Software And Its Types

Software and Its Types
WHAT IS A SOFTWARE
A set of instructions that cause a computer to perform one or more tasks. The set of instructions is often
called a program or, if the set is particularly large and complex, a system. Computers cannot do any useful
work without instructions from software; thus a combination of software and hardware (the computer) is
necessary to do any computerized work. A program must tell the computer each of a set of minuscule tasks
to perform, in a framework of logic, such that the computer knows exactly what to do and when to do it. See
also Computer programming.
Programs are written in programming languages, especially designed to facilitate the creation of software.
In the 1950s, programming languages were numerical languages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although most software is in some sense real–time, since the users of modern software are usually
interacting with it via a GUI, real–time software typically has much shorter time constraints. For example,
software that controls a nuclear reactor must make decisions and react to its environment in minuscule
fractions of a second.
With the advent of multiple program portions, software development has become considerably more
complicated. Whereas it was formerly considered sensible to develop all of a software system in the same
programming language, now the different portions are often developed in entirely different languages. The
relatively complex GUI, for example, can most conveniently be developed in one of the so–called visual
languages, since those languages contain powerful facilities for creating it. The server software, on the other
hand, will likely be built using a database package and the database language SQL (a Structured Query
Language, for inquiring into the contents of a database). If the server software is also responsible for
interacting with a network such as the Internet, it may also be coded in a network–support language such as
Java. An object–oriented approach may be adopted in its development, since the software will need to
manipulate objects on the Internet.
TYPES OF SOFTWARES
System Software ystem software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to
provide maintain a
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Application Of Software Testing For Software Engineering
Abstract
Software testing is an important activity in software engineering, as it is used for examining the quality or
capability of a software and conforms that it meets the desired output. There are several methods to do
software testing, but testing a complex software efficiently is the process of investigating thoroughly, it is
not like to follow a procedure or method merely. In complex software it is not possible to discover all the
errors. In testing, this type of complex software always creates problem for tester and throws open questions
like, "what would be the best strategy that we should follow?" Also, selecting a strategy is important
decision as selecting right strategy will allow tester to work effectively and efficiently. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
3
The software that works effectively can be tested efficiently.
If the software is designed in controlled manner than the testing would be more automated and optimized.
The number of changes fewer in design, then there will be fewer confusion in testing.
The testing which uncovers all errors is successful testing.
The process of identifying the correctness and completeness in software is known as testing.
2. Software Testing Strategy
Software testing strategy for conventional software architecture is a spiral process. Software testing strategy
for conventional software architecture are:
2.1 Unit testing: 4
Unit testing is a process of software testing. In this process each individual component or unit of software is
tested and it ensures functionality of the software is working as per the requirements. After testing each
individual unit of software, it ensures that entire system as a unit works properly. Typical unit of software
are as follows:
Interface: It verifies the information flow in and out of the program by performing testing on interface as
unit.
Local data structures: It verifies that during program execution integrity of data is executing properly.
Boundary conditions: These conditions are set to limit processing of software and ensure that unit operates
properly at

Software Development : Software Projects
Abstract– agile software development plays a very significant role in software projects. Agile software
project is a refined approach to design and direct project processes. An agile project is finished in short
sections called iterations. This paper introduces a survey of machine learning approaches for predicting
failure of agile software projects. It reviews the uses of machine learning techniques such as fuzzy logic,
multiple linear regression, neural network, logistic regression and etc., for predicting success and failure of
agile software projects. This paper also proposes machine learning model for predicting failure of agile
software projects. Many researches in this topic were reviewed, analyzed, summarized, and compared ...
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The income indicates to the incremental quality of agile development enabling to be achieved early as the
product continues to improve. The agile lifecycle based on experiment operation, which cause the good
performance. The visibility indicates to support the product development. This provides efficient vision for
key users. Risk management, a short incremental releases are visual to the product holder and product team
through its development which help us to select any problems early and make it easier to reply to alteration.
Agility indicates to admit the alterations, client satisfaction, creating the suitable product [6, 8]. There are
agile methodologies: feature driven development, Extreme programming, rational unified process, animated
systems development, scrum and Adaptive software development [9]. There are many reasons that lead to
fail of agile software projects such as weak project planning, scanty communication between teams and
customers, lack of alteration, monetary management, and quality management, ineffectual participation of
implement management, lack of qualified team members, ability to adapt, and using wrong methodology
and tools [10]. According to CHAOS report, there are three types of software projects as follow: – Large
size software projects – Medium size software projects – Small size software

Software Testing : What Is Software?
Software Testing
What is Software Testing?
Software Testing is a process in which computer softwares are tested to see if they produce the results that
they are expected to produce. It is a process of executing a program with the intention of finding software
bugs. It provides us with information about the quality of the system/product/software we are testing.
Testing can determine the correctness of the software under observation based on the system requirements
but it cannot identify all the defects in the software. This is because testing is always done based on some
criteria which include specifications, comparable products, previous versions of the same product,
inferences about the expected product, user expectations, applicable laws, relevant standards, etc. Testing
identifies software failures in order to discover and correct defects.
Over the period of time, software testing has become more difficult because of the large number of
operating systems, programming languages and hardware platforms that have evolved during the
intervening decades. Software is enveloping, which raises the value of testing it. Today's concept of
computer is much more difficult to define due to the machines being more powerful and compact than the
earlier devices. Almost every device that we use today contains software. They affect more people and
businesses now than ever before.
Software testing has also become easier in some ways because the large number of softwares and operating

Software And Software Engineering : Software
Chapter 1 Software And Software Engineering Chapter 1 is about a lot of various topics. It starts off with a
comical story at the beginning telling the readers that "Software is dead" this is of course far from true. This
is used as a way to capture the reader 's attention as well as describe how the history of software distribution
has developed over time. The chapter proceeds to describe commonly asked questions of programmers like
"Why does it take so long to get a software finished" or "Why are development costs so high?". Moving
onward the book not only defines the word, software, in the literal textbook sense but also proceeds to
contrast it from hardware by identifying it as a logical element and gives a list of characteristic differences
of the two. The three characteristics it lists are how software is developed, how software ages, and how it is
custom built unlike most of the things in the world. Next the text proceeds to list 7 categories that challenge
today 's software engineers such as system software, web applications, artificial intelligence software, and
others. The book goes on to say that a some of the challenges are being built on new systems but many
already exist and must be changed and/or adapted to fit the ever–changing needs of the world and society.
Then the text describes new challenges that have yet to be tackled completely like open–world computing,
netsourcing, and open source projects. Then there is a short mention of legacy

