Schema Theory From The Realm Of Social Cognition

Schema Theory From The Realm Of Social Cognition
In answering the first question, I have proposed the concept of thematic perspectivization which rests on the three constituent components of (a)
perspectivizer, representing the author realized as the topical Theme 'I'; (b) perspectivizee, denoting any other human participant – again, topically
thematic – that is being potentially perspectivized by the author; and (c) perspectivized, encoding any event, action, or role perceived by the author or
by the perspectivizee. All three components were argued to correspond to certain types of schema whose relevant information has been linguistically
cued within the scope of the Rheme; and this is where the answer to the second question emerged in research. In order to answer the second question,
the present study has employed the schema theory from the realm of social cognition, but of course without separating itself from the concept of
thematic perspectivization. Crucially, the three different types of schema, person, self–, and role, were theoretically and analytically presented to be
compatible with the three components of thematic perspectivization: perspectivizee, perspectivizer, and perspectivized, respectively. In the data
analysis, new information, appearing as part of Rheme structure, proved to linguistically mark or cue related schemas; hence, the principle of
meta–schematic information can be said to be inseparable from thematic perspectivization both in theory and in practice. Indeed, the information about
the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Presentation Of The Self By Irving Goffman
Concept note: Dramaturgy The sociological concept 'dramaturgy', developed by Irving Goffman (1922– 1982), was initially used in his book The
Presentation of the Self (1959). Dramaturgy uses the theatre as an extended metaphor to explain social interaction and social roles. Like actors in a
play, people play roles, working together to up hold various social realities and functional institutions such as work, school, home, medical, legal or
leisure. Key components of this theory are 'front and back' and 'impression management', which enable analysis of how identities are presented and
understood through symbols, and the differing ways people behave when they are in and out of role: enabling preparation and reflection, and ability to...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although arguably, Rawls considers Goffman's concept to be situated between micro and macro, the methods of study involved are at the micro level.
An obvious critique of Goffman's dramaturgy, is that it overlooks power (Giddens 1987, 2009, Scott 2015:18), and the stratifying aspects of society:
gender, ethnicity and class (Jacobson 2014). However, it can be argued that Goffman addressed power in Asylums (1961) where minor acts of
resistance were performed by patients who had been stripped of the tools for identity presentation. Furthermore, in his observances of relations between
different groups and persons in the careful management of who sees the non–performative 'back region' self (1959: 234). These were examples of
power at micro levels, rather than macro, making dramaturgy a micro–functionalist and interactionalist theory, rendering it tricky to categorise, but
offering it flexibility. The concept itself is highly transferrable and could be applied to specific studies addressing the macro concepts of identity
through micro analysis. Notably, Judith Butler did this, using 'performativity' to deconstruct gender identity as learnt, performed and then embodied, in
the sense of Elias's 'habitus'. Highlighting the overarching cultural belief in gender, which can constraint and shape individuals identity from the
moment they are born (sometimes before). Further critique has been made that 'The

Models of Metadiscourse Essay examples
Metadiscourse has traditionally been defined in general as 'text about text'. This too broad, and rather imprecise, definition entails a degree of
reflexivity with which a text is enabled to refer to or to talk about itself or its parts. The concept of metadiscourse may have borrowed its reflexivity
property to language in general, which can also function reflexively comment on the language or verbal system itself. In this reflexive form of
language, called 'metalanguage', the metalinguistic function of language, which is also central to the metadiscourse model used in this study, is most
evident.
The metalinguistic function is one of the six functions of language proposed by Jakobson (1998), and the other five are expressive, directive, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These functions are apparent in a definition of metadiscourse by Williams (1989: 27–28), a researcher into metadiscourse who works under this
approach: "the language that we use when we describe what we are doing as we think and write about the content of our primary ideas, or what we
want our readers to be doing as they read. It is writing about reading and writing." Crismore et al (1993: 39) put more consideration towards the
improved readability of text as the main function of metadiscourse: "for how readers should read, react to, and evaluate what they have written about
the subject matter". Among researchers into metadiscourse who work under the broad approach is Vande Kopple (1985, 1988), whose classification
of metadiscourse into seven kinds has been used and developed in research by other researchers as well. A brief summary of his taxonomy, adapted
from Adel's summary with her examples (2006: 168–170) will be presented here. The first group is 'Text Connectives', which highlights text
organization and relations between one part of a text with another and connects pieces of information in the text. It comprises four subgroups: Logical
connectors (on the other hand), Announcements (as we shall see, in later chapters), Reminders (the argument about progress describe above), and
Sequencers (First, ... Second, ...). 'Code Glosses' (that is, contradiction) give signals and hint at rephrasing and interpretations of the text; it anticipates
responses towards the

