What Are The Impact Of Parental Involvement On Student...

What Are The Impact Of Parental Involvement On Student...
Methods
Research Design This study looks to examine the impact of parental involvement on student
motivation and academic achievement while focusing on urban communities. A mixed methods
research design will be conducted in order to "explain, clarify, and extend results discovered through
the use of " (Mertler 2016) a longitudinal survey design, specifically a trend study. Since both
quantitative and qualitative data will be collected on the same survey, the type of mixed methods
research being conducted will be a convergent parallel design. The trend study will be used to
"examine changes [on motivation and achievement] within a specifically identified population [of
students in urban communities without parental involvement] over time." ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Parents or guardians will receive their surveys by mail and students will be asked to return their
parent or guardian's survey to their homeroom teacher.
Sampling
Sampling will be conducted by using the sampling procedure known as cluster random sampling.
"In simple random sampling, the sampling unit is an individual; however, in cluster random
sampling, the sampling unit is an existing group of individuals." (Mertler 2016). For this study the
sampling unit is the school buildings that were randomly selected from the data criteria of a public,
non–specialty, Hartford elementary school. Of the schools randomly selected every student in
grades 1 to 5 and every selected student's parent or guardian will be surveyed. Approximately 2,000
students will be given the survey varying based on attendance that day. Therefor, approximately
2,000 parent or guardians will also receive a survey. A larger sampling population allows results to
be generalized to the larger population. (Mertler 2016)."When conducting survey research, it is
advisable to survey a minimum of 350 individuals." (Mertler 2016). By surveying a larger
population, I can account for the lower response rate that is typically associated with mail surveys.
(Mertler 2016).
Gathering Methods and Instrumentation In order to gain data representative of the larger population,
six surveys will be conducted
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Strategies for Test Taking and Their Effects Essay
Belcher (1985) maintained that test score reflects both the knowledge and aptitude of test takers and
the ability of using the characteristics and format of test effectively (as cited in Pour–Mohammadi
and Zainol Abidin 2012). Popham & Madaus (1987) and Romberg, Williams, Zarrinnia (1989)
defined testing as high stakes, because they influence both local and state administrators' decisions
about curriculum, appropriate programs, learners' promotion (as cited in Herman, Dreyfus, Golan
1990). Pour–Mohammadi and Zainol Abidin (2012) noted that students' ability is not the only
criterion in their performance in tests.
Hambleton, Swaminathan and Rogers (1991) mentioned that Some Cognitive and psychological
factors also affect their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cohen (1998a, 1998b) considered test taking strategies as combination of two different kinds of
strategies language –use and test–wiseness strategies; he also believed that target language learners
consciously apply strategies which are regarded as mental operations or processes for the purpose of
accomplishing language tasks (Nikaki and Stathopoulou 2009).
According to Nikaki and Stathopoulou (2009) Strategy can be considered as one of the mostly
referred terms in Applied linguistics and Second language acquisitions studies. Brush (1981) found
that discrete tactics, rules, and procedures are regarded as the characteristics of test strategies which
have a significant role in enhancing learners' ability in solving test questions (Nikaki and
Stathopoulou 2009). Rogers and Harley (1999) believed that strategies for test–taking help learners
to use characteristics and format of a test to have a better performance (as cited in Pour–
Mohammadi and Zainol Abidin 2012). "Bond (1981) distinguishes between test–wiseness and test–
coaching. Test–wiseness is independent of knowledge of subject–matter and is applicable across a
range of content areas. Test–coaching, on the other hand, refers to: 'sustained instruction in the
domain presumably being measured" (as cite in Amer, 1993, p.71).
Hirano (2009) found that there are three types of strategies

The Impact of Motivation on Student's Academic Achievement...
Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 2007, 3(2), 149–156
The Impact of Motivation on Student's Academic Achievement and Learning Outcomes in
Mathematics among Secondary School Students in Nigeria
Adedeji Tella
Osun State College of Education, Osun State, NIGERIA
Received 10 January 2007; accepted 19 April 2007
In our match towards scientific and technological advancement, we need nothing short of good
performance in mathematics at all levels of schooling. In an effort to achieve this, this study
investigated the impact of motivation on students' school academic achievement in mathematics in
secondary schools using motivation for academic preference scale (α = 0.82) as a measuring
instrument and achievement test ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of all the personal and psychological variables that have attracted researchers in this area of
educational achievement, motivation seems to be gaining more popularity and leading other
variables (Tella, 2003). All the above stated reasons, for persistent failure in mathematics, which
have been proffered, bear relevant in one way or the other to the poor performance of pupils in
mathematics. This has lead to a cycle of events that could be illustrated thus: When explaining the
illustration above (Aremu, 1998) explained that; when pupils express lack of interest in the subject,
it affects the way they react or listen to the teacher. And when many of the pupils believe that they
cannot pass, the teacher is also affected. This is because aside of this negative response from the
pupils, he/she as well is already being confronted by a lot of other factors (e.g., low income, low
status in society, large teacher–pupils ratio) and so on. These may cause him or her to resorts to the
easiest way of disseminating knowledge that is 'chalk and talk' without the use of instructional
materials. He may not also bother to vary his teaching styles to suit individuals; therefore the cycle
goes on (Aremu 1998). One unfortunate outcome of this is that,

Testing And Measurement Of Assessment
PSYC502 Tests and Measurements
Unit 1 Exam: Introduction and Methodology of Assessment
Total Points Possible – 100
Due Sunday at 11:55 pm Eastern Time at the end of WEEK 3
Chapter 1
Answer two questions. Points possible = 10 pts ea.
Identify the contributions made by each of the following individuals to psychological and
educational assessment: Alfred Binet, J. McKeen Cattell, Francis Galton, Hermann Rorschach,
Charles Spearman, Lewis Terman, Edward Thorndike, Robert Woodworth, and E. K. Strong, Jr.
All of the individuals mentioned in this exam question are considered great contributors to the fields
of not only psychology, but education as well. Most had an important place in the realm of
measurements in the area of mental health. Our text talks about how Alfred Binet was a
psychologist from France that developed the very first mental health test for scholastic achievement
(Aiken, L R. & Groth–Marnat, G., 2006). The American psychologist was J. McKeen Cattell and his
focus was on experimental psychology but he also made his mark on the Galton's test and methods.
That leading to the next psychologists, Francis Galton, he was from England and our text stated that
his primary study was unclear, yet it mentioned that he was known as the founding father of
individual psychology (Aiken, L R. & Groth–Marnat, G., 2006). What he did do was place the
majority of his focus on studying intelligence and the origins of intelligence which then lead to the
development of various