Software Engineering : Cycle Software Development
Summary Introduction 2 Implicit Definition Software 4 Cycle Software Development – Software
Engineering 6 Software Requirements 8 Software Design 9 Software Construction 9 Software Testing 10
Software Maintence 10 Gamification 10 Understanding Gamification 10 Gamifiation x Software
Development 12 Conclusion 15 Introduction Nowadays, the world is completely connected and
independently of geographic position ou size, companies are influenced by situations that occur in other
continents or countries. As a result, if companies want to a highligh position, inovation and new businesses
models are required, especially if the objective is improve the brand and conquer the loyality of customers.
Because this, many organizations find by new techniques to differentiate them from other companies. One
new and important technique that has been highlighted in the last years is a metodology named
'Gamification', a technique that uses methods of games in job activities. According to a research report
conducted in 2011 (Laurence, 2011), Gartner (consulting firm focusing on processes of decision making)
predicted that by the year 2015 more than half of organizations working with innovative methods will
require methods of games in their internal processes. Consequently, a significant number of companies in
the world will be using at least one application with features derived from games in the conduct of its
business. This tendency to employ a mechanical interaction between people and

The Effect Of Software Piracy
Introduction Software piracy is said to be so profitable in many countries, especially in China. It is even said
that organized criminal groups use the proceeds from software piracy to pay for terrorist actions overseas
(Software Piracy Problem in China). In 2013, a Chinese national was sentenced to prison in the U.S. for
selling more than $100 million worth of pirated software from American companies, including Agilent
Technologies, Inc. from his home in China (Feeley). The effect of software piracy is definitely big for
businesses. $100 million is no small amount, even for giants like Microsoft. Although it will not be enough
to bring down a company, it will still be a loss that will be felt by big companies. All the more that the loss
will be felt by companies who are smaller than Microsoft.
Its Effect on Business In just the world of entertainment in the U.S., the contribution to the U.S. economy is
already $80 billion each year (Scholes). But this is nowhere where it should be. Estimates have it that
750,000 jobs are lost due to online piracy. If the 750,000 jobs are not lost, think of the resulting productivity
that will be generated by those people, and the resulting business they will generate. The cost of the piracy
that happens online is estimated to be about $250 billion each year. Software piracy is also a huge source of
loss for the American economy. Estimates hold it that the losses are huge, but the estimates are nowhere
accurate. The losses incurred due

Computer Software Validation And Software Testing
Abstract:
This report summarises the various aspects of the IS Platforms that I deal with, also detailed on the benefits
it provides to the field I am working on and briefed out some constraints or issues it has which is yet to be
resolved.
Keywords:
Computer Software Validation (CSV), Validation in Pharmaceuticals, Standard Operating procedures (SOP),
Software development life cycle (SDLC), FDA.
Introduction:
The report emphasizes on details with regard to the IS platform on which I am working on in the
organization. There also few points concerning to the benefits it provides to the organization as well as a
few issues or problems which is still in process for the investigation of the steps for resolving the issues.
The IS Platform on which I am working on is Computer System Validation and Software testing on which I
shall explain in detail in the analysis part.
Analysis:
The IS platform on which I am working is Computer System Validation. There are other types of validation
too but Computer system validation is the one that is mainly in use overall in many of the pharmaceutical
companies and medical devices.
An Overview of the Information Systems (IS) Platform:
Computer System Validation(CSV) is the technical discipline that Life Science companies normally use to
ensure that each Information Technology application used by them fulfil its intended purpose. Stringent
quality requirements are enforced in FDA regulated industries and companies to impose the need for some

Pastel Accounting Software: Advantages And Disadvantages...
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This literature review offers a commentary on what Pastel accounting software and QuickBooks accounting
software specifically is, preferences on both accounting systems, who uses the accounting systems,
advantages and disadvantages of each accounting system and includes a brief history on accounting
systems.
Accounting software refers to a form of application software or computer programs that records and
processes accounting transactions within practical components such as accounts payable, accounts
receivable, payroll and trial balance. Accounting software functions as an accounting information system
recording and reporting an organisation's financial transactions (AllBusiness, 2015). Cory Janssen (2015)
states, accounting tasks were previously required to be performed by hand ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2014. Quickbooks vs Pastel. [Online] Available from: http://accounting–services.co.za/quickbooksvspastel
[Accessed: 2015–04–20].
Eamonn, R. 2012. The evolution of accounting software: past, present and future. [Online] Available from:
http://www.gaaaccounting.com/author/gaablog/ [Accessed: 2015–04–19].
Janssen, C. 2015. Accounting Software. [Online] Available from:
http://www.techopedia.com/definition/982/accounting–software [Accessed: 2015–04–19].
Miller, K. 2015. Quickbooks Online Review. [Online] Available from:
http://www.merchantmaverick.com/reviews/quickbooks–online–review/ [Accessed: 2015–04–20].
Patel, N. 2011. Accounting Software Review. [Online] Available from:
https://www.saica.co.za/News/Technobuzz/SoftwareReviews/tabid/2267/itemid/3038/language/en–
ZA/Default.aspx [Accessed: 2015–04–21].
QuickBooks. 2014. Accounting software: a Quick history. [Online] Available from:
http://www.quickbooks.co.za/product/accounting–software/accounting–software–quick–history/ [Accessed:
2015–04–20].
Sage. 2015. Sage Pastel Corporate Profile. [Online] Available from: https://www.pastel.co.za/About–Pastel–
Accounting–Software.asp [Accessed:

Software
Principle of Software Engineering
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
Boehm's First Law 4
Boehm's Second law 5
Conway's law 5
Parnas Law 6
Corbató Law 7
Observation 8
Theory 9
Law 9
Question 3 10
Law 11
References 12
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to show the capability to understand the set of laws that are the part of principles
of the software engineering. In this paper, it is discussed that there are many laws related to the software
engineering but only few of them are to be addressed. Boehm first and second law, Conway's laws, Parnas
laws & Corbato law were discussed with examples. There are two relationship processes that are also
discussed, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, Science Applications International Corporation developed special software package that would
be send to 250 to 500 field personnel and team according to organizational structure. The software will be
further transferred to the organizational employees as per the departmental structure.
Parnas Law
David Parnas develop the Law of Hiding the information in Modular Programming. The types of thing are
hidden is the information in the modular programming. When the design decision changed, they are hidden
through the programming to protect the other parts from the general alteration. In other words, it also states
that information hiding is the aptitude to avoid positive aspect of class from being available to its client by
using other programming features. For example, Adabas developed dedicated software using a
programming language known as Natural. The software allowed the agents and clerks to use it for basic
purposes only. However, more advance usage of the program was hidden from the low–level support and
only expert programming agents had the access to this software. When you change something, the main risk
should appear in the software development process, the code is changed through the shifting process and the
design decision should change the interface as well as the whole backhand process (Merz et.al, 2014).

