Wooden Truss Bridge

Wooden Truss Bridge
The most common types are the beam bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cantilever bridges, cable–style, and the kind I am going to research is
truss bridge.
Zhaozhou Bridge is the oldest bridge; it is in china.
The first welded bridge was designed by polish engineer Stefan Bryla.
The longest suspension bridge in the world (from 2010) is the Akashi Kaikyo bridge in Kobe Japan.
Allan truss is based on the Howe truss. The first one was finished on 13 August 1894.
Bailey truss was made for the military, with many different styles. Baltimore truss was like the Pratt truss but it has more bracing on the bottom to stop
buckling.
Bollman truss had many independent tension elements that makes a strong bridge which is easy to assemble.
Burr arch truss that is a combination of an arch and truss which gives a strong bridge. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
K truss has beams that form the letter k in each panel.
Long truss is like the Howe truss but made of wood and usually is a covered bridge.
Parker truss is like the pratt truss but has a polygonal upper chord.
If that chord has five segments it is called a camelback truss.
The pegram truss has chords that are wider at the bottom but the same length at the top.
Pratt truss has members and angels that slope downward to the center. Many different types that are based on this are used for the railroads.
Vierendeel truss has rectangular members instead of triangular.
Warren truss has members joined only by angled cross–members. This forms equilateral truss. It is light and strong and makes an economical truss.
The Quebec bridge is the world's longest cantilever bridge.
The longest continuous bridge is lake pontchartrain causeway in southern
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Tacoma Narrows Bridge
The Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington State had taken three years to complete its building process. It experienced a terrible fate as it collapsed
only four months after final construction. During its short existence only vertical vibrations of the bridge were noticed, and the bridge became
famously known as "Galloping Gertie" due to the swaying of the roadway under high wind conditions. A positive correlation was observed between the
wind's speeds and the bridge's vibrations in certain tests, yet contradictory results are also in existence which prove no correlation between the two.
Tourists who paid the bridge toll to venture across the swaying bridge, encompassed by seemingly disappearing vehicles, often considered this bridge a
roller–coaster ride with a riding fee tacked on. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a replacement for the ferry system in place to venture across the Tacoma Narrows, the 2,800 feet long bridge was created. However, in an attempt
to make the bridge more cost–effective, it was built with an unusual design for a suspension bridge– an extremely thin frame of only thirty–nine feet.
This created sufficient space for only two lanes on the roadway. Originally, the bridge was supposed to be made more sturdy through the addition of
trusses, yet there were inadequate funds. As a result, a cheaper alternative– 8–foot girders– were added on. They were included on the entire expanse of
the bridge. However, there was not a sufficient stiffening effect created on the bridge by these girders. There was not enough research in existence on
aerodynamic stability for suspension bridges, and wind tunneling/aerodynamic lift was thus not properly accounted

Clifton Suspension Bridge Essay
My suspension bridge will be the Clifton Suspension Bridge, this bridges is located at Bristol, England. This bridge was first opened in 1864,it is 212
metres long and has a width of 9.4 metres this is why this bridge is so well acclaimed due to it age and its size. This bridge crosses the River Avon. This
bridge was originally meant to be made in 1831 but this was stopped by the Bristol riots, after the Bristol riots the design was charged slightly
because of new technologies to strengthen the bridge. Avon Gorge came up with the idea to make the bridge in 1753 when he came up with an idea
to make a bridge over the Bristol river, made from stone and which was delayed because of enhances in technology. deck is suspended by 81 matching
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The deck was originally wooden planking, later covered with asphalt, which was renewed in 2009.[ The weight of the bridge, approximately 1,500 tons.
Truss bridge
This is a labelled diagram of this bridge.
The truss bridge I will focus on is Hampden Bridge, located in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales
. Hampden Bridge is a wood Truss bridge that crosses
the Murrumbidgee River in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. This bridge opened to the public on 11 November 1895 and it was closed in October
1995 due to Wiradjuri Bridge opening. The bridge is 100.5 metres long, all of the 3 truss spans 33.5 metres. Hampden Bridge is the first large
overhead–braced truss bridge made by Percy Allan. The bridge was originally designed to be a steel, but the tenders were too expensive. timber was
used as the alternative. The Hampden bridge replaced the Wagga Wagga bridge,this bridge was made in 1892 and alos crossed the Murrumbidgee
river. Percy Allan made the third of five standard wooden truss bridges. there is a clear difference of development between the pre Allan era and the
post Allan era. Allan completely redesigned how timber truss bridges were made in NSW. He often based his bridge design on the American Howe
bridge although he exploited the much stronger woods in Australia, to reduce the design its bare essentials, this is show in the differences between the
two bridges before Allan made his and Allan's bridges all around New South

How Architects Change The World
How Architects Change the World
"To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history, but to articulate it."– Daniel Libeskind
Mankind has built structures since the beginning of time and every structure which has been built throughout history has a story behind it. The reasons
for building these structures are many and varied. The main reason for building a structure is out of necessity. Buildings such as the aqueducts of
Rome, Windsor Castle of Medieval Europe, and the Golden Gate Bridge, were built out of necessity. Another reason for building a structure is an
artistic expression or to express a sentiment, such as the Statue of Liberty, the Gateway Arch, or theEiffel Tower. A third reason for building a structure
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without architects, none of us would be living in houses, none of us would have schools to go to, and none of us would have bridges to cross water.
One good example of a structure being built out of necessity is the golden gate bridge.
The Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is a suspension bridge 4,200 feet long spanning the San Francisco Bay. It opened in 1937 and was the
longest suspension bridge in the world until 1964. Joseph Strauss was the head engineer for the bridge, but it was ultimately designed by Leon
Moisseiff, who was also the championed designer of the Manhattan Bridge. The bridge cost over 35 million dollars and from it's opening through
January 2014, over two billion vehicles have crossed the bridge. The color of the Bridge is officially "international orange" picked by architect Irving
Morrow because it complements the natural scenery, and this orange makes this bridge one of the most recognized bridge in the world.
In addition to being one of the most recognized bridge in the world, today the Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most photographed and the most
driven over bridge in the world. It's lasting impact is not only it's usefulness but also the aesthetic appeal it adds to the California landscape as well as
an object of pride for Californians.
The Roman Aqueducts
Another architectural feat that was completed out of necessity was the Roman Aqueducts. Aqueducts are a

