History of Biomechanics
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•391 views
Inspired by the preface to “Human Body Dynamics” by Aydin Tozeren
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to History of Biomechanics
Similar to History of Biomechanics (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
History of Biomechanics
- 1. KIN 320 Fall 2018
- 2. For whatever was written in earlier times was written for our instruction, so that through perseverance and the encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope. Romans 15:4 Source: Most of the figures presented here are highlighted in the preface to “Human Body Dynamics” by Aydin Tozeren Activity: As I share about the following players in Biomechanics history, write ONE KEY WORD or PHRASE to describe each
- 3. Contributions in Natural philosophy Examines the phenomena of the natural world Qualitative vs. quantitative Wrote the first book on biomechanics, De Motu Animalium (On the Movement of Animals)
- 4. Began training in the anatomy of the human body with Andrea del Verrocchio Treatise on Painting, published in 1632 Studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it, observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on physiology
- 5. "Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe ... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures.“ Combined experiment and mathematics – an innovation! His adherence to experimental results and their most honest interpretation led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority. http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=MgmFnjW4tBY
- 6. “The human body is a machine whose movements are directed by the soul.” The Description of the Human Body written in 1647 Saw the body as a machine Believed the heat of the heart somehow caused all movement of the body Felt that an energetic part of blood went to the brain and gave it a special type of air imbued with vital force that enabled the brain to experience, think and imagine. His advanced thinking was unproved speculation.
- 7. Considered the father of modern biomechanics. In De Motu Animalium I and II (Of Animal Motion) ‘Muscles do not exercise vital movement otherwise than by contracting’. Forward motion entailed movement of a body’s center of gravity forward, followed by the swinging of its limbs in order to maintain balance. Likened the action of the heart to that of a piston
- 8. In Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica presented the three laws of motion. Newton saw the world not as governed by an interventionist God but as a world crafted by a God that designs along rational and universal principles.
- 9. Swiss mathematician and physicist Introduced much of modern mathematical terminology and notation. Euler's equations describe the rotation of a rigid body with respect to its axis, applied torques, and moments of inertia. Euler was a devout Christian who believed the Bible to be inspired and that knowledge is founded in part on the basis of precise quantitative laws, which are provided by the existence of God.
- 10. Mathematician and astronomer In 1788, re-formulated Newtonian mechanics to simplify formulas and ease calculations. Lagrangian mechanics uses scalar values, making it easier to solve physics problems that transitions between different coordinate systems. Lagrangian mechanics is just a mathematical change, not a change in the physics.
- 11. “As far as its physique is concerned, an animal may be considered as an assemble of particles separated by more or less compressed springs.” Essay on Machines in 1784 Introduced the principle of energy as applied to a falling weight the earliest proof of the fact that kinetic energy is lost in the collision of imperfectly elastic bodies. Géométrie de position in 1803 dealing with projective geometry
- 12. Photographer who used multiple cameras to capture motion and invented the zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures. The Horse in Motion, commissioned by Leland Stanford in 1872 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEqccP hsqgA http://vimeo.com/58109272
- 13. Scientist and chronophotographer Significant contributions to: cardiology, physical instrumentation, aviation, cinematography and the science of labor photography. Invented the chronophotographic gun was capable of taking 12 frames a second, all which were recorded on the same picture.
- 14. How does a falling cat turn over and fall on its feet? 1894: M. Marey and M. Guyou in France (separate papers) 1935: GGJ. Rademaker and JWG. Ter Braak developed a mathematical model that captured the full turnover of the cat during a fall. 1969: TR. Kane and MP. Schmer refined the model to better match observed motion, where backward bending is much smaller than forward bending.
- 15. “Science and technology are playing an increasing role in helping athletes maximize performance. Advancements have come in the form of new equipment that takes advantage of intrinsic muscle properties or improves force transmission to the environment to advanced modeling and simulation techniques for advanced biofeedback training, equipment optimization, and injury prevention.” Speed skating: aerodynamic suits (1970) & klapskates (1997) Swimming: Advanced pools & suits (2008) Cycling: aerodynamic bikes (1984), obree & superman positions (1993 & 1996)
- 19. Share the WORDS you used to describe each person with your neighbor.