Corbató Law
Productivity and reliability rely upon the length of a program's content, free of dialect level utilization.

Adobe Systems And Software Company Setting Graphics Softwares
– Executive Summary –
Adobe Systems or Adobe is a software company setting graphics softwares. John Warnock and Charles
Geschke, founded the company in December 1982, after they had left Xerox PARC. Adobe is the name of
the Adobe Creek river that runs behind the house of the founder John Warnock.
December 2005, Adobe bought the famous owner of Dreamweaver and Flash: Macromedia for 3.4 billion
US dollars. . By performing this transaction, Adobe has acquired a great competitor and consolidated its
leading position in the production of software for designers and developers.
Adobe's headquarters is located in San Jose, California. The several famous brand products that provide
Adobe are: Reader (for creating, managing, and editing PDF ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. External Environmental Analysis:
a) The Industry Overview:
The technological development and the amazing progress of computer science, helped to the launch of a
fascinating tool that enables businesses to improve their daily performance in several sectors, this tool is the
computer software. Since the entry of the software among the business market, the Computer Software
Industry has continued to grow and expand. According to Yahoo Finance, it is considered as one of the most
innovative industries and develops rapidly with a total annual income of $ 150 Billion per year. Among this
industry, we could easily recognize giants brand names such as : IBM, Apple, Microsoft, Oracle, Adobe...
Each one of them promotes different types of software ranging from personal computer applications, to
operating systems, network management tools, enterprise software, software applications, operating
systems, and customized software. The industry of computer Software in also composed of four sub–
categories: System Software, Middleware, Application Software and Engineering Software. Adobe
Company is a part of the application software category, which allows companies to establish more
functionality using a computer for example, Database Software, and Enterprise Software for Management,
CRM, HR and other financial tasks. Adobe has several prominent competitors, which

Software Testing For Software Development Lifecycle
Abstract–At the end of 20th century software industry started booming. From then, not only it has never
looked back, but it's continuously growing at a very high rate. Customers always prefer quality software
products and hence software quality is at the heart of any successful business that develops software.
Software testing enables once to quantify the software quality and hence testing has become an integral and
very important part of the software development life cycle. There's this saying that "humans make mistakes
all the time" which should enough to conclude that the software developed by humans needs to be tested of
bugs and intended functionality to ensure a high quality product and hence Software Testing plays an
important role ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A software tester's job is to attempt to break the system in every possible way so that all faults will be
detected, which will therefore increase the likelihood of delivering fault–free software to the customer.
This coursework familiarizes students with software testing tools and techniques such as unit testing
frameworks, Design of Experiments, Regression Testing, Code Coverage analysis, Static code analysis and
reliability testing.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
To provide an overview of the various tools and techniques available for software testing, the coursework
comprised of five assignments. Each assignment was to study, how to use an existing testing tool or
technique to aid the process of verification and validation of the software.
The first assignment was based on Software Unit Testing Framework. To ease the process of writing tests
most of the programming languages have their unit testing frameworks. For instance Junit, a go to the unit
testing framework for Java, allows developers to write repeatable tests in Java. Junit is by far the most
famous Unit testing framework and has become de–facto standard format. Moreover it has been an
inspiration for other relatively new programming languages such as PyUnit for Python. The unit testing
frameworks

Software Engineering And Software Development
INTRODUCTION: Software has been part of modern society for more than 50 years. The software process
is the foundation for engineering software. Within the context of his book, Pressman defines "A software
process as a framework for the tasks that are required to build high–quality software." [1]. This paper
introduces and discusses some of the Software methodologies and issues. METHODOLOGIES RELATED
TO WEB DEVELOPMENT: In Software Engineering, a software development methodology is a division
of software development work into different phases with the purpose of better planning and management.
The methodologies may include pre–definition of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Agile method breakdowns the project into different phases for web development it includes Ideation,
Content, Functional Prototype and Graphic Design. During the Ideation phase, the purpose and basic
information architecture of website is decided, it can be achieved through developing new ideas and
workshops and the result can be in the form of descriptive Text or sketches [3]. Using this information the
content was created and the closer the content is to being finalized it is easier for the interaction and graphic
designer. The functional prototype is created on the same platform that the final product will be developed
in and ready to use. When the work with the functional prototype is completed it's used as architecture for
the graphic design. It's very important not to secure any design decisions just because the design has to work
with the content and client experience [3]. Once the prototype have been completed we generally have a
completed website, it's simply a matter of correcting the content, page structure and user experience. Now it
also the time to test the website in all supporting browsers and platforms to make sure that it works as
expected [3]. ISSUES WITH THE AGILE METHODLOGY: The Agile projects have smaller planning
horizon there is always a chance that initial project cost and effort may not be correct this might results
multiple changes to project estimation. Unless

Software Reusability
Software reusability
TERM PAPER
Software reusability is generally considered a way to solve the software development crisis. When we solve
a problem we try to apply the solution to similar problems because that makes our work easy and simple.
Now in this paper I would like to cover important aspects of software reusability. But one thing is for sure
software reusability can improve software productivity. Software reuse has become a topic of much interest
in the software community due to its potential benefits, which include increased product quality and
decreased product cost and schedule. The most substantial benefits derive from a product line approach,
where a common set of reusable software assets act as a base for subsequent ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And it's not just a technical issue; it is highly managerial in nature. As much as libraries of reusable code
and other assets are important, they will not be fully utilized without management and process support of
reuse.
Organization and Process
The classical software development process does not support reuse.[2] Reusable assets should be designed
and built in a clearly defined, open way, with concise interface specifications, understandable
documentation, and an eye towards future use. Typically, customer, client, and contract projects are built as
"one–time only," without reuse in mind, and tend to be tightly bound within themselves, without the more
robust open interfaces which ease the reuse process. Therefore, in order to make the most of software reuse,
the software development process must evolve to include reuse activities.
A strong organizational foundation must exist for reuse to succeed, since domain engineering involves a
different way of looking at software products, called a product line approach. A product line is a family of
similar products addressing a particular market segment, or domain, and provides a massive opportunity for
reuse. With a reuse process in place, every