The Cult Of Womanhood By Barbara Welter
The article, The Cult of Womanhood: 1820– 1860 written by Barbara Welter discusses the philosophy towards women in America during the mid 19th
century. A set of demands and expectations based upon four principles: piety, purity, submission and domesticity were placed on women as well as
certain behavioral expectations left 19th century women feeling guilty. It also left women feeling this way during the industrialization period as well as
having a huge presence of incompatibility with society. Welter shares her viewpoint that the Cult of Womanhood was an attempt to preserve pre
modern values in the industrial age. Men held a dominant place in society and continued to prevent new opportunities for women to explore. Narrow
minded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
181). Religion was integrated into their life. As the Industrial Age progressed, the strong religious values weakened through generations. "Female
education should be preeminently religious" (p.182). The woman was the primary teacher of her child and was expected to teach themselves religion
and be able to teach their children as well. "One reason religion was valued was that it did not take a woman away from her "proper sphere, her
home." (p. 181) Women only completed grade school and had many opportunities to read the bible so they were also able to preach family values,
help the poor and contribute to stopping slavery. Devotion to religion was expected. Welter explains that a woman's brain is capable of
comprehending religion even though it is not visible. As the Industrial Age progressed, the strong religious values weakened through generations.
Submission, another principle, kept women from voicing her opinion when having a discussion with their husbands or telling their husbands to
terminate an annoying idiosyncrasy. "Wives were advised to do their best to reform men, but if they couldn't, to give up gracefully. If any habit of his
annoyed me, I spoke of it once or twice calmly, then bore it quietly."(p. 186) She would reinforce her submissiveness by wearing tight corsets which
would limit her breathing and physical mobility and remain uncomfortable. They were expected to be subservient to men as well as homemakers. "In
Women of

Brooklyn Bridge Research Paper
Adams 1
Dillon Adams
Mr. Lederman
Welding and Metal Fabrication II
4 January 2017 Brooklyn Bridge
John roebling was an immigrant from germany, john did not invent the suspension bridge but his bridges made him famous in the 1800's. As a kid
roebling dreamed of building bridges, he turned his dreams into a reality. The Brooklyn Bridge was built over the East River linking Manhattan and
Brooklyn. The construction of the brooklyn bridge started in January 3, 1870 and was completed May 24, 1883. The civil war delayed the
construction of the bridge. At least two dozen people died, including the bridges original designer After the civil war had came to an end the... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His bridges over the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh and over the Ohio River at Cincinnati were considered remarkable achievements. Roebling
began dreaming of spanning the East River between New York and Brooklyn. The Civil War put the plans on hold. And Roebling was chosen as its
chief engineer. Just as work was begun on the bridge in the summer of 1869, tragedy struck. John Roebling severely injured his foot in a horrible
accident as he was surveying the spot where the Brooklyn tower would be built. He died of lockjaw not long after, and his son Washington Roebling
who had distinguished himself as a Union officer in the Civil War, became chief engineer of the bridge project."The contemplated work, when
constructed in accordance with my design, will not only be the greatest bridge in existence, but it will be the great engineering work of the continent
and of the age. Its most conspicuous feature – the great towers – will serve as landmarks to the adjoining cities, and they will be entitled to be ranked as
national monuments. As a great work of art, and a successful specimen of advanced bridge engineering, the structure will forever testify to the energy,
enterprise, and wealth of that community which shall secure its erection." "Report" to the New York Bridge Company,

Suspension Bridge Essay
For many centuries, mankind has worked tirelessly to adapt his environment to his needs. This means artificially fertilizing soil, genetically
engineering plants, even attempting to create rain artificially (Mone). However, sometimes, water has gotten in the way, so, when man wants to build
his roads across them, his solution was: Pick up the road and carry it across.
Many suspension bridges are already well known for their frequent usage. For example, the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, the Union Bridge
connecting England to Scotland, and the Brooklyn Bridge, which expands New York City to surrounding islands. Now, according to The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, a suspension bridge is "a bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason is this: as forces, in the water skiing example, the pulling of the boat as well as the friction and inertia of the skier, are exerted on the
ends of the rope, they stress on the rope dissipates slowly as distance increases, because work over a distance requires more force. Therefore, since
the forces are concentrated on the ends of the rope, less force is exerted on the center of the rope and hence it is the most affected by gravity, being
not suspended by any significant force. Now, the rope, and any cable suspended in this style, has a parabolic shape and as the rider moves around
in all directions, the rope is thrown around, and once again the center, being not held stationary by a force, is thrown around, giving it a slacked
appearance. In suspension bridges, the vertical cables will sag in a downward direction and when they are moved, they will act in the same fashion,
appearing slacked. In order to hold the center of these ropes stationary, a force would need to be exerted on the end that is strong enough to
accumulate a force in the center equal to that that would normally be exerted on the end. This force would likely cause the rope to break long before
this stationary state of the center would be obtained.
Another strange thing about these bridges is their behavior in wind. The suspension bridge has a reputation of swaying in the wind, but how can this
be possible with a road on top of it? Surely

Taking a Look at the Suspension Bridge
The suspension bridge is a very popular type of bridge all over the world. It's hard to build but can be built in a lot more places than an arch or beam
bridge. Scientists do not know when it was invented. They believe it was near the 15th century. Whom it was invented by is also unknown. A suspension
bridge can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet, longer than any other type of bridge in the world. It is a very unique bridge. Asuspension bridge is a
bridge with the weight of the deck supported by cables suspended from larger cables that run between the towers. The main parts of a suspension
bridge are the towers, anchors, main cables, suspension cables, and the road way. It is one of the most expensive bridges to build in the world.
Suspension bridges are mainly made out of steel these days. But some of them are made out of different things. A suspension bridge is very different
from arch bridges, even though there can be arch in a suspension bridge. The first suspension bridge in America was in Niagara Falls, a beautiful
waterfall in New York. The suspension bridge was abandoned and never completed. Though, it still counts as the first suspension bridge. Suspension
bridges can be built in most places. You don't need a perfect flat surface to work on unlike some bridges. All you need are the anchors and towers that
touch the earth to keep it upright. What you do is, first, put in the anchors (they cost the most money sometimes) then the main cables along with the

The Change Between Suspension Bridges Before 1940 and...
Suspension bridges were important before 1940 and are still important today. Major cities such as San Francisco, and Manhattan both have a suspension
bridge. Suspension bridges are," a bridge having a deck suspended from cables anchored at their extremities and usually raised on towers"
(dictionary.com). Due to the fact that suspension bridges are not completely supported throughout the length of the bridge, past bridges were unsafe. For
example, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was a suspension bridge opened on July 1st, 1940 (Mark Ketchum). This bridge marked a huge point in
suspension bridge safety and engineering, because in collapsed approximately four months after it was opened (Parsons). The collapse caused such a
shock, that suspension ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes the wind would not be perpendicular, in which the oscillation of the bridge was less, but there was still some oscillation. On
November 7th, 1940, the Tacoma Bridge collapsed because the oscillation of the bridge became extreme. The oscillation of the bridge was caused
by a wind speed of 42 mph (HistoryLink.org). After, approximately, an hour of a corkscrew like motion, the bridge collapsed into Puget Sound.
This marked a huge turning point in the design of suspension bridges from that point in time to current time. Initially, suspension bridges before
1940 were made of piers, towers, wires, anchorages, and roadways. Piers were the main foundation for the suspension bridges. There usually were
two of them, which were made out of cement and were entrenched in ground underneath the body of water that the bridge was spanned across.
Towers were built on top of the piers to provide a means of connection for the roadways and wires. Wires were connected to the towers, roadways,
and anchorages to provide tension support for the weight of the bridge. The anchorages were large cement platforms that were planted into the
ground on either side of the land so that the wires could be connected to it. Lastly, the roadways were the main point of the suspension bridge. They
usually were wide enough to provide four lanes of traffic and stretched from one side of the bridge to the other. This was the basic design of the
suspension bridges

