Ana Claudia DiagnosisOne of the earliest symptoms of dementia .docx

Ana Claudia
Diagnosis
One of the earliest symptoms of dementia (ICD-10 code F03.
90) is delirium (ICD-10 code F05), which could be the primary
warning that an individual is getting sick. Cases of both
dementia and acute delirium in the elderly are presented.
Especially when it comes to alleged dementia as well as severe
delirium, the healthcare practitioner's focus will be on
determining the highly likely diagnosis (Lai et al., 2021). In
accordance with the case study's findings, a number of factors,
including substance withdrawal, stress, inflammation, and direct
intoxication may all have a role in the development of acute
delirium. If an individual is going through detox from addiction,
their neurotransmitter system will go through a time of
disruption inside the excitatory and inhibitory pathways.
Anticholinergic medications, dopaminergic drugs, and
electrolyte imbalances are some more examples of conditions
that can affect neurotransmitter production or release. It might
affect the process in a roundabout way. These include, but are
not limited to, hypercalcemia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and
ischemia. All of those are obviously only a small sample of the
many examples of inequality. Furthermore, cytokines are a
group of molecules that are produced as a result of
inflammation (Tieges et al., 2020). As a result, these cytokines
commonly interfere with the proper action of neurotransmitters.
Comparatively, the stress response is linked to the secretion of
neurotoxic glucocorticoids as well as noradrenaline. The
information covered so far suggests that while attempting to
diagnose acute delirium, it is important to take into account any
coexisting clinical disorders. In particular, renal failure or
injury; cerebrovascular illness; insomnia; malignancy; heart
arrhythmias; seizures; delirium from medicines; and pulmonary
pathology are all conditions that can cause hypovolemia.
Additional Testing to Be Considered

Particularly for elderly individuals, there are a variety of
options available when treating acute delirium plus dementia
situations addressed by healthcare professionals. According to
Mattison (2020), depending on the circumstances, it is
necessary to first explain how to diagnose delirium signs by
analyzing the patient's medical history and doing a
comprehensive physical examination. We can then proceed to
determine what caused the delirium after that is complete.
Supplemental diagnostic tests may be required to determine the
highly likely origin of the medical issue. Particular tests that
could be performed on the patient include electrolyte levels,
complete blood count, creatine, C-reactive protein, liver
function tests, thyroid-stimulating hormone, calcium, kidney
tests, blood glucose levels, and urinalysis. The potential of
acute delirium can be ruled out by performing the
aforementioned medical tests and diagnostics. Additional
diagnostic techniques, including a computer tomography scan of
the head, an electroencephalogram, and a chest x-ray, may be
performed in conjunction with testing cerebrospinal fluid. Acute
delirium can be caused by a number of medical issues, including
but not limited to electrolyte imbalances, seizures, cardiac
irregularities, renal failure, respiratory disorders, and strokes.
Thus, further evaluations might be useful in excluding them.
Treatment
Whereas doctors are expected to treat a wide variety of
illnesses, it is ultimately the patient's obligation to shape the
course of treatment. However, there are a variety of
considerations that go into deciding how to manage medical
disorders. According to Pavone et al. (2018), any and all
treatment decisions made for the patient in the pilot case will be
consistent with the most recent etiology for the patient and any
adjustments to that etiology. Antibiotics may be utilized to cure
infections, replacement treatment could reverse hypovolemic
shock, anticonvulsant drugs could reduce the severity of
seizures, and hypoxia could be remedied, among many other
things. It is also worth noting that antipsychotics are routinely