Software For Software Development Life Cycle
These are the part of the SDLC models which stands for Software Development Life Cycle. Apart from
these, there are three more models which are: Iterative model, Spiral Model, Big bang model. There are
audits and Inspections for the quality assurance so that it can be examine the all the related products so that
and other stuff which involves with the software testing.
Testing Types/ Techniques
Software testing is used to identify the precision extensiveness and quality of development software. It also
includes the sets of activities. Software testing is an activity to check the expected outcome from the
software so that it is really used to make the software proper and perfect. Software testing is used to
minimize the errors, gaps, missing requirements in the software and make proper development in the
software so that it hold the values in the market and to gain more popularity in the market of computing.
There are several factors who taken care of the software in the company: Software tester, Software
developer, Project Lead Manager, End User etc. Here, Verification and validation is two main term in sort of
Testing and quality Assurance, Verification is usually done by the developers and Validation is done by the
tester whereas Verification is a static activity and Validation is Dynamic activity. This is product
preoccupied with activity which is done by the software testers and other testers for software.
Testing and debugging is the main part for software testing

Software Requirements : The Software
Software requirements:
The software have a very user friendly interface. This will help the user make proper utilization of the
software.
A proper debugging method must be set up so as to ensure the prevention of all bugs. The lesser amount of
the bugs, the better & more efficient the software works.
The coding involved should be accurate and critical. It is because of the fact that when the software is on the
verge of modification, it'll be easy to finally work on the software.
Software definitely requires improved security measures because it is the most vulnerable one among the
three, and all the important data, work etc. is stored in database.
Vulnerability:
The rival companies will eye on the product and try to implement reverse engineer it and develop something
new. Thus, the technology once discovered should be patented and registered.
The product will face difficulty satisfying the customers in longer run.
Threats :
There are number of threats to the assets and policies in a web designing company. At this point there are
many competitors in this field. Threats like social engineering, advance persistent threats, internal threats,
BYOD threats, cloud security, HTML5 threat, botnets and precision targeted malware.
The company will face serious trouble unless it takes up measures to counter the products by different
companies in order to succeed.
This will act as an opportunity once the company invests in the R&D (research and development) section of

Software Evaluation
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY Fish Recognizer via
Augmented Reality Software Evaluation Criteria Dear Respondents, Good Day! We are a group of students
where making a mobile software which recognize fishes that will be deployed on Android Phones and verify
it by the use of Augmented Reality on the camera. We would like to ask little of your time to evaluate our
Program to know if this will be feasible or not feasible to be deployed in android phones. This program will
be use by the fish farmers and NFRDI (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute employees
as our Beneficiaries for our project. You can evaluate five aspects of a program with these criteria
categories: * information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Content is free from race, ethnic, | | | | | | The content is free from spelling and grammatical errors | | | | | | The
information for each topic encourages comparisons among schools or occupations | | | | | | User Interaction
(Usability) | The purpose of the program is well defined and clearly explained to the user | | | | | | The
organization is clear, logical, and effective, making it easy for the intended audience to understand | | | | | |
The language in the program and in the user's guide is clear to the intended audience User materials are easy
to use, appealing to users, and readily available | | | | | | Prerequisites are identified and instruction is
provided in the software or in the user guides so individuals can run the program and understand its results. |
| | | | | The individual can operate the program independently. | | | | | | Individuals can easily start and exit the
program. It is easy to back up, and give commands | | | | | | The program is attractive and interesting. It
motivates users to continue using the program and exploring career options | | | | | | The program achieves its
purpose | | | | | | Menus provide access to all applications | | | | | | Single point of entry provided for all data
input | | | | |

Application Software
Application Software
Application software, also known as an application or an "app", is computer software designed to help the
user to perform specific tasks. Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware,
which manage and integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply them in the
performance of tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves
the user.()Application software is usually designed for end users and most are user friendly. Application
software applies the power of a particular computing platform or system software to a particular purpose.
There are many ways to obtain application software: "Commercial software, Public–domain ... Show more
(J.Strickland, 2010)
Specialty software
Specialty software operates the same as other software, but is tailor to a specially job or task. Many jobs
require specially software to perform their duties like, engineers uses computer–aided design (CAD) for
process of design and design–documentation. Project mangers use specially software to estimation and
planning, scheduling, cost control and budget management, resource allocation, collaboration software,
communication, quality management and documentation or administration systems, which are used to deal
with the complexity of large projects.( Young–Hoon Kwak)
Work Cited:
Computer and Video Game Software Sales.(Press release). Entertainment Software Association. Web. 2005.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071211142829/http://www.theesa.com/archives/2005/02/computer_and_vi.php.
Retrieved 2006–10–15
J.Strickland. 2010.What is so productive about productivity software? How stuff work.web
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/productivity–software.htm Pearson Education Technologies launches
concert. | North America > United States from AllBusiness.com
Young–Hoon Kwak (2005). "A brief history of Project Management". In: The story of managing projects.
Elias G. Carayannis et al. (9 eds), Greenwood Publishing Group,

Software Design : Software Development Life Cycle
System Design The system design phase is the process that transforms the user requirements into some
suitable form, helping the programmer in software implementation and coding. Software design is the first
step that moves the concentration from problem domain to solution domain in SDLC (Software
development Life Cycle). Software design yields three levels of results that are Architectural Design, High–
level design, and detailed design. Firstly, the architectural design is the highest abstract version of the
system identifying the software as a system with many components that interact with each other. System
designers get the idea of the proposed solution domain from the architectural design level of system design.
Secondly, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Building the System Software The system design prerequisites to get implemented to a practical
system/application which requires the coding of design into a computer language, i.e., programming
language. The programmer converts the program specifications into computer instructions, referred to as
programs. Building the system software marks an important stage in SDLC as it marks the bridge where the
defined procedures get transformed into control specifications with the help of computer language
(Humphrey 46). The programs implemented coordinate the data movements and the control of the entire
process of the system or application. How well this phase gets implemented, depicts on much effort and
time spent on the testing and maintenance phase of SDLC (Jacobson, Ivar, et al.). To help in fast
development, future changes and maintenance, if required, programs must be modular in nature. On the type
of application or system implemented programming tools like compilers, interpreters, and language like C,
C++, and Java gets used for coding, and the right programming should get chosen for better implementation
of the system. Testing the System Software System testing refers to the process of evaluating a system or its
components with the aim of finding whether the application/system satisfies the specified requirements or
not. It aims at executing an order to identify any errors, gaps, or missing