Milwaukee Art Museum
The Milwaukee Art Museum is a large modernistic building that is designed both for both beauty and function. The museum as a whole is a piece of
art. It features clean lines, impressive symmetry, a clean color pallet, and many other aesthetically pleasing elements. These elements work together to
create a building that Milwaukee is proud of. It is positioned in a prime position on Wisconsin Avenue, and is also rite on the lakefront. This placement
makes the building viewable to museum visitors, lakefront visitors, and commuters alike, making the structure an even more important part of
Milwaukee. The importance is highlighted through its impressive aesthetic. The beautiful architecture features an elegant pedestrian bridge, a grand
entrance,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It functions as a multipurpose space. Some of its uses are the grand entry to the museum, a temporary exhibit space, a brunch area, an art fair space,
and a wedding venue. No wonder it has so many uses, with 90–foot glass ceilings and a magnificent view of the lake, it is truly a grand space that
extends beyond its walls. All of the glass lets in a magnificent amount of natural light. The lake is framed with large arched windows, and the floors
are beautiful white marble. The walls are entirely white, and the ceiling is made of giant windows with white metal frames that slope up to a point.
This follows the overall clean and futuristic look of the museum, as it is an architectural feature rarely seen in buildings today, and it is almost surreal
when you look at it in person. The windows themselves are not square, and their frames appear to be slanted at angles similar to the unique tangents of
the suspension bridge. All of the windows appear to be custom to their placement, none exactly like the other. This contributes to the futuristic look of
the building, making it appear surreal from both inside and out. A feature of this room that is most noticeable from the outside its front looks like the
bow of a ship. This ties the museum to the lake. It looks as though it could sail off in the night, a beautiful translucent vessel. Overall, Windhover Hall
is an impressive space that wows visitors. With it's high ceiling, beautiful floors, and interesting shape, it is a memorable piece of the architecture. It is
an important piece that rounds out the building, intensifies its modern look, and makes the structure feel

Suspension Bridge Research Paper
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1 of 3
Errrrr spack as the construction workers fall to their death. 11 people died while on the golden bridge working on the bridge. After all those deaths
they later installed a net and many people were saved.There are many types of bridges like suspension,beam, truss and arch.So in this nonfiction essay
you will know all about suspension,beam, truss and arch bridges. There are many types of bridges that are used for different things. This essay is about
different bridges. A suspensionbridge is usually a big bridge that stretches a long ways.The first model of a suspension bridge was built in the 1800s
in and is used today. Suspension bridges have long cables that hold the bridge without piers. A suspension bridge is a very expensive Bridge because of
the materials that it uses. A suspension... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An arch bridge has a slight Bend in the middle that makes itself sturdy. Most arch bridge is as old as rock itself.A beam bridge is made of many
different things mostly steel and prestressed concrete.A beam bridge is the simplest and the oldest bridge ever created. The beam bridge is so
simple all it consists of is a log or we can go more advanced with steel and concrete. The beam bridge may be easy and inexpensive to build but is
not the sturdiest. The beam bridge is Not sturdy because of the lack of materials used and that it is square. A beam bridge is made for depending
on the place, long or short distances.Truss Bridges at the beginning were made of wood and iron . Most bridges were made of stone but the the
truss Bridge was made of wood and iron because it can withstand a lot of tension unlike stone. Now a days truss bridges are made of metal. The
truss bridge is a very strong bridge.The truss bridge is strong but is very very expensive and hard to build. The truss on the truss bridge is made to
keep the wind from blowing it over.The truss is also to keep the tension from

Role Of Engineers During The Planning Process
1.Introduction
Peace Bridge is a cycle–footpath bridge across the River Foyle in Derry, Ireland. It connected the Walled city centre and the Ebrington redevelopment
site. The bridge opened to the public in 25 June 2011.
Peace Bridge won many excellence awards such as Structural Steel Design award, ICE North East Region Robert Stephenson award and the Overall
planning award by the Irish Planning Institute. The government and the public have described the bridge as a sustainable infrastructure asset, which
provided the basic services, and allowed the local communities and societies to function more effectively. More importantly, Peace Bridge became a
landmark very quickly due to its iconic structure, which attracts millions of visitors every year.
This essay will mainly focus on the roles of engineers during the planning process. The relation between engineers and the associated Ecological,
Economical, Political and regeneration aspects will also be discussed.
2.Overview of Peace Bridge
Structure of the Bridge
The bridge is a self–anchored suspension bridge. It combined the reverse curvature of the deck, inclined towers and suspension cables to balance the
forces in the system. The total length of cable used was 4.5 kilometers. The use of construction material was mainly steel, and the structure weights
1000 tonnes. There is a 150mm gap at each end of the bridge to permit the expansion of steel during the summer.
Size of the Bridge
The bridge obeys a S–shaped

Holland Tunnel History
The Holland Tunnel was built in 1920–1924 by pushing cylindrical shields through the river bottom. The shields not only dug through mud but also
served as the shell beneath which the actual tunnel walls were constructed. The tunnel walls were built of iron rings filled in with concrete making
sure it was not hollow. Two shields were used; one began on the New York shore and the other on the New Jersey shore. They finally were able to
meet in October 1924. The 1.6–mile span of the Holland Tunnel was the first tunnel under the Hudson River that allowed for the passing of vehicles.
When it was finally opened, it was the longest underwater and mechanically ventilated tunnel in the world. "The tunnel was an amazing achievement
that pioneered the solution to many engineering problems." (Holland Tunnel Construction) By the early 1920's, many ferries crossed the Hudson
River, which was the only mode of transportation between New... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Entering compressed air into the tunnel was one of the harder areas on the creation of the tunnel along side the ventilation systems. Because they had
to balance the compressed air with the pressure of the water that was trying to enter into the tunnel, this made working conditions extremely hard. In
October 26, 1922 compressed air was introduced into the shield chamber on the New York side and the actual tunneling began. Each shield weighed
around 400 tons with all of the equipment in place weighing everything down. "Tunnel construction workers in this project were called "sandhogs" and
are credited for saying "Think twice, you only live once."" (Scientific American) This quote pretty much summed up the danger of working in the
tunnel. Teams of "sandhogs" followed the two massive 400–ton shields removing mud, blasting through rock, and were bolting together the iron

The Waco Suspension Bridge
In the small town of Waco, Texas who would have thought it was once well known for the structure of a bridge, the Waco Suspension Bridge to be
exact. Up until 1870, the Brazos River was just a simple river that had no special meaning to it. The land around it was empty, occasionally you would
find cattlemen pushing their cattle across stream, but that was only because you could not find one bridge that spanned the eight hundred miles of
river flowing through Central Texas. This caused a serious transportation issue for merchants and travelers. It became clear that a better means of
crossing the river was necessary. Plans to build a bridge across the Brazos initiated in 1866, when the Texas State Legislature granted a charter for the
foundation