used for recurrent hyperactive delirium, despite there being
little evidence to back up this practice. Case study data suggest
that clomethiazole is the best treatment for alcohol withdrawal.
In other words, clomethiazole is usually the medication of
choice for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Paradoxical reactions and oversedation are possible side effects
of benzodiazepines. However, they remain an integral
component of the treatment regimen for people suffering from
severe psychomotor agitation, and who also require
antipsychotics. Additionally, haloperidol is the antipsychotic of
choice because it is supported by the largest body of evidence
compared to other drugs in its class (Mulkey et al., 2019). One
mg of haloperidol every 3 hours is recommended, with a
maximum daily dose of 25 milligrams. Surprisingly, it is
possible to treat acute delirium without the use of
pharmaceuticals by providing the client with a stable and
familiar environment. Encompassing the patient's loved ones in
his or her care is also recommended, as are strategies such as
increasing stimulation throughout the day and decreasing it at
night, encouraging the patient to get up and walk around,
soothing the patient with aromatherapy and music, and enabling
the client to start receiving physical contact from loved ones.
The ones who make the sufferer feel the most at ease are on this
list.
References
Lai, P. H. L., Halvorsen, C., & Matz, C. (2021). The
relationship between occupation types, education, and volunteer
behaviors among older Americans.
Innovation in Aging, 5(Supplement_1), 690–690.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2592
Mattison, M. L. P. (2020). Delirium.
Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(7), ITC49–ITC64.
https://doi.org/10.7326/aitc202010060
Mulkey, M. A., Everhart, D. E., Kim, S., Olson, D. M., &
Hardin, S. R. (2019). Detecting delirium using a physiologic
monitor.

Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 38(5), 241–247.
https://doi.org/10.1097/dcc.0000000000000372
Pavone, K. J., Cacchione, P. Z., Polomano, R. C., Winner, L., &
Compton, P. (2018). Evaluating the use of dexmedetomidine for
the reduction of delirium: An integrative review.
Heart & Lung, 47(6), 591–601.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.08.007
Tieges, Z., Stott, D. J., Shaw, R., Tang, E., Rutter, L.-M.,
Nouzova, E., Duncan, N., Clarke, C., Weir, C. J., Assi, V.,
Ensor, H., Barnett, J. H., Evans, J., Green, S., Hendry, K.,
Thomson, M., McKeever, J., Middleton, D. G., Parks, S., &
Walsh, T. (2020). A smartphone-based test for the assessment of
attention deficits in delirium: A case-control diagnostic test
accuracy study in older hospitalised patients.
PLOS ONE, 15(1), e0227471.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227471
This week we will discuss the concept of 'Theory of Mind.'
Read this article and watch the associated videos:
https://nobaproject.com/modules/theory-of-
mind#abstract
1. Now, recall a situation in which you tried to infer what a
person was thinking or feeling but you just couldn't figure it
out, and recall another situation in which you tried the same but
succeeded. Which tools were you able to use in the successful
case that you didn't or couldn't use in the failed case?
2. In the near future we will have robots that closely interact
with people. Which theory of mind tools should a robot
definitely have? Which ones are less important? Why?

Classmate 1
This topic is pretty apropos for a situation I encountered
tonight. I was in the kitchen making dinner, and my daughter
came up to me and just stood there and stared at me. It was after
school, before dinner, but after a small snack. I knew what she
was about to ask me, and I said, "no." I thought she would ask if
she could watch TV before dinner, and I preemptively said no.
She just looked at me confused and said, "what?" "No, you
cannot watch TV right now," I said. She replied, "I was just
going to ask what was for dinner." I felt pretty small, but I felt
like I had been in that situation before and knew exactly what
she would say. When she said something different, I was pretty
shocked. I had misread her goal, what was for dinner. The
context around the situation led me to believe the goal was TV.
There have been other times when I have been on a team for a
long time when we could look at each other and know exactly
what to do next. Projection is likely the culprit in this instance.
My teammates and I are seeking the same goal, have had the
same background (in that situation and context), and are placed
in the same environment.
Empathy is something that robots would need to have. I was
trying to cancel a contract that my mother-in-law had, and I told
the "person" on the other end of the chat that she was no longer
with us. That person then asked if she had considered a
different plan. After saying the same thing back to the person, a
similar response came back. It was not until the third time that
there was a distinct difference in the reply, and I could tell it
was a human. Sympathy and empathy were exuded from the
text, and the tone changed completely. If robots cannot
understand emotions, humans will feel sensitivities, which will
create distrust between the two. I think joint attention would be
hard to achieve; the robots and humans can look or hear the
same thing, but it will be processed differently.
Classmate 2