Software Security
Proceedings of the 10th Colloquium for Information Systems Security Education University of Maryland,
University College Adelphi, MD June 5–8, 2006
Software Security: Integrating Secure Software Engineering in Graduate Computer Science Curriculum
Stephen S. Yau, Fellow, IEEE, and Zhaoji Chen Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–8809 {yau,
zhaoji.chen@asu.edu}
Abstract – In addition to enable students to understand the theories and various analysis and design
techniques, an effective way of improving students' capabilities of developing secure software is to develop
their capabilities of using these theories, techniques and effective tools in the security software development
process. In this paper, the development and delivery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Failures caused by attacks exploiting these vulnerabilities are very costly. According to a NIST report [3],
the U.S. economy spends $59.5 billion in breakdowns and repairs cost caused by software errors. Software
security, which is software such that it can continuously under malicious much attention recently due the
idea of engineering function correctly and attacks [4], has attracted to the fact that reactive
ISBN 1–933510–98–6/$15.00 © 2006 CISSE
124
Proceedings of the 10th Colloquium for Information Systems Security Education University of Maryland,
University College Adelphi, MD June 5–8, 2006
Engineering curriculum did not have a course to address the overall secure software development, although
some of the issues or specific techniques are covered in courses, such as the graduate–level courses Applied
Cryptography and Computer and Network Security. Thus, as part of our effort to meet the NSTISSI–4011
and CNSSI–4012 standards and establish a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information
Assurance Education [8], we have developed a new graduate–level course, Software Security, to focus on
the basic concepts, various analysis and design techniques, as well as the latest research results to achieve
secure software development. This course is intended to change students' behavior in developing secure
reliable software, improving public awareness of this subject, as well as promote

The Battle Between Commercial Software and Open-Source...
Will commercial software survive the battle with open Source software or are they already losing? How (if
at all) are the commercial software houses defending themselves?
Part 1: Basic Concepts:
Terms:
Free and open–source software (FOSS) is software that is both open source software and free software. This
means that it is freely licensed to use, examine, copy, alter the source code of the software, and the source
code it self is openly shared. However, for software to be considered FOSS it must pass a certain criteria
established by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). They determine that FOSS must have a completely free
redistribution with no form of royalty or other form of a fee for the sale (resellers) and the source code must
be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it falls into the distinct categories of shareware (demo or trial software where you can download
it for free but some features are restricted or to continue to use the software a payment is required) and
payware (traditional pay–to–use software) but not freeware (since its free). In all cases however, the source
code is hidden from the users, so that the rights holders (the software publishers) can sell the binary
executable (source code).
History:
Commercial software has been around since 1948 (when the first computer which could hold software was
created, nicknamed baby). The history of FOSS has a strong connection with the 'hackers' in Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. These hackers in 1970s created something ARPANET (known today as the
internet). There were discussions to sell it commercially however the university and its hackers were
strongly opposed to such an idea for they had worked with the ideology that sharing information is a virtue
and they had a moral duty to provide knowledge to the world. These early hackers stayed true to this
ideology and made their software completely free with the source code completely accessible. Richard
Stallman was one of the main people who pushed forward this ideology preventing the university to
monetize the ARPANET and the software they created.
Late in 1997 in MIT the term Open Source software was coined. The developers also founded OSI who
determined what is

Software Applications Undergo Software Development Life Cycle
Software applications undergo software development life cycle (SDLC) which involve requirement
gathering, system design, application development, quality analysis and maintenance. Different strategies
such as extreme programming, agile, and scrum can be employed to achieve efficient software development
and maintenance plan. System analysis and design models built using object oriented methodology and
UML help in understanding the purpose of software application and act as blueprint to implement the
software. 2.1 Object Oriented Analysis and Design Object–Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) approach
is important for successful planning and execution of web applications which can function efficiently over
long period of time. OOAD approach ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Functional requirements are operations, technical computation and data processing that explain the
functionality of the application. Non–functional requirements describe expected behaviour of the
functionality specified for the system. Non–functional requirement specifies the design constraints and
characteristics that need to be taken care of to satisfy user requirements. Non–functional requirement
specifies the behaviour of the system with respect to various quantifiable attributes like performance,
availability, etc. [8]. System design specifies plan to implement functional requirements whereas system
architecture specifies plan to implement non–functional requirement. Functional requirements can be
explained using use cases and non–functional are listed in a table. Functional Requirements for Travel
Helper are explained using use cases models. Non–Functional Requirements are listed in Appendix A. 2.2.2
Use Case Use case is a behavioural diagram. It depicts the sequence of actions a user of a system can
perform to achieve functionality of system. User has a role in the system which needs to be satisfied. Use
Case describes complete details of the role, condition and action corresponding to functional requirement of
the system. The various sections of use case model are explained below. 1. Use Case Name: Describes the
name of the user action. 2.

Software Analysis : Software Project Management Essay
Software Testing Techniques
Introduction: (12Bold) Materials:
Method:
Discussion: Introduction:
Software project management is necessary to develop a high quality software product. Software project
management involves the activities of planning, organizing, directing, monitoring and controlling. We are
concerned with the risk factors which will affect the management activities and the developing project will
not proceed according to the plan. The term "Risk" is a problem which can threaten the success of the
software project. But we often assume that everything will go exactly, it is planned [1]. A challenge for IT
industry is to develop software system that meets business needs. The fact is we have to deliver software
that is free of bugs. The bugs in software can cause major loss in IT organization if they are not removed
before delivery. Software testing is as old as the hills in the history of digital computers. The testing of
software is an important means of assessing the software to determine its quality. Since testing typically
consumes 40 – 50% of development efforts, and consumes more effort for systems that require higher levels
of reliability, it is a significant part of the software engineering. Software testing is performed to support
quality assurance [2].Good quality software can be made by using an efficient test method. Statistics say
that 50% of the total cost of software development is devoted to software testing even it is more in