Academic Motivation : Mediating Variable between Parenting...
CHAPTER I Introduction In childhood development, the most influential social unit is the family,
specifically the parents. Parents are the primary persons who are responsible to teach good values
and behaviour in children. Parents have different methods on how to transmit their values, skills,
behaviour, and attitudes to their children. Most parents want their children to do well in school
however not all parents are successful in this. When parents have a good way of handling their
child, it can possibly boost a child's academic motivation and academic achievement. However, not
all parents may exercise the proper approach when handling their children, this is because parents
may differ in punishing, reinforcing, caring, and showing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Uninvolved Parent is low in both demandingness and responsiveness. Maccoby and Martin
(1983) call this parenting style as Indifferent–Uninvolved. They describe these parents as
emotionally detached. They spend less time with their child to the point of almost neglecting them.
These parents usually keep their children at a distance. Uninvolved Parents are not concerned in
their child's needs, whereabouts or even activities in school and with peers. These parents may be
overwhelmed with their situation, frustrated, lost their partner or have simply given up on their
authority on the child. Little is known about this parenting style, and research on this particular style
is lacking because they usually are not involved with their children's lives and therefore do not
volunteer to be studied (Cramer, 2002). The researchers hypothesize that applying the proper
parenting style to the children can possibly help them gain academic motivation and in turn increase
their academic achievement. Parenting is a very tedious task. Couples have to prioritize between
spending time with their children, disciplining their children, working to provide for the family and
the list goes on. It's almost similar to a juggling act wherein parents balance their priorities such as
spending time with their children, work and disciplining their children. Parenting as a whole is very

The Challenge Of Educational Equity Essay
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Type your title Precios Armstrong
Discussion Board #2
EDL 700
Dr. Martin
Dr. Shepard
The Challenge of Educational Equity
If two people are swimming and one is drowning, is it appropriate to administer life–saving
strategies to both or just the individual in need? Most would answer emphatically that the best
choice is to provide resources to the one that requires them. However, exchange an individual who
is drowning with student equity of access to excellence andJustdebate will likely ensue. Yet, just as
seen in the drowning analogy, equal student treatment is not always appropriate. It does not ensure
equity of access. Duke (2010) points out that "equal opportunity ... may be insufficient to make up
for the accumulated effects of poverty, racial bias, and other social hurdles." Public school is an
extension of a manmade construct, government. As Tawney instructs, "because men are men, social
institutions–property rights, and the organization of industry, and the system of public health and
education – should be planned, as far as possible, to emphasize and strengthen, not the class
differences which divide, but the common humanity which unites them. (Jackson, 1992, p. 15)
So it is appropriate that the creation and administration of public schools should provide for the
educational needs of its constituents in a matter that explicitly recognizes as well as programs for
their varying needs. While the mission is clear, the method and the challenges to that

The Importance Of Individual Achievement Tests
one in clinical or school settings. Group achievement tests might also be considered as educational
achievement tests, since these instruments are apparently employed in academic settings. On the
other hand, individual achievement tests may be an important measurement tool in the diagnosis of
learning disability. Not only do these tests render documentation of impaired scholastic performance
in crucial areas as reading, writing, and numerical ability, some achievement tests can aid in
identifying certain skill deficits relative to learning disabilities. In an ideal manner, individual
achievement tests should be used in conjunction with other measurement tools, especially
intelligence tests. According to Aiken (2003b), any test of ability (general intelligence, special
abilities, achievement) actually assesses what people have achieved. Specifically, the items on
intelligence and special abilities tests require test takers to manifest some accomplishment, just like
those on achievement tests. Educational achievement tests often serve as reliable predictors of
school marks compared to tests of intelligence and special abilities, but still cannot completely
replace them. It is notable to mention that the individual's attainment measured by general
intelligence tests are indeed broader and the products of less formal and usually less recent learning
experiences compared to the ones measured by standardized achievement tests (Aiken, 2003c).
Cohen et al. (2013b) regarded that the

Intrisic Motivation Increases Student Achievement
Brief Review of the Literature Studies have indicated that intrinsic motivation increases student
achievement. The success of integrating technology with increased student achievement could vary
based on students' intrinsic motivational styles. ATLAS has identified viable motivational styles
within individual learning styles. Understanding different technologies and their effect on
motivational styles in ATLAS has not been studied, but studies validate the importance and the need
for this study. Technology Integration Cauley, Aiken, and Whitney (2010) researched students'
comfort levels with technology and their success in school. The participants consisted of 168
students. The participants were given a survey to analyze their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
108). This research is important to the proposed study because it indicates that student engagement
can be increased if technology is implemented correctly. Ehrlich, Sporte, and Sebring (2013)
reported the differences in technology use in districts in Chicago. The study found that 92 percent of
students have access to the internet and technology at home. However, the frequency of use varied
depending on the school that the students attended. Twenty to thirty percent of students used
technology at school never or rarely. An inequality of technology exists between schools and
schools that use technology. Schools that frequently use technology have higher achieving students.
Enrich et al., (2010) stated, Technology use is ubiquitous in America's colleges and most
workplaces, and it is fast becoming accepted as fact that all students–elementary and high school–
must be exposed to technology (p. 1). This research is important to the proposed study because it
indicates that the use of technology is inconsistent even when there is similar availability to
technology. This research implies that researchers need to determine better ways of implementing
technology consistently. Learning Styles Hayenga & Corpus (2010), researchers from the Institute
for Scientific Information compared different motivational levels of middle school

##s Of David Mcclelland's Work And Theories Of Work...
1. McClelland's work and theories of work motivation.
David McClelland and Notably Jonh Atkinson, his associates, had done his research basically
focused on needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs model, higher order (social and esteem)
needs (Venugopalan, 2007). McClelland's acquired needs theory defines that an individual's specific
needs are accordingly to one's life experiences which needs are acquired over time (Ball, 2009). As
Motivation is essential to almost any feature of life and this word is also often used in reference to
work. Work is not necessary due to innately human activity, but not in new modern–day work
arrangement, motivation plays as an important role to create global productivity and scalability
which mean that motivation drive people to use their ability and capacity into work to produce
qualification of work. Therefore, McClelland described motivational need in three different types:
1). achievement motivation (n–ach)
2). authority/power motivation (n–pow)
3). affiliation motivation (n–affil).
1.1 Achievement motivation (n–ach)
McClelland made several assumptions based on the developmental processes responsible for the
emergence of the achievement emotive which directly related to Atkinson's model. In 1958, he
assumed that the individual differences in n–achievement were affected by antecedent socialization
factors (Parsons, 1981). By this research, the model was focused on the behavior of parents and
attitudes and its consequence would