Week 5 Memory
1. Now, recall a situation in which you tried to infer what a
person was thinking or feeling but you just couldn't figure it
out, and recall another situation in which you tried the same but
succeeded. Which tools were you able to use in the successful
case that you didn't or couldn't use in the failed case?
In the cases where I have been successful in inferring a person’s
thoughts and feelings, I have engaged automatic empathy and
simulation. By pausing to access my own feelings when
interacting with someone I can differentiate my mood prior to
interacting with a person and during the interaction. This can
give a baseline to how a person is feeling. Simulation has
helped me to draw on my own mental state to frame what
another person may be feeling given a specific situation. When I
have “misread” or misunderstood a person, many times it has
been a result of projection. Too often, I have made assumptions
about a person’s perceptions of an issue or situation and ended
up causing embarrassment, tension, or offense.
2. In the near future we will have robots that closely interact
with people. Which theory of mind tools should a robot
definitely have? Which ones are less important? Why?
As artificial intelligence and robotics advance and applications
become more accessible and common in the world, many of the
theory of minds tools are important to the robot/person
interaction but much depends on the role or job of the robot.
First, the robot must have humanlike features for the person to
begin a humanlike interaction with this accomplished the robot
should be able to identify agents and recognize the agent’s
goals. It less important that a robot differentiate between
intentional and unintentional if the robot is performing a service
like making coffee or assisting with grocery checkout. Mimicry
and synchrony can put a person at ease and build connection
this would be important if a robot’s function was to help in a
medical settling such as taking blood pressure and temperature.
Automatic empathy seems so distinctively human and except for
chimpanzees, other animals do not demonstrate this behavior. It

would be unnecessary for a robot to have this tool. Joint
attention is important for a robot who is interacting in more
complex ways with humans because of shared engagement and
an understand of an object meaning. Stimulation and projection
are tools that robots would benefit from not having because it
without them. There is a sense of objectivity and lessens
misinterpretations. Finally, it is not a robot’s job to be able
understand by inference a person’s mental state. This can be
achieved by asking questions and processing data.
-https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-
lifespandevelopment/chapter/why-it-matters-adolescence/
-https://youtu.be/PzyXGUCngoU
Part 1. Main Entry: Post a brief analysis of what you have
learned from this week’s readings and activities. Start a new
thread, and place the header -- Name's Main Entry (e.g.,
Makonnan's Main Entry) at the top. Within the body of
your post, clearly identify each segment of the required
response in order to facilitate discussion development.
a.
This week’s great takeaway: What concept or theory
did you find most interesting this week? Why?
b.
Sharing of thoughts: Respond to one of the following
topics…
1. How do cultural ideals and timing of puberty affect an
adolescent's body image? How is this topic addressed within
the developmental literature? Do research findings have
practical impact? Why or why not?

2. Discuss social problems facing youth such as suicide,
juvenile delinquency, and victimization. What kinds of
recommendations would you make to help reduce these
problems? What empirical research supports one of your
recommendations? ‘
Part 2. Post Constructive Peer Feedback: In addition to posting
your thoughts to the main entry questions, respond to at
least TWO (2) of your classmates’ entries. In 3 or more
sentences, provide constructive feedback. Do you have some
additional thoughts on the topic? Share them. When providing
your feedback present the logic behind it.
Classmate 1
a. The future school counselor in me couldn't help but to be
intrigued by the material from this week's readings regarding
school during adolescence. I found it to be very interesting that
middle school (in my experience, grades 6-8) was created as a
way to distinguish between early adolescence and late
adolescence (Lumen, 2020). It only makes sense that the
transition from elementary to middle school would be extremely
stressful for students taking into account all of the changes they
are experiencing during this period in life, and I can recall
being quite nervous myself about this transition. This stressful
time period can cause students to underperform academically
and become discouraged, resulting in an increase in the rate of
dropping out of school (U.S. Department of Education, 2008).
b. 2. One of the most common social problems that adolescent's
face is peer pressure. At the adolescent stage, children begin to
spend less time with their parents and more time with their
peers. Juvenile delinquency refers to the committing of a crime
by an adolescent. Although social influences from peers could
be a contributing factor to juvenile delinquency, there are other
contributing factors as well such as poor parenting. For the sake
of this discussion, I will discuss recommendations on how to

