Week 3 :Reply Posts Group Presentation on Stahl Readings View your peers’ group presentation posts and respond to two groups. In your response post answer the following questions: · What did you find interesting about the presentation? · What did you learn from this that you may not have during the reading? · Are there any aspects of this topic that are still unclear? What do you plan to do to fill in these gaps in knowledge? Please refer to the Grading Rubric for details on how this activity will be graded. The described expectations meet the passing level of 80%. Students are directed to review the Discussion Grading Rubric for criteria which exceed expectations. Running head: WORLD MUSIC RECORDING WORLD MUSIC RECORDING 4 World music recording Student’s Name Course Supervisor For this assignment, I chose Paul Simon’s ‘the rhythm of the saints’. The recording represents an expansion in his incorporation of traditional music. From the collaboration with Brazilian superstars to heavily borrowing from the setting of Latin Music. This makes it be classified under three genres which are Pop, rock, and Worldbeat. It also represents a cross-cultural genre of music since its prime is highly influenced by West African music. The song is attributed to its composer and producer Paul Simon under the label of Warner Bros. the copyrights are also indicated to belong to the same producer. These copyrights and attributions suggest that the composer of the song holds the due rights of music ownership. The musical relationships represented in the music negotiated through the production of the album are compatible with the beliefs concerning the rights to and ownership of music in the borrowed tradition represented in the music. This is because the recording recognizes all who took part in it, including the instrumentalists. The lead artist, Paul Simon shows musical respect for the traditions that the song has imported. Artistic respect refers to the recognition of the cultures or traditions featured in the song as worth upholding (Taylor, 2014). In the song, the cultural settings and traditional dances show recognition of these traditions. The artists who employ traditional musicians have an obligation not only to the musicians but also to the political entities and cultural traditions they represent. This is dictated by the social, cultural setting and the legal requirements of the cultures they represent. They have a moral obligation to do this in a manner that will not taint the image of those traditions. The traditional musicians should continue getting loyalties depending on the sales they make for their music. This is because granting them a fixed session fee will not make a difference between the highly demanded songs and those that are not demanded. References Paul Simon, "The Rhythm of the Saints" (with Latin American musicians) Taylor, T. D. (2014). Global pop: World music, world markets. Routle ...

1. Week 3 :Reply Posts Group Presentation on Stahl Readings
View your peers’ group presentation posts and respond to two
groups. In your response post answer the following questions:
· What did you find interesting about the presentation?
· What did you learn from this that you may not have during the
reading?
· Are there any aspects of this topic that are still unclear? What
do you plan to do to fill in these gaps in knowledge?
Please refer to the Grading Rubric for details on how this
activity will be graded.
The described expectations meet the passing level of 80%.
Students are directed to review the Discussion Grading Rubric
for criteria which exceed expectations.
Running head: WORLD MUSIC RECORDING
WORLD MUSIC RECORDING 4
World music recording

2. Student’s Name
Course
Supervisor
For this assignment, I chose Paul Simon’s ‘the rhythm of the
saints’. The recording represents an expansion in his
incorporation of traditional music. From the collaboration with
Brazilian superstars to heavily borrowing from the setting of
Latin Music. This makes it be classified under three genres
which are Pop, rock, and Worldbeat. It also represents a cross-
cultural genre of music since its prime is highly influenced by
West African music.
The song is attributed to its composer and producer Paul Simon
under the label of Warner Bros. the copyrights are also
indicated to belong to the same producer. These copyrights and
attributions suggest that the composer of the song holds the due
rights of music ownership.
The musical relationships represented in the music negotiated
through the production of the album are compatible with the
beliefs concerning the rights to and ownership of music in the
borrowed tradition represented in the music. This is because the
recording recognizes all who took part in it, including the
instrumentalists.
The lead artist, Paul Simon shows musical respect for the

3. traditions that the song has imported. Artistic respect refers to
the recognition of the cultures or traditions featured in the song
as worth upholding (Taylor, 2014). In the song, the cultural
settings and traditional dances show recognition of these
traditions.
The artists who employ traditional musicians have an obligation
not only to the musicians but also to the political entities and
cultural traditions they represent. This is dictated by the social,
cultural setting and the legal requirements of the cultures they
represent. They have a moral obligation to do this in a manner
that will not taint the image of those traditions.
The traditional musicians should continue getting loyalties
depending on the sales they make for their music. This is
because granting them a fixed session fee will not make a
difference between the highly demanded songs and those that
are not demanded.
References
Paul Simon, "The Rhythm of the Saints" (with Latin American

4. musicians)
Taylor, T. D. (2014). Global pop: World music, world markets.
Routledge.
Signal Transduction CAscades
Presented by: Tiffany Audlin, Latanya Barnes, Mercedes Garcia
& Jennifer Olsen
1
OBJECTIVES
Define Signal Transduction Cascades.
Explain how they work.
Explore factors that modulate their actions.
Examine how they are relative to psychopharmacology.