Herzberg's Achievement Motivation Analysis
According to Maslow, people will most often follow the order above. So to motivate the employees,
managers should follow also this order, for example first looking at the physiological needs of their
employees by making sure that they are able to sleep and to eat, then they should guarantee a safe
place at the work, after they should create an ambiance at the work place by making a strong
relationships between them, and of course they should respect the employees and give them the
responsibilities, that will give the employees more confidence and strength.
– Herzberg's two–factor theory:
Herzberg's theory looked at people's needs at work by grouped them under two headings:
1. Hygiene factors (dissatisfiers): these are the things to do with work that people usually grumble
about. They are needs that, if they are not satisfied.
2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This view sees inequalities of power and economic wealth as having their roots in the nature of the
capitalist economic system. Conflict is therefore seen as inevitable and trade unions are a natural
response of workers to their exploitation by capital. Whilst there may be periods of acquiescence,
the Marxist view would be that institutions of joint regulation would enhance rather than limit
management's position as they presume the continuation of capitalism rather than challenge

Strengths And Weaknesses
In order to define and understand myself in the workplace, I need to know my strengths and
weaknesses. What improvements and alterations do I need in order to be a step closer to success in
the workplace? As a starting point, the self–assessments provided by McGrawHill and the
information from management class will provide a clearer picture of who I am in terms of leading,
acquired needs, teamwork attitudes, global potential, and strategic thinking. From what I have
gathered, the results relating to personality were accurate and the results relating to potential were
surprising to me. With this information, I am able to produce and strengthen goals to improve. The
survey results I am most satisfied with are acquired needs and global potential because a need for
achievement and potential for global managing are the two qualities I like the most about myself in
terms of my future goals. The negative results that come as no surprise to me are teamwork and a
need for power and affiliation. Although I was aware of these strengths and weaknesses, these self–
assessment tests put an emphasis and reminded me that I need to work harder in my attitude and
behaviors when interacting/collaborating with people in the workplace. Whether I got good results
or not, all of these qualities can be continuously worked on for improvement.
The motivation to lead has 3 aspects: how you see yourself as a leader, how willing you are to lead
on your own and how you respond to others ask you to lead (Chan and Drasgow, 2001). I scored
high on my motivation to lead. This was one of the unexpected results since I don't find it easy to
take initiative in leading; it requires a lot of communication and human skills (Kinicki, 2018, p23).
In chapter 1 of Kinicki, "motivating, directing and influencing people to work hard to achieve the
organization's goals" is the definition of leading. To make sure everyone in the organization is on the
same page, one must be able to bring everyone together and resolve any obstacles that may come. I
have not associated those actions with the term 'leading' but rather 'assisting' which is probably why
I was surprised with the results. Now that I know I have some motivation to lead, I should work on
the next

Motivation And Motivation For Academic Achievements
It is important for everyone especially students to do well in school because it reflects in the
foundation of their accomplishments in life. Students are affect their ability to move to the next level
when they fail to complete some requirements. It takes many factors to motivate individuals to
continue on striving for academic achievements. (Higgins, 2008) It is said that motivation gives big
contribution in one individual's success. Motivation is defined as the organized patterning of three
psychological functions that serves to direct, energize, and regulate goal–oriented activity: personal
goals, emotional arousal processes, and personal agency beliefs. It is an interactive construct
representing the direction a person is going, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In conformity with the social norms, people learn by imitating others. However, people don't learn
only the acceptable social behaviours, they may also learn beyond the norms behaviours.
Knowledge gained in this way will have the chance to be transferred to another situation. This may
continue all the time and everywhere. In the same vein, we can argue that students spend most of
their time by learning. This can happen in different situations. It can be seen in groups while with
others. (Woldetsadik & Lumadi, 2014) In a school situation students continuously engage
themselves in the learning process. It can be observed when they do assignments, read books and do
other related academic activities. Obviously, this is a regular process exercised by most of the
students in schools. However, the habit of doing these things can't happen at a time. It needs careful
observation and systematic exercise. All these efforts lead students to make their own
meaning/understanding of the activities. Besides, it enables them to reach at a level of sharing their
own experiences and to become a continuous process.
In view of this, Battersby and Gordon (2006) have cited some of the specific situations that can
develop experience within the school context. They stated varied sources of experience. They
believe that the identification of best characteristics of both teachers and students, either in group or
individually, in the first place

Essay on Ability Grouping
Ability grouping is a widely spread practice used among many educators today. Between–class
grouping is by far one of the most commonly used types of ability grouping. "The goal of this
grouping is for each class to be made up of students who are homogeneous in standardized
intelligence or achievement test scores" (Snowman, Biehler). In this type of grouping, the schools
separate their students into different classes or courses. "Between–class ability grouping is where
students spend most of the day in ability groups and use the same or similar curriculum substantially
adjusted to their ability levels" (Ability Grouping 3). "For example, in elementary schools, students
from the same grade levels may be grouped by ability for reading and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This impacts their achievement level and in turn affects their self–esteem. Such consequences cause
the students to lose interest in school, and in the long run, many of these students begin to drop out.
Although there are certain benefits to between–class ability grouping, they are outweighed by the
negative effects this type of grouping can produce. Ultimately, the focus should not be on how to
label students, but rather, on the quality of the education the students can receive while working
with peers in specific subject areas.
Regrouping is another type of ability grouping. Students of the same age, ability and grade, but from
different classrooms, are brought together for a specific subject such as reading or math. According
to their goals, activities, and individual needs, the students are grouped and then regrouped again.
There are two common regrouping strategies: teacher–led groups and student–led groups.
Teacher–led groups are effective in introducing material, summing up the conclusion made by the
groups, and meeting the common needs of the groups. These groups typically include whole class,
small group, and individual instruction. Whole class instruction allows the teacher to introduce new
material to the entire class. It also allows students to use their prior knowledge to form new
acquisitions. "Small groups can provide opportunities for working with students who have common
needs, such as reinforcement or enrichment" (Valentino, 2000, 1).
Individual