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Essay
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
One of the most influential engineering discoveries in the past century was the ill–fated Tacoma Narrows Bridge. "Galloping Gertie" as she was known
to local residents, the massive Washington state suspension bridge shook, rattled and rolled its way into the history books. Legendary in its time, the
Tacoma Narrows Bridge held many records and drew tourists from around the world in its short life. However, the famous bridge is not known for its
creative engineering or speedy construction, unfortunately the bridge was destined to fail. That failure in turn changed the way every building is
constructed today as well as further man's understanding of physics and the forces of nature. In this paper we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After years of deliberation, state officials decided that the time had come to create the Washington Toll Authority in order to save the necessary
funding to build a bridge to span the Tacoma Narrows. In 1937 the project had begun, and officials sought a bridge designer to get their plan moving.
Leon Moisseiff was commissioned in 1937 to build a bridge that would rival the length of the Brooklyn Bridge yet remain elegant and appealing to
residents. He created a perfect design and the project moved in search of contractors. From 1938 to 1940, continuous work constructed a suspension
bridge a mile–long. At the time, the Tacoma Narrows was the third largest bridge in the world. The design was simple yet slender, with two 420 foot
tall towers and a pair of suspension cables supporting the road. The towers were reinforced carbon steel to support the lengthy bridge. The concrete
deck was 39–feet wide and 8–feet deep. The girders were made of carbon steel anchored in giant blocks of concrete. The design was narrower, lighter
and more flexible than any other bridge in the world. The Seattle Toll Authority expected to Leon's design to handle 60,000 vehicles a day and increase
travel to Olympic Peninsula.
The one mistake that caused this entire bridge to fail was a last minute change made by the contractors early on in the build.

Clifton Suspension Bridge
Kaylie Griffin and I chose to build the Clifton Suspension Bridge. The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a suspension bridge located in Bristol, United
Kingdom. A suspension bridge is a type of bridge which the deck is supported by cables that hang vertically off larger cables or hangers. Suspension
bridges typically have two towers and are anchored to abutments at their ends.The towers help to support much of the weight that crosses the bridge's
deck, such as cars and people. The towers also dissipate the load directly into the planet Earth. These features of a suspension bridge are why they
are strong therefore, one of the more popular designs for a bridge. When building our popsicle bridge, we had to add x shaped joints and brackets to
help our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After completing this simulation, our bridge only had one string (cable line) untied from the wire (hanger). Nothing else was damaged therefore,
everything was intact. During this test, our bridge was exposed to torsion because it was twisting and being thrown around in the simulator. Our
modifications helped my bridge withstand the earthquake and hold a numerous amount of weight. Our bridge was very strong and one of the top
performers in the class although, it could have had more trusses and modifications to make it even stronger. Our bridge weighed в…ћ lb. and it held
250 lb. therefore, it held 286 lb. for every 1 lb. As said before, we could have added more joints and trusses to improve our bridge's performance.
Compared to the rest of the White Group, our bridge was the second strongest bridge. Our bridge also performed very similar to everyone else's in
the earthquake simulator. The heaviest bridge was the Brooklyn Bridge, which also happened to be the strongest. The tallest bridge was the Ben
Franklin Bridge, coming in at 13 inches. In the future, I think walking bridges could be made from glass, able to be looking down on a river below
you. Yes, I think a computer can help fix faults and help for better design and performance of bridges. I learned many things from this bridge project,
some being, how to work as a team, patience, how bridges work, and different things that help architects

Analysis Of Eurasia 's First Contemporary Intercontinental...
CEE 262: Structures & the Urban Environment Sol Taubin (staubin@princeton.edu)
Crossing the Bosphorus: An Analysis of Eurasia's First Contemporary Intercontinental Bridge
I. Introduction
Given a global context of cities historically and very purposefully being situated along natural bodies of water to take advantage of vast natural
resources, it is no wonder that urban development, industrialization, and localized population rise have increasingly implied the development of public
works in these metropolises. Among these works, infrastructures designed to facilitate transportation across, rather than along, bodies of water such as
rivers, straits, streams, etc., have proved paramount for urban and economic growth and well–being, allowing an ever–growing workforce to easily
move both in and across cities' core and peripheries. Istanbul is one such city, where a present–day metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants
heavily occupies the banks of the Bosphorus strait – a body of water that has both facilitated and complicated the city's development.
Figure 1: The Bosphorus Strait1
Crossing the Bosphorus has posed a challenge throughout the city's history, and the city has had a long history. Through its incarnations as Byzantium,
Constantinople, and Istanbul, the capital of Turkey
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 Reproduced from: Wikipedia. Bosphorus. Web. Accessed 10 May 2016. .
CEE 262: Structures & the Urban Environment Sol Taubin

Analysis Of Da Nang 's ' Da '
The Da Nang Dragon Bridge has become a staple in Da Nang's existence and has put them on the map in a big way. The aesthetic appeal of the
bridge garners a lot of attention, but the bridge serves an important purpose other than just being visually appealing. This bridge connects to cities and
allows easy access to the regional city of Da Nang. While creating an ease of access to and from Da Nang, this bridge also has brought great economic
wealth to the city of Da Nang. It is a staple for tourists to visit as well as the surrounding inhabitants to admire this engineering marvel.
The Da Nang People's Committee (DNPC) were seeking long term–development as well as the ability to strengthen regional access to and from Da
Nang. The Da Nang ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The width of the bridge is 35 meters and usually for bridges with widths this large the deck is supported by arches on the outside of each deck. Steel
suspender cables are used to connect the deck and arch in 8–meter intervals. Reinforced concrete is used underneath the deck as the arch structure and
this is also integrated into the pier. 10.5 meter cantilevers extend from the structures box girders which is how the superstructure is able to span 37.5
meters wide. The most unique aspect of the bridge is that there are no interlocking members, but instead utilizes a substance called neoprene. The full
dimensions of this bridge are six 3.75 meter wide lanes, two 2.5 meter wide sidewalks, 666 meters in total length, 37.5 meters in total width, and
gives a 12 m clearance form bridge to water. It is composed mainly of steel and concrete.
Envision is a decision making guide that introduces sustainability considerations for infrastructure projects. Owners, designers, and communities are
able to make more informed decisions about the sustainability of infrastructure due to Envision. Envision also does not cost any money and allows for
independent self–assessments. The Envision system covers all aspects of a project's life cycle which are planning, design, operation, construction, and
deconstruction. There are also six categories that go with Envision and those categories are restorative, conserving, superior, enhanced, improved, and
conventional. Each

Indian Spring Park on the Brazos River in Waco, Texas
Analysis of A Place Paper
I visited a place in Waco Texas where I reside. Waco is situated between Dallas and Austin. It was a park called Indian Spring Park. This park is on the
west side of the Brazos River. People
Go there all the time for festivals and events. The first thing you see in the park is the "Branding
The Brazos statue series". This is sculptures of cattle and cowboys on horseback. It is a very
Large display. It goes along with the famous Chisholm Trail. Cultural Arts of Waco
It perceives the crossing of the Brazos River. [In 2008, the first pieces of the "Branding the Brazos" sculptors made their debut Next to the bridge. The
towering Chisholm Trail sculptures, crafted by Robert Summers, include An oversized, bronze trail boss driving longhorns on their way to crossing the
Brazos.] (waco–texas.com) Use to when livestock had to be taken to market they had to rely on the ferry which was Dangerous and it took a lot of
time to get the livestock across. But they built a suspension bridge. This bridge was open to the public in 1870. And it is older than the Brooklyn Bridge.
[The Waco Suspension Bridge is a 475–foot structure that crosses the Brazos River in downtown Waco. At the time that it was built it was one of the
longest single–span suspension bridges in the World. The bridge served vehicle traffic until 1971, at which time it became reserved for pedestrians
and special events. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970