reduce substance use among adolescents. Parental relationships,
healthy communication with parents, monitoring without
psychological control, and parental supervision are some of the
most important ways parents could help reduce these problems.
Griffin and Botvin (2010) discuss evidence-based interventions
for preventing substance use among adolescents, and focus on
school-based prevention programs, family-based prevention
programs, and community-based prevention programs as being
the most effective intervention methods for this social issue.
References:
Griffin, K., and Botvin, G. (2010). Evidence-based
interventions for preventing substance use disorders in
adolescents.
Child Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
19(3), pp 505-526.
10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.005
Lumen. (2020). Lifespan Development.
Lumen
Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-
lifespandevelopment/chapter/social-development-during-
adolescence/
less
classmate 2
Key Takeaway
My key takeaway from this week is the high suicide rate among
adolescents. In my experience as a parent and volunteer in
schools, I do not recall ever hearing about the problem of teen
suicide. Parents and adolescents should be provided information
on the risk of suicide and resources to help keep children in this
stage of development safe.
Cultural Ideals affecting Body Image
One social problem facing the youth is anxiety about body
image, which results in poor nutrition. (“Physical Development
during Adolescence | Lifespan Development.”) As adolescents
face changes in their bodies and sudden growth spurts, they can

cause them to be uncomfortable and self-conscious. At the same
time the relentless parade of media images that present a
specific standard of beauty, along with teasing about body
image and attractiveness, may have psychological ramifications.
The cultural ideal of beauty based on a narrow range of body
types create challenges for many adolescents. Weight, height,
build, complexion and other physical attributes can create
insecurity about body image.
Impact of timing of puberty on adolescent body image
Adolescents generally want to fit in with their peers. The non-
uniform and sometimes unpredictable growth rates in adolescent
years can lead to problems when children develop more slowly
or more quickly than their peers. Girls developing more quickly
than others may be subject to teasing and harassment. Boys
developing more slowly than others are also subject to teasing
and bullying. (“Physical Development during Adolescence |
Lifespan Development.”)
Developmental Literature
In their 1998 Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry
journal article Marion Kostanski and Eleonora Gullone
demonstrated that body dissatisfaction in female and male
adolescents correlated with body mass index with body
dissatisfaction increasing as BMI increased. Depression and
“Drive for Thinness” also increased along with BMI. From the
abstract, “Interestingly, actual body mass and psychological
well-being variables were found to be significantly related with
PBID, whilst being independent of each other. Findings support
proposals that PBID arises from a complex interplay of factors,
including gender, self-esteem, and actual body mass. In
particular, our findings highlight the need for future research of
a prospective nature incorporating psychological, sociocultural,
and maturational factors.” (Kostanski and Gullone, “Adolescent
Body Image Dissatisfaction.”)
Sources
“Physical Development during Adolescence | Lifespan
Development.” Accessed October 24, 2022.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-
lifespandevelopment/chapter/physical-development-during-
adolescence/.
Kostanski, Marion, and Eleonora Gullone. “Adolescent Body
Image Dissatisfaction: Relationships with Self-Esteem, Anxiety,
and Depression Controlling for Body Mass.”
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39, no. 2
(February 1998): 255–62.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963097001807.

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