Motivation and Achievement
Where does the term motivation come from? Is it from within an individual's mindset or is it the
dedication that an individual has that tends to be certain when a task is needs to be completed that it
is done is a positive manner? I believe that humans as a species are motivated in some form or
fashion based upon the degree of what motivates them. It can be from money motivating sales
associates, recognition from the upper management, or even someone being motivated to move
forward and succeed for the family that they live every day for. From childhood I always felt the
need to impress my grandfather, the man who always pushed me to move positively in everything
that I did. I knew then that the encouragement and the support that was provided always by him kept
me wanting to finish the challenges that life handed to me. In high school being on the basketball
team for my own pleasure and for those moments to see his smile no matter how hard I played or
what I did wrong in the game he always let me know how proud he was of me. As I grew older and
had my own family I knew how blessed I was to be able to live my life for my children, keep
working to provide a better life for them, earn more money for bonuses so that I am able to get some
of the finer things that life provides without giving up. Even making this final decision to attend
school, work full time and stay committed as a mother despite how hard it sometimes can be and
how it easy it is to give up, I continue for my

A Relationship Between Achievement Motivation And...
2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Considering the desire of every nation to industrialize in this 21st
century achievement motivation becomes a critical variable. In a bid to achieve this feat, it is
therefore necessary to examine through this research work if there exist a relationship between
achievement motivation and industrial development. A viable work force is germane in the
industrial sector of a country to stimulate industrial growth and prosperity. But the backwardness in
Nigerian today is a concern to the government of the day and the citizenry. Therefore, this work
deemed it imperative to X–ray, if there could be an impact of an individual intrinsic achievement
motivation on industrialization. Owing to the fact that high productivity is the goal every individual
and organizations so wished to attain. This has not easily come by. It is therefore the onus of this
research work to unearth if there is a relationship between low productivity in our industries and
achievement motivation on the part of the individual workers. There is a significant decline in the
standard of living of the people, based on available evidence. Despite government effort at raising
the standard of living of the people through industrialization all the efforts have proved abortive,
hence the need for this research. It is therefore crucial to unravel through this research work if there
is a relationship between the declining standard of living and lack of the spirit of hard work among
the Nigerian

The No Child Left Behind Act
How could the idea of No Child Left Behind Act and standardized testing become such a terrible
problem, that it has led to a generation of students that are not properly educated and prepared for
college and the "Real World"? My Working thesis is that standardized testing should be removed
from the school system because it is not testing what children know but teaching them how to test.
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), which was passed Congress with overwhelming support in
2001 and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on Jan. 8, 2002, is the name for the
most recent update to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. The NCLB law¬ which
grew out of concern that the American education system was no longer internationally
competitive¬¬ significantly increased the federal role in holding schools responsible for the
academic progress of all students. It put a special focus on ensuring that states and schools boost the
performance of certain groups of students, such as English language students, students in special
education, and poor and minority children, whose achievement, on average, fell below their peers.
States did not have to comply with the new requirements, but if they didn't, they risked losing
federal Title I money.
The No Child Left Behind Act dates back to Brown v. Board of Education, when the U.S. Supreme
Court outlawed racial segregation in public schools and determined that the "separate but equal
doctrine" which was unconstitutional.

The Importance Of Learning A Secondary Language
The vast majority of the people residing in the valley, especially in the city of Brownsville, Texas
are fluent in both Spanish and English, and therefore considered bilingual. Brownsville has been
considered a highly illiterate and poorly educated city, where learning a secondary language such as
English, drastically changes those discriminating statistics. The argument is that learning a
secondary language indeed supports literacy development from an early age, by reading aloud to
children, making them participants of a learning incentive, and family literacy practices. A
development in literacy significantly increases reading achievement test scores, helps students
become better at grammatical judgment and word recognition, and improves their cognitive
development.
In the article "Learning to Read across Languages: Cross–Linguistic Relationships in First– and
Second–Language Literacy Development" by Keiko Koda and Annette M. Zehler, showed that
reading aloud to children in elementary schools, in a secondary language increases their
phonological awareness as they relate their slight knowledge from their first language, and apply it
to the new acquisition of the second. The authors claimed that "the field of second (L2) and foreign
language reading has pursued an understanding of factors that impact the reading process, one of
which is first language (LI) literacy." To support their claim, the authors brought together theories
and research on the interaction of languages,

Predicting Performance Of Post Graduate Education From...
Predicting performance in post–graduate education from admissions information –––comparisons of
health professions with pharmacy
Richard E Wilcox, PhD* and Kenneth A Lawson, PhD ABSTRACT
Objectives. The goal of the present review was to assess the state of performance prediction in
health care programs generally, versus performance in pharmacy schools, using didactic and non–
didactic admissions measures. This is important because clinical success represents a combination
of skills that are not fully predicted by either type of measure alone.
Methods. PubMed searches were conducted focusing on work published from 2000 onwards, since
it is during this period that non–didactic admissions measures have come to be incorporated into the
applicant evaluation process. Relevant papers that were available as free full text were used. When
these papers were not available by direct import into EndNote, we went directly to the journal to try
to retrieve the paper.
Results. Published literature clearly showed that prediction of performance in the didactic portions
of health care programs is straightforward when based on pre–health care GPA and achievement test
scores. The best predictions are achieved when both measures are combined. While significant
statistical prediction is achieved in virtually every study, the percent of total performance variance
accounted for is also consistent and uniformly small – in the order of 25%. Similarly, there is now
an emerging consensus that

Clergy
OVERVIEW
In 1998, more than 13 million children (19 percent of all children) under age eighteen lived in
families with incomes below the official poverty threshold. Although children age eighteen and
under represent 26 percent of the United States population, they comprise nearly 40 percent of the
poverty population. Despite a steady decrease from 1993 (23%) to 1999 (17%) in the rate of
children in poverty, the United States still ranks highest in childhood poverty among all
industrialized nations.
In the United States, income poverty is defined by the poverty threshold, developed in 1959 and
based on expected food expenditures (thrifty food basket) for families of varying sizes. Each year
the threshold is adjusted for the Consumer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, longitudinal designs allow for an assessment of how the timing (early vs. late) and
duration (transient vs. persistent) of poverty may differentially affect children's outcomes. When
possible, this discussion presents finding from studies that used standardized tests of school
readiness, achievement, and cognitive ability, and controlled for key family and child
characteristics, in its review of the impact of poverty on children's educational outcomes.
Early childhood. During the 1990s, the nation was inundated with reports on the importance of the
early years on children's brain development and later cognitive achievement. While some of the
reports may have overstated the issue and understated the importance of a child's later years on
development, evidence suggests that the early years may be a critical period of development in
which family poverty has particularly strong effects on young children. As seen in Table 1, poverty
occurring early in a child's life (age two to four) is associated with large effects on indices of child
school readiness and cognitive outcomes.
Judith Smith and colleagues (1997), using data from two national datasets, showed that family
poverty was significantly associated with lower scores on several measures of child cognitive and
school readiness outcomes for children age three to four years, even after controlling for the effect
of mother's education,