How Technology Has Changed The World Today
In this research paper i will be talking about bridges and their importance to the world today. I will also go into detail on how bridges were in the
past and how the first bridges were made by nature. I will compare bridges from the past to how technology has changed the way bridges are built
today in the modern era. The more we advance in technology the more ca–pabilities we have too make bridges that support so much more weight. As
the improvements are made bridges are just becoming safer and more reliables. I will mention 5 different kinds of bridges the beam bridge, arch bridge,
cantilever bridge,cable stayed bridge, and the suspension bridge. I will go into depth on how each one of these bridges it's designed and the purpose of
that certain bridge.
Bridges
Bridges they come in many different shapes and sizes every bridge has a purpose and is unique in it's own way. A bridge is a structure that provides a
passageway over obstacles such as rough terrain, valleys or bodies of water by stretching across these obstacles. There are many dif–ferent kinds of
bridges and they all serve a purpose. A lot of people rely on a bridge on a daily basis and they have to put their faith in the engineer that designed the
bridge and hope that the bridge is safe. I will go into detail about the origins of bridges, the different types of bridges, and how shapes help support the
structure of the bridge.
Origins of Bridges
Bridges have been in existence since

Suspension Bridge at Location D Essay
I think a suspension bridge would be the best type of bridge to build from location D. This is because suspension bridges typically can span distances
from 2,000 to 7,000 feet long – location D spans a distance of 4,200 feet across an ocean bay where long ships come and go. The other bridges would
not be adequate enough to connect Hebron Island with the mainland. For example, an arch bridge cannot be connected numerous times in the ocean
without structural support from the ground, and can only span short distances usually less than 800 feet. A beam bridge would not be a suitable option
either because they typically can only span distances below 200 feet, and connecting many beam bridges together would not work either, because long
ships ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though sturdiness is a major advantage, a significant drawback to building a suspension bridge is the costs. Steel is an expensive material to construct
long, massive suspension bridges out of. Our bridge will have to span a long distance of 4,200 feet and constructing a bridge of steel for such a
great distance will definitely be pricey. The costs of building a suspension bridge is very high and they tend to be the most expensive type of bridge
to build. In addition, over time, steal is a material that can deteriorate quickly due to corrosion as stated by the Understanding Bridges video. Proper
inspections need to be conducted often to ensure the safety of the passengers traveling on the bridge.
When building the bridge, weather conditions are a major factor to take into consideration. For example, when it is windy, a suspension bridge
will sway from side to side or even bounce up and down, making transportation dangerous for those traveling on the bridge. The Tacoma Narrows
Bridge is a very good example of this type of structural failure. It was built to withstand winds up to 120 mph but it collapsed in a wind of only 42
mph after oscillating back and forth repeatedly. Since suspension bridges are susceptible to wind, it is always a challenge for engineers to keep the
vertical and lateral swayings within safe limits. Transporting the equipment to build a bridge above such a huge mass of water

Goodwill Bridge Essay
The purpose of the project is to investigate the Construction Engineering infrastructure and process involved with the designing and building of the
Goodwill Bridge.
The Goodwill bridge is a bridge which spans across the Brisbane river carrying non–motorised traffic such as cyclists and pedestrians. The purpose of
the bridge was to create a shorter and more convenient route of travel for residents wishing to travel between South Bank Parklands and Gardens
Point in the Brisbane CBD. Due to the Brisbane river being the separation of these locations; the Goodwill bridge was a convenient, helpful solution.
The bridge was first opened by the Premier of Queensland on the 21st of October, 2001.
The construction of the Goodwill bridge involved skilled engineering analysis and design ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The clearance below ranges between the lowest point of 11.4 metres and the highest point of 12.7 metres. The arch is 102 metres in length, 10 metres
wide, and 15 metres high. The bridge has a total weight of 360 long tons.
The Goodwill bridge' aesthetically pleasing figure was designed by skilled architects from Cox Rayner and then passed on to the engineers at Ove Arup
and Partners, to continue on with the further design preparation before the structure was to be constructed. A large well known construction company
was in charge of the bridge construction, with the main contractor being John Holland.. In charge of the project was project manager Jack Sullivan,
from Amtec International Construction Services.
Since the creation of the Goodwill bridge, the amount of traffic on the bridge daily has been noticeably increasing. On an average week, over 40'000
people travel across the bridge due to its convenience and easy accessibility. For the university students of QUT that catch the train in every day to
Southbank, it provides fast and easy travel to and from

The Penang Second Brigde in Malaysia
The Penang Second Bridge is one of the longest in Malaysia and also in the South East Asia region. It is also known as the Sultan Abdul Halim
Muadzam Shah Bridge which is named after the Sultan of Kedah. The bridge connects from Batu Kawan on the mainland to Batu Maung on the
Penang Island. It has an overall length of 24km and a length over water (displacement) of 16.9km. It is much longer when compared to the Penang First
Bridge which only has an overall length of 13.5km. The building of this bridge has cost the government for RM4.5billion.
The planning of building the second bridge to link the mainland to the island has been brought up back in the year of 1995 by the 4th Prime Minister
which is Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad and also the 3rd Chief Minister of Penang, Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon. Later, Malaysian government unveiled
the plan to construct the bridge in August 2006. The project is implemented in the 9th Malaysian Plan. It is the largest civil construction work carried
out in Malaysia in the past 2 decades.
The construction of the bridge officially started in November 2008 after all the planning and procedure done. The bridge is currently projected
completed on February 2014. The bridge is built under the cooperation between China and Malaysia. The project itself was funded by China through
the Export–Import Bank of China as Malaysia signed RM2.7bilion loan agreement in July 2007. Besides that, Malaysia also cooperated with the
contractor from China that is China

What Are Suspension Bridges?
As one looks across a gap in between two land masses, a thought of how one could cross comes to mind. When one thinks of this, a bridge comes to
mind. Although they might now know what kind, a suspension bridge is the first idea. They picture something like the magnificent Golden Gate
Bridge, one of the most recognizable structures in all of the world. Although suspension bridges now span over miles, they had very humble beginnings.
The evolution and expansion of suspension bridges is a topic worthy of this very essay. Before understanding the evolution of suspension bridges, one
must understand what a suspension bridge is. Suspension bridges are structures that span across a body of water or a ravine. A walkway or road that
runs the full ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Brooklyn Bridge, which connects Manhattan to Brooklyn, was completed in 1883. It unified the two boroughs and New York. The design of
the bridge and materials used were revolutionary. The steel cables were the first ones ever to be used, This allowed the bridge to hold more weight,
add to the distance, and to be cheaper. The large granite towers stand out amongst the river and help share the load with the anchors. This Brooklyn
Bridge, which still stands today and carries millions of New Yorkers, became the example for suspensions around America and the