Anz Bank
2014 ANNUAL REPORT
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited ABN 11 005 357 522
This Annual Report (Report) has been prepared for Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited ("the Company") together with its subsidiaries
which are variously described as: "ANZ", "Group", "ANZ Group", "the Bank", "us", "we" or "our".
ANZ ANNUAL REPORT 2014
ANZ IS EXECUTING A FOCUSED STRATEGY
TO BUILD THE BEST CONNECTED, MOST RESPECTED
BANK ACROSS THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION
WHO WE ARE AND HOW WE OPERATE
ANZ's history of expansion and growth stretches over 175 years. We have a strong franchise in Retail, Commercial and Institutional banking in our
home markets of Australia and
New Zealand and we have been operating in Asia Pacific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, we focused on strengthening management depth and the alignment between business, operations, technology and enablement. We are
committed to delivering above–peer earnings growth with strong capital and expense disciplines, targeting further productivity improvements over the
next three years while increasing return on equity from current levels.
This will be achieved by strengthening our position in Australia and New Zealand, growing in Asia and sharing common technology, processes,
products and services that are designed with our customers in mind.
1
2

CONTENTS
Section 1
Section 3
Financial Highlights
5
Five Year Summary
196
Chairman's Report
6
Principal Risks and Uncertainties
197
Chief Executive Officer's Report
7
Supplementary Information
206
Directors' Report
8

Shareholder Information
208
– Operating and Financial Review
12
Glossary of Financial Terms
214
– Remuneration Report
28
Alphabetical Index
216
Corporate Governance
57
Section 2
Financial Statements
77
Notes to the Financial Statements
84
Directors' Declaration and

Responsibility Statement
193
Independent Auditor's Report
194
CONTENTS
3
SECTION 1
Financial Highlights
5
Chairman's Report
6
Chief Executive Officer's Report

Discourse Analysis In Discourse
Discourse refers to the process of interaction. Discourse is language use that is seen as a form of social practice (Fairclough, 1995:7). It can be
said that discourse which is considered as a process of interaction has several purposes and functions in a society. Language that is used in
representing social issues or topics in discourse is the key to make successful process. Therefore, language has to be meaningful and it has to do
something, so that the message can be interpreted as what the speaker or writer is doing through discourse. Moreover, in doing discourse, the speaker
or writer also has to be supported by social power.
2.2 Discourse Analysis (DA)
Discourse is language studies which is related to social action and interaction in real social situations (Fairclough, 1995:18). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Schiffrin 1994:40)
Those three different definitions lead people to understand what discourse analysis actually is. Even their approaches are differ from one and another,
but it helps people to acknowledge the tremendous scope of discourse analysis. Giving different definitions of discourse makes people realize that
discourse analysis has a wide area in linguistics. It can be concluded that discourse analysis has a number of approaches to analyze language structure,
language use or any significant semiotic event.
2.3 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Critical discourse analysis is an approach which is used by the researcher to focus on the study of the text. Critical discourse analysis is viewed as an
approach that aims to investigate language in relation to power and ideology (Fairclough, 1995:23). It is also assumed as an approach which links the
detailed analysis of text, which is practiced in linguistics, with societal concerns about class, gender, race, ethnicity, and sexuality as studied in the social

The Role Of Cultural Diversity In Australia
Language can also be diverse and standard. Australia is a diverse country and cultural diversity plays a major part in language. When understanding
the enormity of language diversity, we can view The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015). The ABS (2015) reports that 28.2% of the Australian
resident population were born overseas, which equates to approximately 6.7 million people. World languages and world Englishes will be present in
school communities. Emmitt (2010, p 53) tells us teacher's must appreciate that children who acquire another first language will bring a different
culture and a diverse way of creating reality and meaning. Adoniou (2014) expresses concern being society participates in destruction of a child's
mother tongue,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Halliday (1993) explains in feature one of his theory that an infant engages in symbolic acts, which refers to meaningful acts. When a child is born
signs are created for interacting with others and construing experience into meaning, for example; babies reaching and grasping trying to explore their
exterior domain, this is a sign that sometimes demands a response for an adult which turns into a meaning. Crying is also a way of communicating with
adults, it is the role of an adult to endeavour to interpret this language and make meaning of it to assist them. According to Piaget's theory, cognitive
development unfolds in organised sequence of four stages (O'Donnell et. al., 2016, p. 104). An infant will be in the sensorimotor stage, at this age and
infants do not think conceptually, they use their sensory and motor skills to understand their environment. This sensorimotor stage agrees with
Halliday's symbolic acts theory. As children reach Piaget's next stage; preoperational; at the approximate ages between two and seven, they will start to
use symbolism to represent various aspects of their surroundings (O'Donnell et. al., 2016, p. 105). O'Donnell et. al., (2016, p. 106) informs us that the
preoperational stage means that preschool children do not think logically, they use intuition and use perception, not