Motivation Among Boys ' And Girls ' Reading Achievement Essay
Motivation Among Boys' and Girls' Reading Achievement
Megan Kalina
ED 611
Western Oregon University
12/04/2016
Abstract
In addition to phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension, motivation
can be considered the sixth component to becoming a proficient reader. A student's motivation in
reading is a predictor for long term reading success. This review examined gender differences in
regards to reading motivation based on gender, age, teacher's perspectives, and self–concept. Boys'
overall motivation was far less than girls. As a student's age increased, their motivation in reading
decreased. Teacher's perspectives had a strong impact on students' motivation. Finally, self–concept
affected both genders equally
Motivation Among Boys' and Girls' Reading Achievement
Educators will experience students with varying reading abilities and motivation levels. This review
will provide educators with information that promotes self–reflection on their perceptions of
students' reading abilities and the affects on students. Strategies will be addressed that assures each
student has the opportunity to be an effective reader. Classrooms that promote community, provide
autonomy, and allow students to be successful will increase intrinsic motivation and allow students
to become strategic readers.
Motivation
Motivation in general has been studied in–depth and is applicable to all human beings. Motivation is
a feeling within us that pushes

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Migrant Students
Cumulative disadvantage by definition is when a group of people experience many disadvantages in
life as a result of many cumulative occurrences.In this essay I will be critically exploring how
cumulative disadvantage amongst migrant students constitutes itself in education.Migrant students
around the world find themselves suffering from a cumulative disadvantage due to six primary
factors in relation to education ; the Role of Institutions,Streaming,Parental Choice,Knowledge of a
host language, Post Second Level Pathways and Integration.
Merike Darmody proposed that the disadvantage affecting migrant student is likely to have an effect
on their future prospects such as their progression to further education, their position in the labour
market ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This inability to attend the better schools contributes in large part to the achievement gap between
migrant and native students.This lower educational achievement leads on to migrant students
pathways being limited.This is demonstrated by the fact that students that attend schools with a
socio–economically disadvantaged intake do not perform as well as their counterparts in better

Student 's Name Of The Achievement
Psychology
Student's Name
Institution
Question1
The achievement motive emphasized the notion that links the personality traits and social
background check of a person with his or her level of need for achievement. David McClelland
stressed that the need for achievement is an apparent human motive that can be distinguished from
other needs. He believed that the achievement motivated people, do not turn down rewards but the
rewards are not important as the accomplishment itself (Bernstein, 2006).
Motivation is based on the individual's emotions and the achievement related goals. The
achievement motivation is aimed at attaining success and achieving all of our ambitions in life. As a
result of this the achievement goals can influence our natural behaviour (Rochester Institute, 2005).
Situational factors also affect achievement behaviour. The search for achievement is likely to
increase when the possibility of success and the incentive value of success are high (Rochester
Institute, 2005). This can be attributed to the following reasons:
a) As duties get easier, success becomes more fulfilling and as tasks get harder success becomes less
fulfilling.
b) Reasonably challenging tasks seem to offer the best overall worth in terms of maximizing the
person's sense of accomplishment.
c) People differing in their desires to avoid failure, emphasizes that emotion and motivation are
interweaved.
Question2
The diseases are able to injure a growing foetus. A good example

The Relationship Between Employee Motivation, Job...
Introduction The purpose of this article is to explain the construct of job satisfaction and how job
satisfaction can make failure on the performance of employees in an organization. This article will
be modified to the positive and negative effects of Job satisfaction. Secondly, the essay review will
discuss the relationship between employee motivation, job satisfaction and employee achievement.
Organizational goal of high arrangement has also been reach of high level of achievement through
productivity and effectiveness (Locke and Lathan, 2000,p.p248–250). In other to obtain that, there is
a need for achieving high level of performance improvement of an Organization. Happy worker
leads to more and increased job performance. That is why every organization tries to make a
contributive and pleased work force to reach the wellbeing of the organization. There is confusion
and controversy among of employee attitudes and job satisfaction indeed at a time when employees
are progressively important for organizational success and competing. As recommended indirectly
in a study of HR professionals the major manager knowledge gaps in this area are: 1. The lead of
employee attitudes 2.The results of positive or negative job satisfactions 3.How to measure and
influence employee attitudes. 1. Job Satisfaction There have been so many explanation of Job
satisfaction by academic differently. Nevertheless the definition used greater is that (Saari and
Timothy, 2004, Pp. 395–407). who

The Role Of Achievement Motivation On Industrial...
A CAPSTONE PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF NURSING
TEXILAAMERICAN UNIVERSITY
GUYANA SOUTH AMERICA
BY
EBOH THERESA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RN TO MSN PROGRAMME
OCTOBER 7TH 2016
THE ROLE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF PORT
HARCOURT MUNICIPAL)
ABSTRACT
This study focused on "The Role of Achievement Motivation in Industrial development: A study of
Port Harcourt Municipal. The onus of the research was to X–ray the extent to which the role of
achievement motivation from childhood could be instrumental to industrial development in
Nigerian. In addition, some of the major objectives were to discover if the values of a given soda–
economic milieu and achievement motivation could have a blend and affect a nation's level of
industrial development; to unravel the existence of low level of achievement values and lack of
industrial growth.
The researcher raised some hypothesis. These hypotheses were to establish if there is a significant
relationship between the inability to inculcate achievement motivation in an individual and low
level of its contribution to industrial development later in life; also to find out, if the more a family
inculcates achievement values in a child through socialization, the more, or the higher the
tendencies for the child to work hard and contribute meaningfully to industrial development.
Volumes of literature strictly related to the study/topic were reviewed and the need

A Brief Note On Achievement Motivation And Culture
2.1. ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND CULTURE
Culture, according to E. B. Tyloe "is that complex whole which include knowledge, beliefs arts,
moral, low, custom and othercapabilities acquired by man as a member of a society" quoted in
(Nwachukwu C. B. 2000, P. 20). In a similar vein, the concept of culture is a huge one, separating
human beings from their culture is impossible. Culture is deep rooted than obvious characteristic
like gender, skin colour, race, and physical disabilities (Jashigin 1989, P.20).
Wlodkoloki and Ginsberg, described culture as "the deeply learned confluence of language values
beliefs and behavious that pervade every aspect of a person's life, and ... is continually undergoing
mirror changes" (Wlodkoroski & Ginsberg, 1995, P.7). Because culture encompasses such a huge
part of people, it plays a large and important role in the motivation of those same individuals. That
culture and Achievement Motivation are related seems obvious "We know that culture, is the deeply
learned mix of language, beliefs, values and behaviour that provides every aspect of our lives,
significantly influences our motivation. In fact social scientists today regard the cognitive processes
as inherently cultural. The language we use to think, the way we travel through our thoughts, and
how we communicate cannot be separated from cultural practices and cultural context. If we keep
culture in mind, a useful functional definition of Achievement Motivation is to understand it as a
natural