Software Reliability Of Software Standards
Software reliability is dynamic & stochastic. Unlike hardware, software does not age, wear out or rust,
unreliability of software is mainly due to bugs or design faults in the software. The exact value of product
reliability is never precisely known at any point in its lifetime. The study of software reliability can be
categorized into three parts: Modeling, Measurement & improvement. Many Models exist, but no single
model can capture a necessary amount of software characteristics. Software reliability improvement is
necessary & hard to achieve. It can be improved by sufficient understanding of software reliability,
characteristics of software & sound software design. Software Reliability is the most important and most
measurable aspect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Article Analysis: Reliability: Software Reliability is defined as the probability of the failure free software
operation for a specified period of time in a specified environment. Reliability is a probabilistic measure
that assumes that the occurrence of failure of software is a random phenomenon. Reliability Process: The
reliability process in generic terms is a model of the reliability–oriented aspects of software development,
operations and maintenance. The set of life cycle activities and artifacts, together with their attributes and
interrelationships that are related to reliability comprise the reliability process. The artifacts of the software
life cycle include documents, reports, manuals, plans, code configuration data and test data. Software
reliability is dynamic and stochastic. Software reliability curve: Software does not rust, age, wear–out, or
deform. Unlike mechanical parts, software will stay as is unless there are problems in design or in hardware.
Over time, hardware exhibits the failure characteristics as shown in Figure 1. Known as bathtub curve.
Software is not susceptible to the environmental maladies that cause hardware to wear out; therefore, the
failure rate curve for software should take the form of the "idealized curve" as shown in the figure below.
Undiscovered defects will cause high failure

Software Requirements For Software Engineering
John W. Brackett states that "The subject of software requirements is often given far less attention in
software engineering education Because of the dependence of this module on than software design, even
though its importance is Software Specification: The hardest single part of building a software system is
deciding precisely what to build. No other part of the conceptual work is as difficult as establishing the
detailed technical requirements, including all the inter–faces to people, to machines and to other software
systems. No part of the work so cripples the resulting system if done wrong. No other part is more difficult
to rectify later" (Brackett, 1996). This paper will give the definition of software requirements; how they are
determined, specified, documented, and who is included in the process of requirements; and the roles these
individuals play in processing requirements. The end of this paper will bring all of these concepts together
to help explain why these processes are extremely important. Bracket provides a definition of software
requirements that is specifically defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer's software
engineering glossary as "a condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an
objective" (IEEE, 1983). IEEE also defines requirements as "condition or capability that must be met or
possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification or other formally

Software as a Service
Many years ago, to use software, businesses and organizations purchase traditionally packaged applications,
such as Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop, and install them locally onto their computers. In the 1990's,
upon the expansion of the Internet, Application Service Provider (ASP) was introduced wherein businesses
were provided with software that they can access over the Internet through a web browser. But then, service
and financial failures occurred as a result of actions such as rushing the market offerings before issues were
solved and failing to cut the costs for the customers at a greater extent because of having a unique server for
each customer. Those scalability problems or the ability to adapt to increasing demands, and reliability
problems eventually led to its downfall. Software as a Service (SaaS) or also known as "on–demand" then
evolved from the ASP model. With SaaS, software is not installed in the customer's computer but in the
provider's server somewhere else, and to access the software, the customer needs to connect to that server
through either a thin client,which is a computer or a program that relies on another computer, or a web
browser such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome. Basically, it is also a software
delivery model. But unlike the ASP, it has increased user awareness and is a multi–tenant based service
which means that repairs, updates, and upgrades are applied once for all customers instead of one at a time,
making

Software And Software Based Systems Testing
Introduction Software and software–based systems testing is a technical discipline of systems engineering.
The purpose of software and software–based systems testing is to help the development organization build
quality into the software and system during the life cycle processes and to validate that the quality was
achieved. The test process determines whether the products of a given life cycle activity conform to the
requirements of that activity, and whether the product satisfies its intended use and user needs. This
determination can include inspection, demonstration, analysis, and testing of software and software–based
system products. Test activities are performed in parallel with software and system development, not just at
the conclusion of the development effort. IEEE 829 supports all software life cycle processes, including
acquisition, supply, development, operation, and maintenance. This standard is compatible with all life cycle
models. Not all life cycle models use all of the life cycle processes listed in this standard. System and
software test processes determine whether the outcomes of a given activity conform to the requirements of
that activity and whether the development product satisfies its intended use and user needs. The
determination may include analysis, demonstration, inspection, and testing of software products. The user of
this standard may invoke those software life cycle processes and the associated test processes that apply to
the project.

Software Architecture and Software Design
1.Introduction
Scenario
A software design must be produced to support a number of self–service stations for a small supermarket
(stand–alone, not part of a national chain). This will involve interaction with various hardware devices, the
main aim is to design and evaluate a suitable architecture and at least a simple demonstration mock–up of
the system should be implemented.
The aims and business drivers of the project are to:
Develop a self service system that is safe and usable using ASP.net
Incorporate & process customer payment
Determine how the system will interact with various hardware devices
Use the multi–tier structure for the system's architecture
2. Overview of software architecture
To date the term software architecture is not precisely defined or agreed upon due to the various conceptions
and theories of the term.
According to Wikipedia (2014) software architecture is the design and construction of software, it specifies
the set of structures that are used to encapsulate & describe a software system. Software architecture is a set
of architectural design decisions, furthermore it is also specified by the set of principles and practises that
are used to document and design a system, documentation is used for software architecture to capture design
decisions in regards to the high level design and to allow for the reuse of design components between
projects.
Software architecture is concerned with the software elements that make up a

Software Engineering : Software Development Cycle
Software Engineering Process When engineers design software, most engineers use a software development
methodology known as the Software Development Cycle (SDLC). The process is a structure that is one my
might is imposed on the software development community. There are a number of models for this process
and all use a variety of methods, tasks, and activates during their own process. Here are two of the process
models: Waterfall Process – this is where developers execute their steps or phases in a defined order. In this
order, they affirm requirements, analyze those requirements, design a solution tactic, create a software
framework that applies to the solution, develop code, test that code, deploy, and support their solution
(TutorialsPoints, 2016). Iterative Process – this process establishes a straightforward implementation of a
subcategories of the software requirements and iteratively improves the progressing adaptations until the
complete system is implemented. At every iteration, design adjustments are made and new useful abilities
are enhanced. The simple idea behind this technique is to cultivate a system through repetitive cycles or
iterative and in reduced portions at a time or incremental (TutorialsPoints, 2016). In addressing the
challenges of managing software development activities, there are more than enough factors of consider.
One consideration would be unreliable estimates regarding the size of the job and the time it takes are
difficult issues to