Rhetorical Analysis On Asylum Seekers
Clarification of Terms
Asylum seeker: Someone who is seeking international protection but whose claim for refugee status has not yet been determined. Includes people who
arrive per different methods of transportation, but for the purposes of this analysis, will refer exclusive to asylum seekers arriving by boat to Australia.
See also: 'illegal maritime arrival',
Refugee: Someone who has been recognised under the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees to be a refugee. The Convention
defines a 'refugee' as any person who:
"... owing to well–founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social construction theorists suggest that identity differences are categories constructed by social rather than biological processes. Importantly, social
categories are bounded by and are often dichotomised in both the private and public psyche. Markus et al further argue that Australia's current social
and political responses to difference are situated within the broader context of colonial invasion, Indigenous oppression and the White Australia Policy.
In the political power play and linguistic treatment of the emblematically powerless reveals not only core party values, but varying conceptions of
Australian identity. This is especially recognisable when political debate is considered in the context of three distinct time periods and political
situations, demonstrating a transient grasp of elusive 'Australianness' in a society defined not by what is desirable, but what is not, thereby degrading
ideals of multi–cultural egalitarianism. Put simply, Australia's postcolonial desire to control its borders and regulate the Hegelian 'Other' underpins the
politicisation of the 'boat people' phenomenon. This relates closely to Chomsky's assertion that intentionally inducing fear of a "terrifying enemy" is a
standard device used "to whip the domestic population of any country into line" behind contentious

The Study And Analysis Of Actual Language
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Basically, the study and analysis of actual language in use is the goal of text and
discourse analysis. Carter (2006: 902) notes that; ellipsis is regarded as universal property of natural language, but its scope and means of
realization are not alike substantially from language to language. The existing of ellipsis is everywhere linguistic activity is performed, in any
medium, writing and speaking. Ellipsis is an important phenomenon which is obligatory omitted in the grammar and normally in actual discourse,
it is found in different types of discourse. In this chapter, the theoretical background of ellipsis will be given in order to trace the development of
subject. Chapter two consists of three main parts. The first includes discussions of issues related to the subject of this study: definition of ellipsis,
relations within ellipsis, ellipsis in discourse, and difficulties with ellipsis. The second part focuses on the types of ellipsis and shades lights on
linguists' models of ellipsis in both sentence level and text level. Halliday and Hasan`s model represents text level while Quirk et al`s represents
sentence level. The final section in this chapter is previous study which discusses development of ellipsis that is tackled by various researchers. 2.2
Definition of ellipsis There is virtually agreement about the definition of ellipsis by all grammarians, the absence of linguistic items from the surface or
overt

Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda )
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since
1970s. The insights have been expanded into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the textual study
aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political,
cultural, etc.) contexts in which those texts circulate (Wodak: 2001, 1–2; Fairclough: 1995; Huckin, Andrus, and Clary–Lemon: 2012, 107; Rashidi
and Souzandehfar: 2010, 56; Economou: 2009, 42). As many linguists and scholars' engagement with the study of CDA, there already has been several
schools or genres with their representative figures. Although the history and development of CDA study is still a bit premature and there is no distinct
framework of wide–recogonition, according to van Dijk (2007), there are mainly four approaches to it: 1) the Critical Linguistics (CL) developed by
Fowler et al. (1979; 1991; 1996), Kress (1985); sociocultural/socio–semiotic approach proposed by Fairclough (1985; 1988; 1989; 1992; 1995; 2003;
2006); discourse–historical created by Wodak (1996, 2001) and Wodak et al. (1999); and sociocognitive approach introduced by van Dijk (1998, 2001,
2002) (Rashidi, Souzandehfar: 2010, 56–57; Economou: 42).
CL is considered originally being introduced by Fowler et al. in their book of Language and