The Need For Theory And Theorizing
2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Obviously the topic of human is limitless. Its scope is so
diffused, broad and massive that we find it difficult to comprehend, think, examine and analyze. In
brief we need to wear some sort of scientific lenses by which we can catch the world of observation
in order to explain, predict and influence the course of actions. THE NEED FOR THEORY AND
THEORIZING According toKeIIy(1999, P. 18). "Theory is a way of finding together all together a
multitude of facts so that one may comprehend them all at once". In a similar vein, (Sharer &
Ashmore: 2002, P. 50) sees theory as "a set of interrelated ideas about a phenomena, which provides
the framework for its explanation". (Jonathan,1997 P.10) succinctly puts the issue in these terms.
Theorizing can be viewed as the means by which the intellectual activity known as science realizes
it is three principal goals these include: (1) To classify and organize events in the world so that they
can be placed into perspectives. (2) To explain the courses of past events and predict when, and
events will occur and (3) To offer and intuitively pleasing, sense of understanding why and how
events should occur. Scholars have advanced plethora of views and theories in a bid to provide an
explanation of the wide ranging multifaceted ideas of how social life is organized (KolIak: 1985, P.
223). On the other hand, a theory is a set of ideas, which provides as explanation for something.
This is in view of the fact that

The Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing
There is a major controversy over standardized achievement testing that has now called for students,
parents, educators, and communities–to become involved. The United States is lacking in education
from a worldwide viewpoint. The United States currently ranks 17th among 50 other global
education systems (Gayathri). If America continues to fall behind, then the educational gap between
races will continue to expand. Is the solution to the United States falling behind globally? It's to
increase standardized tests.
"Standardized tests play a major role in education today, whether they are achievement tests
measuring subject–specific knowledge or aptitude tests measuring scholastic readiness. The goal of
the assessments is to provide a yardstick to evaluate student performance across state standards."
(Concordia University Portland 2017)
"The No Child Left Behind Act and the Common Core State Standards Initiative are prominent
examples of test–based accountability policies. The practice has ignited a debate about their
effectiveness and how well this kind of test measures student achievement." (Concordia University
Portland 2017)
A standardized test is an examination that's scored and administered in a predetermined manner.
(Popham 1999) Present day, standardized test is "...any objective test, or combination of objective
and performance tests, that yields the same score for the same performance, no matter who is doing
the scoring" (Hirsch) Standardized testing consist of

The Role Of Achievement Motivation
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
5.1 SUMMARY
Over the years there has been hue and cry on industrial development in Nigeria. But the focus was
mainly on the governments' contribution and its activities like intervention policies and program to
realize this goal. Furthermore, huge budgetary allocation designated, and plunged into the sector
notwithstanding, only modest success, if any had been recorded. Consequent upon this, this research
topic was thought out, to depart slightly and investigate into some of the impediments, and X–ray
the human variables in realizing this objective. Hence, "The role of achievement motivation in
industrial development in Nigeria". Volumes of literatures were reviewed, and data was collected
and analyzed. The research work was aimed at finding out the extent to which the need for
achievement motivation, the intrinsic and autocentric self–directed enthusiasm from childhood
could be instrumental to industrial growth and development. The approach therefore, takes
departure from the extrinsic factors responsible for an individual motivation. Hence the research
concentrates on the manufacturing sector. Questionnaires were administered to managers,
supervisors, departmental heads–occupying highly sensitive position at the apex and junior staff.
Through the investigation and analyses of the data, it was revealed that here is a significant
relationship between lack of industrious labour force and

David Mcletein Theory Of Needs Theory
This theory of needs was popularized by David McClelland. He is a behavioural psychologist in
American. According to McClelland, the motivators in the theory are learned. That why this theory
sometimes was called the Learned Needs Theory. It was building on earlier work of Henry Murray
in 1928, David McClelland (1961) was make an experiment that the motivation of an individual
might influence from three dominant of needs, which is the Need for Achievement, Power and
Affiliation. These three needs will occur when someone is acting according with their desire and
behaviour.
Firstly, people in the group of the Need for Achievement (N–Ach), they likely desire to accomplish
something difficult and do some challenging tasks on a high level. This achievement oriented people
share few common characteristics such as they always try to have success and need to receive
positive feedback often rather than failures. Besides that, they seek to stretch themselves and thus
tend to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is an expression for people who like to be in charge. In this Need for Power, they can be
divided into two types which is personal and institutional power. People with a high need for
personal power want to direct and influence others such as the managers who like to give the
instruction to his subordinates to do the work. A high needs for institutional power means that
people like to organize the efforts of others to achieve the goals of the organization. High power
people enjoy competition and status oriented positions. While these people are attracted to
leadership roles, the may not possess the required flexibility and people–centred skills. It shows that
this people are lack of their credibility in their work. Managers with a high need for institutional
power tend to be more effective than those with a high need for personal power because the
manager have their minority power in the organizational then people that with high need for their
personal

Schools Need 21st Century Materials And Resources
Schools need 21st century materials and resources to serve 21st century students. There needs to be
a change in ideology regarding the function of the library in todays society. "For centuries, libraries
have remained essentially separate, even competing with one another to establish and maintain the
greatest collection, and now they need to recast themselves as platforms rather than storehouses.
(Palfrey, 2015) With the introduction of the internet and online information libraries need to rebrand
themselves. Libraries around the world can now share information with one another in real time,
and the competition for resources has ended. That said, there is still value in networking with other
agencies devoted to education and information. John Palfrey, author of Biblio Tech suggests that,
"Libraries must act as ambitiously networked institutions, connecting their network effectively with
partner intuitions: archives, historical societies, museums, and other cultural heritage organizations."
(2015) More agencies are partnering up to give their patrons access to the best and most credible
information. #Learning Commons The year of the Learning Commons is ablaze on social media.
Teacher–librarians are embracing technology as a way to reach new audiences and share resources.
The social media of choice for these tech savvy teachers is Twitter, and their hashtag is YearLC.
(Loertscher, D., & Koechlin, C., 2015) Twitter is being used as a marketing tool to rebrand