Physics Of Bridges
Bridges are a connection of one place of the world to another. They link the vast world together. Bridges were used thousands of years ago, especially
by the Romans. In the ancient times and present time, several forces are always encountered when building bridges. The forces determine how big or
sturdy a bridge will be. There are several types of bridges, such as the girder bridge, arch bridge, truss bridge, and suspension bridge. Bridges have been
used for a great amount of time. This allows us to discover more about the forces of bridges and he variety of bridges today.
The earliest bridges, natural and manmade, were made from wood planks or logs, and later from stone. The Romans, one of the greatest bridge builder
of ancient time, built ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These bridges are made of trusses, which are patterns of triangles. The truss was developed during the Industrial Revolution when people were
finding ways to develop better girder bridges. These trusses are now used to stabilize and support other bridges, such as suspension bridges. Trusses
are used widely because the truss pattern is rigid and can dissipate weight throughout the truss. They can be commonly found on girder bridges,
because the truss pattern evens out the forces of tension and compression. A deck truss, a type of truss bridge, is classified by having its roadway
above the truss. A through truss is another type of truss bridge that has the truss above the roadway. There are various types of truss patterns, which
include the K truss, the Pratt truss, the Warren truss, and the Howe

And Disadvantages Of A Suspension Bridge
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Suspension Bridge:
As the name implies, suspension bridges hold the roadway by cables, ropes or chains from two tall towers. These towers support the majority of the
weight as compression pushes down on the suspension bridge's deck and then travels up the cables, ropes or chains to transfer compression to the
towers (Lamb & Morrissey, 2000). The towers then distribute the compression directly into the earth. The supporting cables, on the other hand, receive
the bridge's tension forces. These cables run horizontally between the two far–flung anchorages. Bridge anchorages are essentially solid rock or
massive concrete blocks in which the bridge is grounded. Tensional force passes to the anchorages and into the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are remarkably flexible.
Suspension bridges need to be flexible enough to move with the wind, but not until conditions become severe and then breaks. Since movement needs
to be applied to the bridge, the cable system will move in windy conditions, since movement needs to be applied to the bridge. It may require closure
during strong earthquakes or in any extremely turbulent conditions.
2. It restricts local access during construction.
Roadway panels are lifted from the bottom up while suspension bridges are under construction; so this can limit access to highways or waterways that
will be underneath the bridge. That will create a large damage and impact on local economy when it comes to transportation systems that carry a lot of
traffic.
3. There are load limitations.
Suspension bridges can only withstand a certain amount of weight, which means that only a certain type of traffic are able to cross a suspension
bridge or it will fail. For some communities, this may limit access options to their region at large because only a certain amount of the population can
cross the bridge at any given moment.
Members under tension or compression in our model:
Towers under

Golden Gate Bridge Problem Statement
Introduction
This report takes an in depth look at the Golden Gate bridge of San Francisco. I identify the problems and formulate the problem statement as well as
discussing the role of the chief engineer. The Golden Gate bridge was long on of the longest suspension bridges in the world and is a huge feat of
engineering.
Problem Statement
The main Problem
The problem in 1920's San Francisco was that there was a lot of ferry traffic to cross over from San Francisco to Marin county. Thus the solution was
to build a bridge. A bridge had to be built over the Golden Gate. The Golden Gate has rough oceans and strong tidal currents making the challenge even
greater, but the biggest challenge was the length that the bridge would have to span over these rough waters.
Geography of the area
It is key to understand the geography of the San Francisco Bay area to understand the need of a bridge. At that time in the 1920's the city of San
Francisco was separated from Marin County and the only way to get to one or the other side ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the four anchorages had to be constructed which would serve as a foundation for the towers and anchorage for the cables of the bridge. The
north tower was built onshore while the south tower had to be built offshore in the ocean.
To build the south tower they used pilot bombs to blow up the bedrock on the seafloor to what they desired. They then built a fender wall, or like the
workers called it the "Giant Bathtub", and pumped out the seawater. When this was done the workers constructed the south towers base and
anchorages, (Goldengate.org).
After the anchorages and bases of the towers were built the steel towers were erected. About six hundred thousand rivets were used to connect the
pieces of the towers. Once the towers were erected the cables of the bridge were spanned and finally the roadway was laid. Construction finished 28
May

Importance Of Ethics In Engineering
Engineering and ethics are two things that most may, at first thought, believe have nothing to do with one another, but in order to be a successful
engineer, one must fully understand the ethical responsibilities that they have. Engineering ethics is the moral principles that an engineer must uphold
throughout their entire career. Engineers have an obligation to themselves and society to understand these ethical responsibilities and maintain their
own ethical values and responsibilities.
Introduction
In order to become a licensed engineer in the United States, an engineer must pass their professional engineering exam that will test the engineer on a
variety of subjects, one of those subjects being ethics. The National Society of Professional Engineers has adopted and implemented their Code of
Ethics since 1964. The fundamentals of the Code of Ethics state that:
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:
1.Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
2.Perform services only in areas of their competence.
3.Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
4.Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
5.Avoid deceptive acts.
6.Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession
In summary, an engineer must uphold all responsibilities and perform all duties necessary to maintain an ethical connection to society that includes but
is not limited to the safety and positive welfare of the public.
Case Studies
Throughout history there has been multiple example of ethics in engineering, both good and bad. The following case studies are examples of how
ethics play an important role in engineering and whether or not the subjects of discussion acted in an ethical way or not. We will examine the ethical
issues involved in each case and how they impacted society and other in the field of engineering. This will also include my personal opinion on each
case study and what ethical issues I believe are involved in each case.
TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE COLLAPSE
The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge was built in Washington State in July of 1940. Thesuspension bridge was

Understand The Difference Between A Hoist And A Crane
To understand the difference between a hoist and a crane, one needs to understand what each is.
Hoist
A hoist is the machine that does the lifting. It can move in a vertical direction and runs along the bridge girder. A hoist can either be fixed to a single
beam (single girder) or it can run on the top of the trolley trucks in between two beams (double girder). The hoist lifts or lowers an openly suspended
(unguided) load. The hoist runs along the girder (the principal horizontal steel beam) with the trolley in the x–direction. A trolley is a wheeled
mechanism that the hoist suspends upon to provide horizontal motion of the hoist along the girder. The girder is supported by the end trucks (units
consisting of the truck frame, wheels, bearings, axels, etc.). It can either run on the top of the frame or under it.
Crane ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The crane uses a runway which is the rails, beams, brackets, and framework that it operates on. It uses the pendant or radio to control the movement of
the end trucks, trolley, and the hoisting motors and it can either be movable or stand directly under the bridge panel. A festoon guides a set of power
supply cables connecting power from the runway conductors to the crane components.
Differences
The main difference between a hoist and a crane is that a hoist can move in one direction while the crane can move in many directions using the hoist,
trolley, or bridge. The hoist can either be individual or submerged into a