Difference Between Language And Linguistics
INTRODUCTION
Although language and linguistics have differences, they interact with each other via significance, influence and implications shared through language
teaching.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language which is composed of sound and speech sound, and is concerned with how language is structured, how
language is changed, how people use the language and what they must know in order to do so. In the 19th century, the focus of linguistics was more
about writing than speaking, however in the 20th century, the focus was initially on the primary sound, and furthermore on the superficial nature of
writing. Many features are related to modern linguistics, which range from physical properties of sound waves in utterances, to the intentions speaker
have towards conversation with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Language is as it is because of the functions in which it has evolved in the human species" (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004)
5.Communicative competence
Communicative competence is described as grammatical understanding of the perfect language, and does not relate to the authentic use of language in
actual circumstances. Communicative competence emphasises the context in which utterance transpires, and the skill to accomplish a range of speech
acts. Four main components include:
5.1. Possibility – ability to produce grammatical sentences; related to whether something is officially possible or not. An open, knowledgeable and
experienced speaker understands the sentence me go sleep now contravenes the grammatical rules, while I am going to sleep now does not (Cook, 2003)
5.2. Feasibility – ability to produce sentences which can be decoded by human brain; related to whether something is achievable or not. Feasibility
refers to "a psychological concept concerned with limitation to what can be processed by the

The Ability Of Communicate Through Writing
Summary of the project:
The ability to communicate through writing has been imperative to meet various needs such as social, professional and academic needs (Mahendran,
2013). However, writing is a difficult and a complicated skill especially for students who are non–native of a particular language, which makes it hard
for them to meet the writing needs in academic domains particularly. This difficulty is attributed to the fact that writing comes at last as a skill in
terms of its acquirement for both native and second language speakers of the language (Hamp and Heasly, 2006). For the sake of facilitating the
acquirement of this important skill, effective and new approaches to teaching are to be incorporated in the classroom practices. One of these
approaches is Systemic Functional Linguistics, which views language as a set of systems, each of which offers people choices to express meanings
(Bloor & Bloor, 1995). This project is two case studies of an EFL classroom that is based on Saudi Arabia with the intention of improving the academic
writing concentrating on two persuasive genre writings, which are discussion and exposition genres. To do so, SFL is employed with its powerful
analytical tools that are helpful in educational contexts. In particular, these analytical tools examine written language in the way sentences and clauses
are organized as well as the way sentences are joined together to make a whole text (Coffin, 1996; Feez, 1998; Rothery,

Why Is Human Speech?
Why is human speech is unique compared to other animals? Well, both humans and animals can communicate in motions, however humans can
communicate in forms of signals and symbols, which could be gestures, sounds, or written words. Main differences between human and primates in
regards to speech is that humans have an open vocal system while primates have a closed vocal system. Homo sapiens is probably the only animal that
uses language to communicate with one another which distinguishes us from other animals. Through age four, most folks are able to communicate
through oral language. At age six or seven, us humans are able to understand and express written thoughts. This distinctive ability of communicating
through a native language clearly separates us from all animals. Then we question: where did we obtain this distinctive trait? Most animals make
sounds and grunts to communicate. Are humans really the only species that can communicate in a form of spoken language? When it comes to
evolution, humans evolved from apes. The first putative hominin is Sahelanthropus tchadensis from Chad, which is about 6–7 million years old, as
noted by Michel Brunet among others in their 2002 paper in Nature, while our closest living relative to the Homo sapiens is the chimpanzee, yet chimps
do not have speech which indicates some degree of genetic divergence. Molecular data suggest that humans and chimpanzees diverged from a common
ancestor ~5–7 million years ago. Another factor supporting

Essay On Systemic Functional Grammar
I. Introduction
1.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics
According to Halliday systemic functional linguistics (SFL) considers a language as a system of expressing meaning within context. Generally it is
applied in understanding the quality of texts, the most authentic products of human interaction. Halliday (1985) considers a text as a semantic
phenomenon but not as a grammatical one. However, as he notes semantics is interrelated to grammar as meaning is conveyed through wording that is
with the help of grammar. In order to trace the meaning of a text discursive grammar should be functional and semantic at the same time, to be precise,
grammatical categories must be interpreted as an expression of semantic models. Thus, according to Fontaine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Metafunctional Analysis
3.1 Transitivity
Transitivity is a concept that looks on how meaning is conveyed in the clause. By definition, transitivity in systemic functional linguistics is a system
that is process–centered and which encodes and decodes the experience and knowledge of human beings via lexicogrammar. According to Halliday
(1967) transitivity is a property of clauses rather than verbs. Thompson (2000) also claims that transitivity is a system that describes the whole clause,
rather than a verb and its object.
Explicate
3.2 Nominal group
3.3 Mood
3.4 Theme & Rheme
References
EGGINS, Suzanne. (1994). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London, Pinter.

