t understand the meaning
which is: a small electronic device used to measure the consumption of
energy and gas. By the other hand I found a financial term “quick win” that
means strategies that allow people or enterprises to reach a financial goal
with profits. But I decided to write them because those terms are most used
on their original form but they can be accepted in the TL (calque). Another
technique that I felt comfortable was modulation, here I could express the
same idea with a different phrase, example:
“transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered
vehicles an infrastructure for charging electrically powered vehicles”, the
common translation could be: “soluciones de transporte y una
infraestructura para cargar vehículos propulsados eléctricamente”. Instead
of that, I used a less technical language which most of people could
understand, like: “soluciones de transporte y una infraestructura para cargar
los vehículos que funcionan eléctricamente”.
Finally, it is really important to know the context of each text and the culture
of the TL before translating because different cultures have different
meaning and allusions

20. TASK 3: CHART
STRATEGY METHOD TECHNIQUE
-It is a plan or a set of steps
that we use to achieve a
goal.
-It is a consciousness
process.
-Loescher (1991:8) says that
is potentially conscious
procedure for solving a
problem faced in translation
text.
-According to Jaas Kelaine
(2005:15), it is the ability to
choose a SL text and
method to translate it.
Examples:
Methods (what happen to
texts) and Techniques
(what happen in the
process).
-It is the way something is
done. Also it refers to a set
of techniques to perform a
task.
-It involves the complete
text, what happen to the
text.
-The way the text is going to
be translated.
Examples:
Word-for-word
translation: in which the SL
word order is preserved and
the words translated singly
by their most common
meanings, out of context.
Adaptation: which is the
freest form of translation,
and is used mainly for plays
(comedies) and poetry; the
themes, characters, plots are
usually preserved, the SL
culture is converted to the
TL culture and the text is
rewritten.
-It is a process or procedure
used to complete a task.
-It is how the procedures
and methods are applied on
a specific task, this mean, all
the language transfer
processes involved in the act
of translating.
-They are not strategic.
-They are used for small
language units (sentences,
words, etc.)
-Activities used by the
translator on the way of
problem-solving and
decision-making.
-Used for translating CSC.
Examples:
Descriptive or self-
explanatory translation: It
uses generic terms (not
CBTs) to convey the
meaning. It is appropriate in
a wide variety of contexts
where formal equivalence is
considered insufficiently
clear. In a text aimed at a
specialized reader, it can be
helpful to add the original
SL term to avoid ambiguity.
Modulation: it occurs when
the translator reproduces the
message of the original text
in the TL text in conformity
with the current norms of
the TL, since the SL and the
TL may appear dissimilar in
terms of perspective.

21. TASK 5: FEEDBACK
Hi Charlie (Carlos Ruiz)
Your work is pretty good and I understand you, this is something we're not used to. My
recommendation is to know in a deep way the context of the text, I mean, we need to
investigate the meaning of certain terms like in my case was "smart meter" we can't
put "metro inteligente".
I would not use the word "supplied" as "suplida", instead of that I'd use it as
"suministrada". For me the rest is ok.
Thanks
Hi John (John Wills)
The work you did was really good my friend. But remember John, not everything has
to be with literal translation, of course if the text allows it, we do it. Translators have
the freedom to convey the ideas to express the same meaning. As you said, we can't
use literal or transposition translations all the time because there is a different
gramatical order in english, for example, the in the case of adjectives that go before
the noun like: “nuclear power” we can't translate it as "nuclear poder" no, because the
TL is Spanish and we need to follow its grammatical rules where the adjective goes
after the noun : "energia nuclear".
"y la energía nuclear, el cual también aumenta a medida que los países". You're
talking about nuclear energy and in Spanish the gender is female so you should write
"la cual también..."
Thanks

22. Diego Arturo Hernandez
Task 1
1. Full-Text translation:
Las siguientes pocas décadas verán grandes cambios en la forma en que la energía es
suministrada y usada. En algunas naciones de gran producción de petróleo, “el auge del petróleo” ha sido
alcanzado, y hay crecientes temores del calentamiento global. Por consiguiente, muchos países se están
concentrando en el cambio a la economía baja en carbono. Esta transición llevará a grandes cambios en el
suministro y uso de la electricidad. En primer lugar, habrá un incremento en la demanda total, dado a que los
consumidores cambian de petróleo y gas a electricidad para potenciar sus casas y vehículos. En segundo
lugar, habrá un incremento en la generación de poder, no sólo en términos de cuánto es generado, como hay
generación de electricidad creciente de fuentes renovables. Para enfrentar estos desafíos, los países están
invirtiendo en tecnologías de red inteligentes. Este sistema apunta a proveer a la industria eléctrica una
mejor comprensión de la generación del poder y la demanda, y a usar ésta información para crear una red de
poder más eficiente.
La tecnología de red inteligente (Smart Grid Technology) involucra la aplicación de un sistema
de computador a la red de electricidad. El sistema de computador puede ser usado para recolectar
información acerca del suministro y demanda de electricidad y mejora la habilidad del ingeniero para
administrar el sistema. Con una mejor información acerca de la demanda de electricidad, la red podrá
incrementar la cantidad de la electricidad enviada por unidad generada, llevando a reducciones potenciales
en las necesidades de combustible y emisiones de carbono. Además, el sistema de computador va a ayudar
en la reducción de costos de operación y mantenimiento.