Capilano Suspension Bridge Park
The most memorable moment of my summer was visiting the most popular tourist attraction in Vancouver, Capilano Suspension Bridge Park. The
bridge is made of sturdy thick cables, wooden planks, and it was originally built in 1889 by George Grant Mackay. My cousins and I played a serious
game of hide–and–seek on this historic bridge. While running away from our parents at the park, I led the group to a series of multiple mini bridges
that connected the trees together, far away from the group of parents. My cousin, Esha, the youngest with black hair, brown eyes, and brown skin like
the rest of us crossing the bridge, the oldest is Rajan, with the same features as Esha. It was such a hot day so I felt the burning sun on my back as we
sprinted across

Suspension Bridge: The Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge was a modern marvel at the time that it was built. Nobody had seen such a long suspension bridge built with such little money
and in such a short amount of time. Everybody was stunned by it.
A suspension bridge is a bridge that has large cables that are used to support the bridge and has towers that are used to help anchor the cables. The
suspension bridges that we know today are not like the ones that they once were. The suspension bridge used to be much more simple. They were the
oldest bridge types made by man and only had cables, no towers. Since they became popular suspension bridges have started to become used more
because they can have longer spans, cost less and, are more earthquake proof than other bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, if the navy had
6 axles: $45.00 $39.00 gotten its way, the bridge would have
7 axles: $52.50 $45.50 been painted in black and yellow stripes. The bridges signature color was not always the planed color that they were going
to paint it. The color was actually the color of the primer but the architects liked the vivid hue of the primer so they just kept it like that. Another
fun fact is that three babies have been born on the bridge and all of them have been boys. Also, the bridge has only had to be closed three times
because of weather, all three of those times there were winds of 70 miles or higher. The bridge was also closed on its 50th and 75th anniversaries.
The last fun fact is that the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in over 24 movies. And in 15 of these movies the bridge was being destroyed.
The Golden Gate Bridge is a modern marvel. It is amazing that Joseph B. Strauss was even able to create such a long bridge. There is no doubt that
there were hardships along the way, but in the end, something great was

Hoover Dam Bridge Research Paper
With New Yorks skyscrapers it is hard to believe that the United States was not the leader of the construction of the first modern bridge in the world,
according to Historic American Engineering Record(2008), the first modern bridge in the United States was built in 1 November 1855, and was named
Gasconade Bridge, it was made out of Wooden Rail Bridge. Bridges are built all over the United States for different purposes but they are built to
connect two parts of land together for transportation for instance, Hoover Dam Bridge, and others are built for commercial reasons and some are built
for tourism for example, the Royal Gorge Bridge. But they have the same concept of connecting to lands together regardless to the reasons that they
were constricted for. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The need for a new route and the demand of finding new attractions had triggered the idea of building two of the United States known bridges.
Jones(2012) noted that,the idea of the Royal Gorge Bridge was Lon's P. Piper a Texan, who had envisioned the idea of giving visitors a view of
the gorge with a height of 955 feet above the Arkansas River in the state of Colorado. The Royal Gorge Bridge is a suspension bridge that was the
world's highest bridge for nearly 75 years. Moreover the bridge attracts 500,000 visitors yearly. And had accomplished the rezones of being one of the
attractions in the state of Colorado

Clifton Suspension Bridge Essay examples
Clifton Suspension Bridge
The Clifton Suspension Bridge is located in Bristol England, and spans the beautiful Avon gorge. This bridge has become the symbol of Bristol
much like the Eiffel tower has of Paris, and the Opera house has of Sydney. The story of the Clifton Suspension Bridge began in 1754 with the
dream of a Bristol wine merchant who donated his life savings to build a bridge over the gorge. To decide on a suitable design for the bridge a
competition was held. Thomas Telford, the leading civilarchitect of the time was the judge. Mr. Telford attempted to submit his own design; however
the decision to declare himself the winner was overruled and a second competition was held. This time, contrary to the recommendation of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the original design was narrower than the final structure; the increased width has an interesting story. Apparently a local land owner wished to
drive his carriage to Bristol without having to walk or negotiate the steep roads on the sides of the gorge, so he convinced the engineers, and paid
for the necessary modifications to widen the design of the bridge. It is fortunate that he insisted on this widening because the bridge as it was
originally designed would have never been able to cater to modern traffic demands. The bridge was finished in 1859 and opened to the public in 1864.
Before the bridge was built the slip way was the only way to cross the river without taking a long detour. The slip way was crossed at high tide by
rowing a boat across, and at low tide by crossing on series gangplanks that were tied together. Both crossings were fairly dangerous and extremely
inconvenient and therefore a bridge was a very popular idea.
The Clifton Suspension bridge is world famous and one of the essential things to see in the West Country. It is a beautiful piece of engineering that is
lovely maintained by the bridge staff. The two towers of the bridge span from Clifton to summerset, the Clifton tower is build on a solid rock surface
that acts as a foundation, however the summerset tower needed a massive brick buttress before work on the tower could begin. The towers though
similar are not identical. The towers are similar in size, the main differences

Mike O. Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge
Since the early days, the men try overcome environmental challenges and, in this process, ends up creating amazing masterpieces of engineering.
Among this works, the bridges appears as the clearest representatives of how the mankind could adapt to Earth's contours. If the shape of landscape
can't be changed, the bridges are the solution to link two places and allows the connection of the traffic to improve aspects such as the communication
and the trade. Depending to the need, to the sources and to the environment, the bridge can be constructed in a specific configuration. There are five
main sorts of bridges configurations. First, there is the simplest bridge, the beam bridge. Second, the arch bridge, one of the oldest kind. There are the
truss, composed of set of trellises. Lastly, there are the cable–stayed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the hundreds of thousands bridges in the world, two worth mentioning for their history and unique features. These two engineering
masterpieces are the Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, as known as Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge and the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge.
Through the analysis of their characteristics, it is possible compare and contrast these projects in aspects such as historic facts, design features, and
environmental and construction challenges.
First, the construction of the bride reflects a need and depends of the constructors' sources. A bridge is basically constructed to link two places, but
its importance comes from the reason for which it was made. Each bridge has its own motive to exist and history. In the case of the Hoover Dam
Bypass, the project was conceived as a alternative to the traffic. Previously the construction of the bridge, the big project of the hydroelectric dam on
the Colorado River, also was used as a path to

Suspension Bridge Research Paper
Have u ever been on a bridge before. Well I haven't but I'll am going to talk about four different famous bridges and they are all suspension bridges.
They are a lot of suspension bridges out in the world and that you can't study all of them at once. Also you can go on the bridges if you wanted to
but if you wanted to you should go on one of these bridges I'll be talking about. Also all the bridges are one of the most outstanding bridges then the
rest and they stand out then all of the other shiny gold and metal build sides and and the sparkling lights. The bridges I will be talking about is the
Golden Gate Bridge, and the second one is the Brooklyn Bridge, the George Washington Bridge, and the last one is the Verrazano Narrows Bridge.
The Golden gate bridge and also it is a suspension bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the largest suspension bridges there are in the entire world.
Also the Golden Gate Bridge also as to get painted every single year to make it look like the Golden Gate Bridge again. The Golden Gate Bridge was
also located in San Francisco California. The Golden Gate Bridges ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was located in Staten Island, New York. Also the Verrazano Narrows Bridge was also a double decker suspension bridge and that it had a
underneath the bottom of the bridge was a bottom deck. Verrazano Narrows Bridge was one of the largest span of the suspension bridges there
was. Also Verrazano Narrow Bridge was one of the best bridges there was and that it could hold a lot of weight and it would look so amazing in the
shiny light when the pretty blue light turned to the dark and shabby light. Also it was opened on November 21, 1964 and then years later it had its
50th anniversary but who knows how long it stands now these days. The last thing about this final suspension bridge is that the bridge connected New
York City boroughs of Staten Island and