The Man and the Satyr. (2015). Aesop's Fables.

The Grammar Of A Language
According to Systemic Functional Linguistics, as mentioned in the introduction of the paper, grammar is also defined as lexico grammar because it
is interrelated to the vocabulary. The aim of SFL is to show that people use language to exchange meaning and interact with each other. Moreover,
В«Grammar within lexico grammar has a specific power because it lies underneath the threshold of consciousness" (Butt et al., 2004: 270). When the
reader looks at the headings of each activity, apparently he can depict that there must have been certain choices which influence the meaning and the
communicative purposes of the tasks through the increase of the lexico grammar within the tasks. The headings such as "Discovering patterns of
language use, Grammar in action, Follow up" have simple, playful words which promotes motivation and willingness to go through them in contrary
to the traditional patterns of textbooks. There are various ways to describe the grammar of a language. It has been observed that over the last
decades , teachers all over the world use either the traditional way of teaching grammar or the innovative based on the CLT approach in the
classroom. Typically, grammar is seen as a set of discrete rules to produce grammatically correct sentences. This is called bylinguistics formal grammar
in contrary to the functional one, in which the primary concern is with the communication. As far as my teaching practice is concerned, I used to teach
intermediate level

Language And Michael Jakobson's Functions Of Language
Functions of language Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and
conventional way.
Language is a source of communication along with it performs many functions that are defined by many linguists in a different way. They have variety
of approaches that are used to explain the functions of language.
Michael Halliday's functions of language
Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M. A. K. Halliday; born 13 April 1925) is a British–born Australian linguist who developed the
internationally influential systemic functional linguistic model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name of systemic functional
grammar (SFG).[1] Halliday describes language ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This function is associated with the sender factor. Sender is bold to his/her feelings. Interjections are found in almost all languages of the world to
express happiness and sadness through sounds and words. It also shows the internal state of a person that how he/she is feeling about an event or an
object.
EXAMPLE
Wow! Muree hills are amazing.
Bravo! You did well in the examination.
THE CONATIVE FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
Conative function is associated to the receiver of the message. The person is directly called or addressed and the functions are associated with him.
Different characteristics or traits are assigned to the receiver. Imperatives or vocatives are best examples of conative function of language as the
receiver is clearly addressed.
EXAMPLE
Ahmed is running on the road.
Aslam is driving the car.
THE PHATIC FUNCTION
This function is associated with the channel factor. This function is only for intreraction. This function is used to start a communication or to end a
conversation. The language is used for formal discussions , greetings and to talk with strangers.

The, The And, And The New York Times And Tehran
Thematization is considered the mental act or process of selecting particular topics as themes in discourse or words as themes in sentences. This paper
examines thematization strategies in English opinion articles written by American and Iranian journalists. To this end, two of the leading newspapers
in the United States and Iran, The New York Times and Tehran Times, have been chosen. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual
features and marked and unmarked themes of 12 opinion articles (6 from each newspaper), this study aims to find out how these two groups of
professional writers organize their themes, into marked and unmarked ones and what effects these organizations have on the audiences. The findings
revealed that textual features were present in both sets of data. The occurrences of marked and unmarked themes were not significantly different. The
findings revealed that thematization patterns can help the understanding of the texts. The results also showed that marked themes have an impact on
the audiences. The results were relatively the same in the original texts and their translations.
Keywords: Thematization Patterns; Marked Theme; Unmarked Theme; Theme and Rheme; Systemic Functional Grammar.
1.Introduction
Theme/rheme plays a major role in organizing the message and in enabling it to be communicated and understood clearly (Halliday, 1994). Whatever
is chosen to be the first place, will influence the hearer/reader 's interpretation of