“Academic Stress, Achievement Motivation, and Academic...
"ACADEMIC STRESS, ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION, AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
AS PREDICTORS OF ADJUSTMENT AMONG HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS."
ABSTRACT
The main aim of the present study was to explore the relative contribution of academic stress,
achievement motivation and academic achievement among adjustment of high school students. It
was hypothesized that adjustment will be significantly predicted on the basis of academic stress,
achievement motivation and academic achievement. 160 students of Sangli and Kolhapur district
were selected by random sampling method. Multiple regressions were done to analyze the collective
data. The findings of the study revealed that academic stress and adjustment is negatively related
with each other, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Educational adjustments are very important for academic achievement. Ramanna Sood (1992) found
significant relationship between achievement motivation and adjustment. According to Good (1993)
academic achievement means knowledge attained or skills developed in the school subject, usually
designated by test scores or by marks assigned by teachers or by both. Best (1977) pointed out that
academic grades assigned by teachers or scores on standardized achievement test is operational
definition of academic achievement. According to George and Ravindran (2005) many factors
contribute to academic achievement. The major ones are intelligence, adjustments, motivation,
academic stress, level of aspirations and time perception etc. In present study academic achievement
is being studied with the adjustment, achievement motivation and academic stress.
Methodology
Aim of the study The main aim of the present study is that there is possibility of prediction of
adjustment of high school students on the basis of academic stress, achievement motivation and
academic achievement.
Objectives of the study 1) To measure the academic stress, achievement motivation and adjustment
of high school students and find out whether the difference between male–female, urban–rural and
high and low achievers is significant or not. 2) To study the strength of association

Teacher Motivation and Its Effect on the Academic...
Fall 2011 Gender differences on Intrinsic Motivation in Hong Kong Higher Education Hon Keung
Yau Man Shan Kan City University of Hong Kong Alison Lai Fong Cheng Abstract The purpose of
this paper is to investigate if there are different levels of intrinsic motivation towards study, curiosity
and external regulation among males and females. This study focuses are attained by conducting a
survey (137 students) among a local university in Hong Kong. Results show that among all students,
no matter males or females, their levels of intrinsic motivation towards study, curiosity and external
are the same. Burger, Dahlgren, and MacDonald (2006) found that male have higher intrinsic
motivation to gamble when compared with female. Another study ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In view that Ning and Downing (2010) have conducted a research study among 581 university
students in Hong Kong and found that student motivation is the strongest predictor to their academic
performance while few attempts to investigate more specific factors such as curiosity and external
regulation that whether they affect intrinsic motivation among university students in Hong Kong,
the relationship between these factors and intrinsic motivation are deeply investigated so as to
improve student intrinsic motivation. Also, whether males or females would have higher level of
intrinsic motivation is also studied. These serve as the purpose of this paper. We attempt to fill the
research gap by asking the following research questions:
64
e–Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership
Volume 9, Number 2
Fall 2011 (1) Is there any difference in the level of intrinsic motivation towards learning between
males and females for Hong Kong university students? (2) Is there any difference in the level of
curiosity between males and females for Hong Kong university students? (3) Is there any difference
in the level of external regulation between males and females for Hong Kong university students?
These questions are answered by conducting a quantitative survey among a local university in Hong
Kong. The result indicates that there is no difference in the level of curiosity, external regulation or
intrinsic motivation towards learning between males

Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing
A standardized test is any examination that's administered and scored in a predetermined, standard
manner. There are two major kinds of standardized tests: aptitude tests and achievement tests.
Standardized aptitude tests predict how well students are likely to perform in some subsequent
educational setting. The most common examples are the SAT–I and the ACT both of which attempt
to forecast how well high school students will perform in college. But standardized achievement–
test scores are what citizens and school board members rely on when they evaluate a school's
effectiveness. Nationally, five such tests are in use The folks who create standardized achievement
tests are terrifically talented. What they are trying to do is to create assessment tools that permit
someone to make a valid inference about the knowledge and/or skills that a given student possesses
in a particular content area.
More precisely, that inference is to be norm–referenced so that a student's relative knowledge and/or
skills can be compared with those possessed by a national sample of students of the same age or
grade level. But there's an enormous amount of knowledge and/or skills that children at any grade
level are likely to know. The substantial size of the content domain that a standardized achievement
test is supposed to represent poses genuine difficulties for the developers of such tests. If a test
actually covered all the knowledge and skills in the domain, it would be far too long.
For

Correlation Between Motivation And Achievement
Brown and Wahlberg designed a study in which they intended to demonstrate an independent causal
relationship between motivation and achievement (Brown & Wahlberg, 1993). They purported to
have devised a study with a "randomized assignment of students to conditions eliciting different
degrees of motivation" (Brown & Wahlberg, 1993, p. 134). The question for the researchers
remained what is the effect of "experimentally manipulated motivational conditions on elementary
math scores" (Brown & Wahlberg, 1993, p. 133). The study remains a randomized quantitative
mixed methods quasi–experimental study of 406 heterogeneously grouped students in third, fourth
and sixth through eighth grades in Chicago Public Schools (Brown & Wahlberg, 1993). Three
schools were selected to participate in the study. The student populations in each school were
described as lower–middle working class and predominantly Hispanic and African–American
(Brown & Wahlberg, 1993). Respective of each school, two classes were randomly selected out of
each grade level and randomly assigned to experimental groups. The participant groups were
administered the Mathematics Concept subtest of the Iowa Basic Skills (ITBS) 1978, Levels 9–14.
The ITBS was selected for its high reliability rating of 0.85 and its correlation with school
curriculum (Brown & Wahlberg, 1993). One group received standard testing instructions while the
other group received an additional set of motivational instructions read from a script.