5. What is signal transduction cascade
A process where a chemical signal is transmitted through a cell
It allows for cellular communication
Stages
Reception
Transduction
Response
(Stahl, 2013)
Signal transduction cascade is a series of chemical reactions
initiated by a stimulus acting on a receptor. Chemical signals
are transmitted from outside the cell into the cell to elicit a
response. Information is communicated to the cell. The process
of signal transduction occurs in three main stages. The first
stage is reception whereby the receptor protein of the target
cell detects the signal molecule from the exterior aspect of the
target cell. The second stage is transduction whereby the
binding of the signal molecule triggers the target cell’s receptor
protein thus initiating transduction. The third stage involved in
cell signaling is response. In this stage, the transduced signal
eventually triggers a particular cellular response. The response
is usually in the form of cellular activity like activation of
certain genes in the cell nucleus, cytoskeleton rearrangement, or
catalysis usually by an enzyme such as Glycogen phosphorylase
(Zhang, Tian, & Xing, 2016).
3
How Signal Transduction Cascades Work

6. Signal transduction is the ability of the body cell to change its
behavior or mode of action in response to receptor-ligand
interactions.
In the cascade, ligand acts as the primary messenger.
The binding of a ligand to the receptor results in the production
of second messengers or molecules within the target cell
(Zhang, Tian, & Xing, 2016).
The second messengers are responsible for relaying the signal to
a different location, for instance, from the plasma membrane to
the nucleus.
This mechanism results in the occurrence of a cascade of change
within the target cell causing a change in the identity or
function of the cell.
How Signal Transduction Cascades Work
Signal transduction or cell signaling involves transmission of
the molecular signals from the exterior aspect of the cell to the
interior aspect.
The signaling information is often transmitted from the
receptors in the plasma membrane through the cytoplasm,
nucleus, cytoskeleton, and other subcellular compartments.
The signal transduction cascade plays a key role in the
amplification of the cellular response to an external signal
(Russell, & Cotter, 2015).
The messenger molecules involved in cell signaling may be
peptides, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, nucleotides,
or nucleosides.
The signal-transduction cascades are involved in the mediation

7. of the processes of sensing and processing a stimuli. The
molecular circuits are responsible for detection, amplification,
and integration of diverse external signals for generation of
responses like changes in ion-channel activity, gene
expression, and enzyme activity. The signaling information is
transmitted to the cell nucleus if the response is gene
transcription. One of the classical second messengers involved
in the amplification of the signal is calcium ions. Water-soluble
second messengers like cGMP and cAMP act by diffusing into
the cytosol just like calcium ions while the lipid-soluble second
messengers like diacylglycerol (DAG) act by diffusing along
the plasma membrane. The common means in which information
is transferred in cell signaling is protein phosphorylation
(Russell, & Cotter, 2015).
5
Factors that Can Modulate the Signal Transduction Pathways
Understanding Allosteric Modulators
An allosteric modulator is a substance that indirectly influences
the effects of a primary ligand that directly activates or
deactivates the function of a target protein. They are modulators
that bind to a site different from the
neurotransmitter(Wikipedia, 2019). This “other site” is referred
to as allosteric. Allosteric Modulators can either boost or block
the action of the neurotransmitter(Stahl, 2013).
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): Boosts what the
neurotransmitter does. Referred to as enhancers or potentiators
that ignite an amplification of the effect of receptor's response
to the primary ligand without directly activating the receptor.
Example: Benzodiazepines act as PAMs by
boosting the action of GABA(Stahl, 2013) .
Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs): Blocks what the
neurotransmitter does. Act at a different site(allosteric) to

8. reduce the responsiveness of the receptor to the endogenous
ligand(Stahl, 2013).
Note: Allosteric modulators have little or no activity on their
own in the absence of a neurotransmitter. When a
neurotransmitter it not binding to its site, the allosteric
modulators do not work(Stahl, 2013).
One of the factors that can modulate or indirectly influence the
transduction pathways are allosteric modulators. The term
allosteric means that they affect the action from a site different
from the neurotransmitter. Allosteric modulators can either
boost or block the neurotransmitters action. Modulators can be
categorized as either positive or negative. A positive allosteric
modulator will indirectly enhance the effect and the negative
allosteric modulator will reduce the responsiveness or effect.
It is important to point out that allosteric modulators have little
or no activity on their own in the absence of a
neurotransmitter. When a neurotransmitter it not binding to its
site, the allosteric modulators do not work.
6
FACTORS THAT CAN MODULATE THE
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS
Allosteric Modulation: PAMS and NAMS (Simons, 2019).