I-35w Mississippi River Bridge Essay
This report mainly presents causes and consequences that resulted in the structural failure of the I–35W Mississippi River bridge which was
constructed since 1964 and the further implication for me. It was found that the bridge collapsed due to undersized gusset plates, inefficient
maintenance project and overloaded equipments. As a result of the abrupt collapse that brought about 13 dead and 145 injurers, the state government
carried out a series of effective rescue, forced the designing company to pay the price and exerted themselves to eliminate pressures imposed on both
traffic and business. It can be concluded that qualified engineers are required to be both ware of social responsibilities of engineers and adept at the
professional skills that they specialised respectively.
2 Introduction
The I–35W Mississippi River bridge was constructed since 1964 and was located in the south–east of the "Mississippi ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1 Professional Accountability
This accident exposed a large amount of lethal defects occurred on those engineers who were involved in this collapse of the bridge. According to
Stage 1 Competencies and Elements of Competency(3. 1), a lack of professional accountability can be easily seen throughout above issues.
Professional Engineers are needed to be responsible for the reliability of products they created and designed within a variety of severe environments.
They are needed to test how the bridge would likely to work over and over under a variety of complex circumstances within the test stage of building
the bridge.
5. 2 Developed Skills
According to Code of Ethics (2. 1), engineers are required to continue to develop their skills even if they have hired by a company. Those Engineers
who designed the bridge did not have either sound knowledge relating to how to implement in the real society or practised engineering techniques so
that they created a bridge that collapsed after several decades.
5. 3 Conceptual

Impact Of Professor Farquharson's Breakdown On A Bridge
As Professor Farquharson's studies progressed, modifications on the bridge continued. Tie–down cables were positioned on the bridge's sides and wires
were stretched diagonally across the bridge's deck and main cables. Thus, the problem was believed to be solved. However, one of the reinforcing
tie–down cables, placed only a month prior, snapped due to high speed winds on November 1. The date of this malfunction marks the start of a
week–long series of unfortunate events ultimately leading to the bridge's collapse on November 7.
Professor Farquharson made an important observation– the bridge model underwent a "twisting motion" when faced with certain extreme conditions.
From his model, he could conclude that in the event that the actual bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clark Eldridge, an engineer from Washington State, had designed a trusted, conventional suspension bridge that would cost eleven million dollars. He
requested that amount from the Federal Public Works Administration. However, Leon Moisseiff developed a design modification that would make the
total cost of building the bridge much less– only eight million dollars. He swapped out the twenty–five feet long sturdy trusses as the form of support
for the much cheaper alternative of 8 foot long girders, which were proven to be an insufficient form of support from the collapse of this bridge. His
design accounted for an overall thinner bridge; and since his was the cheaper option, it was chosen for construction. However, the width of the bridge
in comparison to the length, as well as the absence of trusses which would provide stability, are both part of Moisseiff's "cost–effective", yet
impractically unsafe design. Since his design was flawed, he is mainly responsible for the bridge collapse. However, the board of engineers who
approved his design are also partially responsible for the bridge collapse, as this unsafe design was allowed to be constructed. Meanwhile, it is
imperative to remember that theories on aerodynamics were not fully developed as of the time that this bridge was constructed. Therefore, the full
effect of oscillating forces was not properly accounted for due to the

Key Differences Between Torsion And Suspension Bridges
Humans have encountered numerous obstacles in our environments that stand in the way of the ultimate goal of connectedness between all areas of
earth. These obstacles may come in the form of mountains, oceans, canyons, or desserts. We employ the use of many different technologies to aid in
traversing these obstacles. One technology we have developed to cross large distances such as canyons or bodies of water is the bridge. Over the
centuries, we have developed several variations of the bridge that vary in technological advancement and the capacity to cross longer distances. These
bridge variations include the simple beam bridge, truss bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, and cable–stayed bridges. The key differences
between these bridges... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These include torsion, shear, and resonance. Torsion is a force of twisting, and is somewhat similar to tension. In example of torsion is the force
you apply when you twist a cloth. Different materials handle torsion very differently. For example, if you twist a wooden bat, it will not break, and
if you twist a piece of licorice, it will twist around itself several times without breaking. They both handle the force different ways, wood stays stiff,
and licorice flexes and stretches to endure more force (Garrett Boon 10/31/17). Suspension bridges are particularly susceptible to torsion, as high
winds can cause the road deck to twist and rotate. One way that engineers help to reduce torsion force on suspension bridges is to design
deck–stiffening truss systems to further stiffen the road deck. In the case of extremely long suspension bridges however, the deck truss is not
enough, and engineers need to include more aerodynamic truss systems and diagonal support cables in order to protect against torsion (Robert
Lamb and Michael Morrissey 10/6/17). Arch and Beam bridges are mostly immune to this force due to their rigid structure and truss system for
beam bridges. Shear is more similar to compression than it is to tension. It occurs when two forces act in opposing direction on the same point. An
example of shear forces is if you were to hold a plank or piece of wood using two hands. If you pushed up with one hand and down with the other
hand, then you would be applying shear force to that piece of wood. Shear more commonly occurs horizontally rather than vertically (Garrett Boon
10/31/17). Shear occurs in bridges when the weight of the bridge itself or the weight of the load on the bridge causes materials to slide by each other
or shear off. An overload of weight on the bridge can cause

How To Build Suspension Bridges
Introduction: Bridges are constructed to withstand the forces of compression,tension,shearing,and torsion in a variety of ways. These consist of I
beams , steel , arches, truss's, bounded steel(suspension bridges) and even beams. Compression is the act when an object is being compressed or
compressing , while tension is when an object is being stretched. Shearing in a bridge is when the bridge begins to bend , suspension bridges combat it
very well. If built incorrectly bridges can undergo ,causing immense amount twist action to occur.Suspension Bridge: A suspension bridge is a more
complex bridge and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since a triangle shape experiences no push or pull it can withstand the tension provided by bridges. The large openings in a truss allows wind to
pass through the structure with ease , reducing any additional tension provided by wind. The truss bridge acts in compression or tension, and
typically these bridges have its lower cord under compression while the upper chord is under tension. The slanted beams "/ " in the middle
prevents any buckling of the upper members of the bridge .The truss ability to distribute forces has lead to many different designs of the bridge
making it a unique bridge. The Firth of 4th bridge is a perfect example of unique truss's. The chords of compression and tension are reversed. Through
the span of large truss's , the lower cord under compression while the upper under

Wooden Truss Bridge

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Wooden Truss Bridge