Editor's Notes
- Alexander Mclaren dwells beautifully on this Scripture: Who can tell how many struggling souls have taken heart again, as they pondered over the sweet stories of sorrow subdued which stud its pages, like stars in its firmament? The tears shed long ago which God has put ‘in His bottle,’ and recorded in ‘His book,’ have truly been turned into pearls. That long gallery of portraits of sufferers, who have all trodden the same rough road, and been sustained by the same hand, and reached the same home, speaks cheer to all who follow them. Hearts wrung by cruel partings from those dearer to them than their own souls, turn to the pages which tell how Abraham, with calm sorrow, laid his Sarah in the cave at Macpelah; or how, when Jacob’s eyes were dim that he could not see, his memory still turned to the hour of agony when Rachael died by him, and he sees clear in its light her lonely grave, where so much of himself was laid; or to the still more sacred page which records the struggle of grief and faith in the hearts of the sisters of Bethany. All who are anyways afflicted in mind, body, or estate find in the Psalms men speaking their deepest experiences before them; and the grand majesty of sorrow that marks ‘the patience of Job,’ and the flood of sunshine that bathes him, revealing the ‘end of the Lord,’ have strengthened countless sufferers to bear and to hold fast, and to hope. We are all enough of children to be more affected by living examples than by dissertations, however true, and so Scripture is mainly history, revealing God by the record of His acts, and disclosing the secret of human life by telling us the experiences of living men. McLaren, Alexander. Expositions of Holy Scripture. Hodder & Stoughton, 1900, London, England.
- Wrote on natural philosophy, a branch examining the phenomena of the natural world that includes fields that would be regarded today as physics, biology and other natural sciences. Saw animals' bodies as mechanical systems and pursued questions such as the physiological difference between imagining performing an action and actually doing it (motor control) Beginning in the 16th century, scientists began applying mathematics to the physical sciences, and Aristotle's work in this area was deemed hopelessly inadequate. For example, he had a conception of speed and temperature, but no quantitative understanding of them.
- Began training in the anatomy of the human body with Andrea del Verrocchio, who insisted that all his pupils learn anatomy Became master of topographic anatomy, drawing studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. Was given permission to dissect human corpses at hospitals in Florence, Milan and Rome. Made over 200 pages of drawings and many pages of notes, only a small amount of which is included in Treatise on Painting, published in 1632. Studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it Drew the heart and vascular system, sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero Observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage. Drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness
- Made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics. His mathematical analyses are a development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers. His adherence to experimental results and their most honest interpretation led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science. This aided the separation of science from both philosophy and religion.
- The Description of the Human Body is his unfinished philosophical treatise written in 1647 Saw the body as a machine and believed the heat of the heart somehow caused all movement of the body; Saw blood vessels as pipes carrying digested food to the heart Felt that an energetic part of blood went to the brain and gave it a special type of air imbued with vital force that enabled the brain to experience, think and imagine - this special air then went through the nerves to the muscles enabling them to move. His advanced thinking was unproved speculation which today would be called unscientific.
- the American Society of Biomechanics uses the Borelli Award as its highest honor for research In De Motu Animalium I and II he relates animals to machines and utilizes mathematics to prove his theories. First to suggest that ‘muscles do not exercise vital movement otherwise than by contracting’. Recognized that forward motion entailed movement of a body’s center of gravity forward, which was then followed by the swinging of its limbs in order to maintain balance. Likened the action of the heart to that of a piston - for this to work properly he derived the idea that the arteries have to be elastic
- He saw God as the master creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation
- A pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, he made important discoveries in fields as diverse as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. He introduced much of modern mathematical terminology and notation. In physics, Euler's equations describe the rotation of a rigid body with respect to its axis, applied torques, and moments of inertia. Euler was a devout Christian who believed the Bible to be inspired; the Rettung was primarily an argument for the divine inspiration of scripture. He insisted that knowledge is founded in part on the basis of precise quantitative laws, which are provided by the existence of God.
- A mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to all fields of analysis, number theory, and classical and celestial mechanics. He succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In 1788, re-formulated Newtonian mechanics to simplify formulas and ease calculations. Unlike Newtonian mechanics which uses vectors, Lagrangian mechanics uses scalar values, making it easier to solve physics problems that transitions between different coordinate systems. Lagrangian mechanics is just a mathematical change, not a change in the physics.
- Graduated from Mezieres School of Engineering in 1773 and entered as a lieutenant into the Prince of Condé’s engineer corps. In 1784 published Essay on Machines which contained a statement that foreshadowed the principle of energy as applied to a falling weight, and the earliest proof of the fact that kinetic energy is lost in the collision of imperfectly elastic bodies. The creation of the French Revolutionary Army in 1793 was largely due to his powers of organization and enforcing discipline; he became known as the Organizer of Victory. In 1803 produced Géométrie de position, dealing with projective geometry.
- An English photographer living in the US known for his pioneering work on animal locomotion which used multiple cameras to capture motion, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures. In 1872, Leland Stanford hired him to show whether all four of a horse's hooves are off the ground at the same time during a gallop. In the midst of his studies, in which he produced The Horse in Motion, Muybridge was tried for shooting his his wife’s lover point blank but was acquitted for "justifiable homicide.“ Between 1883 and 1886, used banks of cameras to photograph people and animals to study their movement, making a total of 100,000 images. 20,000 of the images were published as 781 plates in a collection titled Animal Locomotion.
- 1969: Their model consists of two axisymmetric bodies that bend relative to each other but do not twist.