Creative Thinking Is A Technique Of Observing Problems
Literature Review Creative thinking is a technique of observing problems or situations that suggests unusual solutions. Creative thinking can be
stimulated both by an unstructured process such as brainstorming, or by a structured process, such as lateral thinking. Having reviewed some of the
most recent theoretical approaches in the study of creativity, we wanted to compare between teaching strategies at the undergraduate level, the behavior
of the professors and training methods provided about creative thinking and how to deal with students to develop creativity. Some students have the
ability to think creatively by asking questions outside the textbooks, but unfortunately, the school does not provide additional incentives and support for
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data retrieval occurs in the memory and involves retrieving learned information using creative thinking techniques. However, there are fundamental
differences in the creative thinking strategies for teaching biology and reading classes at the undergraduate level. One can group these teaching
methods according to six main concepts relating to cognition, the making of connections, pedagogical teaching techniques, and creativity obtained
from content knowledge, adaptive expertise and amplification of creativity through collaborative thinking. Kozbelt, Beghetto & Runco (2010) say that
the creativity phenomenon and the use of creative thinking to teach Eurocentric languages like English involves multiple interpretations. One can
derive multiple conclusions and contexts from a single sentence as a result of the mind's ability to look for subtle sub contexts or hidden meanings.
Thus only narrow creativity aspects are comprehensible in terms of verifiable hypothesis that provide concrete "Yes" or "No" answers. That is definite
losers or winners. The paper will look at these concepts and come up with fundamental differences between the teaching methods used in undergraduate
biology and English language instruction. The Cognition refers to the unique set of an individual 's mental processes and abilities that are related to
various things. These include general memory, attention, judgment, evaluation, problem solving, production of language,

Managment Information System
SYSTEM CONCEPTS
A system can be simply defined as a group of interrelated or interacting elements forming a unified whole. Many examples of systems can be found in
the physical and biological sciences, in modern technology, and in human society. Thus, we can talk of the physical system of the sun and its planets,
the biological system of the human body, the technological system of an oil refinery, and the socioeconomic system of a business organization. A
system is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized
transformation process. Such a system (sometimes called a dynamic system) has three basic interacting components or functions:
Input ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This information system model highlights the relationships among the components and activities of information systems. It provides a framework that
emphasizes four major concepts that can be applied to all types of information systems: People, hardware, software, data, and networks are the five
basic resources of information systems. People resources include end users and IS specialists, hardware resources consist of machines and media,
software resources include both programs and
5
procedures, knowledge
data bases,
resources and
can
include

data
and
network
resources
include
communications media and networks. Data resources are transformed by information processing activities into a variety of information products for
end users. Information processing consists of input, processing, output, storage, and control activities.
INFORMATION SYSTEM RESOURCES (i) PEOPLE RESOURCES People are required for the operation of all information systems. These people
resources include end users and IS specialists.
End users (also called users or clients) are people who use an

New Caoleia Case Study
The study has adopted a novel approach to CDA by using linguistic tools such as Systemic Functional Grammar and Pragma–Dialectics, as well as
insights from postcolonialism and poststructuralism to explore the impact of power and ideology on language use and social or political practice in
the New Caledonian decolonisation process. Not only was linguistic evidence adduced to show how the French dominant powers employ a common
destiny rhetoric to manipulate the other groups into accepting that New Caledonia needs to remain closely associated with France, motivated by a
neo–imperialist agenda, but the standpoints advanced by the representatives of the main stakeholder groups involved in the plurilogical conflict
between the French, Caldoche... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part of the innovative character of the project is that it does not merely focus on texts produced by the French colonisers or the Caldoche politicians, it
also includes the perspective of the formerly colonised and discriminated minority population. The samples selected for the study feature several
different genres and registers and include interviews, public letters, a political speech, responses to an online questionnaire and poetry, as expressed in
various French registers. Adequate contextualisation of the discourse uttered by the interlocutors is provided to disclose how discursive formations are
historically transmitted and to reveal various linguistic patterns in the discourse that may be linked to underlying ideologies or constructions of shared
knowledge. It is exactly this realisation of incongruent value systems that ought to propel French political action towards a policy of cultural
recognition and a long overdue acknowledgement of the Kanak right to self–determination. The resulting pragma–functional approach to Critical
Discourse Studies analyses discourse as a social practice that contains argumentation, since it aims to have a positive or negative impact on its
recipients' views and behaviour. Due to its perlocutionary character, argumentation is interpreted psychologically

Political Speech: The Role Of Politics And Politics
Political speeches are the crucial activity that links the different parts of society together and allow them to be as united entire. The core of
political speech is the ability of the politician to use language and symbols that wake latent tendencies among the masses. Politics is a means for
power in order to put certain political, economic and social concepts into practice. Language plays an essential role, for every political action is
prepared, attended, influenced and played by language.so language and politics are closely interleaved. The main objective of political speech is to
get the corresponding effect through persuasion. Politicians wish to increase people's interest and to strengthen their image, to make people share
their opinions and to agree with their ideas to inform the general public of their ideology and message. Making speeches is a vital part of the
politician's role in announcing policy and persuading people to agree with it. Language that is used in the public sphere is defined as political
language, so political language is a term introduced by the social scientists, when the aim is to influence power. At the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It achieves different functions because of different political events. Teun A. van Dijk in his paper''Political Discourse''asserts that the definition of PDA
in the actors and the authors is untrue because politicians are not the only actors in political domains. We should also involve the different addressees
in political communicative events, such as the public, the people, citizens, and other groups. When we find politics and its discourses in the public
sphere, different participants in political communication appear on the