The Development Of Software Development
I. Introduction
In today's software development, quality is a significant factor of software projects. Companies always
expect that software developers could deliver a product with as many as possible demanded quality. How to
allocate those limited resources transparently and effectively during the quality assurance activities and how
to balance the risk and quality while software development? Current methods indicate us that we need to
mitigate quality risks and emphasize the constraints of limited resources for quality assurance activities
simultaneously.
Moreover, as the development of software management, the time of which customers could not see their
software product until delivering is gone. Nowadays, it is much more emphasis on getting the feedback of
stakeholder about the project quality. Therefore, a major issue is how could developers or software project
managers reaches an agreement with customers about project functions or features. In order to solve this
problem, Alexander Poth and Ali Sunyaev attempt to establishing a method, which allow stakeholder could
participate in the selection of functions and features phase. To do this, both project developers and
stakeholders would have a confidence of the quality of a project. Due to this attempt, they develop the
effective quality management, which focuses on the effectiveness of risk mitigation during project process.
II. Related Works
Many software quality management methods had been generated and improved

Software Dependencies
Software Dependencies Rushiraj Nenuji#, Lay Shah*, Harshit Shihora# # Department of Computer Science
and Information Technology, Nirma University 111bit020@nirmauni.ac.in 311bit032@nirmauni.ac.in 2
11bit057@nirmauni.ac.in. Abstract– Software developers many a times use different tools, so that we could
find and come to know about dependencies of any particular module/system on the repository before we
make changes to it. This is done in order to avoid adverse effects because of changes and hence to avoid
failures related to it. Keywords– Software Dependencies, Systems, Dependency errors, Software failures.
Introduction AS WE WORK WITH GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED SOFTWARE, THIS
APPROACH CREATES PROBLEMS. WHEN WE WORK ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The work in this line of research has, traditionally, focused on two factors: the temporal dependencies
among tasks that are assigned to organizational groups and the formal organizational structure as a means of
communication and coordination (Carley & Ren, 2001; Levchuck et al, 2004). Secondly, the research on
dynamic analysis of social networks provides an innovative approach, called the meta–matrix, to examine
the dynamic co–evolution of relationships among multiple types of entities such as resources, tasks, and
individuals (Carley, 2002; Krackhardt & Carley, 1998). When the coordination analysis is taken out and
drawn a pattern of coordination (in Figure 1 case A),if we have high levels of congruence. If the pattern of
coordination requirements and coordination analysis do not match, we have low levels of congruence. (in
Figure 1 case B). [pic] To identify set of workers should coordinating their activities, we required to
represent two sets of relationships. First is represented by which people are working on which tasks. The
second is relationships or dependencies among tasks . The Coordination Requirements matrix is determined
as following : CR = TA * TD * TA T (Equation 1) Here, TD is the Task Dependencies matrix,TA is the Task
Assignments matrix, and TAT is the transpose of the Task

Software Standards And Software Testing
Software is created with programming language and it contains the tools, compiler, editor and so on.
Computer is one type of hardware that can reads all the software.
Software is one type of program which is developed by developer which is enables to computer to perform a
correct and particular task.
When the program has been finished then it is required to compile in to language for the understanding of
the computer.
Software testing is the one type of procedure of secure that the products which is created by the developer
or programmer for the user or customer which meets all the user requirements.
Sometimes software testing is compulsory because in the software there is some faults and errors. We can
not avoid the faults and this error.
If there are fault in the software equivalent to the design mistake in hardware.
Software testing can not completely identify all the defects and errors within the software.
Software testing is one type of process that should be always done during the software development
process.
Testing judge the quality of the products. After testing we can realize that the products is good for use or
not.
In the other words we can say that software testing is one type of verification and validation process.
Testing is compulsory for improve quality and reliability and to make the software predictable behavior.
Software testing always takes part to improving the standard of the product.
Static testing: Under the static testing the code is never

Software Engineering : Computer Software
CS 2401: Software Engineering 1 University of the People Term 2 (2016–2017) November 15/2016
1. As software becomes more pervasive, risks to the public become an increasingly significant concern. In
your own words, develop a realistic scenario where the failure of software could do great harm to humans
(economically or otherwise).
As we recognized and questioned of the first report that has remained and informed during the periods of
existence computer software system, the uncertainties of software was too much articulated from the history
perspective but the reality is no serious action taken and as a result of today the Software system shifts
further pervasive, jeopardizes to the society furthermore an increasingly notable concern in any course of
human experience we never exercise, due to the unlimited Computer software system. It is a consequential
and dangerous concern for the human living since computer system or technological rise and displays a
driving power including it is the generator of every viewpoint that forces direction decision–making. it's
serves essentially the groundwork for advanced precise examination and implementing problem–solving. It
remains a fundamental determinant to everything whether economically or other it so changes new or
transforming of the outcomes and Services and is installed into systems of all kinds such as transit,

Software Engineering : An Intrinsic Property Of Software
Software Engineering Assignment 1 A Survey of Software Refactoring An intrinsic property of software in a
real–world environment is its need to evolve. As the software enhanced, modified, and adapted to new
requirements, code becomes more complex and drifts away from original design, thereby lowering the
quality of the software. Because of this, the major part of the total software development cost is devoted to
software maintenance. Better software development methods and tools do not solve this problem because
their increased capacity is used to implement more new requirements within the same time frame, making
the software more complex again. The research domain that addresses this problem is referred to as
restructuring or, in the specific case of object oriented software development, refactoring. The given article
is about software refactoring. Refactoring is basically the object–oriented variant of restructuring: "the
process of changing a [object–oriented] software system in such a way that it does not alter the external
behavior of the code, yet improves its internal structure". The key idea here is to redistribute classes,
variables, and methods across the class hierarchy in order to facilitate future adaptations and extensions. The
refactoring process consists of a number of distinct activities:  Identify where the software should be
refactored.  Determine which refactoring(s) should be applied to the identified places.  Guarantee that
the applied

Software Engineering
Introduction to Software Engineering
Somnuk Keretho, Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University
Email: sk@nontri.ku.ac.th
URL: http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~sk
Somnuk Keretho/Kasetsart University
Outline of this presentation
Scope of Software Engineering
Object–Oriented Software Development
Software Process
Software Life–Cycle Models
Object Orientation
Software Quality Assessment
Reference to Chapter 1/2/3 of "Software Engineering with JAVA", S.R. Schach, McGraw–Hill, 1997.
2
Software engineering is a discipline whose aim is the production of fault–free software, that ... Show more
– Object–Oriented Paradigm
An object is a unified software component that incorporates both data and actions that operate of those data.