An Article From The New York Times
This analysis is about an article from The New York Times "How Do We Get More People to Have
Good Lives?" by Thomas B. Edsall. Edsall is an American journalist and academic. In his article,
Edsall argues that in order to make the future young poor get out of poverty, America needs to treat
both private and public sectors in early childhood programs equally. To start his article, Edsall
mentions the Obama administration's big investment in education to promote math, reading, and
science skills for the school children. According to the National Center for Education Statistics,
from 2007 to 2013, the reading scores of fourth graders have increased 0.45 percent, and the math
scores from them too have grown 0.83 percent. The attempt of trying to raise test scores from the
government shows that "both cognitive and character skills" place a significant part in life
opportunities as well as "weapons in the contest for economic and social status." Edsall moves on
with an example from the book "Persistence, Privilege, and Parenting." The book discusses that
children with better background can achieve more in life and are more likely to raise their own
children better than others. For general knowledge, cognitive skills come from a shift in knowledge–
based economy due to the decline in "manufacturing employment, the growth of the technology and
financial sectors, and labor recruitment from a global talent pool." Edsall makes a comment on this
problem of education reform that it is too

Study of the Influence of Teacher Effectiveness
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background to the study
As a teacher in the secondary school system in Nigeria for many years, experience has shown that,
there are two categories of teachers – the good or effective teachers, and the bad or ineffective
teachers' observable from among teachers in the school system.
The effective teachers are perceived to be fully equipped naturally and professionally to lead their
students to success in competitive standardized tests, as well as inculcate in them, values that would
make them exhibit behaviours that are generally desirable and acceptable.
On the other hand, the ineffective teachers do not care about the success of their students in
examinations, and, in some cases, students who pass through such teachers, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This behaviour has the tendency of reducing productivity and efficiency on the part of the teachers.
These ill–behaved teachers as they may be described may tend to produce their types from among
the students, since children tend to emulate adults they see as their models. In the fore–going
descriptions of teachers in the school system, it is evident that, there exists two categories of
teachers, but what attributes or characteristics define the effective and ineffective teachers?
Highet (1977), in identifying the kinds of teachers, said that, there are good or effective teachers,
and bad or ineffective teachers, and amateur teachers who are neither good enough nor too bad in
teaching activities. In this study, the researcher categorized teachers into two, because whatever that
is not good, in definitely, bad. Denigrating the bad teachers, Highet (1977), said that bad teaching
wastes a great deal of effort, and spoils many lives which might have been full of energy and
happiness. Giving support for the existence of effective and ineffective teachers in the school
system, Vernon cited in Gammage (1971), said that most of those in the teaching profession who are
well adjusted are somewhat extroverted, but many other personality types do excellent work and
that there are certainly, large number of misfits. The researcher, through a wide range of
consultation in various literatures, has firmly established the

Parental Involvement On Student Motivation And Academic...
Protection of Human Rights Since this study involves collecting data from minors a full board
review must be conducted by the IRB. In order to ensure human subjects are protected, no questions
on the survey will expose participants to unnecessary and atypical physical or psychological harm.
(Mertler 2016). Participants will be warned that some survey questions may cause discomfort as a
precautionary measure since the study deals with participants from vulnerable populations. (Mertler
2016). Subject participation is voluntary and they can chose to end their participation at any time.
All surveys will remain confidential. Participants may gain a better understanding of self–
motivation in relation to academic achievement. Parent or guardian ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another limitation to this study is the possibility of low response rates and financial requirements.
Mailing surveys will get expensive and responses are not guaranteed. This limitation is addressed to
the best of the study's ability by including a large sample size and providing incentives for returned
surveys. Another major limitation of survey research designs is the reliability of self reported data.
"Even though people believe they are being accurate, they may in fact not be. Essentially, we are
collecting information on their perceptions of what they believe to be accurate." (Mertler 2016).
Participants may also respond to surveys the way they think the researcher wants them to respond.
"Although unavoidable when conducting survey research, researchers have an obligation to
recognize and acknowledge that respondents may be providing socially acceptable responses."
(Mertler 2016). References Bennett, C. A. (2017). "Most won't do it!" Examining homework as a
structure for learning in a diverse middle school. American Secondary Education, 45(2), 22–36. doi:
http://www.ashland.edu/ase Fox, K. R. (2016). Homework as a family literacy practice: What counts
as best practices for children deemed as high risk for academic failure due to socioeconomic status.
School Community Journal, 26(2), 215–234. http://www.schoolcommunitynetwork.org/SCJ.aspx
Gonida,

Achievement Goals As A Measure Of Motivation
The article "Achievement Goals as a Measure of Motivation in University Students" talked about
the difference in performance goals and mastery goals in students currently enrolled in universities.
The article described a performance goal is one that is associated to a specific outcome; For
example, passing your first chemistry exam. Performance goals are more common with short term
goals solely because the majority of the time they aren't something you can do continuously. On the
other hand, a mastery goal is described as one that you set in order to show you your comprehension
of a certain topic or task; for instance, instead of passing your chemistry exam, you want to fully
understand chemistry and become a "master."
Throughout high school, I was the kind of student that always did the bare minimum but knew that I
could do better. I never did my homework, and I the only test I have ever studied for was my SAT
because I knew that was my only option to get into this university. After reading this article, I
realized that all I was doing was setting an "academic alienation goal" which meant I was choosing
to perform tasks that required the minimum amount of effort, which is turn was just setting my up to
fail, and even though it wasn't really saying that I wanted to fail, that's what I was doing.
Once I was accepted to Texas A&M, I realized that this kind of mentality was no longer going to
work for me. I knew that if I wanted to succeed in college, I was going to have to

Research Paper
Research Paper – Class Size
Class size is a very popular topic that is greatly research through out educational settings. Class size
deals with how many students are in the classroom at once. Class size can vary greatly. It can
depended on the location of the school, where the more rural areas have only one high school while
in a city environment there could be twenty–three high schools in one area. Location also depends
on the amount of population in that area. Class size also can depend on the level of schooling. Such
as in a major university there could be two hundred students in one class, while in a local
elementary school there is only eighteen students in one class. Class size can depend on what kind
of class is being taught. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also can deal with how much the student as learn and understanding of the information. Many of
times academic achievement is shown by grades that are given out by the teacher. The teacher gets
these grades by test and assignments the students perform by using the information they gain in
class. Academic achievement is very important and all schools want everyone student to have high
academic achievement.
Depending on the class size academic achievement can either be positive or negative. Positive
academic achievement means the student is learning and understanding the information and can use
it effectively. While negative academic achievement is that the student does not understand the
information that is being given to them, which results in not being able to use the information they
learn. This will lead failure in tests or assignments.
In one research study in Tennessee researchers had elementary grade students attended the same size
class for four years. The one class had more then twenty students while the other class had only
fifteen students. After each year of the study the students took the Stanford Achievement Test
battery and received separate scores for reading, word–study skills, and mathematics. At the end of
the test they found out that the students in the smaller class of fifteen students were 0.5 months
ahead of the other students by the end of kindergarten, 1.9 months ahead of the other students at the
end of 1st grade, 5.6 months ahead of

What Are The Impact Of Parental Involvement On Student...

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