23. La tecnología de red inteligente también ofrece beneficios al consumidor. Ellos
podrán recolectar información en tiempo real acerca del uso de energía para cada aparato.
Tarifas variables a lo largo del día le darán a los clientes el incentivo de usar los aparatos en
momentos en que el suministro excede extremadamente la demanda, llevándolos a grandes
reducciones en sus cuentas. Por ejemplo, ellos pueden usar sus lavadoras de ropa en la noche.
Los medidores inteligentes también pueden ser conectados a internet o al sistema telefónico,
permitiéndole a los clientes encender o apagar sus aparatos remotamente. Además, si las
casas están conectadas con los equipos para generar su propio poder, los aparatos pueden ser
configurados para funcionar directamente desde la fuente de poder en el sitio, y todo exceso
puede ser vendido a la red.
Con estos cambios, también viene una serie de retos. El primero la administración
del suministro y demanda. Las fuentes de energía renovable como el viento, de olas y solar,
son notoriamente impredecibles, y la energía nuclear, la cual también está planteada para
incrementar dado a que las naciones cambian a fuentes alternativas, es inflexible. Con el
petróleo y el gas es relativamente simple incrementar el suministro de energía para igualar la
demanda creciente en los momentos más altos del día o del año. Con las fuentes alternativas,
esto es mucho más difícil, y puede llevar a cortes o colapsos del sistema. Las soluciones
potenciales incluyen investigar acerca de formas nuevas y eficientes para almacenar energía,
así como incentivar a los clientes a usar electricidad en momentos de baja demanda. Un
segundo problema es el hecho que muchas fuentes de generación de energía renovable están
situadas en áreas remotas, como áreas altas ventosas y regiones costeras en donde
actualmente hay falta de infraestructura eléctrica. Las nuevas infraestructuras deben ser
entonces construidas. Afortunadamente, con la tecnología inteligente mejorada, esto puede
ser hecho más eficientemente, reduciendo el refuerzo o los costos de construcción.

24. A pesar de que la tecnología inteligente (ST) aún está en su
infancia, los esquemas piloto para promoverlos y evaluarlos están ya
en marcha. Los consumidores están actualmente evaluando los nuevos
medidores inteligentes que pueden ser usados en sus casa para
administrar el uso de electricidad. También hay un cierto número de
demostraciones planeadas para mostrar cómo la tecnología inteligente
podría trabajar prácticamente, y pruebas están en aplicación para
evaluar la nueva infraestructura eléctrica. Es probable que la
tecnología sea agregada en “capas” comenzando con métodos de
“ganancia rápida” que proveerán los ahorros iniciales en carbono, para
ser seguidos por sistemas más avanzados en una fecha posterior. Las
ciudades son candidatas principales para la inversión en energía
inteligente, dada la alta densidad poblacional y el alto uso de energía.
Es aquí donde es probable que la tecnología inteligente sea
promocionada primero, usando una serie de fuentes de energía
renovables, soluciones de transporte e infraestructura para cargar
vehículos impulsados eléctricamente. La infraestructura ya está
cambiando rápidamente. Para el año 2050, los cambios en el
suministro de energía habrán transformado nuestros hogares, nuestras
carreteras y nuestro comportamiento
•

25. Task 2.
Reflection on the translation process:
The translation was a basic-intermediate academic level text, in which most of the
sentences could be done by grammar method. Going into the strategy to be followed, there
was also the need of using cultural analysis due to the adaptation of some terms that migh
change into the literal translation. thus needed to be adapted to the language of translation
(Spanish). In cases going beyond this situations, there were some punctual words or sentences
that needed to be arranged in different ways, due to problems with the syntax and semantics
of the original language. Here you can have two examples and the techniques to be used to
solve the situations:
• “next few decades” - Modulation: In this sentence, the meaning of the word “few” has a
negative connotation and, furthermore, it means something different in spanish: pocas. In
this case I used modulation into a similar expression in spanish as “próximas” which is
indicating the same meaning in the context, but with a different word that would differ
from literal translation.
• “major oil producing nations” -Transposition: In this sentence, the explanation of a concept
required a different word order (collocation) in which the literal translation or calque would
not be possible. Instead, I re-arranged the sentence to keep the meaning into “Naciones de
gran producción de petróleo)

26. Method Strategy Technique
A translating method goes into the
plan taken to organise and secuence
the translation, based on the main
analysis of the text, and regarding
on how to keep semantic and syntax
as close as possible to the original
version.
A translation technique refers to the
type of exercise that is done in the
actual translation. It refers to the main
process taken during the translation, it
is following the required plan going to
the method decided
Krings (1986:18) defines translation
strategy as "translator's potentially
conscious plans for solving concrete
translation problems in the
framework of a concrete translation
task. In other words, translation
strategies refer to the punctual
translation resources used in
specific situations of the process of
translation
Example Example Example
In the analysis of the translation of a
book that was related to a research on
violence in Colombia (Spanish to
English translation) there were so many
oral transcriptions and interviews that
it was not possible to use a Grammar
Translation Method. Then, it is easier
and more accurate to use Direct
Method, that consists in the anlysis of
the sentences and statements to
determine the possible translation in
the language, according to the meaning
in it.
For this same book translation, there
might be many techniques used in the
development of the translation. To go
accordingly with the method, all of the
used techniques should be related to
the relation of meaning, more than the
grammar. Due to this, word-to-word
and literal translation should be
omitted; thus, some other translation
techniques like transposition or
modulation might be used.
For this matter, there were some
specific situations in which it was
needed to use word-by-word
translation, as it was representing
technical concepts of analysis or taken
from a book (references)
Task 3.
Chart.