Political Speech: The Functions Of Politics And Politics
Political speeches are the crucial activity that links the different parts of society together and allow them to be as united entire. The core of political
speech is the ability of the politician to use language and symbols that wake latent tendencies among the masses. Politics is a means for power in
order to put certain political, economic and social concepts into practice. Language plays an essential role, for every political action is prepared,
attended, influenced and played by language.so language and politics are closely interleaved. The main objective of political speech is to get the
corresponding effect through persuasion. Politicians wish to increase people's interest and to strengthen their image, to make people share their opinions
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It achieves different functions because of different political events. Teun A. van Dijk in his paper''Political Discourse''asserts that the definition of PDA
in the actors and the authors is untrue because politicians are not the only actors in political domains. We should also involve the different addressees
in political communicative events, such as the public, the people, citizens, and other groups. When we find politics and its discourses in the public
sphere, different participants in political communication appear on the scene. According to Fairclough, CDA is interested in the study of the relation
between two hypotheses about language use, thus language use is shaped socially, and also society shaped by language use. He bases this idea on
Halliday's systemic functional linguistics (SFL). He determines the theoretical hypothesis that texts and discourses are socially structured: Language
use is always simultaneously a combination identity, relations systems of knowledge and beliefs in a

SLA Lg teaching methods & approaches
An Overview of Language Teaching Methods and Approaches "...there is, as Gebhard et al.(1990:16) argue, no convincing evidence from pedagogic
research, including research into second language instruction, that there is any universally or 'best' way to teach. Although, clearly, particular
approaches are likely to prove more effective in certain situations, blanket prescription is difficult to support theoretically. The art of teaching does not
lie in accessing a checklist of skills but rather in knowing which approach to adopt with different students, in different curricular circumstances or in
different cultural settings (Klapper 2001:17). Such pedagogic choices are most effective when underpinned by an appreciation of what... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This distinction was developed and recast by Richards and Rodgers (1982, 1985) as Approach, Design and Procedure, encompassed within the
overall concept of Method, "an umbrella term for the specification and interrelation of theory and practice" (Richards & Rodgers 1985: 16) where
Approach refers to the beliefs and theories about language, language learning and teaching that underlie a method Design relates the theories of
language and learning to the form and function of teaching materials and activities in the classroom; Procedure concerns the techniques and practices
employed in the classroom as consequences of particular approaches and designs. (Richards & Rodgers 1985:17) There are many publications
discussing the various language teaching methods employed over the years. We have drawn here, inter alia, upon Chapter Two of H. Douglas Brown's
Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy (Longman/ Pearson Education, White Plains, New York, 2nd edition 2001).
Brown draws a distinction between methods as "specific, identifiable clusters of theoretically compatible classroom techniques" (p15), and
methodology as "pedagogical practices in general...Whatever considerations are involved in 'how to teach' are methodological" (ibid.).'Methodology'
here can thus be equated to Richards and Rodgers' 'Procedure'. Pedagogic approaches are

Verb and Gerund
Introduction My course paper is called the gerund. I have chosen this subject, because I want to know more about the gerund. There are several
reasons for it: 1)1 want know more about the gerund, because it will help me in my future studying, will help me not to produce errors ; 2) Since most
languages ( e.g.: Spanish, Russian, French) have infinitives, but no gerunds; 3) This will help me to increase my outlook.
I think the use of the gerunds in English is problem, because use infinitive is easier, and How I wrote above the gerund is no in the Russian language.
This is one of the reasons why students do mistakes.
The gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways: a)The gerund executes the functions of a subject in the sentences, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The English verbs include four forms distinctly differing one another within the general verb system: the infinitive, the present participle, the past
participle and the gerund. As natural results of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristic of
the gerund are followed: The gerund can be perform the functions of subject, predicative, object, adverbial modifier, and attribute. I will describe all of
them. The Gerund is the non–finite form of the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun. The gerund serves as the verbal
name of a process, but its substantive quality is more strongly pronounced than that of the infinitive. Namely, as different from the infinitive, and
similar to the noun, the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or its pronominal equivalents (expressing the subject of the verbal
process), and it can be used with prepositions. Since the gerund is an abstract name of the process denoted by the verbal lexeme, a question might
arise, why the infinitive, and not the gerund is taken as the head–form of the verbal lexeme as a

Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and Its...
Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and Its Application to Interfirm Product Modularity Author(s): Melissa A. Schilling Reviewed work(s):
Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr., 2000), pp. 312
–334 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http:/
/www.jstor.org/stable/259016 . Accessed: 26/03/2012 07:35 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of
Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not–for–profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and
students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase
productivity and facilitate new... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Authors have even noted trends toward increasing modularity (particularly in the United States) in educational curricula, architecture, literature, and
music (Blair, 1988). Modularity exponentially increases the number of possible configurations achievable from a given set of inputs, greatly increasing
the flexibility of a system. However, research also indicates that not all systems migrate toward increasing modularity; some appear to follow a path
toward increasing integration. In product systems, for example, sets of components that once were easily mixed and matched may sometimes be
bundled into a single integrated package that does not allow (or that discourages) substitution of other components. Many commonly used software
applications are now bundled into "software suites" that promote seam– 2000 Schilling 313 less integration. Although they do not prohibit using other
vendor components, they discourage it by offering dramatically improved performance through the combination of the particular set of applications.
Even bicycle componentryonce typically sold as individual components, such as brakes, gear sets, cranks, and derailleurs–now is sold predominantly in
integrated component bundles that may not be mixed and matched. In organizational systems, researchers have noted that whereas in many industries
firms other industries appear to be disaggregating, (e.g., banking and health care) are characterized by increasing

The Opposing Theory Of Halliday 's Systemic Functional...
The opposing theory of Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics is Chomsky's Innate Language Theory. Chomsky describes his theory as
language unfolding through natural cognitive ability (Torr, 2015). Instead of the idea of learning language from social interactions and other people,
language is something already in the mind that is unlocked (Grammar before meaning, nativist's perspective). This innate ability is called "Language
Acquisition Device (LAD)" (Chomsky 1987, Cited in Harris, 2009, pp.12) and is something children are born with. This device is unrelated and
unchanged by the environment and social circumstances of the child, (Torr, 2015). The theory is viewed as unpopular due to a question researchers
had in its early stages, ("How could infants possibly learn the underlying syntactic rules of the language on the basis of their exposure to such poor
linguistic input?" (Torr 2015, pp. 244)). The question was later answered by the idea of LAD. Finally, Halliday characterised the theory, expressing
"...learning of structure is really the heart of the language learning process... not too far–fetched to recognize in the use of the term acquisition...
therefore language itself, is a commodity of some kind that the child has to gain possession of in the course of maturation ' (Halliday, 1975. Cited in
Torr 2015, pp. 244 ) basically stating that language development maybe a combination of both theories. Although the unpopular of the two theories,
Chomsky had a grand influence

An Study And Analysis Of Actual Language Used Is The Goal...
CHAPTER TWO ELLIPSIS IN ENGLISH 2.1 Introduction Basically, the study and analysis of actual language in use is the goal of text and
discourse analysis. CAarter (2006: 902) notes that; "ellipsis is regarded as universal property of natural language, but its scope and means of
realization are not alike substantially from language to language." Ellipsis can be considered as having a double function: informative and stylistic.
The informative function is related to effective means of communication where it is necessary to avoid redundancy. However, text linguists agree that
stylistic function is concerned with cohesive style. The existing of ellipsis is everywhere linguistic activity is performed, in any medium, writing and
speaking. However, it is more frequent in the spoken form than in the written one. This can be ascribed to the fact that speakers tend to be economical
in their speech, and to avoid repetition so that their speech would not be tedious and boring. Ellipsis is an important phenomenon which is obligatory
omitted in the grammar and normally in actual discourse, it is found in different types of discourse. In this chapter, the theoretical background of
ellipsis will be given in order to trace the topic under investigation. It consists of three main parts: the first includes presentation of issues related to the
subject of this study: definition of ellipsis, relations within ellipsis, ellipsis in discourse, and difficulties with ellipsis. The second part

Schema Theory From The Realm Of Social Cognition

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Schema Theory From The Realm Of Social Cognition

Similar to Schema Theory From The Realm Of Social Cognition (9)

More from Jessica Reyes

More from Jessica Reyes (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Schema Theory From The Realm Of Social Cognition