Cells communicate with each other and their environment through chemical signaling. The basic processes of cell communication are shared across species and have evolved to ensure signals and responses are correctly targeted. Cell signaling directs complex processes like cell differentiation and physiological behaviors. Signaling can occur through direct cell contact or over long distances via hormone signals. Receptors allow cells to have specific responses to signaling molecules. Understanding signaling pathways allows for manipulation of biological systems and development of medicines.