9. FACTORS THAT CAN MODULATE THE
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS
Some things to consider about the Agonist Spectrum:
Neurotransmitters that occur naturally are considered agonist
(Stahl, 2013).
Some drugs are considered agonists because they stimulate
receptors(Stahl, 2013).
Some drugs stimulate receptors to a lesser degree than natural
neurotransmitters therefore they are considered partial
agonists(Stahl, 2013).
Although antagonists block the action of agonist it is important
to understand that they are not opposite from one another
because antagonists have no activity of their own without an
agonist. Therefore, another name for antagonist is "silent".
(Stahl, 2013).
The Inverse agonists do have the opposite action of the agonist
because they can block and reduce activity even if there is no
agonist presence(Stahl, 2013).

10. Stahl, 2013.
This image shows the agonist spectrum. Both naturally
occurring neurotransmitters and drugs can be agonists. When
drugs stimulate receptors to a lesser degree than a natural
neurotransmitter they are called partial agonists. Antagonists
can have a blocking action but only if an agonist is present. As
you can see from the image, the inverse agonist is the opposite
of an agonist because it can block and reduce activity even
without the agonist present.
8
Signal Transduction Cascades and how it's relative to
psychopharmacology
9
Neurotransmitters, hormones and drugs transfer their signals to
cells by interacting with a membrane receptor at the cell surface
(Stahl's, 2013, Ch.1).
The cell then responds with a series of intracellular events that
lead to altered cellular functions (Stahl's, 2013, Ch.1).
This alteration in cellular function may in turn affect the
function of a tissue, organ or body system (Stahl's, 2013, Ch.1).

11. Let's look at SSRI's
SSRI's such as Citalopram, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine and
Sertraline ease depression by increasing levels of serotonin in
the brain.
Serotonin is a chemical messenger that carries signals between
nerve cells in the brain.
After carrying a message, serotonin is reabsorbed by the nerve
cells.
SSRI's inhibit the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain,
making more serotonin available to pass further messages
between nearby nerve cells
(Sangkuhl, Klein & Altman, 2009)
Let's look at central nervous system agents
Levodopa works to treat Parkinson symptoms because it
replaces the chemical messenger dopamine, which the brain can
no longer make.

12. Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine that travels directly to the
brain.
Outside the brain our bodies contain proteins that break down
levodopa. The first protein called DOPA (decarboxylase) is the
protein that turns levodopa into dopamine.
When levodopa is turned into dopamine outside the brain it
causes people to feel nauseated.
Today, levodopa is combined with carbidopa which blocks
DOPA (decarboxylase) outside the brain allowing more of the
levodopa to get into the brain therefore decreasing the s/e from
having dopamine outside the brain.
(Port,
2017)
When providers understand the specific molecular receptors and
signal transduction cascades necessary to modulate the different
neurotransmitters that relate to neurological illnesses, they will
be able to predict possible drug interactions, improve upon
therapeutic strategies and enhance the quality of their patient's
life.
References

13. Port, B. (2017, October 9). How do levodopa medications work?
Retrieved from https://medium.com/parkinsons-uk/how-do-
levodopa-medications-work-ac6a6e58e143
Russell, E. G., & Cotter, T. G. (2015). New insight into the role
of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
in cellular signal-transduction processes. In International review
of cell and molecular biology (Vol. 319, pp. 221-254).
Academic Press.
Sangkuhl, K., Klein, T., & Altman, R. (2009). Selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics, 19(11), 907-909. Retrieved
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2896866/
Simons, L. (2019). The Science of Parkinson's. Retrieved
from https://scienceofparkinsons.com/tag/positive-allosteric-
modulator/
Stahl, S. (2013). Essentials of Psychopharmacology, (4th
edition). United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, ISBN-
13: 978-1107025981
Wikipedia., (2019)., Allosteric Modulators., Retrieved
from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_modulator#target
Text=In%20biochemistry%0and%20pharmacology%2C%20an,fu
nction%20of%20a%20target%20protein.
Zhang, J., Tian, X. J., & Xing, J. (2016). Signal transduction
pathways of EMT induced by TGF-β, SHH, and WNT and
their cross talks. Journal of clinical medicine, 5(4), 41.