10
Structured Paradigm
Object–Oriented Paradigm
Requirement Phase
Specification (Analysis) Phase
Requirement Phase
Object–Oriented Analysis
Phase
Planning Phase
Object–Oriented Design Phase
Object–Oriented
Programming Phase
Integration Phase
Maintenance Phase
Retirement
Planning Phase
Design Phase
Implementation Phase
Integration Phase
Maintenance Phase
Retirement
Comparison of life cycles of structures paradigm and object–oriented paradigm.
11
Object–Oriented Software Development
Three key words.
– Software
– Development
– Object Orientation
Let us look at each in turn
12
Software
Programs
Documentation during the development of programs (e.g. specification)
Primary aids for running the programs (e.g. user manuals)

Secondary aids for running the programs (e.g. key boards overlays)
Software is not just programs!
13
Software Life Cycle
Software is like

Software Testing : An Important Part Of Software Development
Abstract
Software testing is an important part of software development. In order to enhance the quality of the
software, software testing has always been the crucial part in finding faults of a software.Software
behaviour is always verified by a test oracle.The test oracle is a way to find the sucess and failure of a test.
Test oracles provides a valid mechanisms to test the expected behaviour of any software against the input
provided for the test in the software specification so that actual results can be verified.Test automation also
requires automatic test oracles.
Today major software testing activities are taken on cloud for several reasons such as cost, efficiency and
saving time. This paper provides the test oracle process ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to reduce testing cost, time and resources test automation is applied.The automatic test case
execution and verification of the results is called automated test oracle.
To verify the expected outputs , test oracle is used.The test case results are verified by using test oracle.
Manual testing is expensive and inefficient, automated testing and test oracles help in increasing efficiency
as well as costs of the tests. Since automation testing is reliable form of testing a software but it does not
provide complete test automation for all situations.This paper elaborates on the process of how test oracles
are created as well as used and the challenges that hinder complete automation testing of the application.
Cloud testing is a new type of software testing where any software application that is deployed on cloud can
be tested easily on the cloud. The cloud environment provides infinite resources to test applications
alongwith pay as you use.There are various cloud providers who offer testing services on the cloud so that
testers can take full advantage of testing services and test the application exhaustively.
Software testing lifecycle
The software testing life cycle has various steps for completing a testing process. The software testing life
cycle is as shown below:
Figure: Software testing lifecycle
The steps in software testing life cycle are :
Identify

Software Engineering
GIOADA I have many goals in mind for my life. I want to graduate university, possibly go to graduate
school, and obtain a career in which I am happy and satisfied. Yes, I know this sounds very cliché as many
people want to obtain this kind of life. I don't mind obtaining a "normal" happy life as long as I am happy
with it. I am familiar with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and I want to make sure I fulfill my lower needs
before I start trying to achieve my goals. I have never actually applied the GIOADA process to my decision
making in the past. After reading the document that describes the GIOADA process, I will start applying
this process to future decisions I make in life. Also, as I look back at some of the big decisions I made ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is easier to get into Harvard than to become an FSO. Graduate school, especially public service graduate
schools, is encouraged for those wishing to become an FSO. I would choose to become a software engineer
if I wanted to have an easier time getting a job out of university and a higher starting income. It is relatively
easy to become a software engineer, provided one can finish all the university work and graduate. The most
difficult step of the GIOADA process is selecting a final decision. This decision should and will be made
later, however. Right now I am taking computer science and economics classes to determine which subject I
enjoy and am most successful at. I can switch majors up until junior year. For this decision, the input of
others is very important. By others, the important of them would be my parents. My parents will give their
input on my career choices and guide me towards a choice that will benefit me the most in the future and
that I will be most successful with. My parents' opinions would definitely not fall in "groupthink." They will
not just "go with the flow" but will give their expert opinions. Once a decision has been made, action takes
place. I will work hard in the classes of whatever major I choose. This will eventually give me in edge in
getting a job and will prepare me for the hard work of the future. Only my actions can truly cause the action
stage, and I am willing to work for the

Software Testing
Software Testing
Carnegie Mellon University
18–849b Dependable Embedded Systems
Spring 1999
Authors: Jiantao Pan mailto:%20jpan@cmu.edu Abstract:
Software testing is any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or capability of a program or system and
determining that it meets its required results. [Hetzel88] Although crucial to software quality and widely
deployed by programmers and testers, software testing still remains an art, due to limited understanding of
the principles of software. The difficulty in software testing stems from the complexity of software: we can
not completely test a program with moderate complexity. Testing is more than just debugging. The purpose
of testing can be quality assurance, verification and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But this alone will not guarantee to make the software better, because the Complexity Barrier [Beizer90]
principle states: Software complexity(and therefore that of bugs) grows to the limits of our ability to manage
that complexity. By eliminating the (previous) easy bugs you allowed another escalation of features and
complexity, but his time you have subtler bugs to face, just to retain the reliability you had before. Society
seems to be unwilling to limit complexity because we all want that extra bell, whistle, and feature
interaction. Thus, our users always push us to the complexity barrier and how close we can approach that
barrier is largely determined by the strength of the techniques we can wield against ever more complex and
subtle bugs. [Beizer90]
Regardless of the limitations, testing is an integral part in software development. It is broadly deployed in
every phase in the software development cycle. Typically, more than 50% percent of the development time
is spent in testing. Testing is usually performed for the following purposes: * To improve quality.
As computers and software are used in critical applications, the outcome of a bug can be severe. Bugs can
cause huge losses. Bugs in critical systems have caused airplane crashes, allowed space shuttle missions to
go awry, halted trading on the stock market, and worse. Bugs can kill. Bugs can

Application Management of Software
Implementing software in a working environment can be no easy task, however deciding how they will
work best to meet the needs of the company can outlined in a plan. This software plan needs to identify all
software applications being used or supporting the business organization. An inventory of current software's
supporting the Alcan organization be reassessed in order to fit their organizations mission intent. The
software selection should be able to use existing or provide compatibility with their databases. However one
must clearly define the intended functionality the organization is trying to get from the software and how it
will be applied to their existing information technology (IT) systems.
Software Solutions There is a lot of smaller companies that are moving into open source software arena
versus proprietary, because of the cost of savings. However, they are some disadvantages to going to the
open source venue. Although many open source software's provide free to download trials to explorer their
so called "free" software you still have to pay in order to receive customer support. This means you still
have to pay for support that may or may not be available 24 hours a day. The advantage of proprietary
software is you are supported for bugs and fixes that can impact a company. This support covers every
license registration purchased by your company. According to a survey by Barracuda Networks, Matt Asay,
states "Sixty–five percent cited a lack of

Software And Its Types

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